gamomcemloba universali Tbilisi 2018institutehist.ucoz.net/_ld/2/226_1-2-22-2018.pdf · oTar gogoliSvili haji-murad donogo (mahaCyalis universiteti) SoTa vadaWkoria guntis zemitisi

Dedicated to the 100th anniversary

of The Restoration of the State

Independence of Georgia and the

establishment of the Democratic

Republic of Georgia

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi 2018

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

ISSN 1512-3154

Studies in Modern and Contemporary History

2018 № 1-2 (22)

Publishing House ÙNIVERSAL~ Tbilisi 2018

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

ISSN 1512-3154

axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi

2018 № 1-2 (22)

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi 2018

uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/~... a-984

saredaqcio kolegia: EDITORIAL BOARD: irakli gabisonia

zurab gamezardaSvili

gia gelaSvili oTar gogoliSvili

haji-murad donogo

(mahaCyalis universiteti)

SoTa vadaWkoria

guntis zemitisi

(latviis istoriis instituti)

nugzar zosiZe

vasil kaWarava

igor kveselava

vaJa kiknaZe

uCa oqropiriZe

rimvidas petrauskasi

(vilniusis universiteti)

anjei puqSto

(vitautas didis universiteti)

gela saiTiZe

(redaqtoris moadgile)

lela saraliZe

avTandil sonRulaSvili

(redaqtori)

xaTuna qoqraSvili

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)

dodo WumburiZe


ivane jagodniSvili

niko javaxiSvili


oTar janeliZe

sagamomcemlo sabWo:

irina arabiZe, lela miqiaSvili, Sorena murusiZe, mzia tyavaSvili.

PUBLISHING COUNCIL: Irina Arabidze, Lela Mikiashvili, Shorena Murusidze, Mzia Tkavashvili.

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2018

Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4, : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Irakli Gabisonia Zurab Gamezardashvili Gia Gelashvili Otar Gogolishvili Hadji-Murad Donogo (University of Makhachkala) Shota Vadachkoria Guntis Zemītis (Institut of History of Latvia) Nugzar Zosidze Vasil Kacharava Igor Kveselava Vazha Kiknadze Ucha Okropiridze Rimvydas Petrauskas (Vilnius University) Andžej Pukšto (Vytautas Magnus University) Gela Saitidze (Deputy editor) Lela Saralidze Avtandil Songulashvili (Editor) Khatuna Kokrashvili (Executive secretary) Dodo Chumburidze (Deputy editor) Ivane Jagodnishvili Niko Javakhishvili (Deputy editor) Otar Janelidze

5

S i n a a r s i

Contents

The Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia – 100 The Democratic Republic of Georgia – 100

dodo WumburiZe..................................................................................................... 11

irakli wereTeli: erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi

konceptebi

Dodo Chumburidze Irakli Tsereteli: National and State Concepts

qeTevan jinWaraZe, avTandil sonRulaSvili ........................................ 28

samarTaldamcavi organoebi da kriminogenuli

viTareba saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi

Ketevan Jincharadze, Avtandil Songhulashvili Law Enforcement Bodies and Criminal Situation in Georgia (1918-1921)

nunu miqelaZe, aleqsandre oTaraSvili................................................... 43

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis

emigraciaSi moRvaweobis istoriidan

Nunu Mikeladze, Aleksandre Otarashvili From theHistory of the Emigration of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia

aleqsandre mosiaSvili...................................................................................... 53

maltis SeTanxmebis gavlena saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis sakiTxze

Aleksandre Mosiashvili The Impact of the Malta Agreement on Georgia's Independence

C a t h o l i c o s - P a t r i a r c h o f G e o r g i a K i r i o n I I

1 0 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f d e a t h

xaTuna qoqraSvili................................................................................................ 62

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis kirion II-is

samecniero moRvaweobis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi (eZRvneba

gardacvalebis 100 wlisTavs)

Khatuna Kokrashvili Main Aspects of the Scientific Activities of Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Kirion II (dedicated to 100th anniversary of his death)

6

D a v i d S a r a d j i s h v i l i – 1 7 0

irina arabiZe ............................................................................................................ 84

daviT sarajiSvilis biografiidan ramdenime

cnobis dazustebisTvis (dabadebis 170 wlisTavTan

dakavSirebiT)

Irina Arabidze For the Purpose of Clarifying some Biographical Details of David Sarajishvili (Regarding the 170 anniversary (1848-1911)

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e G e o r g i a

daviT merkvilaZe .................................................................................................. 102

imereTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi

miRebis sakiTxi (1781-1783 wlis dasawyisi)

Davit Merkviladze The Issue of the Adoption of the Imeretian Kingdom under the Protectorate of the Russian Empire (1781-the beginning of 1783)

mzia tyavaSvili ...................................................................................................... 117

buqarestis zavi (1812 w.) da afxazeTis sakiTxi

(XIX saukunis dasawyisis rusuli oficialuri

dokumentebis mixedviT)

MziaTkavashvili Treaty of Bucharest (1812) and the Issue of Abkhazia (According to the official documents of the beginning of the XIX century)

daviT javaxiSvili ................................................................................................ 133

imereTis mefis solomon II-is ojaxuri garemo

David Javakhishvili The Family Surroundings of King of Imereti Solomon II

irma gikaSvili......................................................................................................... 143

valiko juReli da 1924 wlis àjanyebis maTematika~

Irma Gikashvili Valiko Jugeli and 1924’s the `Mathematics of the Uprising~

7

G e o r g i a a n d t h e W o r l d

niko javaxiSvili ................................................................................................... 150

iaponiis pirveli moxsenieba qarTul saistorio

wyaroebSi

Niko Javakhishvili Japan Mentioned for the First Time in Georgian Historical Sources

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e W o r l d

nukri SoSiaSvili .................................................................................................. 153

ideologizirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba da

nacionalizmis Seqmna evropaSi

Nodar (Nukri) Shoshiashvili Formation of an Ideological Society and Emergence of Nationalism in Europe

aleqsandre wurwumia .......................................................................................... 164

zurab avaliSvili miunxenis garigebisa da

Cexoslovakiis dapyrobis Sesaxeb

Alexander Tsurtsumia Zurab Avalishvili about Munich Agreement and Czechoslovakia Occupation

T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e G e o r g i a n E m i g r a t i o n

lela saraliZe........................................................................................................ 169

qarTveli emigranti mecnieri mixeil musxeliSvili

da kavkasiis erTianobis idea

Lela Saralidze Georgian Immigrant Scientist Mikheil Muskhelishvili and the Idea of the Unity Caucasus

nato sonRulaSvili............................................................................................. 182

qarTuli emigraciis moRvaweoba saerTaSoriso

asparezze XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

Nato Songhulashvili Georgian Emigration in the International Relations (30s of the XX century)

SoTa vadaWkoria..................................................................................................... 191

ganaxlebuli erovnuli sabWos Seqmnis mcdeloba da

qarTuli emigracia (1951-1955 ww.)

