Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D., Global Sport Technology, Inc [email protected] Lactate Testing in Swimming

Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D.,Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D.,

Global Sport Technology, Inc Global Sport Technology, Inc www.globalsporttechnology.org

[email protected]

Lactate Testing in Lactate Testing in SwimmingSwimming

http://www.globalsporttechnology.org/

mailto:[email protected]

Where does lactate come Where does lactate come from?from?

• High intensity muscle contractions High intensity muscle contractions trigger anaerobic glycolysistrigger anaerobic glycolysis

• Lactic acid is a by-product of Lactic acid is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis in muscle cells anaerobic glycolysis in muscle cells (non-oxidative way)(non-oxidative way)

• 99% of lactic acid turn into the 99% of lactic acid turn into the lactate under normal conditionslactate under normal conditions

• Lactate is the anion of lactic acidLactate is the anion of lactic acid

Hard SwimmingHard Swimming

Lactic Acid (Lactate), H+, Pi, AMP, ADP

Lactic Acid (Lactate), H+, Pi, AMP, ADP

Acid Environment, lower pH

Acid Environment, lower pH

High Intensity Swimming

(1-3 min swim)

High Intensity Swimming

(1-3 min swim)

Decreased Muscles Contraction Ability,

Inhibited Enzymes’ Activity

Decreased Muscles Contraction Ability,

Inhibited Enzymes’ Activity

O2 deficit

Decreased Swimming Velocity

Decreased Swimming Velocity

Lactate TestingLactate Testing

• Lactate Peak (La max)Lactate Peak (La max)

• Lactate Clearance Lactate Clearance

• Lactate – Swimming IntensityLactate – Swimming Intensity

© Global Sport Technology, Inc© Global Sport Technology, Inc

Lactate Testing in SwimmingLactate Testing in Swimming

LACTATE PEAKLACTATE PEAK

• Lactate is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis Lactate is a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis

• There is a strong correlation between lactate There is a strong correlation between lactate and swimming velocityand swimming velocity

• Sprinters have more fast twitch muscle fibers Sprinters have more fast twitch muscle fibers and produce larger amounts of lactate and produce larger amounts of lactate

• The shorter the swimming distance, (except the The shorter the swimming distance, (except the 50) the higher amount of lactate is produced50) the higher amount of lactate is produced


LACTATE PEAK LACTATE PEAK AFTER RACESAFTER RACES

• Average lactate peaks after Average lactate peaks after the races on various the races on various distances (men)distances (men)

Distance, meters

50 FR 100 FR 200 FR 400 FR 1500 FR 10 KM

Lactate Peak, mmol/l

7.2 ± 1.1 12.3 ±3.1 11.4 ±2.0 10.3 ± 2.7 7.3 ± 1.3 3.6 ± 1.4


LACTATE PEAK AND LACTATE PEAK AND FATIGUEFATIGUE

• Lactate peak depends on muscles fatigue. Lactate peak depends on muscles fatigue. If after multiple races or intense swimming If after multiple races or intense swimming workouts athletes don’t replenish the workouts athletes don’t replenish the glycogen, peak lactate will be lower. glycogen, peak lactate will be lower.

• Since peak lactates have a high correlation Since peak lactates have a high correlation with swimming velocity, athlete’s with swimming velocity, athlete’s performances might be lower as well. performances might be lower as well. Therefore, it is important to replenish Therefore, it is important to replenish muscle glycogen before the next race. muscle glycogen before the next race.


Changes of Lactate Peak During Changes of Lactate Peak During a Seasona Season

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La,

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High total (aerobic) workload volume

High total (aerobic) workload volume

Taper – low volume, high

intensity

Taper – low volume, high

intensity

LACTATE PEAK LACTATE PEAK AND DIETAND DIET

• Increased intake of carbohydrates Increased intake of carbohydrates has been linked to larger stores of has been linked to larger stores of muscles glycogen which provides muscles glycogen which provides more fuel for anaerobic metabolism, more fuel for anaerobic metabolism, therefore resulting in a greater therefore resulting in a greater production of lactate. production of lactate.


