Paper: from drawing to building

A dissertation submitted in the partial fulfilment of the BA Architecture Honours degree,Newcastle University, 2016

Copyright © Gaurav Kapoor, 2015-2016, All rights reserved.

Paper: from drawing to building...An insight into the potential of using primitive materials such as cardboard and paper, more specifically paper tubes; that are traditionally known as an architect’s tool for communication in the construction of buildings and temporary infrastructures.

Written by Gaurav Kapoor

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“A building made out of paper can become permanent if people like it, and, a building made out of concrete can become temporary if people dont like it1.”

Shigeru Ban, 2013

1. Walters, H. (2013) Buildings made from cardboard tubes: A gallery of Shigeru Ban architecture. Available at: http://blog.ted.com/buildings-made-from-cardboard-tubes-a-gallery-of-shigeru-ban-architecture/ (Accessed: 16 August 2015).

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ABSTRACTThis dissertation investigates the use of relatively simple materials such as

cardboard and paper tubes as the core construction elements of buildings. It focuses on situations where paper tubes have been highly successful in creating engaging spaces set within various cultural contexts. It aims to understand how paper can be used as a structural and finishing material in projects ranging in various scales; from temporary housing built for a short duration to more monumental structure such as cathedrals and concert halls.

Introducing the topic with a brief history of the use of paper in the architecture industry, I will investigate how paper tubes have been providing grief-struck communities with high quality and affordable options for recreation. A detailed analysis follows by examining two case studies: The Paper Log Houses that were built to provide shelter to victims of the Great Hanshin Earthquake that hit Japan in 1995, and the Cardboard Cathedral which was built as a ‘transitional’ cathedral to serve the city of Christchurch in New Zealand after its original anglican cathedral was destroyed by the 2011 tsunami. Both the case studies use cardboard and paper tubes as their primary construction materials.

Finally, I will discuss and question whether paper tubes have the potential to go further and solve housing issues faced by people in underprivilidged counties. This will evaluate their advantages and limitations as a construction material in the industry.

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TABLE OF CONTENTSAbstract

Acknowledgements

List of Illustrations

Introduction

Chapter 1: Reviewing the opportunities offered by paper construction:

1.1 As an temporary housing solution1.2 As a place of worship1.3 For education1.4 For musical venues1.5 For interior partitions

Chapter 2: Examining paper as a structural element2.1 Case Study: Paper Log Houses2.2 Case Study: Christchurch Cardboard Cathedral

2.21 Early evaluation stages2.22 Design process2.23 Technical considerations2.24 Visulalising the interior

Discussion and Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendixviii

Functions

Construction

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to take this opportunity to thank my dissertation tutor’s Armelle Tardiveau and Daniel Mallo for their unceasing support, constructive criticism and encouragement right from the initial stage of my research. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr Cat Button for taking out time from her busy schedule to take part in an interview.

My sincere thanks to my friend Miri for helping me translate literature from Japanese to English. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my colleagues Rui Huang (Ray) and Quan Zhou for sharing their experiences of living in temporary paper housing after the Sichuan Earthquake in China.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigure 1: Figure 1: Paper tubes being used as an exterior partition for the UNICEF pavillion at the Milan EXPO 2015. Author’s own image.

Figure 2: Original shelters built by the refugees from UN supplied materials. Available online at <http://www.unhcr.org/45e6a3dc2.html>

Figure 3: Proposed shelter for the refugees using paper tubes. Available online at < http://designmadeinjapan.com/magazine/architecture/shigeru-ban-rebuilding-lives-through-architecture/>

Figure 4: Construction process involving the local community. Available online at: < http://www.archdaily.com/489255/the-humanitarian-works-of-shigeru-ban>

Figure 5: Final design outcome of the proposed shelter. Available online at: < http://popupcity.net/emergency-shelters-made-from-paper/>

Figure 6: Sketches of the exterior and roof membrane of a typical paper log house. Author’s own sketch.

Figure 7: Perspective drawing of the sptial layout arrangement inside a typical house. Author’s own drawing.

Figure 8: Interior view of the Paper Log House version customised to India. Image Courtesy: Shigeru Ban Architects

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Figure 9: Exterior view of the log houses built in Turkey, 1999. Image Courtesy: Shigeru Ban Architects

Figure 10: Coca Cola crates used instead of beer crates for houses built in The Philippines, 2004. Image Courtesy: Shigeru Ban Architects

Figure 11: Cane and bamboo mats, a slight variation from the traditional paper tubes. Image Courtesy: Shigeru Ban Architects

Figure 12: Exterior view from the south side of the Takatori Church showing the elleptical dome roof structure. Image Source: http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/magazine/20070520_BAN_FEATURE/blocker.html

Figure 13: Exterior view of the roof structure from the outside. Image Source: http://derarchitektbda.de/imagine/shigeru-ban-paper-church/

Figure 14: Sunday service at the Takatori Church showing us how the openings can be used to include the exterior area within the ceremony. Image Source: http://blog.ted.com/buildings-made-from-cardboard-tubes-a-gallery-of-shigeru-ban-architecture/

Figure 15: Interior spatial section through the church showing the cables supporting the elleptical dome. Author’s own CAD drawing.

Figure 16: Plan view of the church showing all aspects of the space. Author’s own CAD drawing.

Figure 17: Axonometric drawing showing all the elements of construction in the Hualin Elementary School in Chengdu. The paper tube structure is highlighted in yellow-mustard. Image Source: http://isthaturban.wikispaces.com/02_Aitzol+Pozueta_Hualin+Temporary+elementary+school+%26+Casa+soe+ker+tie

Figure 18: Long section through the concert hall. Image source: http://blog.artintern.net/article/213993

Figure 19: Short section of the concert hall showing the Roman styled paper tube monumental elements. Image Source: http://blog.artintern.net/article/213993

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Figure 20: View through the exterior corridoor showing the paper monument columns, which are the main structure supports. Image Source: http://www.theblogazine.com/2011/05/l’aquila-paper-concert-hall-shigeru-ban/

Figure 21: Sequence of steps showing the transition of the space before and after the partitions were erected. Image Courtesy: Shigeru Ban Architects and ArchDaily.

Figure 22: Sketches showing the assembly of the partition in plan and step wise view. Author’s own sketch.

Figure 23: Isometric drawings of the partitions erected with and without the drapes. Author’s own drawing.

Figure 24: Speech podium in the Christchurch transitional cathedral made out of recycled cardboard tubes. Image Courtesy:Andrew Barrie. Image available at: http://m.trendsideas.com/article/christchurch-cardboard-cathedral#lg=1&slide=4

Figure 25: Axonometric drawing showing the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of the first generation paper log house. Image Source: http://indayear2studio-1314s1.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/pins-case-study-shigeru-bans-paper-log.html#.VpuxsDby7R0

Figure 26: Stages representing the construction of the log houses, from laying out the foundation to the roof membrane. Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nachetz/6075942168Translated from Spanish to English by: Daniel Mallo

Figure 27: Front and rear, elevation and section views of the house. Image Source: http://www.georginarose.com/case-study-question-paper/

Figure 28: Detailed sectional drawing of the foundation to wall structure. Image Source: http://www.djibnet.com/photo/shigeru/shigeru-ban-analysis-6075942304.html

Figure 29: Foundation to Wall detail construction drawing. Author’s own CAD drawing. Drawn with regards to model made as part of construction under guidance of Dr Steve Dudek.

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Figure 30: Exterior view of the cardboard cathedral showing illuminated paper tubes forming the roof structure. Image Source: http://m.trendsideas.com/article/christchurch-cardboard-cathedral

Figure 31: View through the central nave of the cathedral along with the roof membrane. Image Source: http://m.trendsideas.com/article/christchurch-cardboard-cathedral

Figure 32: Image showing the traditional rose window; the only remaining symbol of the original anglical cathedral. Image credits: http://m.trendsideas.com/article/christchurch-cardboard-cathedral

Figure 33: Floor plan of the new cardboard cathedral. Image Source: http://www.architectural-review.com/today/cardboard-cathedral-by-shigeru-ban-in-christchurch-new-zealand/8654513.fullarticle

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“Materials are undoubtedly one of the most important elements of construction and design for both structural reasons and overall visual appeal. Throughout the history of architecture, builders have experimented with many types of building

supplies, often importing lavish tiles or utilitarian brick to meet their goals, although in times of immediate need, one must look closer to home, employing

the materials most easily accessible to fulfill the primary criteria.”2

Pearl Sortman, 2010

2. Sortman, P. (2010) Shigeru ban’s paper log house. Available at: https://thursdaygroup6.wordpress.com/2010/11/16/61/ (Accessed: 4 July 2015).

