Gas Quality

7/28/2019 Gas Quality

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www.sgc.seVolvo 110926, Mattias Svensson Gasquality and standards

Mat t ia s Svenss on , Swed i sh Gas Cen t re Volvo Seminar: Methane gas as vehicle fuel, Gothenburg 26th of September 2011

Gas quality and

standards


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Wobbe Index = heating value/(square root of gas specificgravity). Heating value measured as higher (most of the world) or lower

heating value (Sweden and some others) Gas specific density = Relative density of gas comprared to air In many countries 5 % variation in Wobbe index is deemed

acceptable, the gases are then said to be interchangeable,since they give the same power output.

Wobbe indexThe gas quality measure for the gas industry


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This presentation: Family 2, gases dominated by methane UNECE regulation use the designations L and H for vehicle

certification purposes (L, H, L+H)

Wobbe indexThree different families of gases

MJ/Nm3


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Wobbe indexExamples from Northern Europe


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Common Business Practice (CBP) of EASEE-gas EASEE = The European Association for the Streamlining of

Energy Exchange, i.e. across boarders Note that allowed variation is higher than 5% (ca 7,5%)

Wobbe indexThe European scene


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Wobbe indexEASEE-gas interchangeability box

Source: www.igu.orgWGC 2009, Programme committee D1: LNG Quality & Interchangeability


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100% Methane = 100; 100% Hydrogen = 0 Calculation suggestion: The AVL method (not explained), from

DIN 51624 (Test engine measurements (1970))

Higher hydrocarbons: MN

Inerts (CO 2, N2): MN

Methane number (MN) definitionCalculation suggestion: The AVL method, from DIN 51624

CFR/RDH Motor: n = 900

U/min, ZZP = 15 KW v. OT, =1, tGem = 25 C bis 30 C, t KW = 80C,Klopfstrke KL = 50 = konstant


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Natural gas exchange across bordersThe Danish Gas System

Source: www.energinet.dk


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Natural gas exchange across bordersThe North German gas system

Ej i drift n500.000 Nm 3 /h

200.000 Nm 3 /h310.000 Nm 3 /h (2012)Ev. 700.000Nm 3 /h (201???)


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Natural gas from DenmarkThe Danish natural gas today



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Natural gas from Denmarkand tomorrow



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Share of imported gas (German) in gas reaching Sweden mayvary between 0 and 40 %. Production disturbance in Northsea: 60-80 % Lower concentrations of ethane (-1%), propane (-0,7%) Higher share of nitrogen gas (+1-3%) Lower heating value (1-5%), higher MN Russian gas part of import 2013 - ? Uncertain in the near

future. Russian gas similar to biomethane Future biomethane injection may be done without propane

addition Challenge: How to charge vehicle gas customers in a fair

manner?

Natural gas from DenmarkSummary of expectations, future natural gas supply in Sweden


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Gas quality ??

Natural gas in the worldExamples of composition

Source: www.sgc.se Gasers egenskaper


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Natural gas in the worldEuropean Gas supply/demand outlook


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Natural gas in the worldThree main marketing areas

Source: Bergen Energi (Alain Bourgeois)

High calorificspecs (rich LNG)

US+UK: Lowcalorific specs

(lean LNG)

Non-UK Europe:Wide calorificspec (Flex LNG)


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Natural gas in the world

Source: TOTAL and Shell trading (www.igu.org, WGC 2009, Programme committee D1: LNG Quality & Interchangeability)


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Natural gas in the worldLocal prod Imports; Pipe LNG

Source: ExxonMobil (Bergen Energi (Alain Bourgeois))


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Natural gas in the worldMethane Number (MN) variations

Source: SAE paper 2002-01-2737. Anemissionandperformancecomparisonof the

natural gasCumminsWestportInc. C-Gas Plusversus Diesel inheavy- duty trucks2002-10-21


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Natural gas in the worldMethane Number (MN) variations

Source: E.ON Ruhrgaspresentation in CEN/BT WG197:Methane number An importantparameter for Natural GasQuality (Petra Nitschke-Kowsky110215)


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Gas quality regulations and standardsIntl std focused on fueling stations and vehicle components

Source: Aldo Bassi, S.IN.TE.S.I. AB


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Current international standard has no limits specified ISO 15403:2006 Natural gas for use as a compressed fuel for

vehicles No standard limits given in the normative part 1(Designation of the quality)

Quantitative levels on OEM request given in part 2, aninformative technical report (Specification of the quality) oncertain trace elements. More or less copy of SAE J1616.