LACTATE PEAK LACTATE PEAK AND TRAININGAND TRAINING

• High volume and low intensity training High volume and low intensity training reduces the athletes ability to produce peak reduces the athletes ability to produce peak lactates, but improves lactate clearance. lactates, but improves lactate clearance.

• Swimmers are able to produce and tolerate Swimmers are able to produce and tolerate higher lactate peaks during the lower higher lactate peaks during the lower volume/higher intensity phase of training. volume/higher intensity phase of training.


LACTATE PEAK LACTATE PEAK AND AGEAND AGE

• Before and during the process of biological Before and during the process of biological maturation, younger athletes don’t have the maturation, younger athletes don’t have the enzymatic process in place to cultivate enzymatic process in place to cultivate anaerobic metabolism. anaerobic metabolism.

• Mature athletes rely more on anaerobic Mature athletes rely more on anaerobic metabolism. They can also tolerate higher metabolism. They can also tolerate higher peak lactates by pushing themselves over the peak lactates by pushing themselves over the limits during workouts and races. limits during workouts and races.


TOTAL TIME OF RECOVERYTOTAL TIME OF RECOVERY

• Total Time of Recovery may be evaluated as Total Time of Recovery may be evaluated as a rate of lactate removal or the time it takes a rate of lactate removal or the time it takes to remove the lactate from the bloodstream.to remove the lactate from the bloodstream.

• As we developed Lactate Clearance database, As we developed Lactate Clearance database, we introduced a new method to evaluate the we introduced a new method to evaluate the Lactate Clearance rate based on the time it Lactate Clearance rate based on the time it took to reach 2 mmol/l of lactate in the blood took to reach 2 mmol/l of lactate in the blood (Total Time of Recovery)(Total Time of Recovery)


TOTAL TIME OF RECOVERY TOTAL TIME OF RECOVERY AND FATIGUEAND FATIGUE

• Swimming multiple events at a swim meet Swimming multiple events at a swim meet may increase the Total Time of Recovery.may increase the Total Time of Recovery.

• By swimming several races in one session, By swimming several races in one session, swimmers don’t have enough time to swimmers don’t have enough time to replenish muscles glycogen.replenish muscles glycogen.

• Lower amounts of glycogen will lead to lower Lower amounts of glycogen will lead to lower peak lactates, which ultimately may affect the peak lactates, which ultimately may affect the Total Time of Recovery.Total Time of Recovery.


Monitoring of Monitoring of Aerobic/Anaerobic EnduranceAerobic/Anaerobic Endurance

• Monitoring of aerobic/anaerobic Monitoring of aerobic/anaerobic endurance is important for sprinters, endurance is important for sprinters, middle distance, and distance middle distance, and distance swimmersswimmers

• Lactate Clearance test after standard Lactate Clearance test after standard swimming sets:swimming sets:– Peak lactate (anaerobic power)Peak lactate (anaerobic power)– Rate of lactate clearance and total time of Rate of lactate clearance and total time of

recovery (aerobic endurance and fatigue)recovery (aerobic endurance and fatigue)• Lactate Clearance testing once a week Lactate Clearance testing once a week

is enough to monitor aerobic/anaerobic is enough to monitor aerobic/anaerobic changeschanges

Peak LactatesPeak Lactates

• If peak lactates increase, anaerobic If peak lactates increase, anaerobic power is higher. It is especially power is higher. It is especially important for sprinters. The higher important for sprinters. The higher peak lactates, the higher storage of peak lactates, the higher storage of muscles glycogen. muscles glycogen.

• If peak lactates decrease, more aerobic If peak lactates decrease, more aerobic system (the most efficient) is used. system (the most efficient) is used.

• Peak lactates should be analyzed in Peak lactates should be analyzed in conjunction with swimming results in conjunction with swimming results in the test setsthe test sets

Lactates ClearanceLactates Clearance

• Total Time of Recovery to reach 2 mmol/l line has a Total Time of Recovery to reach 2 mmol/l line has a high correlation with individual swimming high correlation with individual swimming performances: the faster swim, the longer recovery. performances: the faster swim, the longer recovery.