Shota Vadachkoria The Georgian Political Emigration and an Attempt to Create a Renewed National Council (1951-1955)

8

T h e P o l i c y

zurab kvetenaZe ...................................................................................................... 219

ruseTis geopolitikis ramdenime aspeqti vladimer

putinis mmarTvelobis periodSi

Zurab Kvetenadze Several Aspects of Russian Geopolitics During the Period of Vladimir Putin’s Governance

T h e M e d i a H i s t o r y

gela saiTiZe ............................................................................................................. 227

pirveli msoflio omi da `saqarTvelos damkomis~

evropuli gamocema _ `qarTuli gazeTi~

Gela Saitidze World War I and `Georgian Gazette~, European Edition of the `Committee for Independence of Georgia~

T h e L a w

giorgi xecuriani .................................................................................................. 247

teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi saqarTvelos

konstituciaSi

Giorgi Khetsuriani The Issue of Territorial Arrangement in the Constitution of Georgia

R e l i g i o n . T h e H i s t o r y o f t h e C h u r c h

sofio andRulaZe .................................................................................................. 265

afxazeTis saeklesio sakiTxi msoflio globalur

politikur procesebSi

Sophio Andghuladze Aphkhazian Ecclesiastic Issue in the World Global Political Processes

S o u r c e S t u d y

gia gelaSvili .......................................................................................................... 283

iulius klaprotis cnobebi dasavleT saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb

Gia Gelashvili Julius Klaproth about West-Georgian Provinces

9

lela miqiaSvili .................................................................................................... 299

lixaurisa da Semoqmedis saepiskoposo taZris aRwera

frederik diubua de monperes `mogzaurobaSi~

Lela Mikiashvili Description of the Likhauri and Shemokmedi Episcopal Cathedrals in `The Travels~ of Frederic Dubois de Monpereux

oTar gogoliSvili .............................................................................................. 310

ucxoelebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIX

saukune)

Otar Gogolishvili Foreigners about South-west Georgia (XIX century)

T h e S o c i o l o g y

arqimandriti miqael ejibiSvili................................................................. 321

Sromis bazari, dasaqmebis problemebi

Archimandrite Michael Ejibishvili Labour Market, Employment Problems

C r i t i c i s m a n d B i b l i o g r a p h y

Варужан Погосян ..................................................................................... 331 ОТЗЫВ А. З. МАНФРЕДА О ДОКТОРСКОЙ ДИССЕРТАЦИИ Г. Ш. КИГУРАДЗЕ Varoujean Poghosyan The Review of A. Z. Manfred on the Doctoral Thesis of G. Sh. Kiguradze

V i e w P o i n t igor kveselava ........................................................................................................ 339

petre pirvelis qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

Igor Kveselava Opinion about Peter the first’s Georgian Origin

J u b i l y o f t h e S c i e n t i s t

profesori gela saiTiZe _ 80 .......................................................................... 345

Professor Gela Saitidze – 80

10

krebuli gamodis weliwadSi orjer

krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kanoniT presis

Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze da Sinaarsze pasu-

xismgebelia avtori.

redaqciis misamarTi:

Tbilisi, universitetis q. # 2, korpusi XI

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-

teti, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti, axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba

11

dodo WumburiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis axali da

uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTa-

vari mecnier-TanamSromeli

irakli wereTeli: erovnuli da

saxelmwifoebrivi konceptebi

xSirad Cvens istoriografiaSi social-demokratebs, maT

ideologiasa da evropul orientacias araobieqturad afase-

ben, _ mTel partias erT yalibSi svamen, ar iTvaliswineben

imas, rom partiaSi garkveul sakiTxebze sxvadasxva Tvalsaz-

risi arsebobda da mis mTavar ideologebs Sorisac xSirad

sruliad gansxvavebuli poziciebi gvxvdeba.

am SemTxvevaSi minda gavaanalizo is Zireuli ideologiuri

gansxvavebani, rac iyo social-demokratiuli partiis liderTa

Soris. magaliTad mogvaqvs irakli wereTlisa da noe ramiSvi-

lis Sexedulebebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da politi-

kuri orientaciis, erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi konceptebis

Sesaxeb, riTac naTeli gaxdeba, rom partia Sedgeboda memar-

cxene da memarjvene mimarTulebis politikosebisagan, ukidu-

resad sapirispiri mosazrebebis mqone adamianebisgan.

irakli wereTelze Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi

cota ram aris dawerili. ufro sworad, misi moRvaweobisa da

naazrevis Sesaxeb jer ar arsebobs srulyofli gamokvleva.

cnobilma mweralma da biografiuli romanebis avtorma

rostom CxeiZem dawera mxatvrul-publicisturi wigni am, Tavi-

si droisTvis mTel ruseTsa da evropaSi popularul qarTvel

social-demokratze. wigns `reqviemi sinanulisa~ hqvia [1]. wignis mTavari arsia ara mxolod monanieba irakli wereT-

12

lisa, aramed is didi tragizmi, bedisweris is sisastike, rac

TiTqosda am qudbedze dabadebul kacs ergo. miuxedavad Tavi-

si didi popularobisa da cnobadobisa, is marTlac iyo gamor-

Ceuli da ganmartoebuli kaci, rogorc xSirad Tanamedroveni

werdnen mis saxelovan biZaze _ niko nikolaZeze [2, 140].