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INTRODUCTION

Paper and cardboard are imperative parts of one’s life3. Predominantly, the image of cardboard is that of a packaging material or something that the homeless use as their sleeping bags4 to escape the extremes of the weather. However, over the past two decades, materials like cardboard and paper tubes, which at first seemed to be improbable as construction materials for buildings, have acquired a meaningful place as a material in the industry. The earliest attempt to use paper as a construction material dates back to 1924 when the Massachusetts based engineer, Elis Stenman furnished the interior of his new home using recycled newspapers5. However, the first use of paper as a crude construction material was in 1985 when the Japanese born architect, Shigeru Ban used recycled paper tubes to give the finishing touch to the ceiling in the Alvar Aalto exhibition held in Tokyo6. Due to the limited financial and material resources available, Ban chose to use paper tubes that had been the packaging material for fabric that he had used in a previous exhibition. Eventually, Ban decided to use the paper tubes to recreate the ceiling, partitions and display stands for the exhibition’s interior space in a style that was exclusive to that of Aalto’s, which involved the use of organic cuts of wood7. It was only after this exhibition that the potential and application of paper tubes in post disaster reconstruction of houses and recreation facilities as a building material were explored.

Over the years, the demand for paper tubes has increased considerably in various aspects of the architecture industry such as providing temporary shelter for disaster relief work, erecting temporary installations for public exhibitions, creating semi-permanent places of worship, and even constructing portable leisure spaces such as concert halls etc. Paper tubes are fabricated with the purpose of having something that would roll over them8. They are made from recycled paper, and are cheap to use as a

3. Eekhout, M., Verheijen, F., Visser, R. and R. (2008) Cardboard in architecture. Edited by M. Eekhout, F. Verheijen, and R. Visser. Amsterdam: IOS Press,US.4. Ban, S. and St. John Wilson, C. (2007) Alvar Aalto: Through the Eyes of Shigeru Ban. Edited by Juhanni Pallasamaa and Tomoko Sato. 1st edn. LONDON: Black Dog Publ. [u.a.].5. Moran, M. and Sceurman, M. (2004) Weird U.S.: Your travel guide to America’s local legends and best kept secrets (weird). New York, NY: Barnes & Noble Books.6. The Hyatt Foundation (2014) Biography. Available at: http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2014/biography (Accessed: 28 September 2015).7. Buck, D. N. (2000) Responding to chaos: tradition, technology, society, and order in Japanese design. New York: Taylor & Francis.8. Cardboard tube manufacturers | cardboard tube information. Available at: http://www.paper-tubes.net (Accessed: 21 July 2015).

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warm shading reminiscent of wood. It is a free material which is easily adaptable, due to its ability to be produced in unlimited lengths9. The weight supported by a paper tube depends on its thickness and diameter. Furthermore, paper tubes are easy to waterproof and fireproof by using self-adhesive waterproof sponge tape on both sides10.

This dissertation will explore the application of paper tubes in four different types of buildings: temporary shelters used to house victims of natural disasters, religious facilities such as churches and cathedrals, leisure spaces such as concert halls, and public infrastructure facilities like schools that were intended to be temporary until a more permanent plan was erected. This includes two specific investigations of buildings. The first one being the Paper Log House built to house victims of the Great Hanshin Earthquake in Japan. To construct the house, paper tubes were used as part of the main structure that was supported on recycled beer crates. The second case study will be on the Christchurch Cardboard Cathedral that was built in a similar way, but instead of serving just as a temporary make shift structure, has become an iconic landmark representing the city.

The first chapter will investigate the role of paper and cardboard structures set out in various situations and their impact upon the wider community and the existing urban habitat. The second chapter will examine the role of paper tubes as a structural material by using the examples mentioned above. This will include the understanding of the construction techniques and technical aspects by considering technical drawings and models. Finally, the last chapter will conclude by looking at paper tube construction as a potential solution for the lack of adequate standard housing and the issue of homelessness. This would include some excerpts from an interview with Dr Cat Button, who has a wealth of experience in working in the field of improving the housing and living conditions of people in deprived areas.

My research on paper tube structures sparked after a conversation with my colleague Elise, about the recent earthquakes that hit Nepal in early 2015. During our conversation, my colleague mentioned about the architect Shigeru Ban, who specialises in disaster relief work by using basic materials like cardboard and paper to build shelters for people. I was bewildered to learn how simple and straightforward it was to build houses out of paper and cardboard, materials which we as architecture students often use for model making - but never dream about making real life buildings out of. After conducting more research about this topic, I was inspired to see how many different yet creative things of various scales could be built out of the materials that we would normally dispose of considering it as waste. I was very eager to know the way things would be built out of such a primitive material stand strong and how people would feel when they were made to live or work in a building- which was built merely out of paper and cardboard?

9. Buck, D. N. (2000) Responding to chaos: tradition, technology, society, and order in Japanese design. New York: Taylor & Francis.10. designboom.com (2003) Shigeru ban talk. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/history/ban.html (Accessed: 12 September 2015).

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Figure 1: Paper tubes being used as an exterior partition for the UNICEF pavillion at the Milan EXPO 2015.

Chapter 1Reviewing the opportunities offered by paper tube construction...

Background:

Despite the uncertainity associated with it, paper has been demonstrated to be an architecturally pleasing material with favourable aesthetic, acoustic and structural properties11. Several examples have indicated that paper and its by-products are potent building materials for temporary structures. Among the many by-products of paper are cardboard tubes, which, over the past two decades have challenged stronger materials, such as concrete and brick, as a structural element in the construction of new buildings.

1.1 As a temporary housing solution:

Temporary housing shelters are often the most widely sought out solution to be implemented after the emergency period in the wake of a disaster. This serves as an adaptable yet flexible approach and provides a short-term solution until a more solid reconstruction plan is finalized12. It acts as a ‘Band-Aid’ to the crisis - a temporary solution that is not intended for long-term use13. Most often, due to the number of communities affected in proportion to the financial aid received from around the globe, the shelters provided by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) often only encompasses materials such as plastic sheets and aluminium poles from which the victims are required to erect their own temporary tents14. These materials are insufficient for repairing the damage caused to the community and often result in their further impairment. For instance, when the UNHCR supplied wood and tarpaulin sheets to house Rwandan refugees in 1994, they not only resulted in the making of poor quality shelters, but were also unable to provide basic needs to house those forced to leave their homes. However, due to the existing environmental issues like deforestation, the UN began supplying aluminum piping to replace wood. This resulted in further problems, as refugees began selling aluminum pipes to make money and went back to cutting down trees to erect poles and build their 4m by 6m shelters15. This issue compelled architects working on emergency housing to come up

11. Eekhout, M., Verheijen, F., Visser, R. and R. (2008) Cardboard in architecture. Edited by M. Eekhout, F. Verheijen, and R. Visser. Amsterdam: IOS Press,US.12. Charlesworth, E. (2014) Humanitarian architecture: 15 stories of architects working after disaster. Edited by Adrian G. Marshall. United Kingdom: Routledge.13. Tsang, H. (2014) Watch ‘Building Blocks of Humanity through Disaster Reconstruction | Henry Tsang | TEDxConcordia’ Video at TEDxTalks. Available at: http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Building-Blocks-of-Humanity-thr (Accessed: 9 June 2015).14. Madsen, D. (2014) Paper emergency shelter for UNHCR. Available at: http://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/paper-emergency-shelter-for-unhcr (Accessed: 27 August 2015).

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with an alternative approach to the UN’s conventional housing solution.

Since temporary houses are often the first point of contact for the victims after their own dwellings have been destroyed and because they generally occupy them for a minimum of two years16, these shelters are required to be habitable for the victims, instead of only providing for their basic needs. Even though temporary shelters are often smaller than permanent houses, the minimum standards should be maintained as closely as possible17. On this account, the first aim of the temporary shelter design should be to provide a sense of ‘homeliness’18 and ownership to the individuals and the families who inhabit them19. As the architect Shigeru Ban stated, “Creating a healthy environment is a key to comfort victims. Therefore, materials in impermanent shelters should be environmentally friendly and must be able to provide a sense of security and comfort.”20

After careful consideration, paper tubes were first used to create emergency shelters to provide a solution for the Rwandan Refugee Crisis in 1994. This was also the first time that anybody would have sought refuge under something that was made out of paper tubes and cardboard. Soon after a few shelter units were erected, they became so popular and were considered to be a more feasible option because of their durability, easy to assemble property and cost effectiveness21 ,in a region where people are often deprived of the basic amenities in life. Additionally, in contrast to the aluminum pole shelters supplied by the UN, paper tubes could only be shaped in a fixed set of ways, so there were only a limited number of combinations exist for assembling them to make shelters. This proved to be more of an advantage for the refugees, as everybody was given a shelter that looked virtually the same, hence “ensuring fairness and equality for all”22.