Water: < 30 mg/m3 CO2: < 0.03 volume fraction O2: < 0.03 volume fraction S: < 120 mg/m3 H2S: < 5mg S/m3 Mercaptans: < 15mg S/m3

Gas quality regulations and standardsISO 15403 only international standard for CNG


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Quantitative standardization for CNG exist on national level SAE J1616:1994 - focus corrosion related safety (ISO15403) DIN 51624:2008 - only std with MN (> 70, aiming at 75)

C2: < 12%; C2+: < 8.5%; C3: < 6%; C4: < 2% S: < 10mg/kg; H2S: < 7mg/kg; mercaptans: < 8mg S/kg Water: < 40 mg/kg O2: < 3%; H2: < 2%; N2+CO2: < 15%

California Code of Regulations, 13 CCR 2292.5* - 11 states C2: < 6%; C2+: < 3%; C3: < 0.2% S: 16 ppmV O2: < 1%; H2: < 0.1%; N2+CO2: 1,5-4,5%

Gas quality regulations and standardsNational level CNG standardization more advanced

*Title 13. Motor Vehicles;Division 3. Air Resources Board; Chapter 5. Standards for Motor Vehicle Fuels;Article 3. Specificationsfor Alternative Motor Vehicle Fuels; 2292.5. Specifications for Compressed Natural Gas.


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Current standardization (national) focused on grid injection Several European countries have grid injection specifications* SS 155438:1999 Motor fuels Biogas as fuel for high-speed

otto engines only standard for direct utilization as fuel EC has given CEN mandate to standardize biomethane for

transports no such effort on natural gas side M/475, technical specification for grid injection and

standardization of direct utilization as fuel** Newly formed CEN committee will lead the work, kickoff

meeting held 16 Sep 2011. The goal is to have onespecification for grid injection, and one for automotive fuel atrefuelling station level***

Gas quality regulations and standardsInternational biomethane standardization in progress

*See CEN/TC234/WG9 Gases from non-conventional sources - Injection into natural gas grids - Requirementsand recommendations**M/475, Mandate to CEN for standards for biomethanefor use in transport and injectionin natural gas pipelines***CEN/PC408Project Committee - Biomethane for use in transport and injection in natural gas pipelines


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Work in progress on gas quality standard in Europe EC mandate 400 is trying to standardize the CBP of EASEE-

gas for natural gas type H* All compounds addressed in M/400 (Natural gas H) are

excluded from the M/475 work on biomethane The issue of heating value / Wobbe index The issue of sulphur

E.ON Ruhrgas address the issue of MN in CEN/BT WG197

Gas quality regulations and standardsNo MN regulation in current international standards

*M/400 (2007) Mandate to CEN for standardization in the Field of Gas Qualities; Work in progress since 2009 (?) in CEN/BT WG 197(http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/doc/gas_quality/2007_01_16_mandate_gas_quality_en.pdf)


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Non-contested compounds CO 2, O2 (corrosive in presence of water) N2 (inert, often present in landfill gas) Sulphur (catalyst poisoning and aging, odorisation big source)

Siloxanes (forms abrasive silica sand at combustion, fouling of catalysts and lambda sensors suspected) Halogenated hydrocarbons (mostly health, but also corrosion)

Contested compounds Heavy metals (mainly in landfill gas, removal during upgrading) Microorganisms (potential health and corrosion hazard; risks

downplayed in some literature*, micron filtering enough?)

Gas quality regulations and standardsTrace elements in biomethane under std discussion

*Vinners et al 2006 Identification of the microbiologicalcommunityin biogas systems and evaluation of microbial risks from gas usage; E.ON Ruhr Gas study (no reference)


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Control of water content Easily removed and controlled (pressure water dew point) Corrosion risk only hazard considered in current standards Driveability should also be considered (risk of icy hydrocarbon

hydrates forming in cooler climates due to expansion cooling) Control of oil content

Entrained from the compressor lubricants, main source of PM Modern, sophisticated vehicle components more sensitive Proper filtering downstream and choice of oil can handle the

problem a lot of the industry unaware of best practice! Challenge: Validated sampling and analysis methods missing

SP project soon to start, need ind. funding

Gas quality regulations and standardsRegulation of oil and water important for all compressed gas


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Existing bio-CH4 grid injection standards. Source: SGC Rapport 229 (2011)


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Gas quality (The issue of MN) Allowed gas qualities range broadly, regional differences More (rich) LNG utilization in European market, MN MN addressed in CEN/BT WG 197

Standardization of gaseous automotive fuels Current international std not complete Current work focused on biomethane (M/475); CNG indirectly

addressed by M/400 work in CEN/BT WG197 Consensus on allowed levels of trace elements and the issue

of MN is much needed between gas industry and OEMs

Gas quality and standardsConclusions


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Gas quality and standards

Thank you for your attention!Any questions?