nikolaZis ganmartovebulobas misi moRvaweobis gamorCeu-

li praqtikul-sazogadoebrivi niSniT xsnian, irakli wereTe-

li ki, miuxedavad didi Tanamdebobrivi da samoRvaweo aspare-

zisa, ufro Teoretikosi da socialisturi ideologiis er-

Tguli iyo. es ideologia misi drois evropaSic gapopula-

rulda, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, evro-

pis didi qveynebis xelisuflebaSi socialisturi mTavrobe-

bic movidnen, magram yvelaferi es mainc droebiTi iyo, rad-

gan socialuri da klasobriv-partiuli ideebi da ideologie-

bi demokratiul qveynebSi bolomde popularulebi ver xdebi-

an. verc gamorCeulad didi adamianebi etevian erT romelime

CarCoSi. zaqaria WiWinaZes ekuTvnis sityvebi nikolaZeze: ni-

koloz nikolaZe rom inglisSi an safrangeTSi dabadebuliyo,

dRes igi msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli iqneboda, saqarTveloSi

ki ès arwivi Tavis qveynis, es gamRviZebeli afTari daZinebu-

lis erovnebisa~, mxolod mwerali moRvawea da ubralod saxe-

lovani kaci, es ki ar kmara am diapazonis pirovnebisTviso.

cud dros daibadao. rodesac am or adamians Soris vavlebT

paralels, vgulismobT maT ara marto naTesaur, aramed su-

lier siaxlovesac. kaki wereTelic, albaT, marTlac cud dros daibada, To-

rem amxela niWisa da gaqanebis, qarizmatuli niSniT ase aRbeW-

dili pirovneba aucileblad msoflio masStabis mwerali,

mecnieri Tu sxva sferos gamorCeuli piri unda gamosuliyo.

Tu ra saxelis moxveWa da saqmeTa datrialeba SeeZlo, marto

erTi wlis mokle monakveTmac (1917) aCvena.

Tu nikolaZes qarTul cnobierebaSi `dros gadaswrebul

kacad~ moixsenieben, kaki wereTeli `droSi dakargul kacad~

SeiZleba miviCnioT. rusuli revoluciuri socialisturi

ideologiiTa da kosmopolitizmiT daavadebuli kacisTvis

dro iyo mTavari, Torem ruseTSic iRvawa, safrangeTSic, in-

glissa da germaniaSic, bolos amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic,

magram versad veraferi gaakeTa imaze meti, rac ukve gakeTe-

buli hqonda: iqneb Tavad Tqva uari axali gzisa da mimarTu-

13

lebis moZebnaze, iqneb am qveynebSi kidev ufro mZafrad gai-

azra Tavisi Secdoma: misi cxovrebis amdeni Zvirfasi weli

rom dauTmo socializmis ideologiuri doqtrinis damkvid-

rebisTvis brZolas. sxva qarTveli socialisti politikosebi

erovnul sakiTxs, saqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da evro-

pul sagareo politikur veqtorebs rodi uaryofdnen, piri-

qiT, socializms erovnuli ganviTarebis wyarod miiCnevdnen

(`magaliTad: noe ramiSvili 1931 wels parizSi gamocemuli

wigniT _ `demokratuli socializmi~).

20-ian wlebSi, ukve daeWvebuli Tavisi gzis sisworeSi, we-

reTeli gaavebuli Cans, qarTuli emigrantuli epistoluri

memkvidreoba bevr faqts gvisaxelebs: irakli hendersons miu-

vardao, irakli internacionalis sxdomaze aRSfoTebuli kri-

tikiT gamovidao da sxv.

is icavda im qveyanas ki ara, sadac daibada da gaizarda,

romelic misi samSoblo iyo, aramed qveyanas, sadac ganxorci-

elda pirveli socialistur-demokratiuli eqsperimenti da,

rogorc amas evropeli cnobili moazrovneebi amtkicebdnen,

es eqsperimenti Zalze warmatebuli iyo. rac unda ekritikebi-

naT qarTveli e. w. `menSevikebi~, yvela mainc im saxelmwifoeb-

rivi moRvaweobis warmatebaze saubrobda, rac xelisuflebaSi

mosuli am partiis wevrebisgan Semdgar politikur gunds

hqonda. miuTiTebdnen maT sabedniero arsebobaze da im ga-

mocdilebaze, rac am adamianebs ukve hqondaT miRebuli ruse-

Tis saimperio saTaTbiro da aRmasrulebel organoebSi muSa-

obiT. magaliTad, frangi pol Jantizoni yvela qarTvel so-

cial-demokrat politikoss axasiaTebda da maT Soris irakli

wereTelsac, romelzec werda: `wereTeli mxolod erTxel

vnaxe parizSi, magram iSviaTad Sevxvedrivar aseT sandomian

adamians, Tavisi mSvidi da meocnebe moazrovnis ieriT, maRali

SubliT, sadac misi gamWriaxi inteleqti Cans, misi Rrma Tva-

lebi, romelic maxvili mzeriT gakvirdebaT, neli moZraobebi,

odnav daRlili, romelic warsul tanjvebze miuTiTebs...…sa-

qarTvelos am Svils _ keTilSobiluri warmoSobiT, romlis

ojaxis wevrebis umravlesoba, magaliTad misi mama, mxatvrul

literaturaSi gamoirCeodnen, iseve rogorc mis metrs, Jor-

danias, tanjuli cxovreba hqonda, romelic rusul sapatim-

roebad da sazRvargareT mogzaurobebad iyofoda~ [3, 226].