11.7

9.1

5.2

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La,

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4:05.83

4:07.98

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4:09.82 4:12.17

4:07.83

4:09.274:09.47

4:05.65

4:13.09

4:08.38

4:09.70

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48.00

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4:03.65 4:05.38 4:07.10 4:08.83 4:10.56 4:12.29 4:14.02 4:15.74

Time, sec

Rec

ove

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ime,

min

Low/High Cost of Low/High Cost of PerformancesPerformances

Low/High Cost of Low/High Cost of PerformancesPerformances

2:02.56

2:04.952:00.72 2:03.00

2:09.16

2:03.61

1:58.56

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

32.00

34.00

1:57.50 1:59.23 2:00.96 2:02.69 2:04.42 2:06.14 2:07.87 2:09.60 2:11.33

Time, sec

Rec

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min

COST OF SWIMMING COST OF SWIMMING PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE


Use of Low/High Cost of Use of Low/High Cost of Performances ChartPerformances Chart

• If the individual performance is in a Low If the individual performance is in a Low Cost Zone, athletes can maintain higher Cost Zone, athletes can maintain higher training stress. training stress.

– Sprinters can do more anaerobic and sprint setsSprinters can do more anaerobic and sprint sets

– Middle distance and distance swimmers can do Middle distance and distance swimmers can do more anaerobic and aerobic setsmore anaerobic and aerobic sets

• If the individual performance is in a High If the individual performance is in a High Cost Zone, athletes should focus more on Cost Zone, athletes should focus more on aerobic work and recovery. aerobic work and recovery.


Lactate – Swimming Lactate – Swimming IntensityIntensity• Blood lactate accumulation during Blood lactate accumulation during

incremental exercise testincremental exercise test

• Determination of lactate threshold Determination of lactate threshold (anaerobic threshold)(anaerobic threshold)

• Lactate Threshold (LT) – the point Lactate Threshold (LT) – the point (swimming intensity) where (swimming intensity) where the anaerobic the anaerobic system is recruited to contribute more to system is recruited to contribute more to the energy production, accumulation of the energy production, accumulation of lactate in the bloodlactate in the blood

Lactate – Swimming Lactate – Swimming IntensityIntensity

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V, M/S

La, m

mol

/L

Lactate ThresholdLactate Threshold

Types of Lactate Types of Lactate ThresholdsThresholds• LT at fixed blood lactate LT at fixed blood lactate

concentrations: concentrations:

• 2.0 mmol/L, 2.5 mmol/L, 3.0 mmol/L, 2.0 mmol/L, 2.5 mmol/L, 3.0 mmol/L, 4.0 mmol/L 4.0 mmol/L

• Individual LT – deflection point on the Individual LT – deflection point on the blood lactate versus swimming blood lactate versus swimming velocity curvevelocity curve

LT at Fixed Lactate LT at Fixed Lactate ConcentrationsConcentrations

• Testing procedure:Testing procedure:• Incremental swimming set consisting of two Incremental swimming set consisting of two

stagesstages• Each stage requiring 300 (age group Each stage requiring 300 (age group

swimmers) or 400 (senior swimmers) M/Y swimmers) or 400 (senior swimmers) M/Y continuous swimming followed by 2 min restcontinuous swimming followed by 2 min rest

• Stage 1 corresponds to 75% of maximum Stage 1 corresponds to 75% of maximum swimming velocityswimming velocity

• Stage 2 corresponds to the maximum Stage 2 corresponds to the maximum swimming velocityswimming velocity

Calculation of Swimming Calculation of Swimming VelocitiesVelocities

• Best time on 400 – 4:05.00 (245 Sec). Best time on 400 – 4:05.00 (245 Sec).

