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Gastrointestinal Tract

lecture Seven

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Anatomy of the Abdomen

Abdominal Cavity

Quadrants

Slide 21-3

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• RUQ– Liver– Gallbladder– Duodenum– Head of pancreas– Right kidney and adrenal

gland– Hepatic flexure of colon– Part of ascending and

transverse colon

• LUQ– Stomach– Spleen– Left lobe of liver– Body of pancreas– Left kidney and adrenal

gland– Splenic flexure of colon– Part of transverse and

descending colon

Quadrants

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• Right lower quadrant(RLQ)

– Cecum– Appendix– Right ovary and tube– Right ureter– Right spermatic cord

• Left lower quadrant(LLQ)

– Part of descending colon– Sigmoid colon– Left ovary and tube– Left ureter– Left spermatic cord

Quadrants

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Subjective Data• Appetite• Dysphagia• Food intolerance• Abdominal pain• Nausea and vomiting• Bowel habits• Abdominal history• Medications

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Subjective Data

• Appetite– Any change in appetite? Is this a loss of

appetite?– Any change in weight? How much weight

gained or lost? • Dysphagia

– Any difficulty swallowing? When did you first notice this?

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• Food intolerance– Are there any foods you cannot eat? What

happens if you do eat them: allergic reaction, heartburn, belching, bloating, or indigestion?

– Do you use antacids? How often?

Subjective Data

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• Abdominal pain– Any abdominal pain? Please point to it.

• Is pain in one spot or does it move around?• How did it start? How long have you had it?• Is it constant, or does it come and go? Does it occur

before or after meals? • How would you describe the character of the pain:

cramping (colic type), burning in pit of stomach, dull, stabbing, or aching?

• Is pain relieved by food, or worse after eating?

Subjective Data

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• Abdominal pain (cont.) – Is pain associated with stress, dietary

indiscretion, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, gas, fever, rectal bleeding, frequent urination?

Subjective Data

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• Nausea and vomiting– Any nausea or vomiting?

• How often? How much comes up? What is the color? Is there an odor?

• Is it bloody?• Is nausea and vomiting associated with colicky pain,

diarrhea, fever, or chills?• What foods did you eat in last 24 hours? Is there

anyone else in family with same symptoms in last 24 hours?

Subjective Data

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• Bowel habits– How often do you have a bowel movement?

• What is the color and consistency?• Any diarrhea or constipation? Any recent change in

bowel habits?• Use laxatives? Which ones? How often do you use

them?

Subjective Data

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Subjective Data

• Abdominal history– Any history of gastrointestinal problems such

as ulcer, gallbladder disease, hepatitis/jaundice, appendicitis, colitis, or hernia?

• Ever had any operations in abdomen? Please describe.

• Any problems after surgery?• Any abdominal x-ray studies? What were results?

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Objective Data

• Inspect the abdomen– Contour

• contour describes nutritional state and normally ranges from flat to rounded

– Symmetry• Abdomen should be symmetric bilaterally• Note any localized bulging, visible mass, or asymmetric

shape• Ask person to take a deep breath to further highlight any

change• Abdomen should stay smooth and symmetric• Ask person to perform a sit-up without pushing up with

his or her hands

Contour

Slide 21-15

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Objective Data

• Inspect the abdomen (cont.)– Umbilicus

• Normally it is midline and inverted, with no sign of discoloration, inflammation, or hernia

– Skin• Surface smooth and even, with homogeneous color• One common pigment change is striae, silvery white, linear, jagged

marks about 1 to 6 cm long• Occur when elastic fibers in reticular layer of skin are broken after

rapid or prolonged stretching, as in pregnancy or excessive weight gain; recent striae are pink or blue; then they turn silvery white

• Normally, no lesions are present, although you may note well-healed surgical scars

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Objective Data

• Inspect the abdomen (cont.)– Pulsation or movement

• Normally, you may see pulsations from aorta beneath skin in epigastric area, particularly in thin persons with good muscle wall relaxation

• Respiratory movement also shows in abdomen, particularly in males

• Finally, waves of peristalsis sometimes are visible in very thin persons; they ripple slowly and obliquely across abdomen

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Objective Data

• Auscultate bowel sounds and vascular sounds– This is done because percussion and palpation

can increase peristalsis, which would give a false interpretation of bowel sounds

• Use diaphragm endpiece because bowel sounds are relatively high pitched

• Hold stethoscope lightly against skin; pushing too hard may stimulate more bowel sounds

• Begin in RLQ at ileocecal valve area because bowel sounds are normally always present here

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Objective Data

• Auscultate bowel sounds and vascular sounds • Bowel sounds

• Note character and frequency of bowel sounds• Bowel sounds originate from movement of air and

fluid through small intestine• Depending on time elapsed since eating, a wide range

of normal sounds can occur• Bowel sounds are high pitched, gurgling, cascading

sounds, occurring irregularly anywhere from 5 to 30 times per minute

• Judge if they are normal, hypoactive, or hyperactive

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Objective Data

• Auscultate bowel sounds and vascular sounds (cont.)– Vascular sounds

• As you listen to abdomen, note presence of any vascular sounds or bruits

• Using firmer pressure, check over aorta, renal arteries, iliac, and femoral arteries, especially in people with hypertension

