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GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN PEDIATRICS. RICHARD L. MONES MD COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HARLEM HOSPITAL CENTER. “ BLEEDING FROM ANY ORIFICE IS A GREAT SOURCE OF ANXIETY “. ESPECIALLY IF IT’S YOURS RICHARD L. MONES MD 2012. GOALS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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RICHARD L. MONES MDCOLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
HARLEM HOSPITAL CENTER
GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN PEDIATRICS
ESPECIALLY IF IT’S YOURS
RICHARD L. MONES MD 2012
“ BLEEDING FROM ANY ORIFICE IS A GREAT SOURCE OF ANXIETY “
LEARN THE CAUSES OF GI BLEEDING IN CHILDHOOD
UNDERSTAND THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO BLEEDING
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMNT OF BLEEDING
GOALS
REVIEW THE INITIAL APPROACH TO BLEEDINGLEARN THE CAUSES OF BLEEDING BY AGE
GROUPLEARN DETAILS OF THE MORE COMMON
CAUSES YOU ARE LIKELY TO ENCOUNTER IN PRACTICE
LIST THE UNCOMMON CAUSES ( BOARD EXAMS) OF BLEEDING FOR FURTHER READING
SHOW DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
ORGANIZATION OF LECTURE
ASSESS VITAL SIGNS REMEMBER THAT CHILDREN MAINTAIN B.P. IN
THE FACE OF SEVERE VOLUME DEPLETION AND FALL OFF THE CLIFF
?? LOCPALOR, Cap Refill, ORTHOSTASIS ( LATE IN
CHILDREN )ABDOMINAL PAINFLUID RECUSSITATIONCORRECT COAGULOPATHY
INR 1.5>/PLATELTS<50,OOO
ABCs ANY BLEEDING PATIENT
SIGNS OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE OR PORTAL HYPERTENSION
PETECHIAE/ECCHYMOSESHAMANGIOMAEPISTAXISNASOPHARYNGEAL BLOOD
PHYSICAL FINDINGS
HEMOGLOBIN/HEMATOCRITHEMOCONCENTRATION CAN MAKE H/H
DECEIVINGPLATELETSCOAG. PANELLFTsTYPE AND CROSS FOR TRANSFUSIONRECTAL EXAM-----HEMOCCULT
LAB EVALUATION
NO LONGER USED FOR THERAPY
EXCELLENT WAY TO ASSESS THE SEVERITY, LOCATION ON PERSITENCE OF UGI BLEEDING
NG TUBE PLACEMENT
REAGENT CONTAINS PEROXIDE WHICH INTERACTS WITH PEROXIDASES IN HEMOGLOBIN TO CAUSE COLOR CHANGE
FALSE NEGATIVE---- LARGE AMOUNT OF ASCORBIC ACID
FALSE POSITIVELARGE AMOUNT OF RED MEATBROCCOLI,TURNIPS RADISHES AND
CANTALOUPE
HEMOCCULT TEST
BEETSJUICEKOOL-AIDIRONPEPTO-BISMOLCEFDINIR
BLOOD IN STOOL THAT IS NOT BLOOD
NEWBORNINFANTSCHILDREN/ADOLESCENTS
UPPER GI BLEEDING
HEMATEMESIS IS THE VOMITING OF BRIGHT RED BLOOD
COFFEE EMESIS IS BLOOD DENATURED BY GASTRIC ACID
MELENA IS THE RESULT OF BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF BLOOD ANYWHERE FROM THE CECUM PROXIMALLY
BACTERIATRANSIT
50-100 ML.