14

pol Jantizoni mokled gadmogvcems wereTlis biografi-

ul Strixebs, magram ar miuTiTebs im gansxvavebebze, rac am

pirovnebasa da mis Tanapartielebs Soris qveynisTvis Zireul

sakiTxebze arsebobda. es arc yofila misi interesis sagani.

amis Cvenebas Cven SevecdebiT, Tundac imitom, rom gavaqar-

wyloT azri, rom social-demokratia raRac erTgvarovani ma-

sa iyo da gansxvavebul azrovnebas aq adgili ar hqonia, isic,

rom social-demokratias ar hqonia evropuli orientacia, is

viTom ebrZoda evropul burJuazias da mokavSired mxolod II

internacionals aRiarebda da a. S.

irakli werTlis biografia mokled aseTia:

irakli (kaki) wereTeli daibada 1881 wlis 14 ianvars qu-

TaisSi, cnobili qarTveli mwerlis, publicistisa da sazoga-

do moRvawis, giorgi wereTlisa da aseve cnobili sazogado

moRvawis, niko nikolaZis dis, olimpiada nikolaZis ojaxSi.

iraklim ori wlis asakSi dakarga deda da gaizarda mamisa da

biZis – niko nikolaZis meurveobis qveS. mSobliuri qarTu-

lis garda, icoda rusuli, franguli, germanuli da inglisu-

ri enebi. quTaisis gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg, swavlobda

moskovis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, sadac gaxda

studenturi moZraobis lideri, ris gamoc (1901-1903) cimbir-

Si gadaasaxles.

gadasaxlebis Semdeg social-demokratiuli partiis wevri

gaxda. miuxedavad tuberkulioziT avadmyofobisa, xelaxali

dapatimrebis SiSis gamo, 1904 wels, berlinis universitetSi

wavida saswavleblad. 1905 wels dabrunda moskovSi da aqtiu-

rad Caeba revoluciur saqmianobaSi. 1907 wels airCies ruse-

Tis sakanonmdeblo organos — me-2 mowvevis dumis wevrad, sa-

dac gawevrianda social-demokratiul fraqciaSi da aseve

gaxda dumis agraruli komitetis wevri.

gabeduli wereTeli dumis deputatebs aocebda iseT ada-

mianTan Seudrekeli dapirispirebiT, rogoric ministri sto-

lipini iyo.

1907 wels duma daiTxoves da wereTeli `samxedro SeTqmu-

lebis~ braldebiT daapatimres, gadaasaxles irkutskSi, mar-

Talia, xuTwliani patimroba hqonda, tuberkuloziTac itan-

jeboda, magram patimrobis vada SinapatimrobiT gaugrZeles

da irkutskTan axlos sofel usolSi dasaxlda, sadac redaq-

torobda rusul revoluciur gamocemebs, werda msoflio

15

omze, hkicxavda rogorc plexanovis `TavdacviT~, ise _ leni-

nis `damarcxebis~ politikas. misi formula iyo: mSvidoba

aneqsiisa da kontribuciis gareSe. Tebervlis revoluciis

dros gamocemul amnistiis Semdeg, 1917 wels erT-erTi pir-

velTagani revoluciis liderTagan Cavida petrogradSi. ak-

ritikebda leninis àprilis Tezisebs~. aprilis krizisis Sem-

deg Sevida pirveli koaliciuri droebiTi mTavrobis Semad-

genlobaSi da daikava fosta-telegrafis ministris posti, ib-

rZoda ruseTis erTianobisaTvis, _ yvela gziT cdilobda, ar

daeSva ruseTis rRveva da samoqalaqo omi. Tavisi qmedebiT is

cxadyofda, Tu ra aris reformizmi rusul social-demokra-

tiaSi.

wereTelma kornilovis amboxi Seafasa, rogorc demokra-

tiul ZalTa gamarjveba. 8-24 ivliss asrulebda Sinagan saqme-

Ta saministros mmarTvelis movaleobas. petrogradis sabWos

mier 31 agvistos bolSevikuri rezoluciis miRebis Semdeg,

xelisuflebis sabWoebis xelSi gadacemis Taobaze, aRmaskomis

prezidiumis sxva wevrebTan erTad gadadga. yvela misi poli-

tikuri mizani dasamarda da seqtemberSi gamoemgzavra saqar-

TveloSi, rasac sakuTar politikur sikvdilad miiCnevda.

irakli wereTeli oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg dab-

runda petrogradSi. dagmo momxdari da gaafrTxila moZala-

deni, rom `dampyrobTa politika ganuxrelad miiyvanda maT

Zalauflebis dakargvasTan~. damfuZnebeli krebis meoxebiT

cdilobda `didi ruseTis sasicocxlo interesebis~ dacvas.

damfuZnebeli krebis garekvis Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda, sa-

qarTveloSi sabolood Camosuliyo.

i. wereTeli moRvaweobda amierkavkasiis federaciul sa-

xelmwifoSi, iyo seimis deputati. mas ergo wilad 1918 wlis

26 maiss seimis daxurvis gamocxadeba, rac didi tanjviT gaa-

keTa: cnobilia, rom am gancxadebisas atirda. misTvis uZnele-

si iyo ruseTis erTianobis darRveva (amierkavkasia ruseTis

nawilad iTvleboda) da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRia-

reba. miuxedavad amisa, beds Seegua, gaxda saqarTvelos par-

lamentis wevri (jer erovnuli sabWo ewodeboda, Semdeg par-

lamenti, Semdeg ki _ damfuZnebeli kreba).

1919 wels wereTeli qarTuli delegaciis erT-erT xel-

mZRvanelad gaistumres parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze,

ramac evropelTa didi gakvirveba gamoiwvia, isini ver xvde-

16

bodnen, Tu ra xeli hqonda ruseTis am Tavgadaklul patri-

ots qarTul TviTmyofadobasTan.

am drois misi gamosvlebi saqarTvelos erovnul intere-

sebs naklebad pasuxobda. mas msoflio moqalaqis ritorika

ufro hqonda. saqarTvelos elCi evropaSi _ akaki Cxenkeli

yvela mis gamosvlas am niSniT akritikebda. internacionalis

saxelze momzadebuli erTi memuaris gamo is werda wereTels:

`samwuxarod, SenTvis saqarTvelos istoria iwyeba ruseTTan

SeerTebidan... Sen ar afaseb erovnul Tavisuflebas da ami-

tom WkuaSi ar mogdis CamoTvalo ruseTis batonobis codve-

bi: misi saskolo, saeklesio, sakolonizacio savno politika,

rom amiT naTlad gaigon evorpelma amxanagebma, Tu ras moas-

wavebs CvenTvis Tavisufleba~ [3, 256].

am da sxva werilebidan, naTlad Cans is didi gansxvaveba,

rac irakli wereTelsa da erovnuli cnobierebis qarTvel

social-demokratebs Soris iyo.

wereTeli 40-ian wlebSi gadasaxlda aSS-Si da iqve garda-

icvala 1959 wels. misi neSti gadmoasvenes parizSi da levi-

lis qarTul sasafaloze dakrZales.