Although, the Rwandan shelters were not aesthetically the most pleasing, their simple paper tube frame with plastic joints covered in tarpaulin sheets gave the refugees a safer haven at a very affordable cost of just $50 per unit, labour free23. The success of the Rwandan shelters was just the beginning of the use of paper as a substitute to entriched materials such as timber, brick and concrete. While the Rwandan Refugee Shelters limited the use of paper to merely the framework of the building, the potential of using it on the outer skin and facade of buildings was only brought into consideration after the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995, which rocked Japan by leaving almost all the residents of Kobe homeless.

15. Corkill, E. (2013) Shigeru ban: ‘People’s architect’ combines permanence and paper | the Japan times. Available at: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/04/07/people/peoples-architect-shigeru-ban-combines-permanence-and-paper/#.Vi-C0YTC5PN (Accessed: 12 October 2015).16. Yuksel, B. and Hasirci D. “An Analysis of Physical and Psychological Expectations of Earthquake Victims from Temporary Shelters: A Design Proposal.” METU JFA 29 (2012): 225-4017. ALL , H., G. DURSUN, VARDARER , D. (2005). Kocaeli Earthquake and Housing Problem : Prefabricated temporary new location of deadlock and poverty , Econometric Society , Kocaeli.18. BAN, S. (2001) Paper Houses: Emergency Housing for Turkey, Earthquake Architecture,Tasarım Publishing Company, İstanbul; 62-6.19. Tsang, H. (2014) Watch ‘Building Blocks of Humanity through Disaster Reconstruction | Henry Tsang | TEDxConcordia’ Video at TEDxTalks. Available at: http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Building-Blocks-of-Humanity-thr (Accessed: 19 August 2015).20. TANRISEVER AM , Sahin , D., ARIKOL , N. Karaca , O. ( 2008) Earthquake Training Manual ( Earthquake Education Handbook ) , Arıkol , G. ( eds.), Acute Library Publication No. 4 in Istanbul .21. Abulnour, A. H. (2014) ‘The post-disaster temporary dwelling: Fundamentals of provision, design and construction’, HBRC Journal, 10(1), pp. 10–24. doi: 10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.06.001.22. Tsang, H. (2014) Watch ‘Building Blocks of Humanity through Disaster Reconstruction | Henry Tsang | TEDxConcordia’ Video at TEDxTalks. Available at: http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Building-Blocks-of-Humanity-thr (Accessed: 19 August 2015).23. Haldane, J., Melvin, J., Murphy, D., Williams, A., Mitchell, J., Ravenscroft, T. and Woodman, E. (2015) Shigeru ban (1957- ). Available at: http://www.architectural-review.com/view/reviews/reputations/shigeru-ban-1957-/8680024.article?blocktitle=Reputations&contentID (Accessed: 2 September 2015).

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Figure 2: Original shelters built by the UN

Figure 3: Proposed shelter for the refugees using paper

Figure 4: Construction involving the local community

Figure 5: Completed paper tube shelters for the refugees

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The aftermath of the Great Hanshin Earthquake had left more than 300,000 people homeless in and around the city of Kobe24. As part of the reconstruction process, many local architects and charities began helping out people who had lost virtually everything they owned. Shigeru Ban proposed the Paper Log House to house communities whose houses were reduced to rubble. The paper log house was an economical, easy to build and a recyclable temporary solution, which could be dismantled and used in other places depending on the level of requirement25.

In minimal terms, the whole construction of the paper log house could be condensed into three major parts. First, the foundation was built upon donated Kirin beer crates which were very widely recycled26,27,28all throughout Japan at that point of time. These crates were then filled with sandbags to increase their stability and to support the secondary structure standing above. Second, the walls were made out of recycled paper tubes, which were then coated with waterproof and fireproof paint to enable them to withstand extreme conditions and situations. Finally, the roof skin was made out of white polycarbonate sheets, which were also locally sourced, and provided a calm and soothing effect to the occupants inside during the summer months29. However, the only drawback with the tent like roofs is that it is highly likely to being blown away during strong winds30. Due to the nature and properties of the materials used, the paper log house also proved itself to be a sustainable solution for a temporary problem by reducing the carbon footprint associated with building a house from scratch.31,32

Every element of the paper log house is sustainable33 in its own way. The sand filled beer crates are weather resistant, hence allowing the base of each structure to withstand pressures in different times of the year. Other than that, every part of the house is built either from a recyclable material or out of sustainable materials, thus minimising their impact on the environment. The paper tubes used as part of the main structure of the house are made of 100 percent recycled paper is an extremely durable material. They are further coated with a rainproof substance, thus making them weather-resistant.

While the basic materials for construction remain the same, the paper log houses have also been a solution for the housing crisis after that emerged after earthquakes that struck India, Turkey and The Phillippines. However, small variations exist in their designs influenced by local customs and cultural sensitivities. For instance, the Indian version of the log houses used coca-cola crates (Figure 10) and had curved roofs (Figure 8) instead of the pitched tent style roof due to cultural requirements.

24. Kobe City FIRE Bureau (January 17, 2006). “The situation of the damage “ . Great Hanshin- Awaji Earthquake. On the Site in Japanese of Kobe City FIRE Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-25.25. Paper dome (2011) Available at: http://paperdome.blogspot.co.uk/ (Accessed: 20 October 2015).26. Goodyear, D., Mead, R. and Seabrook, J. (2014) Paper palaces. Available at: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/11/paper-palaces (Accessed: 15 October 2015).27. Ban, S. and Miyake, R. (2009) Shigeru ban: Paper architecture. Edited by Ian Luna and Lauren A. Gould. New York: Rizzoli International Publications.28. Shigeru, B., Keiō, Yoshie, N., Yasunori, H. and Jun, M. (2010) Voluntary architects’ network: Kenchiku o tsukuru hito o tsukuru ruwanda kara haichi e. Japan: Inakkusushuppan.Translated from Japanese to English by Yuya Hanomi and Miri Yagisawa29. Correia, M., Dipasquale, L. and Mecca, S. (2015) VERSUS: Heritage for tomorrow. Florence: Firenze University Press.30. Hill, J. (2014) The materials of Shigeru ban. Available at: http://www.world-architects.com/pages/insight/materials-shigeru-ban (Accessed: 30 August 2015).31. Kuo, Y.-T. and Heyes, P. (2010) Shigeru ban’s paper log house. Available at: https://thursdaygroup6.wordpress.com/2010/11/16/61/ (Accessed: 30 August 2015).32. Gruber, P. (2011) Biomimetics - materials, structures and processes: Examples, ideas, and case studies. Edited by Dietmar Bruckner, Petra Gruber, and Christian Hellmich. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K.33. Lyons, A. (2014) Materials for architects and builders. United Kingdom: Routledge.

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Figure 6: Left: Sketch of the exterior of the house; Right: Drawing of the roof frame

Although the design is based on a simple rectilinear shape, the interior layout can be customised according to individual tastes and needs. The interior of the house is quite compact (Figure 7) and all the activities going on are often in a very tight space. This has also been influenced by local tastes as some cultures have larger families and more spatial requirements than others.

Apart from just providing shelters, these houses are capable of being used for other purposes. For instance, the houses built in India and Turkey were used as shops, schools and places of worship. Further details and technical considerations of the paper log house will be discussed in Chapter II.

Figure 7: Drawing of the activities inside a typical house built in Kobe.

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Figure 8: Inside the paper log house built in Bhuj, India, 2001

Figure 9: The log houses built in Turkey,19999

Figure 10: Coca Cola crates used instead of beer crates for houses built in The Philippines, 2004

Figure 11: Cane and bamboo mats, a slight variation from the traditional paper tubes. 10

1.2 As a place of worship

Many oriental cultures worship trees, through which we get paper. Hence, indirectly or not, paper as a material by itself does have a certain amount of religious significance associated with it34. The earliest use of paper to build places of worship dates back to 1995, when the Catholic Church of Kobe was severely damaged during the Great Hanshin Earthquake. The fire that followed the earthquake had burnt down most of the remaining church that had been standing for decades35. However, there was only one element from the original church was not affected by anything: the statue of Jesus Christ that remained unscathed36. This was considered as a miracle of faith by the residents of Kobe, who at that time not only used the church as a place of worship, but also as a community support centre.In response to the crisis, which immediately required the damaged church to be rebuilt, the local architects and NGO’s together proposed a simple elliptical structure made out of recycled paper tubes37. At first the larger community ridiculed the idea of building a church out of paper tubes considering the fragile nature of paper as a material38. However, despite its simplistic appearance, the new Takatori church emerged as a piece of architecture consisting of exquisite proportions. Although it was only built with the intention of serving Kobe for a few months, the church stood in service for over a decade39, after which it was dismantled and donated to Taiwan where it now stands in the Taomi Village40.