[email protected]+46-706-80 20 66


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The issues of LNG Quality and Interchangeabilitycontinue to be of major interest to the producers andpurchasers of LNG due to increased liquidity in theLNG market. The view at the moment is that theworld is split into the areas where differentspecifications predominate the traditional Far Eastern market with its requirement for rich LNG, the Atlantic Basin with its preference for Lean LNG andgrowing markets such as the EU with its attempts toharmonise the quality specifications of its member states into a wide ranging specification that canaccept both lean and rich LNGs.


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Figure 5.1 shows the quality of various LNG supplies versus market specifications. Themarket specifications in this figure include the envelopes of the NGC+ guidelines (Natural GasCouncil) and EASEE gas (European Association for the Streamlining of Energy Exchange).

The following observations can be drawn from the above chart:i. LNG interchangeability issues are mainly present in the Atlantic Basin, with lean markets inthe United States and in the United Kingdom. More LNG supplies fall into the operatingenvelope in the Asia Pacific (in this chart represented by Japan), and by injection of LPG it iseasier for these countries to adjust to a higher Wobbe Index.ii. The majority of new LNG supplies (recently started production, being constructed or planned) have adjusted their quality towards a leaner market. This is for example Qatar,Tangguh, Snohvit or Nigeria LNG Train 7.

Hence, it can be stated that the emergence of the US and the UK as LNG importers, together with consistent quality guidelines and the regulatory framework in place (NGC+, FERC) toimpose these guidelines, has led to a shift in produced qualities towards leaner LNG. Thiscomes mainly from new production in the Atlantic Basin. It is projected that in 2012, themajority of Atlantic Basin supply will meet the US Wobbe Index requirements[4].

The commercial drivers for lean LNG production, apart from entering a new market, aredifferent from project to project, and include leaner (non-associated) feed gas supply, thedevelopment of a local petrochemical industry which uses ethane or LPG as feedstock (e.g.Qatar), or reaping benefits by establishing a separate LPG value chain.


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13 CCR 2292.5

Cal. Admin. Code tit. 13, 2292.5

Barclays Official California Code of RegulationsCurrentnessTitle 13. Motor Vehicles (Refs & Annos)Division 3. Air Resources BoardChapter 5. Standards for Motor Vehicle Fuels Article 3. Specifications for Alternative Motor Vehicle FuelsCurrent Section 2292.5. Specifications for Compressed Natural Gas.

The followingstandards apply to compressednatural gas(The identified test methods are incorporated herein by reference):

Specifications for Compressed Natural GasSpecification Value Test Method

Hydrocarbons (expressed as mole percent)Methane 88.0% (m in.) ASTM D 1945-81Ethane 6.0% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81C 3 and higher HC 3.0% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81C 6 and higher HC 0.2% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81Other Species (expressed as mole percent unless otherwise indicated)Hydrogen 0.1% (max.) ASTM D 2650-88Carbon monoxide 0.1% (max.) ASTM D 2650-88Oxygen 1.0% (max.) ASTM D 1945-81Inert gasesSum of CO2 and N 2 1.5-4.5 % ASTM D 1945-81

(range)Water [FNa]Particulatematter [FNb]Odorant [FNc]Sulfur 16 ppm by Title 17 CCR Section 9 4112

vol. (max.) _________

[FNa] The dewpoint a t vehicle fuel storage container pressure shall be atleast 10 degrees F below the 99.0% winter design temperature listed inChapter 24, Table 1, Climatic Conditions for the United States, in the American Society of Heating, Refr igerating and Air ConditioningEngineer's (ASHRAE) Handbook, 1989 fundamentals volume. Testing for water vapor shall be in accordance with ASTM D 1142-90, utilizing the

Bureau of Mines apparatus.

[FNb] The compressed natural gas shall not contain dust, sand, dirt,gums, oils, or other substances in an amount sufficient to be injurious tothe fueling station equipment or the vehicle being fueled.

[FNc] The natural gas at ambient conditions must have a distinctive odor potent enough for its presence to be detected down to a concentration inair of not over 1/5 (one-fifth) of the lower limit of flammability.

Note:Authority cited: Sections 39600, 39601, 43013, 43018 and 43101,Health and Safety Code; and Western Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. OrangeCounty Air Pollution Control District, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249(1975).Reference:Sections 39000, 39001, 39002, 39003, 39010, 39500,40000,43000, 43016, 43018 and 43101, Health and Safety Code: andWestern Oil and Gas Ass'n. v. Orange County Air Pollution ControlDistrict, 14 Cal. 3d 411, 121 Cal. Rptr. 249 (1975).

HISTORY

1. New section filed 12-9-92; operative 1-1-93 (Register 92, No. 50).

13 CCR 2292.5, 13 CA ADC 2292.5This database is current through 9/9/11 Register 2011, No. 36END OF DOCUMENT

http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Action=TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000

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