aseTia misi mokle biografia, sadac ver Caeteva is didi

gzneba da energia, is tragizmi, rac am adamianis cxovrebas

axlda. marto is, rom mas ar darCa memkvidreebi, ar Seuqmnia

ojaxi da ar ucxovria piradi cxovrebiT, ar hqonia is samoR-

vaweo asparezi, mis ganaTlebas, niWsa da SesaZleblobas sru-

lad rom gamoxatavda, esec kmara misi pirovnuli tragediis

dasanaxad.

gansxvavebiT sxva qarTveli social-demokratebisgan, is

arasdros gamosula saqarTvelos avtonomiis moTxovniT, ro-

melic ase principulad daayena jer kidev pirveli mowvevis

sabWoSi saqarTvelos warmomadgenelma ilia WavWavaZem.

irakli wereTels socializmis idea ki moswonda, magram

ar moswonda socialist-federalistebis qarTuli partia,

romelic mxars uWerda socializms, Tanac ruseTis imperiis

federaciul dayofaSi saqarTvelos avtonomiur uflebebs

iTxovda. 1907 wels quTaisSi gamocemul wignSi _ ìstoriuli

werilebi~, mZafrad akritikebda am partias, `viTom-socialis-

tebis~, memarjvene liberalebis ganuviTarebel partias eZax-

da. is gmobda am partiis Tavadaznaur wevrTa `feodalur

moTqmaSi gamoreul burJuaziul notebs~, rac, misi azriT, ga-

17

moixateboda qarTvel vaWar-mrewvelebze zrunviTa da somxis

burJuaziasTan `jvarosnuli omis~ gaCaRebiT. rogorc cnobi-

lia, am dros qarTvel moRvaweTa zrunvis sagani iyo axali

skolebis, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis, ban-

kebis, presisa da biblioTekebis daarseba da amaTi saSuale-

biT erovnuli saqmeebis keTeba. dimitri yifiani da niko niko-

laZe bevrs iRvwodnen, raTa saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobebi

gaZlierebuliyo, iq, sadac aseT organoebSi qarTvelebi TiT-

qmis ar iyvnen, magaliTad Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWoSi, somexi

deputatebi qarTvelebiT Canacvlebuliyo, raTa meti mxarda-

Wera hqonoda erovnul gadawyvetilebebs. niko nikolaZis Se-

saxeb daweril wignSic xom amas amtkicebs zaqaria WiWinaZe,

cnobili da SesaniSnavi memuaristi: qarTvelobis dasanTqme-

laT arafers iSureben, yvelafers Seswiraven, oRond Tfi-

lisSi qarTvelebi dainTqas, gawyden, magram veras axerxebeno,

radgan `niko nikolaZis meTaurobiT brwyinvale azrebi fexs

idgams, qarTvelT xma eZlevaT gamgeobaSi, qalaqis marTvis

saqmeebs kacT moyvareobis mxareebi eTviseba, rigiani kanonde-

bulebaT samarTali, magram es sawyenaT rCeba zogierTaTviso~

[5, 71-72].

raRa sxvebs, mis ubeSi gamozrdil disSvils, viszedac mTel

imedebs amyarebda da saqarTvelos mxsnel axalgazrda ganaT-

lebul Taobas miaTvlida, darCenia es sawyenad da sakritikod.

WiWinaZe nikolaZeze saubrisas Tavis Tavsac idanaSaulebda:

mec mis mtrebSi verie, mec ver gavuge erT dros nikolaZeso.

aTi wlis Semdeg im mtrebs Tavad irakli wereTelic mieTvle-

boda. amas ìstoriuli werilebis~ paTetika mowmobs.

erovnul politikas kosmopoliti wereTeli gvarianad

dascinoda da did Secdomad uTvlida qarTveli eris mowinave

Svilebs, erovnul moRvaweobas, rigian kacebs, WeSmarit inte-

ligentebs, sazogado saqmeebs _ yvela am sityvaTSeTanxmebas

brWyalebSi svamda, riTac am frazebis konteqstisadmi mis

ironiul damokidebulebas gamoxatavda. es wlebi Cvens inte-

ligencias samarcxvino daRad unda ekras Sublze, radgan er-

Tsac ki ar modioda azrad gaWirvebuli adamianebis mosmenao.

uTuod am erovnul gundSi hyavda moazrebuli iliadan dawye-

buli mTeli momdevno Taobebi `mesame dasamde~. marto am das-

ma ixsna qveyanao, _ irwmuneboda, _ Tavisi klasobrivi brZo-

lis TeoriiT, erovnulis uaryofiTo. avtonomias ki, iliase-

18

ulsa da yvela erovnuli moRvawisTvis, imperiis farglebSic

ki saocnebos, _ dascinoda: `saqarTvelo qarTvelebisTvis~

surT, istoriuli saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi, sadac 20 %-ze me-

ti ar aris qarTveli, `maT surT qarTuli ena, qarTuli sasa-

marTlo, qarTuli kanonebi gaamefon yvela mcxovreblebisaT-

vis, erovnuli Tanasworoba ki ara, erovnuli pirveloba un-

daT saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi qarTvelebisTvis~-o da amas

irakli wereTeli rogor Seegueboda. arada, wereTlis sawina-

aRmdego azrebi aqvT gamoTqmuli sxva social-demokratebs:

vladimer darCiaSvils, akaki Cxenkels, grigol lorTqifani-

Zes da sxv.

wereTlis azriT, avtonomia da erovnuli sakiTxebis daye-

neba Tavadaznaurul jgufebs, romlebic erovnul partiebs,

Tu sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv organizaciebs warmoadgendnen,

surdaT TavianTi pirvelobisaTvis, sityva-sityviT ase wers:

`Tu misi (Tavadaznaurobis, _ d. W.) sawadeli aRsrulda da sa-

qarTvelos erovnul-teritoriuli avtonomia mieca, is ara

marto daibrunebs im gavlenas da im adgils, romelic dRem-

dis `gamrusebel~ politikiT warTmeuli aqvs, aramed zedmet-

sac SeiZens axal `gamqarTvelebel~ politikiT~ [6, 20].