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34. Ban, S. (1990) Transcript of ‘emergency shelters made from paper’. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/shigeru_ban_emergency_shelters_made_from_paper/transcript?language=en (Accessed: 31 August 2015).35. Hook, M. (2015) ‘The affirmative qualities of a temporal architecture’, Architectural Design, 85(3), pp. 118–123. doi: 10.1002/ad.1910.36. Moffatt, L. and Heathcote, E. (2007) Contemporary church architecture. United Kingdom: Wiley, John & Sons.37. Ban, S. and Miyake, R. (2009) Shigeru ban: Paper architecture. Edited by Ian Luna and Lauren A. Gould. New York: Rizzoli International Publications.38. Ban, S., Siegfried, S. and Architektur und Kunst Galerie Renate Kammer (2000) Shigeru ban architects: Paper tube architecture 10 works 1990-2000 international positions in architecture = Architekturpositionen international. Hamburg: Junius.39. Trimble, M. (2005) Paper church Kobe-shi Japan by Shingeru ban. Available at: http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/paperchurch/ (Accessed: 2 October 2015).40. Crook, S. (2014) Taiwan. United Kingdom: Bradt Travel Guides.

Figure 12: View through the south facade of the church showing the folding panels outside the elleptical dome.

Figure 13: Aerial view of the dome from the south facade

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The paper church encompasses a box that encloses an elliptical cylinder measuring 15.3m by 11.1m by 5m41. The stiffness between the rectilinear and the curved form gives the church a modern classical aesthetic finish (Figure 12 & 13). The main elements of the church include 58 tubes of 15 millimetre thick brown laminated cardboard columns, each with a height of 5 metres and with an internal diameter of 33 centimetres. Each column is topped with a wooden covering that prevents it from moving about42. The paper columns offer half the load-bearing capacity of timber columns of similar dimension, thus sufficient to support the white textile membrane roof. A system of rods and cables provide the roof with its rigidity and form, thus protecting the inner dome from the outside weather, just like an umbrella43.

The translucent materials used for the roof and the outer skin ensure that the interior of the church is always illuminated with natural light during the day, thus giving it a very welcoming and non-imposing ambience from the inside44. This is also quite advantageous as the sunlight passing through the roof membrane helps keep the interior warm, particularly in the winter. The openings on the south facade serve not only as a means of ventilation, but can also be folded aside, thus allowing people outside to also be part of the church service on weekends.45 (Figure 14).

41. Kronenberg, R. (2003) Transportable environments book 2, Vol. 2. Edited by Robert Kronenburg, Joseph Lim, and Wong Yunn Chii. New York: Taylor & Francis.42. Bauman, C. (1996) Challenge of land use planning after urban earthquakes: Observations from the great Hanshin earthquake of 1995. S.l.: Diane Pub Co.43. Goodyear, D., Mead, R. and Seabrook, J. (2014) Paper palaces. Available at: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/11/paper-palaces (Accessed: 15 October 2015).44. Ban, S. (1999). EMERGING ARCHITECTURE: ar+ d WINNERS-Paper church, Kobe, Japan. Architectural Review, 206(1234), 71-71.45. Ban, S., & Architects, S. B. (2003). Beyond Paper and Curtain: Works and Humanitarian Activities. Transportable Environments 2, 145.

Figure 14: Sunday service at the church, showing us how the exterior lawn can become part of the structure if the openings on the south facade are in place.

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Figure 15 : Interior section showing the supporting gables of the roof along with the atmosphere

Figure 16: Floor Plan of the Takatori Catholic Church a.k.a Paper DomeNote that the oval space connects with the outside space through the multiple openings, thus creating a larger place of worship to accommodate more people.

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Figure 17: Axonometric drawing of the school showing the various elements of construction15

1.3 For education

The reconstruction of the Hualin Elementary School in Chengdu, China was a life-changing experience for many people who had been affected by the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake. The following excerpt is from an interview conducted with Rui Huang and his former classmate, Quan Chou, who at the time of the earthquake were living in Chengdu and had been affected by its aftermath:

“Apart from the loss of life and basic infrastructure, the city had lost many of its important facilities such as schools which helped provide basic education to children living in the city as well as its suburbs. Since Chengdu was not the main part of the destruction, there was very less help given out. The relief housing that was commissioned by the local council was located in the outskirts of the main city and was largely substandard with leaking roofs combined with poor sound insulation. Furthermore, as days passed the plans for erecting more temporary houses were stepped backwards by the local mayors.

Delays and lack of financial support on behalf of the government had resulted in many children having to spend atleast 4 hours in commuting to attend school in nearby cities and provinces.”46,47

It was evident that there was an urgent need for a new school located in Chengdu. However due to limited support and planning restrictions, the choice of materials would have to be made cautiously.The construction methods and plans would also have to be kept simple as most of the construction would be carried out by unskilled volunteers48. Thus, it was eventually settled that the cardboard tubes bolted together with wooden joints would be employed to construct three 6 x 30-metre buildings, which would provide for nine classrooms49. The volunteers included architecture students from China as well as Japan, combined with local NGO volunteers and architects. The framework of the buildings would be made out of cardboard tubes locally sourced from the Sichuan province’s industrial areas. The walls were also built out of material that was cheap and easy to source within China. For the roof, recycled plywood was used along with polycarbonate as the insulation material50.

For the local people of Chengdu like Huang, the construction of the paper school was not only a step towards infrastructural recovery, but it also changed the mutual perceptions between the Chinese and Japanese people, which had been strained traditionally since generations51. By sharing the same experience of dealing with the aftermath of disasters, the volunteers and local residents worked on mutual understanding and achieved their goal of completing construction of the three buildings in little more than a month52. The children were called to start learning in their new classrooms on the same day of the opening, and on the same night people used the space as a roof above their heads. Although, it was intended to be temporary, the school still stands today without any major repairwork being carried out on it.

46. Chou, C. (2015) ‘Reviewing your life in Chengdu’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 29 October 2015.47. Huang, R. (2015) ‘A glimpse back to the Hualin School’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 28 October 2015.48. Craven, J. (2015) Paper tube building, Hualin elementary school (2008). Available at: http://architecture.about.com/od/earthquakes/ss/Paper-Tube-Construction-Hualin-Elementary-School-2008.htm (Accessed: 4 November 2015).49. Tang, H. and RWATABE (2013) Available at: http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9975/original/DTP102361.pdf?1418206058 (Accessed: 5 October 2015).50. Watanabe, A. (2008) Instant architecture for China’s earthquake victims. Available at: http://pingmag.jp/2008/11/14/sichuan/ (Accessed: 5 November 2015).51. Huang, R. (2015) ‘A glimpse back to the Hualin School’. Interview with 28 October, .52. Hickman, M. (2015) Meet Shigeru ban, architect for the people. Available at: http://www.mnn.com/leaderboard/stories/meet-shigeru-ban-architect-for-the-people (Accessed: 4 November 2015).53. Watanabe, A. (2008) Instant architecture for China’s earthquake victims. Available at: http://pingmag.jp/2008/11/14/sichuan/ (Accessed: 5 November 2015). 16

1.4 For musical venues

Leisure and cultural venues are also an important part of any urban environment. However, in certain situations, they are often associated with a considerable amount of emotion and cultural heritage such as in the town of L’Aquila in Southern Italy, where about 30% of the students study music as their major54. The loss of musical venues during the catastrophic earthquake of 2011 had wiped out the city’s emotion associated with music55. As a sign of confederacy and understanding, Japan decided to gift a temporary concert hall to Italy, which would become the new spirit of L’Aquila and reinvent its lost heritage.

The construction of the concert hall is based around ‘paper pillars’ or cardboard tubes. The structural framework encompasses 44 cardboard pillars and a pitched roof made out of white aluminum sheets56

(Figure 18 and 19 ). A skewed oval cuts through the interior volume of the concert hall which essentially is the space where all the lectures, symposiums and public events take place. The stage and the stalls used by the artists are made of spruce wood while the perimeter walls are acoustically insulated with bags of expanded clay, which also help provide thermal insulation to the concert hall57. To the west of the concert hall lies the original school building which houses the classrooms and is connected to the paper concert hall by a passage. The temporary concert hall covers a total area of 700 square meters which is almost a quarter of the entire facility, which spans a little over 3000 square meters58.

The primary reason of having a rectangular outer volume with a pitched roof for the paper concert hall was a 21st century homage to the Roman style, which would have resembled a large marble columned monument59. This meant that the paper concert hall, even though temporary had taken the cultural requirements into consideration. Although it is a portable nomadic structure which could be brought down and assembled elsewhere, it shows that, paper as a material is capable of coping with various aesthetic and spatial requirements and is adaptable to a wide range of situations60.