• Usually, no such sound is present

Objective Data

• Percuss general tympany, liver, and splenic dullness– Percuss to assess relative density of abdominal

contents, to locate organs, and to screen for abnormal fluid or masses

– General tympany• First, percuss lightly in all four quadrants to determine

prevailing amount of tympany and dullness • Move clockwise; tympany should predominate

because air in intestines rises to surface when person is supine

Slide 21-21

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• Percuss general tympany, liver, and splenic dullness (cont.)– Liver span

• Percuss to map out boundaries of certain organs • Measure height of liver in right midclavicular line• Begin in area of lung resonance, and percuss down

interspaces until sound changes to a dull quality.• Measure distance between two marks; normal liver

span in adult ranges from 6 to 12 cm

Objective Data

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Objective Data

• Percuss general tympany, liver, and splenic dullness (cont.)– Splenic dullness

• Often spleen obscured by stomach contents, but you may locate it by percussing for a dull note from 9th to 11th intercostal space just behind left midaxillary line

– Costovertebral angle tenderness• To assess kidney, place one hand over 12th rib at

costovertebral angle on back• Thump that hand with ulnar edge of your other fist

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Objective Data (cont.)

• Percuss general tympany, liver, and splenic dullness (cont.)– Special procedures

• At times, you may suspect that a person has ascites (free fluid in the peritoneal cavity) because of distended abdomen, bulging flanks, and an umbilicus that is protruding and displaced downward

• You can differentiate ascites from gaseous distention by performing two percussion tests

– Fluid wave test– Shifting dullness test

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Objective Data

• Palpate surface and deep areas– Perform palpation

• Judge size, location, and consistency of certain organs and screen for an abnormal mass or tenderness

– Bend person’s knees– Teach person to breathe slowly; in through nose, and out

through mouth

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• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Light and deep palpation (cont.)

• Begin with light palpation• With first four fingers close together, depress skin

about 1 cm • Make gentle rotary motion, sliding fingers and skin

together• Then lift fingers (do not drag them) and move

clockwise to next location around abdomen

Objective Data

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• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Light and deep palpation (cont.)

• Now perform deep palpation using same technique described earlier, but push down about 5 to 8 cm Moving clockwise, explore entire abdomen

• To overcome resistance of a very large or obese abdomen, use a bimanual technique

– Place your two hands on top of each other– Top hand does pushing; bottom hand relaxed and can

concentrate on sense of palpation

Objective Data

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• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Light and deep palpation (cont.)

• With either technique, note location, size, consistency, and mobility of any palpable organs and presence of any abnormal enlargement, tenderness, or masses

Objective Data

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• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Light and deep palpation (cont.)

• Then note the following:– Location– Size– Shape– Consistency: soft, firm, hard– Surface: smooth, nodular– Mobility, including movement with respirations– Pulsatility– Tenderness

Objective Data

Normally Palpable Structures

Slide 21-30

• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Liver

• Place your left hand under person’s back parallel to 11th and 12th ribs and lift up to support abdominal contents

• Place your right hand on RUQ, with fingers parallel to midline

• Push deeply down and under right costal margin• Ask person to take a deep breath; it is normal to feel

edge of liver bump your fingertips as diaphragm pushes it down during inhalation

• It feels like a firm regular ridge; often liver is not palpable

Objective Data

• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Liver (cont.)

• Hooking Technique– An alternative method of palpating liver is to stand up at person’s

shoulder and swivel your body to right so that you face person’s feet– Hook your fingers over costal margin from above– Ask person to take a deep breath– Try to feel liver edge bump your fingertips

Objective Data

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• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Spleen

• Normally spleen is not palpable and must be enlarged three times its normal size to be felt

• To search for it, reach your left hand over abdomen and behind left side at the 11th and 12th ribs

• Lift up for support; place your right hand obliquely on LUQ with fingers pointing toward left axilla and just inferior to rib margin

• Push your hand deeply down and under left costal margin and ask person to take deep breath

• You should feel nothing firm

Objective Data

• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Kidneys

• Search for right kidney by placing your hands together in a “duck-bill” position at person’s right flank

• Press your two hands together firmly (you need deeper palpation than that used with the liver or spleen) and ask person to take deep breath

• In most people, you will feel no change• Occasionally, you may feel lower pole of right kidney

as a round, smooth mass slide between your fingers• Either condition is normal

Objective Data

• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Kidneys (cont.)

• Left kidney sits 1 cm higher than right kidney and is not palpable normally

• Search for it by reaching your left hand across abdomen and behind left flank for support

• Push your right hand deep into abdomen and ask person to breathe deeply

• You should feel no change with inhalation

Slide 21-35

Objective Data

• Palpate surface and deep areas (cont.)– Aorta

• Using your opposing thumb and fingers, palpate aortic pulsation in upper abdomen slightly to left of midline

• Normally, it is 2.5 to 4 cm wide in adult and pulsates in an anterior direction

Objective Data

Sample charting

Sample charting (cont.)

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Reference

Physical Examination and Health Assessment, 5th EditionBy Carolyn Jarvis, PhD, APN, CNP