`gamrusebeli da gamqarTvelebeli~ brWyalebSi Causvams,

riTac kidev erTxel usvams xazs Tavis kosmopolitizmsa da

gulisgulSi rusobis Tayvaniscemas. Tavis sisworeSi dasam-

tkiceblad dobroliubovis werilebis seria _ `bneleTis sa-

mefo~ da CerniSevskis `sovremeniki~ moaqvs., aseve ixsenebs

lavrovis `vperiods~, JenevaSi gamomaval Jurnals, batonymo-

ba xom qveyanas aqcevda, es axali, kapitalisturi aranaklebi

ubedurebaa da muSebisa da glexebis mier unda daemxos, raTa

nanatri socializmi damyardeso. am ideebma erT dros misi sa-

xelovani biZac xom CaiTries, magram droze gamoerkva, imde-

nad fxizlad moixeda samSoblosken, rom pirveli kapitalis-

turi sikeTeebi: eleqtoenergia, telefoni, gazisa d navTobis

sadenebi, rkinigza Tu navsadguris mSenebloba swored niko

nikolaZem Semoitana sxva uamrav siaxleebTan erTad da amaSi

dainaxa qveynis momavali ganviTarebis mTavari gza. iqneb ma-

nac aseve qnaso, _ ifiqrebda Tanamedrove gonieri qarTveli,

magram irakli wereTlis SemTxvevaSi didi xnis cda mouwevda,

Zalian didi xnis, radgan is ar iyo is kaci, ase advilad rom

eRiarebina marcxi, iqneb bolomdec dumili aerCia.

19

1907 wels gamocemul wignSi laparakobs ruseTSi 60-iani

wlebis reformebis sikeTezec da erTs ar daiCivlebs saqar-

Tveloze, am reformebidan yvelaze mTavari _ saerobo re-

forma rom ar aRirses, mTeli narodnikuli moZraobis isto-

rias yveba da Cven winaSe dgas ara qarTveli moRvawe da moaz-

rovne, aramed rusi kosmopoliti, revoluciisa da teroriz-

mis mxardamWeri `mSromeli xalxis interesebis~ dasacavad.

da rodesac saqarTvelos mTavroba emigraciaSi cxovrob-

da, evropaSi mas xSirad sayvedurobdnen bolSevizmTan siax-

loves, riTac xelisuflebis yofili warmomadgenlebi Zalze

nawyendebodnen. gana amgvari nawerebi ar iZleoda amis Tqmisa

da yvedrebis sababs?

evropuli social-demokratiis muSaobaSi da maTi naazre-

vis gacnobaSi irakli wereTelma swored emigraciis periodSi

moaxerxa ufro Rrma wvdoma. qarTuli legaciidan amgvar par-

tiul da organizaciul Sekrebebze yovelTvis mas gzavnidnen.

is gamodioda mgznebare sityvebiT muSaTa klasis internacio-

naluri interesebis dasacavad, profkavSiruli moZraobis

mxardasaWerad. saocari iyo misi qarizma da logika, sityvis

simWevre da enabasroba, magram misi avtoriteti socialistur

wreebSi rCeboda, zogadad ki, evropuli sazogadoeba ekonomi-

kurad nel-nela dgeboda fexze da socialisturi ideebic

fermkrTaldeboda. erTia naTqvamis garegnuli efeqti da me-

ore im naTqvamis siRrmiseuli Sinaarsi, masSi Cadebuli mTava-

ri azri.

1921-1925 wlebis epistoluri memkvidreoba, qarTveli el-

Cebisa da akaki Cxenkelis, rogorc sazRvargareT diplomati-

uri moRvaweobis mTavari koordinatoris mimowera, bevr sain-

tereso masalas Seicavs irakli wereTlis amdroindel pozi-

ciaze. irakli wereTelma arc 1924 wlis ajanyebas dauWira

mxari da arc noe Jordaniasa da noe ramiSvilis idea gaizia-

ra, rac ruseTSi mosalodnel Sidakonfliqts saqarTvelos

momaval beds ukavSirebda. ajanyebas mxari ar dauWira arc

akaki Cxenkelma, romelmac kargad icoda, qarTveli xalxi mar-

to rom dadgeboda Zlieri mtris pirispir da uazro msxver-

plad iqceoda, magram es sul sxva iyo, es erTi konkretuli

istoriuli movlenisadmi damokidebuleba iyo, wereTeli ki

zogadad uaryofda ruseTis winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis ga-

mosvlas, sakuTar xalxs ukeTesi drois dadgomis lodins ur-

20

Cevda, ruseTTan erTad momavlis aSenebas uWerda mxars. vina-

idan 1927 wels dawerili wignis Semdeg, romelsac `Cveni taq-

tikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi~ hqvia, wereTels faqtobrivad sa-

qarTvelos Tema aRar ganuxilavs (40-ian wlebSi man dawera

mogonebebi ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciasa da momdevno

movlenebze), modiT, vnaxoT riT wavida kosmopoliti qarTve-

lis azrovneba win da ra Seicvala mis ideologiur mrwamsSi.

wignis mTavari arsia saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aR-

dgenisaTvis brZolis meTodologiis SerCeva. irakli wereTe-

li Tvlis, rom eris damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrioba es

TviTgamorkvevis uflebis sakiTxia, romelsac mTeli msof-

lio aRiarebs, rogorc dadebiT movlenas. Tu imperiul ru-

seTSi is saqarTvelos damoukideblobas ar aRiarebda, kul-

turuli avtonomiis moTxovnac ki aRizianebda, axal droSi am

process amarTlebs da mis Semaferxeblad sabWoTa ruseTs mi-

iCnevs, Tumca, leninis mier TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxis dasma

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis safuZvlad esaxeba.