54. Mantovani, F. (2011) Gifts of paper. Available at: http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/gifts-paper (Accessed: 8 November 2015).55. Vespa, S. (2013) This is Italy: People, money & opinions. Available at: http://www.thisisitaly-panorama.com/top-stories/laquila-is-reborn-through-music/ (Accessed: 7 September 2015).56. Shigeru, B., Keiō, Yoshie, N., Yasunori, H. and Jun, M. (2010) Voluntary architects’ network: Kenchiku o tsukuru hito o tsukuru ruwanda kara haichi e. Japan: Inakkusushuppan.Translated from Japanese to English by Yuya Hanomi and Miri Yagisawa57. Gabrielli, F. (2011) ‘A solidarity concert for Italy and Japan held at L’Aquila new auditorium’, Protezione Civile, , pp. 5–9.58. Buck, D. N. (2000) Responding to chaos: tradition, technology, society, and order in Japanese design. New York: Taylor & Francis.59. Christof, T. (2011) L’Aquila paper concert hall / Shigeru ban. Available at: http://www.theblogazine.com/2011/05/l’aquila-paper-concert-hall-shigeru-ban/ (Accessed: 1 November 2015).60. Button, C. (2015) ‘Paper as a permanent solution?’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 2 November 2015.

Figure 18: Long section showing the inside of the performance space

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Figure 19: Short section showing the monumental roman elements incarnated into the new design

Figure 20: View of the paper columns, through the main corridoor

1.5 For interior partitions

Even though the exterior shell is what carves the space inside a building, the division of interior spaces does also have a great impact on the occupants and the functions of a building61. The situation of the refugees seeking shelter after the 2004 tsunami in Japan had a bad effect on their mental health as most of the people were living under a large indoor gymnasium. With the limited space available per head and large number of families and individuals under the same roof, the privacy concerns for refugees began to take on a toll. It was mainly the children and elderly people who suffered the most due to the lack of privacy and space62. As the relief housing that was being built to house these victims was still in its planning stages, it meant that the refugees had to spend atleast a few months living in the same camp.

To cope with this issue, a paper partitioning system was proposed that would divide the large indoor space into a series of small individual units. The construction involved the use of paper tubes which were bolted together at the edges. After the frames were finished, the upper tubes were draped with white fabric that ensured privacy between two different pods. This proved to be a very successful project involving paper tubes and for many families, this temporary shelter pod even became sentimentally known as “home”63,64. The design was extremely straightforward to build and involved the affected families in the construction process, which ultimately gave them a sense of pride and ownership towards their new individual paper pods65.

61. Eekhout, M., Verheijen, F., Visser, R. and R. (2008) Cardboard in architecture. Edited by M. Eekhout, F. Verheijen, and R. Visser. Amsterdam: IOS Press,US.62. Usami, M., Iwadare, Y., Kodaira, M., Watanabe, K., Aoki, M., Katsumi, C., Matsuda, K., Makino, K., Iijima, S., Harada, M., Tanaka, H., Sasaki, Y., Tanaka, T., Ushijima, H. and Saito, K. (2013) ‘Sleep duration among children 8 months after the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami’, PLoS ONE, 8(5), p. e65398. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065398.63. Jodidio, P., Haag, K. and Bosser, J. (2005) Architecture now! = Architektur heute = L’architecture d’aujourd’hui. 25th edn. Germany: Taschen America.64. Dovey, K. (1999) Framing places mediating power in built form. London: Spons Architecture Price Book.65. Tsang, H. (2014) Watch ‘Building Blocks of Humanity through Disaster Reconstruction | Henry Tsang | TEDxConcordia’ Video at TEDxTalks. Available at: http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Building-Blocks-of-Humanity-thr (Accessed: 9 June 2015).

Figure 21: Clockwise; Stages showing the condition of the space before and after the the paper partitions were erected

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20Figure 23: Perspective drawing of the partitions erected with and without drapes.

Figure 22: Plan and connection drawings of the recycled paper partitions.

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“What exactly is a strong material? If a typhoon blows through, will the structure withstand the force? What happens to a strong material during an earthquake?

If the material does not hold up, what options are there for fast, inexpensive solutions for the communities displaced by disaster?”

~Amy Cowen~

Site/Country Disaster Year

Time taken to construct?

Source of the paper tubes?

Public response

Rwanda/Japan/Turkey/India/Nepal/ Philippines

1994,1995,1999,2001,2004,2015

Varies from 2 daysin Rwanda to 2 weeks for rest

All locally sourced Outstanding. In some case, better than their previous home.

Kobe,Japan 1995 5 weeks Locally sourced Outstanding.

Chengdu,China 2008 45 days Shanghai + other provinces

Outstanding,better than the old school.

L’Aquilla,Italy 2011 Prefabricated Japan (donor) Outstanding

Various parts of Japan

2004, 2011 6 hours Japan Outstanding

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Below is a table summarising all the situations analysed along with the time required for construction combining the responses from the public about the type of space created using paper tubes.

Figure 24: Recycled paper tubes used for the speech podium in the cardboard cathedral, Christchurch, NZ.

Chapter 2Examining paper as a structural element...

The previous chapter has explored some of the key areas of design where paper has been successful as a construction material along with the interpretation of the end users who in most cases preferred to live longer in paper tube houses than go back to their concrete jungles. This chapter will now go into further detail about the structural capacity of paper tubes, their sourcing, and methods of joining with their technical aspects by using two case studies of different scale. The first case study will be about the Paper Log House and will examine how paper tubes have been able to blend in with the other materials as well as been able to withhold the structure of the house. The second case study will examine the Christchurch Cardboard Cathedral built in New Zealand. After the original Anglican cathedral was badly damaged in an earthquake, the cardboard cathedral was built to serve as a transitional cathedral for the city. However, due to its construction techniques, its simple yet elegant aesthetics and popularity, it has now become a monumental symbol representing New Zealand. This was also a new scope in the field of paper tube construction as the cathedral became the world’s first monument to be built out of paper67. I will finally question whether paper as a material can be used as an alternative approach towards the housing crisis or should it still be further explored in different environments and cultures?

67. Farrow, C. (2013) House of card: Shigeru Ban’s Christchurch cathedral. Available at: http://www.designcurial.com/projects/house-of-card-shigeru-bans-christchurch-cathedral (Accessed: 4 December 2015).

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25Figure 25: Axonometric drawing showing all the primary, secondary and tertiary elements of construction

Architect Shigeru Ban Architects, Voluntary Architects Network + Local NGO’s and students

Location: 1. Kobe, Japan2. Turkey3. Bhuj, India4. Cebu, Philippines5. Sri Lanka

Date constructed 1. 19952. 19993. 20014. 20045. 2004

Type of Use 1. Solely residential in Japan, Turkey and The Philippines.2. Used as residence, office, school and shops in India and Sri Lanka

Source of materials Locally sourced from different provinces of the country

Total number of units built

Around 500 all put together

2.1 Case Study: Paper Log House

Table I: Summary of the units built

While the main intention of satisfying temporary social and environmental68 issues are a common factor behind the design of all the variations of the paper log houses, there are still minor modifications within their sub structure, aesthetic approach and the construction materials that were largely influenced by the local culture and climate of the places they were built in69.

Considering the first generation of the houses that were built in Kobe: the tubes used are of internal diameter of 106 millimetres and 4 millimetres in thickness. The list of materials needed to construct the house from scratch contains merely 10 items that are very easily found in every country. The total cost to build each house was about $2,000 or about £1,40070. This cost is insignificant compared to the other factors involved such as labour, fees of the architect ( which in this case were nil ), the sourcing of materials, which again was inexpensive as most of the materials were from recycled waste.

68.Wentworth, C. (2012) Paper Log House: Shigeru Ban. Available at: http://myweb.wit.edu/kiml1/590fall05/web-content/chris.pdf(Accessed: 15 October 2015).69. Tsang, p. 970. Bruckner, D., Gruber, P. and Hellmich, C. (eds.) (2011) Biomimetics -- materials, structures and processes: Examples, ideas and case studies. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K.

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Step I: Basic Foundation

Step II: Plywood sheets over the foundation

Step III: Paper tubes of diameter=100mm and thickness=4mm laid on top

Step IV: Another layer of plywood sheets

Step V: Cross section of the circular timber joints

Step VI: Erecting the non adjacent walls

Step VII: Erecting the second phase of the walls. Horizontal bracing of 6mm steel rods.

Step VIII: U shaped glulam fitted on the top rail of the tube construction.

Figure 26: Diagrammatic view of the various steps of construction.