FORMS OF UGI BLEEDING
HEMATEMESIS
COFFEE GROUND EMESIS
MELENA
SWALLOWED MATERNAL BLOODHEMORRHAGIC DIEASE OF NBOTHER COAGULOPATHYGASTIRTIS AND GASTIC ULCERVASCULAR ANOMALYMILK PROTEIN ALLERGY
NEONATES……..UGI BLEEDING
VAGINAL BLOOD AT DELIVERY
APT TEST
NIPPLES CRACKED/FISSURED
PUMP AND OBSERVE
SWALLOWED MATERNAL BLOOD
BORN WITH VERY HIGH GASRTIN LEVELS
GASTRIC ULCERS
EMPIRIC TREATMENT WITH RANITIDNE
10 MG./KG/24H IN 3 DIVIDED DOSES
PEPTIC DISEASE
VITAMIN K NOT GIVEN
OVERSIGHT OR INTENTIONAL
Rx GIVE VIT. K 1 MG IM
HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NB
USUALLY THERE IS A CLUE
A VASCULAR LESION ON THE SKIN
VASCULAR ANOMALIES
INTESTINAL HEMANGIOMA
ANAL FISSUREMP ALLERGYINFECTIONNECHIRSCHPRUNG’SMECKEL’SVOLVULUSDUPLICATION
NEONATE LOWER GI BLEED
BLACK IS BLACK…I WANT MY BABY BACKTELL TO COMPARE STOOL TO TELPHONE
CORD OR OTHER BLACK OBJECTDARK GREEN STOOL CAN BE DECEIVINGIF DOUBT…. TEST TEST TEST!!!
“ MY BABY’S POOP IS BLACK”
ESSENTIALLY THE LIST OF CAUSES OF UGI AND LGI BLEEDING IS SIMILAR TO THE NEONATE
CAN REMOVE NECCAN BEGIN TO ADD JUVENILE POLYPSCONSTIPATION AS A CAUSE OF ANAL FISSURE
COMES INTO PLAYTHE ORDER OF LIKLEHOOD CHANGES
WHAT ABOUT INFANTS??
JUVENILE POLYPS MAKE A BIG ENTRANCE AT THIS AGE
SO DOES LYMPHONODULAR HYPERPLASIA (LNH)
WE BEGIN TO SEE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND HENOCH-SCHONLEIN PURPURA
ANAL FISSURES STILL A BIG PLAYER DUE TO THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF STOOL WITHHOLDING AT THIS AGE
MALLORY-WEISS TEARS DUE TO WRETCHING AND VOMITING SEEN AT THIS AGE
THE YOUNG CHILD
PEPTIC DISEASE…..H. PYLORI RELATED??GASTRITIS, ESOPHAGITIS, DUODENAL ULCER
HEMORRHOIDSPSUEDOMEMBRANOUS COLITISIBD
ADOLESCENT/OLDER CHILD
EVERY DAY/WEEK/MONTH STUFF
THINGS YOU WILL SEE FREQUENTLY
STREAKS AND SPOTSNOT EVERY DAYNOT EVERY BMSCARYFISSURE VS. CMPA
HEMATOCHEZIA NEWBORNS/YOUNG INFANT
FISSURE-IN-ANO
CONSTIPATION VS, NORMAL LOOSE STOOL VS. DIARRHEA
EXPLOSIVEMAY NOT SEE THE FISSUREEXAM ANUS PROPERLYTREATMENT WITH REASSURANCENO OCCULT BLOOD TESTING !!!!
FISSURE-IN-ANO
WAY OVER DIAGNOSEDMAKING DIAGNOSIS SPECIFICALLY IS NOT
PRACTICALBREAST VS. FORMULADO NOT D/C BREAST FEEDING??TRIAL OF ELEMENTAL FORMULA 2 WEEKS$$$$$$$$USUALLY RESOLVES NO MATTER WHAT YOU
DO
PROTEIN ALLERGY
TODLERS AND OLDER CHILDRENBLEEDING PRECEEDED BY
VOMITING/RETCHINGUSUALLY NO CHANGE IN HGB/HCTNG TUBE BASICALLY NEG. OR COFFE GROUNDOBSERVATION ? IN HOSPITALCAN USE ENDOCLIPS FOR BLEEDING CONTROL
MALLORY-WEISS TEAR
MALLORY-WEISS TEAR
ESOPHAGITIS, GASTRITIS,DUODENITIS, DUODENAL ULCER
USUALLY ACID RELATED?ROLE OF H. PYLORIBEGIN PPIENDOSCOPY FOR DIAGNOSISCROHN’S, BEHCET’S DISEASE, CGD, Z-E
SYNDROME,CELIAC ALL MAY CAUSE UGI ULCERATION
PEPTIC DISEASE
DUODENAL ULCER
H. PYLORI GASTRITIS
BLEEDING MAY BE INITIAL PRESENTATIONPORTAL HYPERTENSION
CIRHOSISLIVER DISEASE POST SINUSOIDAL LIVER DISEASE CONGENITAL FIBROSIS
PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS/ANOMALIESPRE-SINUSOIDAL