saqarTvelo damarcxda Tavisuflebis Ziebis gzaze, daem-

xo misi damoukidebloba, mterma gaimarjva, saWiroa brZolis

gagrZeleba, magram ra meTodiT, _ kiTxulobs wereTeli da

or meTods gamoyofs: demokratiuls, rodesac eri SigniT ax-

dens konsolidacias da im saerTaSoriso ZalebTan amyarebs

kavSirs, `romlebic xalxTa Tavisuflebis dacvas realur

faqtorad xdian~. meore gza, misi azriT, aris brZola `nacio-

nalisturi xerxiT. e. i. Tavisi eris dapirispireba masze gaba-

tonebul saxelmwifos erTan, rogorc mtrul banakTan~. ro-

desac xdeba xalxis darazmva rogorc sulierad, ise iaraRiT,

moiZebnebian samxedro mokavSireebi gabatonebuli (anu mteri)

saxelmwifos samxedro metoqeTa Soris. es niSnavso èrovnu-

li brZolis gadabmas imperialisturi konfliqtebis politi-

kasTan~. wereTeli, rogorc Zveli ruseTume (is bolSevizms

ebrZvis da ara rusul saxelmwifo politikas, romlis yvela

speqtri da frTa, misi Tanamedrove rusi emigrantebic ki, sa-

qarTvelosa da kavkasias erTian ruseTSi ganixilavdnen), am

meore gzis momxre araa. is TiTqos ver xedavs, rom rusuli

saxelmwifo politikac, misi partiebic da calkeuli moaz-

rovneebic, ibrZodnen, da albaT momavalSic ibrZolebdnen

damoukidebeli, evropuli faseulobebiT aRWurvili, ganviTa-

rebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg.

21

Tavis am Tvalsazriss is miseuli argumentebiT icavs.

paragrafSi _ òmis sakiTxi da evropis demokratia~, _ we-

reTeli aanalizebs pirveli msoflio omis Semdgomi germaniis

mdgomareobas, erovnul damcirebas, teritoriebis dakargvas.

rogorc TviTmxilveli, aRwers ruris axal okupacias, ramac

SeaZrwuna germaneli xalxi da nacionalistebs gza gauxsna

axali omis qadagebisken. am dros germaniis social-demokra-

tiis pozicia, misi TqmiT, iyo yvelaze swori, romelmac xalxs

mouwoda ar SewinaaRmdegebodnen okupantebs da eTanamSrom-

laT evropis didi qveynebis demokratiasTan samarTlianobis

misaRwevad (aqve vityviT, rom demokratia misTvis muSaTa

klasi iyo da ara demokratiuli ideebiT moazrovne sxva kla-

sis warmomadgelebi). Zneli iyo mtrebis, _ ingliselebisa da

frangebis demokratiis ndoba Seuracxyofili germanelebis-

Tvis, magram es swori gza iyoo. am meTods ukavSirebs is ger-

maneli xalxis demokratiuli suliskveTebis gamagrebas, lei-

boristebis gamarjvebas inglisSi, herios mTavrobis mosvlas

safrangeTSi da londonisa da lokarnos SeTanxmebebs. is as-

kvnis, rom sadavo sakiTxebis mogvareba ara iaraRiT, aramed

molaparakebiTa da arbitraJiT unda gadawyvetiliyo, Tumca,

inglissa da safrangeTSi mmarTvelobis sadaveebi kvlav me-

marjveneebma daibrunes, magram sazogadoebrivi azris gavle-

niT isinic iZulebulni arian am politikis farglebSi imoqme-

dono. omis sakiTxs evropa mxars ar uWers, radgan evropis

socialisturi partiebis politika aris aseTio.

wereTeli Tvlis, rom saqarTvelom omis SedegiT isargeb-

la da damoukidebloba miiRo, magram misma mmarTvelma Zalam

mTlianad uari Tqva omis meTodze: ar miemxro arcerT sam-

xedro koalicias, ucxo Zalebs, romlebic saqarTveloSi Se-

movidnen, ubralod, maT Tavisi damoukideblobisa da demok-

ratiuli ganviTarebis miznebisTvis iyenebda, mSvidobianad ai-

cila Tavidan mtruli Zalebisgan gaqezebuli, axlo aRmosav-

leTis frontidan mobrunebuli, bolSevikuri jari, aman qve-

yanas sami wis manZilze mSvidobiani ganviTarebis saSualeba

misca. dRes is social-demokrati liderebi, romlebic mSvi-

dobian demokratiul ganviTarebas qadagebdnen da omis Teo-

rias ebrZodnen, piriqiT iqcevian: isini emxrobian evropaSi

samxedro daxmarebis mopovebis sakiTxs da sabWoTa ruseTis

winaaRmdeg brZolis gaCaRebaso. is gulisxmobda TanamebrZol

22

qarTvel social-demokratebs, romlebTanac urTierToba uk-

ve maTi amgvari azrovnebis gamo, daZabuli hqonda.

sabWoeTTan brZola saxifaTod eCveneboda wereTels,

Tvlida, rom evropis arcerTi qveynis burJuazia saqarTve-

los am omSi mxars ar dauWerda, mohqonda inglisis magaliTi,

romelmac jaric Semoiyvana kavkasiaSi, magram ruseTs mis

flobaSi ar dapirispirebia, yvela imas gvafrTxilebda, ru-

sebTan saerTo ena gamoZebneTo, maT Soris is erTic, Cvens da-

moukideblobas mxars rom uWerdao (uordrops gulisxmobda!).

CvenTvis saxifaToa samxedro kavSirebze imedebis ageba, gaix-

seneT osmaleTis somxeTis magaliTi, Cvenc igive SeiZleba

dagvemarTos omis Semdeg, rac somxebs daemarTaTo.

irakli wereTeli, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-

kis sagareo politikis SefasebaSic cdeboda: gana 1919 wels

parizis delegaciaSi CarTulma, man Tavad ar icoda ras iT-

xovda saqarTvelos axalgazrda saxelmwifo erTa ligis man-

datisgan, gana amis miReba misTvis politikurTan erTad ev-

ropuli samxedro kavSiris wevrobac ar iyo?.. Cans, rom irak-

li wereTeli misi qveynis evropul orientacias ar emxrobo-

da. igi, rogorc erTi qarTveli istorikosi qarTvel soci-

al-demokratebze wers, mxolod II internacionalis momxre

iyo da ara danarCeni evropis [7, 43-45], rasac ar iziarebdnen

is social-demokrati liderebi (ramiSvili, Cxenkeli, Jorda-

nia), romlebTanac daZabuli urTierToba hqonda ukve 20-iani

wlebis meore naxevridan.