Given below is the list of materials that were common to all the versions of the log houses built:

Table II: List of materials in common

Type of Structure Cardboard Tube Structure

List of materials required 1. Beer crates2. Sand bags3. Plywood floor pegs4. Pieces of wood or MDF5. Cardboard tubes of atleast 100mm diameter and waterproof tape6. Plastic sheets or other tent like material7. Steel rods of various lengths8. Plywood for roof connections

According to the architect: “The primary requirement for the paper log houses to be approved by the planning authorities was that all the materials were to be prefabricated and that every house was to be assembled on the site.” This proved to be an advantage as the shapes and sizes of all the materials were already cut out, thus producing lesser waste on site and requiring lesser workforce, therefore adding up to the sustainability and lowering the cost of production per unit71. Once all the materials had arrived on site, it was now up to the volunteers to help out in assembling the parts. On an average, each house took just about six hours to assemble from laying out the beer crate foundations to assembling the roofs. Once assembled, the occupants could move in immediately thus making the paper tube method of construction one of the fastest in the world for building quality shelters72. From figure 26, we can see the various steps involved in the construction process.

According to figure , it is evident that the assembly of each unit starts from the ground and works upwards from there. The base of each unit is, recycled beer crates ( Coca-Cola crates for India and Phillipines due to lack of beer factories in the surrounding areas ) filled with sand bags that hold the foundation in place by adding extra weight and structural stability, thus protecting the house from strong gusts of winds73. After the foundation is laid out, a prefabricated plywood floor is lined up along the edges of the crates and plywood pegs to prevent the floor boards from moving, which are then placed around the outer perimeter. The paper tubes that form the outer walls are then slipped inside the pegs and sealed with waterproof sponge tape (Figure 28)74. Steels rods running horizontally add extra support to the structure and hold the tubes together. At the top of the tubes are plywood connections that hold the header, on top of which sits the pitched roof structure.

71. Bruckner, D., Gruber, P. and Hellmich, C. (eds.) (2011) Biomimetics -- materials, structures and processes: Examples, ideas and case studies. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K.72. Sinclair, C. and Stohr, K. (2006) Design like you give a damn: Architectural responses to humanitarian crises. United Kingdom: Thames & Hudson.73. Jacobson, H. Z. and Bruderlein, C. (2014) Shigeru ban: Humanitarian architecture. United States: Distributed Art Publishers.74. Nachetz (2007) Shigeru ban: Analysis. Available at: http://www.djibnet.com/photo/shigeru/shigeru-ban-analysis-6075942304.html (Accessed: 25 August 2015).

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The triangular frame structure of the roof comprises of 98 cardboard-encased PVL tubes, coated with waterproof polyurethane, which can prevent rainwater from entering the house75. Diagonal supports (as shown in figure 27) are added to either sides of the roofing system to ensure a continuous harmony of height. Finally, a thick double-layered tent material covers the gabled roof76. In the case of the Indian version, this was replaced by locally woven cane mats, known as ‘chat-ai’, which was a more culture specific material77. The actual roof and ceiling are separated by a short height so that the roof ends could be opened to allow ventilation in summer, and closed to retain warm air during the winter months.

Figure 27: Front and rear elevations and sections of the log houses

75. Carl, S., Davis, J., Dziatkowicz, M., Koontz, B., Mueller, S., Svaan, C. and Vacarcel, M. (2010) Paper Log Houses. Available at: https://anstuesday6.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/tuesday06_assign2_said127_09a.pdf (Accessed: 29 September 2015).76. Patton, P., O’Mahony, M., Antonelli, P. and Yelavich, S. (2005) Safe: Design takes on risk. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, New York.77. Button, C. (2015) ‘Paper as a permanent solution?’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 2 November 2015.

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Cardboard Tubes

Waterproof Tape

Wooden pegs

Plywood flooring

Cardboard tubes used under the flooring

Recycled beer/coco cola crates

Header

Figure 28: Sectional perspective model showing the detail of the wall-floor foundatio8

Figure 29: Ground to wall construction detail of the first generation log house 30

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Figure 30: Exterior view of the cardboard cathedral showcasing the outer roof structure.

Figure 31: View through the main central nave of the cardboard cathedral.

2.2 Case Study: Christchurch Cardboard Cathedral

The damage to the historic Anglican Cathedral of Christchurch was beyond repair as this was not only the loss of a place of worship within a large city, but it was also the loss of historic architecture that had represented Christchurch since the early 1900’s78. While the original cathedral was deemed unsafe for further use, the staff was forced to work from crowded make shift offices and ceremonies were being held at lecture halls of various schools, thus making it highly inconvenient to not have one fixed place of worship. As part of the reconstruction process, which would indeed take several years to reach reality, there was an urgent need for a cathedral that could act as a ‘transition’ between the lost history and the uncertain future.

“Cathedrals usually stand as enduring monuments to human skill and inventiveness, and magnificent pointers to the presence of God among us. Their guides will tell you how they are

the oldest, the largest, the tallest or the most significant of their kind.”

2.21 Early Evaluation Stage

To build a transitional cathedral, the evaluation of the existing cathedral, its functions and its symbolism was the most crucial step79. The grey and white stones used in the construction of the original cathedral were deemed too expensive to use in a temporary building. Nevertheless, it was something that was unique to the identity of the original cathedral, and that if used on any other building would have a profound impact on the existing cathedral80. Having seen the success of paper tubes in the reconstruction of the Takatori Catholic Church in Kobe (as discussed in Chapter 1), it was evident that Shigeru Ban’s paper tube structure would be the most ideal solution for providing Christchurch with a new ‘transitional’ cathedral. The reason for this was that it would create a promising space with a good quality finish, and it would be environmentally friendly and be easily dismantled, without leaving behind any industrial waste81. However, the materials that would be chosen would have to be strong enough to support the new structure as the ground in Christchurch was prone to tectonic movements that often shook the foundations of buildings.

2.22 Design Process

Although the initial design idea employed the principle of ‘emergency architecture’ in some form, it did have a functional approach to it. A lightweight paper skin along with recycled shipping containers combined together with an A-frame arch (Figure 30) made solely out of recycled materials was the foundation idea for the design. The reason for the A-frame is because it is more straightforward to erect yet, representing a modern aesthetic exterior facade82. Paper tubes would be neatly arranged in between the A-frame arches on either sides, thus resulting in a curved yet translucent upper roof (Figure 32).

78. Van der Burght, A. (2013) Glass is more! | ArticlesCHRISTCHURCH’S TRANSITIONAL ‘CARDBOARD’ CATHEDRAL. Available at: http://www.glassismore.com/core/content.php?option=viewitem&id=42&rd=414&le=120 (Accessed: 8 November 2015).79. Barrie, A. (2014) Shigeru ban: Cardboard cathedral. New Zealand: Auckland University Press.80. Anderson, C. (2014) How temporary ‘cardboard cathedral’ rose from the ruins to become most recognised building in Christchurch. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/sep/17/temporary-cardboard-cathedral-ruins-christchurch-new-zealand-earthquake (Accessed: 3 December 2015).81. Lyons, A. (2014) Materials for architects and builders. United Kingdom: Routledge.82. Barrie, A. (2014) Shigeru ban: Cardboard cathedral. New Zealand: Auckland University Press.

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Figure 32: Image of the roof of the new cardboard cathedral capturing the rose window fitted in between the tubular roof

2.23 Technical Considerations

Locally sourced materials played a very crucial role in the construction of the new cardboard cathedral. After the site assessment phase, an initial foundation comprising of large prefabricated concrete slabs was proposed. However, due to the planning restrictions and soil conditions, it had to be swapped with a 1 meter deep concrete raft foundation83. This meant that the foundation would no longer remain temporary, however it also meant that it would be strong enough to resist any further tectonic impacts. To offer protection from high speed winds, it was proposed that a combination of steel and timber cross bracing was that would be drilled into the space between the roof structure and the paper tubes was proposed. Following these changes, the paper tubes required would have tobe atleast 880mm in diameter and 15mm in thickness to withstand loads84. These tubes would further be strengthened by using timber trusseson either ends of the A-frame and a polycarbonate sheet on top to reduce deflection85. However, the main aim of using locally sourced materials was defeated as paper tubes of the required dimensions were unavailable throughout New Zealand. Following this constraint, the the structural system was changed in which Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) would be inserted into the paper tubes of diameter 600mm and 8mm in thickness86. It is due to the strength of the LVL elements that the impressive A-frame form, has been given its original planned shape87.

2.24 Visualising the interior

The interior of the cathedral is equally anatomical compared to its exterior facade. Each edge of the central nave is enclosed within eight shipping containers that are used as offices, storage and rooms for holding small religious services (as shown in Figure ). The atmosphere inside is very flexible and has a smooth, temporary feeling to it. The shipping contains on either sides of the nave are masked in white curtain fabric so that their presence does not interfere with the interior spatial ambience of the main worshipping space. The curtains are opened or closed to cover or expose the containers, thus accommodating the acoustic requirements tailored to the needs of the occasion87.

