Gandhi Earli Life

7/29/2019 Gandhi Earli Life

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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced ( listen); 2

October 186930 January 1948) was the preeminent leader ofIndian nationalisminBritish-

ruled India. Employingnon-violentcivil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence andinspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. ThehonorificMahatma

(Sanskrit: "high-souled," "venerable"[2]

)applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,[3]

is now

used worldwide. He is also called Bapu(Gujarati: endearment for "father,"

[4]

"papa."

[4][5]

) inIndia.

Born and raised in a Hindu,merchant caste, family in coastalGujarat,western India, and trainedin law at theInner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed non-violent civil disobedience as an

expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.

After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers

to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of theIndianNational Congressin 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding

women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, endinguntouchability, but above all for

achievingSwarajor self-rule.

Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km

(250 mi)Dandi Salt Marchin 1930, and later in calling for the British toQuit Indiain 1942. Hewas imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi

attempted to practice non-violence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the

same. He lived modestly in aself-sufficient residential communityand wore the traditional

Indiandhotiand shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on acharkha. He ate simple vegetarian food,and also undertook longfastsas means of both self-purification and social protest.

Gandhi's vision of a free India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved

out of India.

[6]

Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but theBritish IndianEmpire[6]

waspartitionedinto twodominions, a smaller Hindu-majorityIndiaand MuslimPakistan.

[6]As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, andSikhsmade their way to their new lands,

religious violence broke out, especially in thePunjabandBengal. Eschewing theofficial

celebration of independencein Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to providesolace. In the months following, he undertook severalfasts unto deathto promote religious

harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,[7]

also had the indirect goal

of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.[7]

Some Indians thought

Gandhi was too accommodating.[8][7]

Among them wasNathuram Godse, aHindu nationalist,who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank

range.[8]

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[11]was born on 2 October 1869[1]inPorbandar, a coastal town

on theKathiawar Peninsulaand then part of the smallprincely stateof Porbandar in the

Kathiawar Agencyof theBritish Indian Empire. His father, Karamchand Gandhi (18221885),

served as thediwan(chief minister) ofPorbander state. His mother, Putlibai, who was from aPranamiVaishnavafamily,

[12][13]was Karamchand's fourth wife, the first three wives having

apparently died in childbirth.[14][15]
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ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Khan2007-page1-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Khan2007-page1-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Khan2007-page1-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence#Partition_and_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence#Partition_and_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence#Partition_and_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence#Partition_and_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_unto_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_unto_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_unto_deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Gandhi_name-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Gandhi_name-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Gandhi_name-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Gandhi_DOB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Gandhi_DOB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_K_Gandhi.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porbandarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Gandhi_DOB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Gandhi_name-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi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The Indian classics, especially the stories ofShravanaand kingHarishchandra, had a great

impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he admits that they left an indelible

impression on his mind. He writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra tomyself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and love as supreme

values is traceable to these epic characters.[16][17]

In May 1883, the 13-year-old Mohandas was married to 14-year-oldKasturbai Makhanji(her

first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in anarrangedchild

marriage, according to the custom of the region.[18]

In the process, he lost a year at school.[19]

Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for

us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." However, as

was prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and

away from her husband.[20]

In 1885, when Gandhi was 15, the couple's first child was born, butsurvived only a few days. Gandhi's father, Karamchand Gandhi, had also died earlier that

year.[21]

The religious background was eclectic. Gandhi's father wasHindu[22]

ModhBaniya[23]

and his mother was from Pranami Vaishnava family. Religious figures were frequent visitors to

the home.

[24]

Mohandas and Kasturba had four more children, all sons:Harilal, born in 1888;Manilal, born in1892;Ramdas, born in 1897; andDevdas, born in 1900.

[18]At his middle school in Porbandar

and high school inRajkot, Gandhi remained a mediocre student. He shone neither in the

classroom nor on the playing field. One of the terminal reports rated him as "good at English, fair

in Arithmetic and weak in Geography; conduct very good, bad handwriting." He passed thematriculation examat Samaldas College inBhavnagar, Gujarat, with some difficulty. Gandhi's

family wanted him to be abarrister, as it would increase the prospects of succeeding to his

father's post.[25]

English barrister

Gandhi and his wifeKasturba(1902)

In 1888, Gandhi travelled to London, England, to study law atUniversity College London, where

he studied Indian law and jurisprudence and trained as abarristerat theInner Temple. His timein London was influenced by a vow he had made to his mother upon leaving India, in the

presence of a Jain monk, to observe the precepts of abstinence from meat and alcohol as well as

of promiscuity.[26]

Gandhi tried to adopt "English" customs, including taking dancing lessons.
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ia.org/wiki/Devdas_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilal_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilal_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baniyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Husband-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Childhood-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Mohanty2011-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Sorokin2002-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi#cite_note-Sorokin2002-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harishchandrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravan#In_Hindu_epics


3/3

However, he could not appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was

frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by

Henry Salt'swriting, he joined theVegetarian Society, was elected to its executive committee,[27]

and started a localBayswaterchapter.

[14]Some of the vegetarians he met were members of the

Theosophical Society, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and

which was devoted to the study ofBuddhistandHinduliterature. They encouraged Gandhi tojoin them in reading theBhagavad Gitaboth in translation as well as in the original.[27]

Nothaving shown interest in religion before, he became interested in religious thought.

Gandhi was called to the bar in June 1891 and then left London for India, where he learned that

his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from him.[27]

His attempts at establishing a law practice inBombayfailed because he was too shy to speak up

in court. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but he wasforced to close it when he ran afoul of a British officer.

[14][27]In 1893, he accepted a year-long

contract from Dada Abdulla & Co., an Indian firm, to a post in theColony of Natal, South

Africa, then part of theBritish Empire.[14]

g
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Documents

Gandhi Earli Life