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
SPLENOMEGALYCAPUT MEDUSAELARGE, HARD LIVERJAUNDICESPIDER ANGIOMALFTs/GGPT
SIGNS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
SPIDER ANGIOMATA
COLONIC POLYPSMECKEL’ DIVERTICULUMIINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASEINFECTIOUS COLITIS
0THER DIAGNOSES THAT YOU ENTERTAIN FREQUENTLY
E.COLI, SHIGELLA, AMEBIASIS, C.DIFFICILE, CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. ( JEJUNI/FETI)CMVGET CULTURES EARLY ONINDISTINGUISHABLE FROM EARLY IBDMAY NEED EMPIRIC TREATMENTALLMAY GIVE TOXIC MEGACOLON
INFECTIOUS COLITIS
ULCERATIVE COLITISCROHN’S COLITISINDETERMINATE COLITIS ( 10%)CAN PRESENT IN FULMINANT FORMVERY DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH FROM ACUTE
INFECTIOUS COLITIS
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
THUMBPRINTING ON KUB ABDOMEN
COLITIS
IBD-PSEUDOPOLYPS
RULE OF 2’S2% OF PEOPLE2 FEET FROM TI2 INCHES LONG2 TYPES OF ECTOPIC TISSUE
GASTRIC PANCREATIC
2/3 BLLED BEFORE AGE 2 YEARS
MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM
BRRB BLEEDINGPAINLESSMAROON, MELENA, OCCULTANY AGETECHNETIUM SCANLAPAROTOMYHIGH INDEX OF SUSPICION
MECKEL’S
MECKEL’S SCAN
JUVENILE POLYPS HAMARTOMATOUSNAME FROM PATH NOT AGE OF PATIENT5 OR MORE
JUVENILE POLYPOSIS SYNDROMEGENERALIZED FORM -- PRE-CANCEROUS
MOST LEFT SIDED AUTO-AMPUTATE PAINLESSSYNDROME ASSOCIATON
POLYPS OF THE COLON
JUVENILE POLYP
JP REMOVAL
JUVENILE POLYP
GENETICS : MUTATION IN THE APC GENE AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT20-30 % SPONTANEOUS MUTATION PRE-CANCEROUSCOLECTOMY
FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS(FAP)
FAP COLON
FAP-DUODENUM
PEUTZ-JEHGERSAUTOSOMAL DOMINANT/CHROM. STK11
GARDINERSCOWDENBRRSTENTURCOTMIXED
OTHER POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES SYNDROMES
PJ SYNDROME MUCOCUTANEOUS LESIONS
NO ULCERNOT SOLITARYPAINLESS BRRBVERY SPECIFIC PATHOLGYSELF STIMULATIONUSUALLY NO IDENTIFIABLE CAUSEUNDERAPRECIATEDPROLAPSE OF RECTAL MUCOSA OR SELF-
STIMULATIONSPECIFIC CAUSE NOT KNOWN
SOLITARY RECTAL ULCER SYNDROME
SOLITARY RECTAL ULCER SYNDROME
SOLITARY RECTAL ULCER--PATHOLOGY
HSPCHILD/SEXUAL ABUSEMUNCHAUSEN’S BY PROXYINTUSSECEPTIONGI FOREIGN BODY
OTHER DIAGNOSES ON YOUR RADAR
HSP GI SYMPTOMS PAIN/BLOOD CAN PRECEED RASH
HSP
ANO-RECTAL EXAM KUB OF ABDOMENULTRASOUND WITH DOPPLER LIVER/GB PORTAL VEINENDOCOPYRADIONUCLIDE SCANANGIOGRAPHYCAPSULE ENDOSCOPYPUSH ENTEROSCOPYCTSBS
DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
BLEEDING SCAN
GI FOREIGN BODY
BARON VON MUNCHAUSEN
MUNCHAUSEN’S BY PROXY
GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICAVICTOR FOX VOL 29 NUMBER 1 MARCH 2000
INCIDENCE OF PEPTIC ULCER BLEEDING IN THE US PEDIATRIC POPULATION BROWN K. ET.AL JPGN 54,\; 6, JUNE 2012
PREDICTORS OF CLICALLY SIGNIFICANT UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE AMONG CHILDREN WITH HEMATEMESIS. FREEDMAN S.B. ET. AL. JPGN 54, 6; 2012 737-743
REFERENCES