8/11/2019 g_biology

1/11

GCSE Biology Summary

Volume One - Life Processes and Green Plants

1. Transport and Water Relations in Plants

An overview of plant transport tissueXylemPhloemWater absorption by the rootMineral absorption by the rootWater loss by the leafPassage of water through a leafWater movement through a plantMeasuring transpirationThe bubble potometer

Factors affecting transpirationThe purpouse of transpirationThe facts about StomaSugar transport in plantsRadioactive tracing eperiments!periments with Aphids

2. Movement and Growth

"ontrol of movement and growth #overview$Tropic movementsPhototropism%eotropism&ydrotropism%rowth at the shoot and root tipsPhototropism and Auins'istribution of the hormone Auin%eotropism and AuinsThe commercial uses of Auins

3. Photosynthesis

An overview of the chemical processThe leafThe cells involved in photosynthesis"hloroplastsThe light reactionThe dar( reactionPhotosynthesis eperiments'e)starching* de)colouring and testing!periment to show chlorophyll is essential!periment to show light is essential!periment to show carbon dioide is essential

!periment to show oygen is produced+ses of the products of photosynthesis

8/11/2019 g_biology

2/11

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis,imiting factorsPhotosynthesis and respiration"ompensation point

4. Mineral nutrition in plants

Mineral nutrition in plants overviewSachs and -nop bac(groundWater culture eperimentsPhosphorous deficiency"alcium deficiencySulphur deficiency

.itrogen deficiency/ron deficiencyMagnesium deficiencyPotassium deficiencyFarming and nutrientsThe effects of fertilisersFertilisers/norganic and organic fertilisers

5. Osmosis

Substances entering and leaving plantsPassive processesThe cell membrane0smosis

An eperiment to demonstrate osmosis0smosis and plant cells0smosis and animal cellsActive processesThe protein pump

6. n!ymes

An en1yme overview!n1yme productionFactors affecting en1yme action

/nhibitorsTemperaturep&!n1yme concentrationSubstrate concentration

8/11/2019 g_biology

3/11

". #ells and $hromosomes

0verview #a somatic cell$"hromosomes and genes&omologous chromosomes"hromosome number'iploid&aploid"ell divisionStages of MitosisStages of meiosis

%. &i'e pro$esses

%eneralised animal cells%eneralised plant cells!nergy production in the cell"haracteristics of living thingsSpecialised plant cellsSpecialised animal cellsTissues organs and organ systemsAn organ* the small intestine0rgan systemsThe organ systems of mammals

8/11/2019 g_biology

4/11

Volume Two - umans as Organisms

(. )utrition and *i+estion

!utrition

.utrientsMalnutrition"arbohydratesProteins and Amino acidsProtein deficienciesFats2itamins2itamin deficienciesMineralsMineral deficiencies'ietary fibre

Water

"igestion'igestive systemMechanical 'igestionMouth and Teeth"hemical 'igestion!n1ymesSalivaSwallowingStomach ) peristalsis

Stomach ) digestive fluidsMucusSmall /ntestine,iver and %all 3ladder ) bilePancreas ) pancreatic 4uice2illi,arge /ntestineSummaries of digestive processTables of digestive chemicals

2. #ir$ulation

Circulatory System"apillaries"ellular re5uirements&eart as a pump&eart6s valves&eartbeatPulsePulmonary circulationSummary

T#e eart&eart as an organ

8/11/2019 g_biology

5/11

&eart structureAtria and 2entricles&eart6s muscle walls"oronary system

BloodRed blood cells&aemoglobin and diffusionPlatelets3lood clottingWhite blood cellsPhagocytesPhagocytosis,ymphocytesAntibodiesAntigens

AntitoinsPlasmaSubstances within plasma

Blood VesselsAortaArteriesRegulation of blood flow2eins2ena cava

3. Respiration and ,reathin+

$es%iration"ellular re5uirements"onversion of food into energyAerobic respirationMitochondriaAnaerobic respiration,actic acid and oygen debt

Breat#ing - T#e &ir Passages,ungs3ronchial structureAlveoliProtective mechanisms"ough refleMucous membranes and ciliaBreat#ing - T#e 'ec#anicsRibs and diaphragmThoracic cavity/nspiration

!pirationPleural membranes

8/11/2019 g_biology

6/11

3rain6s breathing centre

Breat#ing - "iffusion and Trans%ort of Gases%as echange in lungs'iffusion between alveoli and capillaries

&aemoglobin6s role in oygen supply to organs!ffects of carbon monoide

4. #oordination and #ontrol

Coordination and Control/ntroduction to .erves and &ormonesStimulus)Response mechanism