• Maximum swimming velocity:Maximum swimming velocity:

400 M / 245 Sec = 1.633 M/Sec400 M / 245 Sec = 1.633 M/Sec

• 75% of maximum swimming velocity:75% of maximum swimming velocity:

1.633 x 0.75 = 1.225 M/Sec1.633 x 0.75 = 1.225 M/Sec

• This corresponds to the swimming time on This corresponds to the swimming time on 400 M:400 M:

400 M / 1.225 M/Sec = 326.5 Sec (5:26.50)400 M / 1.225 M/Sec = 326.5 Sec (5:26.50)


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Easy pace – 75% from max on 400

Easy pace – 75% from max on 400 Max pace on 400Max pace on 400

Deterioration of Working Capacity


Improvement of Working Capacity



• Advantages:Advantages:

• Small number of blood Small number of blood samples (two is enough)samples (two is enough)

• Easy to manage with Easy to manage with large group of swimmerslarge group of swimmers

• Minimizing problems with Minimizing problems with detecting deflection point detecting deflection point on “lactate – velocity” on “lactate – velocity” curvecurve


• Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

• It is impossible to It is impossible to evaluate evaluate individual LTindividual LT

• No individual No individual energy zonesenergy zones

Individual LTIndividual LT

• Advantages:Advantages:

• Evaluation of individual Evaluation of individual swimming velocities swimming velocities for development of for development of aerobic and anaerobic aerobic and anaerobic enduranceendurance

• It is possible to It is possible to calculate individual calculate individual borders for various borders for various energy zonesenergy zones

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Deflection Point of the blood lactate curve – Individual Lactate Threshold

Deflection Point of the blood lactate curve – Individual Lactate Threshold

Individual LTIndividual LT

• Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

• Time consuming testing of lactate (at Time consuming testing of lactate (at least 4 stages)least 4 stages)

• Complex analysis and evaluation of Complex analysis and evaluation of individual LT and borders between individual LT and borders between energy zonesenergy zones

Lactate – Swimming Lactate – Swimming IntensityIntensity

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• It is an intermittent incremental exercise It is an intermittent incremental exercise swimming test consisting of 4 to 6 stages, swimming test consisting of 4 to 6 stages, each requiring 200 or 300 m/y of each requiring 200 or 300 m/y of continuous swimming followed by 2 min of continuous swimming followed by 2 min of restrest

• 5 stages correspond to 75%, 81%, 87%, 5 stages correspond to 75%, 81%, 87%, 93%, and 100% of 200 m/y (sprinters and 93%, and 100% of 200 m/y (sprinters and middle distance swimmers) or 300 m/y middle distance swimmers) or 300 m/y (distance swimmers) velocity. Stroke rate (distance swimmers) velocity. Stroke rate and heart rate are determined during the and heart rate are determined during the swimming portion of each stage. Lactate is swimming portion of each stage. Lactate is determined immediately after each stagedetermined immediately after each stage

Lactate/Heart Rate ProfileLactate/Heart Rate Profile

• LT is defined as the point where the primary LT is defined as the point where the primary energy system being utilized shifts from aerobic energy system being utilized shifts from aerobic to anaerobicto anaerobic

• The test is followed by a 23 min inactive The test is followed by a 23 min inactive recovery period during which lactate is recordedrecovery period during which lactate is recorded

• Results of this procedure allow the Results of this procedure allow the determination of individual LT, an indicator of determination of individual LT, an indicator of aerobic-anaerobic fitness, and lactate clearance aerobic-anaerobic fitness, and lactate clearance rate, an indicator of aerobic fitness. The VEL rate, an indicator of aerobic fitness. The VEL and/or HR at which LT occurs can be translated and/or HR at which LT occurs can be translated to individual VEL and/or HR in each energy to individual VEL and/or HR in each energy systemsystem



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Velocity-Time

La

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ol/l Beginning of season

Before taper

SwimmingSwimming RecoveryRecovery

LA increasingLA increasing LA clearanceLA clearance


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ILT

SwimmingSwimming RecoveryRecovery

Documents

Genadijus Sokolovas, Ph.D., Global Sport Technology, Inc [email protected] Lactate Testing in Swimming