The main seating area, located in the central nave (as shown in figure 31) is built entirely out of furniture made with paper tubes, thus inducing a sense of harmony with its exterior. At the rear of the cathedral, in between the A-frame, sits the extravagant rose wall of coloured glass pieces sitting inside a frame, an element that was exclusive to the original Anglical cathedral. This window forms the most attractive focal point welcoming worshippers to the new cardboard monument representing Christchurch88. All these elements combined together make an appealing monument made out of paper that has become a landmark representing the once devastated city of Christchurch.

83. Barrie, A. (2014) Shigeru ban: Cardboard cathedral. New Zealand: Auckland University Press.84. Mercer, P. (2015) New Christchurch slowly emerges from the rubble. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33312260 (Accessed: 6 December 2015).85. Barrie, A. (2014) Shigeru ban: Cardboard cathedral. New Zealand: Auckland University Press.86. Anderson, B. (2015) Shigeru ban: Cardboard cathedral construction photographs 2012-2013. New Zealand: Bridgit Anderson.87. Anderson, C. (2014) How temporary ‘cardboard cathedral’ rose from the ruins to become most recognised building in Christchurch. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/sep/17/temporary-cardboard-cathedral-ruins-christchurch-new-zealand-earthquake (Accessed: 3 December 2015).88. Kushner, M. (2015) The future of architecture in 100 buildings. United States: Simon & Schuster/ Ted.

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36

Figure 34: Floor Plan of the cardboard cathedral

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“Paper tubes not only gave me a new school to study in, but they also gave me new friends from Japan, who I would have never met or spoken to because of age

old society taboo.”Rui Huang, 2015

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Discussion and Conclusion

In every situation analysed, paper tubes have proven themselves as a successful material in creating ‘transitional’ spaces, to provide support to the communities while their long-term solutions are in the making. However, the main question lies in implementing them as a permanent, affordable, and a more sustainable option instead of considering their use only in times of reconstruction. The pleasing aesthetic qualities, combined with the enormous structural potential, together makes paper tubes an ideal material for tackling housing and infrastructure shortfalls faced by people living in under developed nations. However, there are still many uncertainities and challenges that would probably only change with the progression in the architectural culture of perceiving materials and communities. Volunteers working in the disaster recovery and housing zones have still yet to come across paper tubes as a popular construction material on site89. While the need for a skilled workforce was minimum in small and medium scale projects like the log houses built in Japan and the school built in China, there were some aspects of construction which still needed the supervision of experienced individuals. All these costs all put together were still insignificant compared to similarly scaled projects built out of materials like brick or concrete90. In addition, an added advantage is that paper tubes are easily transportable, and are easy to waterproof and fireproof. This makes them a suitable and cost effective option compared to counterpart materials such as timber and wood.

Evidence suggests that paper tubes have been used as a packaging materials to transport resources from the warehouse to the construction site for a very long time91. After the resources are delivered, the paper tubes are often disposed off or reused in other logistic activities, thus, disregarding their enormous further potential. However, the uncertainity lies in the fact that not all countries might have factories to produce paper tubes and some might have different construction techniques. Furthermore, in smaller countries, when a disaster strikes, the entire country is cut off from the rest of the world. Thus waiting for paper tubes to be sourced to erect shelters might result in deepening the crisis. Countries with severe winters might not be the most suitable places for paper tube construction; unless a more solid method of providing thermal insulation is invented92.

89. Button, C. (2015) ‘Paper as a permanent solution?’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 2 November 2015, .90. Narasaiah, L. M. and Jyothi, U. B. (2009) Housing programmes for the poor. New Delhi: Sonali Publications.91. Barrie, A. (2014) Shigeru ban: Cardboard cathedral. New Zealand: Auckland University Press.92. Button, C. (2015) ‘Paper as a permanent solution?’. Interview with 2 Gaurav Kapoor on November 2015, .

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The acceptance of paper tubes as a construction material in a cultural sense is also questionable, with regards to its possibility of erecting permanent shelters by using it as the sole material. In many eastern cultures, paper has traditionally been used either in interior spatial planning or in other forms of construction. However, it has still not become very popular in the other parts of the world. Moreover, with the stereotypical image of serving as a homeless person’s sleeping bag93, paper tube houses might possibly contribute in widening the gap between the rich and the poor. However, this has largely been underestimated as structures like the Christchurch Cathedral and the L’Aquilla concert hall costed a fortune to build, using paper tubes as a primary material for construction94.

In terms of sustainability, paper tubes have outperformed other materials as they are widely recycled over the world, which leaves behind very little or no trace of industrial related waste. The nomadic nature of being easily assembled and dismantled and then erected elsewhere makes them a viable option for the communities who lead a season based and nomadic life. Moreover, paper tubes themselves are a product of recycled paper and cardboard. Thus, in the long term, they leave behind a smaller carbon footprint when compared to other materials. In addition, unlike steel and concrete, paper tubes can only be joined in a fixed number of ways95. This is an advantage, especially in poorer countries wherein all the construction materials can be delivered on site and the occupants could use the instruction manuals to build their own home(s). This not only would save them with labour costs, but would also leave them behind with a sense of pride and satisfaction as they would have been involved in the construction of their new house96.

To conclude, with its sustainable nature and commercially viable properties, it is safe to say that paper tubes have been successful in building high quality spaces in a short span of time. In every situation analysed in the dissertation, the building made out of paper tubes has largely exceeded their estimated lifespan and in fact, were only dismantled when they could not keep up with the increasing demand of space; not because they were built out of paper tubes and were intended to be temporary. With the possibility of further disasters, local governments and communities would have to embrace themselves with adequate solutions to house victims and provide the affected communities with a workable infrastructure. However, with the nomadic nature of paper tube construction, there is only the need to store the construction manual. However, the main inquest lies in exploring paper tube construction in certain situations other than that of disaster relief and questioning whether it can be implemented as a more permanent solution in the architecture industry?

93. Ban, S. and St. John Wilson, C. (2007) Alvar Aalto: Through the Eyes of Shigeru Ban. Edited by Juhanni Pallasamaa and Tomoko Sato. 1st edn. LONDON: Black Dog Publ. [u.a.].94. Eichblatt, S. (2011) ‘Can design save the world’, Urbis, I, pp. 62–63.95. Corkill, E. (2013) Shigeru ban: ‘People’s architect’ combines permanence and paper | the Japan times. Available at: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/04/07/people/peoples-architect-shigeru-ban-combines-permanence-and-paper/#.Vo0wlDby6CQ (Accessed: 6 December 2015).96. Tsang, H. (2014) Watch ‘Building Blocks of Humanity through Disaster Reconstruction | Henry Tsang | TEDxConcordia’ Video at TEDxTalks. Available at: http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Building-Blocks-of-Humanity-thr (Accessed: 9 June 2015).

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Online Sources:

1. Anderson, C. (2014) How temporary ‘cardboard cathedral’ rose from the ruins to become most recognised building in Christchurch. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/sep/17/temporary-cardboard-cathedral-ruins-christchurch-new-zealand-earthquake (Accessed: 3 December 2015).2. Ban, S. (1990) Transcript of ‘emergency shelters made from paper’. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/shigeru_ban_emergency_shelters_made_from_paper/transcript?language=en (Accessed: 31 August 2015).3. Ban, S. (2009) ‘Printing - Shigeru Ban’. Interview with Judith Benhamou-Huet for 28 April, .4. Bono (2015) Shigeru ban, a paper architect. Available at: https://bono363.wordpress.com/2015/02/04/shigeru-ban-a-paper-architect/ (Accessed: 27 October 2015).5. Carl, S., Davis, J., Dziatkowicz, M., Koontz, B., Mueller, S., Svaan, C. and Vacarcel, M. (2010) Paper Log Houses. Available at: https://anstuesday6.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/tuesday06_assign2_said127_09a.pdf (Accessed: 29 September 2015).6. Chengdu Hualin elementary school (2013) Available at: http://archnet.org/sites/7063 (Accessed: 22 November 2015).7. Christof, T. (2011) L’Aquila paper concert hall / Shigeru ban. Available at: http://www.theblogazine.com/2011/05/l’aquila-paper-concert-hall-shigeru-ban/ (Accessed: 1 November 2015).8. Corkill, E. (2013) Shigeru ban: ‘People’s architect’ combines permanence and paper | the Japan times. Available at: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2013/04/07/people/peoples-architect-shigeru-ban-combines-permanence-and-paper/#.Vo0wlDby6CQ (Accessed: 6 December 2015).9. Craven, J. (2015) Paper tube building, Hualin elementary school (2008). Available at: http://architecture.about.com/od/earthquakes/ss/Paper-Tube-Construction-Hualin-Elementary-School-2008.htm (Accessed: 4 November 2015).10. Farrow, C. (2013) House of card: Shigeru Ban’s Christchurch cathedral. Available at: http://www.designcurial.com/projects/house-of-card-shigeru-bans-christchurch-cathedral (Accessed: 4 December 2015).11. Goodyear, D., Mead, R. and Seabrook, J. (2014) Paper palaces. Available at: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/11/paper-palaces (Accessed: 15 October 2015).12. Haldane, J., Melvin, J., Murphy, D., Williams, A., Mitchell, J., Ravenscroft, T. and Woodman, E. (2015) 13. Shigeru ban (1957- ). Available at: http://www.architectural-review.com/view/reviews/reputations/shigeru-ban-1957-/8680024.article?blocktitle=Reputations&contentID=13741 (Accessed: 2 September 2015).14. Hickman, M. (2015) Meet Shigeru ban, architect for the people. Available at: http://www.mnn.com/leaderboard/stories/meet-shigeru-ban-architect-for-the-people (Accessed: 4 November 2015).