!er(es - Pat#ways and $efle) arc.eurones and nerve impulses"entral nervous system3rainSpinal cordPeripheral nervous systemSensory and Motor nerves

.eurones and their structureSynapses and .eurotransmittersRefle Arc

!er(es - S%ecial Senses and T#e EyeSensory receptors/nternal receptors and homeostasis!ternal receptors and sensationsSense organsThe !ar* .ose and TongueThe !ye!ye structure2ision ) role of lens in focussing lightRods and cones and optic nerve

ormones!ndocrine glandsPancreas,oc( and (ey mechanismAdrenaline

.egative feedbac( mechanismSe) ormonesPituitary glandTestes and ovariesPubertyMenstrual cycle0varian cycle0estrogen and Progesterone"ontraceptive pill

Sugar ormones

8/11/2019 g_biology

7/11

%lucose ) blood sugar levelPancreas/nsulin and %lucagon'iabetes

5. Movement

S(eleton3ones7oints"artilage* ligaments and tendonsMusclesAntagonistic pairs

.erve impulses ) stimuli to muscles

6. Reprodu$tion

Male gametes #sperm$ and meiosisFemale gametes #ova$ and meiosisFertilisation8ygote and mitosis!mbryoPlacenta and amnionFetus,abour3irth

*.-omeostasis

omeostasis'ynamic e5uilibrium

.ormal range for internal environment.egative feedbac( mechanism"ontrol centre* Sensor* !ffector

8/11/2019 g_biology

8/11

$ole of S+in - Body Tem%eratureS(in6s sensors ) monitoring eternal environmentS(in6s effectors ) regulating internal temperature3rain6s control centre for temperature regulation2asodilation and sweating

2asoconstriction and hair erector muscles

$ole of ,idneys - Le(el of Salts in BloodRemoval of wasteFiltration of blood

.ephrons ) structure and functions+rinary system+rine etraction"oncentration of Salts in 3lood'ialysisTransplants

%. -ealth

Body "efences/nfectionsFirst)line defence mechanismsRole of White blood cells/mmunisation

"rugs0rigins of drugs

MedicinesAntibiotics'ependence and Addiction/mmediate !ffects,ong)term !ffects

8/11/2019 g_biology

9/11

Volume T#ree - Variation n#eritance and E(olution

(. volution

An overview of evolution

Special creation!vidence for evolutionFossils&omologous and vestigial structures"lassificationSelective breeding%eographical distribution"omparative embryology"omparative biotechnology3inomial .omenclature

2. The -ypothesis o' volution

'evelopment of the theory of evolution"harles 'arwin"ompetition for resources

.atural selection in action'arwin6s finchesThe eample of the Peppered mothAntibiotic resistant bacteriaSpeciationPopulation structure

&eritable variationSelectionThe eample of the &awaiian &oney creepers!tinctionAdaptation

3. nheritan$e

%enes'ominant and recessive allelesAlleles during breeding

/nheritance of characteristics%enetic diagramsThe Punnet s5uare"ross breedingTerms used in geneticsParental generationMonohybrid inheritance3ac( crossingThe wor( of %regor MendelAnalysis of Mendel6s numerical results

4. -uman Geneti$s

The inheritance of se

8/11/2019 g_biology

10/11

&uman blood groups%enetic diseases in humans%enetic counsellingSic(le cell anaemia&aemophilia

'own6s syndromeFamily trees

5. Populations

Material "overedFactors affecting population growth"arrying capacity"hanges in population si1ePredators and population si1ePopulation simulation eercise

"ompetition and population si1ePlant communities&uman populationAge structure of populations%eneration time

6. ner+y 'low and li'e $y$les

The biosphere!cosystems!cosystem communities

Food chainsFood webs!nergy flow through food chains9uantitative treatment of feeding relationshipsPyramids of numberPyramids of biomassPyramids of energy'ecomposers and recycling of nutrientsPreventing decayThe carbon cycleThe nitrogen cycle

3acteria and the nitrogen cycle

8/11/2019 g_biology

11/11

". -umans and the nvironment

Pollution from fossil fuels"arbon dioide and the green house effectAcid rain

'eforestation01one layer'amaging ecosystemsToin accumulationArtificial fertilisers

%. /ariation

Sources of variationTypes of variation"ontinuous variation

'iscontinuous variationAc5uired characteristics2ariation and evolution

0. ,iote$hnolo+y

Material "overedSingle cell protein/ndustrial fermentersMycoprotein!n1ymes

!n1yme production+ses of en1ymes%enetic engineering%enetic engineering and agricultureAnimal cloningPlant cloning%ene therapy3iosensors'.A FingerprintingMedicine and biosensors