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15. Hill, J. (2014) The materials of Shigeru ban. Available at: http://www.world-architects.com/pages/insight/materials-shigeru-ban (Accessed: 30 August 2015).16. Kimmelman, M. (2015) Shigeru ban: Building to last, just long enough. Available at: http://mobile.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/travel/22iht-arch.1.5820314.html?referer=&_r=0 (Accessed: 8 October 2015).17. Kuo, Y.-T. and Heyes, P. (2010) Shigeru ban’s paper log house. Available at: https://thursdaygroup6.wordpress.com/2010/11/16/61/ (Accessed: 30 August 2015).18. Ltd, T. S. (2018) Christchurch transitional cathedral - Timberlab projects. Available at: http://www.timberlabsolutions.com/Projects/ID/1040/Christchurch-Transitional-Cathedral (Accessed: 6 November 2015).19. Madigan, D. (2012) PREFABRICATED HOUSING AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PERSONAL CONNECTION. Available at: http://www.prres.net/Proceedings/..%5CPapers%5CMadigan_Prefabricated_housing_implications_for_personal_connection.pdf (Accessed: 3 October 2015).20. Madsen, D. (2014) Paper emergency shelter for UNHCR. Available at: http://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/paper-emergency-shelter-for-unhcr (Accessed: 27 August 2015).21. Mantovani, F. (2011) Gifts of paper. Available at: http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/gifts-paper (Accessed: 8 November 2015).22. Mercer, P. (2015) New Christchurch slowly emerges from the rubble. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33312260 (Accessed: 6 December 2015).23. Meta, A. (2011) Paper partition system. Available at: http://www.design4disaster.org/2011/03/17/paper-partition-system/ (Accessed: 17 October 2015).24. Michler, A. (2011) Shigeru Ban Unveils Towering Cardboard Cathedral for Christchurch. Available at: http://inhabitat.com/shigura-ban-unveils-towering-cardboard-cathedral-for-christchurch/ (Accessed: 18 August 2015).25. Minner, K. (2011) Paper partition system by Shigeru ban architects. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/120936/paper-partition-system (Accessed: 3 October 2015).26. Mok, K., Design and Architecture, G. (2015) Shigeru ban to build cardboard tube shelters for Nepal earthquake relief effort (video). Available at: http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/shigeru-ban-disaster-relief-shelter-nepal-earthquake.html (Accessed: 30 September 2015).27. Nachetz (2007) Shigeru ban: Analysis. Available at: http://www.djibnet.com/photo/shigeru/shigeru-ban-analysis-6075942304.html (Accessed: 25 August 2015).28. PY (2011) Thursday Feature: Hiroshi Sambuichi [a new generation of japanese architects]. Available at: https://inkedinblack.wordpress.com/author/tokyorina/ (Accessed: 3 October 2015).29. Paper dome (2011) Available at: http://paperdome.blogspot.co.uk/ (Accessed: 20 October 2015).30. Sands, N. and Presse, A. F. (2012) NZealand quake city puts faith in cardboard cathedral. Available at: http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Article.aspx?id=200422# (Accessed: 7 October 2015).31. Sortman, P. (2010) Shigeru ban’s paper log house. Available at: https://thursdaygroup6.wordpress.com/2010/11/16/61/ (Accessed: 4 July 2015).32. Tang, H. and RWATABE (2013) Available at: http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/9975/original/DTP102361.pdf?1418206058 (Accessed: 5 October 2015).33. The Hyatt Foundation (2014) Biography. Available at: http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2014/biography (Accessed: 28 September 2015).34. The architects’ journal (2003) Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Vl1NAAAAYAAJ (Accessed: 1 December 2015).

35. Thuroczy, M. (2014) Hualin Temporary Elementary School. Available at: http://architectuul.com/architecture/hualin-temporary-elementary-school (Accessed: 30 July 2015).36. Trimble, M. (2005) Paper church Kobe-shi Japan by Shingeru ban. Available at: http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/paperchurch/ (Accessed: 2 October 2015).37. Unknown (no date) Cardboard tube manufacturers | cardboard tube information. Available at: http://www.paper-tubes.net (Accessed: 21 July 2015).38. Van der Burght, A. (2013) Glass is more! | ArticlesCHRISTCHURCH’S TRANSITIONAL ‘CARDBOARD’ CATHEDRAL. Available at: http://www.glassismore.com/core/content.php?option=viewitem&id=42&rd=414&le=120 (Accessed: 8 November 2015).39. Vespa, S. (2013) This is Italy: People, money & opinions. Available at: http://www.thisisitaly-panorama.com/top-stories/laquila-is-reborn-through-music/ (Accessed: 7 September 2015).40. Walters, H. (2013) Buildings made from cardboard tubes: A gallery of Shigeru Ban architecture. Available at: http://blog.ted.com/buildings-made-from-cardboard-tubes-a-gallery-of-shigeru-ban-architecture/ (Accessed: 16 August 2015).41. Watanabe, A. (2008) Instant architecture for China’s earthquake victims. Available at: http://pingmag.jp/2008/11/14/sichuan/ (Accessed: 5 November 2015).42. Wentworth, C. (2012) Paper Log House: Shigeru Ban. Available at: http://myweb.wit.edu/kiml1/590fall05/web-content/chris.pdf (Accessed: 15 October 2015).43. birman, ismet and profile, V. my complete (2012) SHIGERU BAN. Available at: http://ismetbirman-shigeruban.blogspot.co.uk/p/use-of-paper-and-cardboard.html (Accessed: 26 November 2015).44. designboom.com (2003) Shigeru ban talk. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/history/ban.html (Accessed: 12 September 2015).

Videos and Online interviews:

1. Tsang, H. (2014) Watch ‘Building Blocks of Humanity through Disaster Reconstruction | Henry Tsang | TEDxConcordia’ Video at TEDxTalks. Available at: http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Building-Blocks-of-Humanity-thr (Accessed: 9 June 2015).2. Ban, S. (2009) ‘Printing - Shigeru Ban’. Interview with Judith Benhamou-Huet for 28 April, .

Interviews conducted as part of research:

1. Button, C. (2015) ‘Paper as a permanent solution?’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 2 November 20152. Chou, C. (2015) ‘Reviewing your life in Chengdu’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 29 October 20153. Huang, R. (2015) ‘A glimpse back to the Hualin School’. Interview with Gaurav Kapoor on 28 October 2015

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APPENDIX...

APPENDIX I: Note: Some of these images have already been featured in this dissertation. They are presented in the appendix to give additional information to the reader in relation to its context and relevant case studies, for reference purposes.

Questions asked during interview with Rui Huang (Ray) on 28th October 2015

1. How was the situation of housing (and architecture) in Chengdu after the quake?

2. Could you describe the reaction of the community in Chengdu towards the new school built out of paper tubes?

3. Was there anything that particularly had an impact on you when you were building your new school?

4. After you were allowed to use the new school, were there any specific details that affected you being it a temporary building made out of cardboard and inexpensive materials in terms of its atmospheric qualities and people’s acceptance?

Questions asked during interview with Dr Cat Button on 2nd November 2015

1. Have you ever come across this type of material (paper tubes) for temporary structures?

2. Would you be able to shed some light on the skills and basic tools required and if they are readily available in the sites you have been working with? (Related to the model built)

3. Sourcing of material is a major concern. Indeed the material might be cheap and widely available, however how far from can it be sourced from, same with the paint to waterproof the paper?

4. Material: Is it an adequate means of shelter and for how many people? Can everyday aspects of life be achieved in such type of dwellings? (Related to the model built)

5. Cultural acceptance of such type of architecture in deprived areas?

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Author’s own model

Author’s own model

APPENDIX II: CARDBOARD CATHEDRAL, CHRISTCHURCH (SECTION DRAWINGS)

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Copyright © Gaurav Kapoor, 2015-2016, All rights reserved.