1924 wlis agvistos ambebze werda: `Cvens partias rom ga-

eTvaliswinebia Seuferebloba samxedro meTodebiT brZolisa

mTel Cvens garSemo arsebul pirobebTan, mas rom mTeli Tavi-

si Zalebi xalxisTvis amis asaxsnelaT miemarTa, _ vin icis, iq-

neba aecdina xalxisTvis uimedo pirobebSi gamosvla, romel-

sac saqarTvelos saukeTeso Zalebi emsxverpla~ [6, 27].

irakli wereTlis gamosavali Seqmnili mdgomareobidan

aris is, rom patara saqarTvelos ar unda ebrZola did ru-

seTTTan, unda gamoeZebna saerTo ena iqaur demokratiasTan,

romelsac rusuli despotia Tavadac tanjavda, unda dalode-

boda am Zalebis gaaqtiurebas, rodesac isini daamxobdnen am

despotias, saqarTveloc ganTavisufldeboda. ar miaCnda swo-

rad noe Jordanias azri ruseTis danawilebaze, ruseTSi Sema-

vali erebis gamoyofisaTvis mxaris daWeraze, amiT gvatero-

23

rebdnen Cvenc damoukideblobis dros da es araa swori meTo-

di, radgan msoflioSi amiT qaosi iqnebao. akritikebda gazeT

`brZolas~, ivane WavWaniZis mier Jordanias mosazrebebis

mxardaWeras, noe ramiSvils da miiCnevda, rom samxedro kavSi-

rebis daxmarebaze saqarTvelosa da mis politikosebs uari

unda eTqvaT. wereTels moaqvs erTa ligaSi Setanili socia-

listebis momzadebuli rezoluciis avtoris _ debriukeris

gamosvlis teqstic, sadac man mimarTa qarTvel xalxs:

`neba momeciT, radgan saqarTveloSi gaigeben yovelives,

rac aq moxda, oriode sityviT mivmarTo Cems mraval qarTvel

megobars da dabejiTebiT mivuTiTo maT im faqtze, rom am

krebaze Semotanili rezolucia, Seicavs maT mimarT ara mar-

to dapirebas, aramed agreTve rCevasac: is maT eubneba: arse-

bobs erTa liga, mas Semoaqvs meTodi, romelic jer naklovani

da arasrulia, magram warmatebis gzazea da TandaTan met gan-

mavlobas poulobs, esaa meTodi saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis

gadawyvetisa iaraRis uxeSi Zalis xmarebis gareSe. is gixsniT

Tqven imedis karebs da ai, vinaidan es imedi arsebobs Tqven-

Tvis, vinaidan Tqven iciT, rom dadgeba Jami samarTlianobisa,

romelsac Tqven moiTxovT, SesZeliT axla Tavis Sekaveba sa-

sowarkveTilebiT nakarnaxev nabijebidan. udrood gamosvlas

da Zalis xmarebas SeuZlia mxolod ufro saSinel ubeduro-

bamdi migiyvanoT. SesZeliT amisgan Tavis Sekaveba. SeinaxeT

mxolod gulis siRrmeSi cecxli, anTebuli TavisuflebisaT-

vis, SesZeliT mocda imediT~ [6, 39].

aseTi suliskveTebis iyo irakli wereTeli da am sulis-

kveTebaSi arc araferia dasaZraxi, iseve, rogorc 1924 wlis

gmirebis suliskveTebaSi. miTumetes, am ukanasknelebma saku-

Tari sicocxle gaswires samSoblosTvis, irakli wereTelma

ki dainana es Zvirfasi sicocxle unayofo msxverplad gaRebi-

saTvis. Tumca, vTvli, rom unayofo arcerTi samarTliani

brZola araa, damarcxebulic ki, radgan amgvari brZolebi sa-

qarTvelos istoriaSi uamravi iyo da bedisweris niSnadac

qceuli, winaswar dasamarcxeblad omSi Sesvla, did imperieb-

Tan mebrZoli qveynis SvilebisTvis Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo,

Semdeg mTel Taobebs rom sabrZolo suliskveTebad eqceo-

daT. magram, Tu 1924 wlis ajanyebis SefasebaSi SesaZloa, ga-

vugoT mas da daveTanxmoT kidec, ar SeiZleba ar gavakriti-

koT misi Tvalsazrisi saqarTvelo-ruseTis momaval urTier-

24

Tobaze, misgan evropuli orientaciis miuReblobaze, evropis

politikur da samxedro kavSirebSi saqarTvelos gawevriane-

bisTvis winaaRmdegobaze. es Sexedulebebi albaT moswonda

amerikel emigrants _ roman guls, romelTanac cxovrobda

emigraciaSi myofi da materialurad SeWirvebuli wereTeli.

am rusma emigrantma dawera wereTlis cxovrebis amerikul pe-

riodze, dawera ise, rogorc ewereboda. es pirovneba rusi

patrioti iyo, romelsac, iseve, rogorc TiTqmis yvela mis

Tanamemamules, maT Soris bolSevikuri reJimis mier ruseTi-

dan devnilebs, kavkasia erTiani ruseTis gareSe ver warmoed-

ginaT. is wereTelma gaicno berlinSi, stankeviCis wreSi, Sem-

deg parizsa da bolos aSSi dauaxlovda. wereTlis pirovne-

biT yvela ixibleboda, riTac misi adamianuri keTilSobili

buneba kargad Cans, gasakviri araa, rom roman gulic moixib-

la. jer kidev irkutskSi, adreul gadasaxlebaSi myofs, mas

daumegobrda patimari vladimir voitinski, romelic samSob-

loSic gamoyva da emigraciaSic aRar mocilebia qarTul le-

gacias, yovelTvis exmareboda Cven Tanamemamuleebs politi-

kur-diplomatiur Tu ekonomikur saqmianobaSi, lamis qarTve-

lad iqca. roman gulis aRmatebuli simpaTiac wereTlisadmi

ar unda gagvikvirdes.

wereTlis mokrZalebaze, uaxloesi adamianebis Sewuxebasac

rom erideboda, mis sulier sispetakeze laparakobs rusi

emigranti da gana sxvagvarad rogor iqneboda! im ojaxSi gaz-

rdili da im genetikuri kodiT, rac mas hqonda, sxvagvari ro-

gor gamovidoda. savaraudod, mas sulieri depresiac eqnebo-

da im dros (meore msoflio omis Semdgom), rodesac rus emig-

rantTan cxovrobda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. omisa da

Semdgomi periodis msoflioSi xom wereTlisTvis saZulveli

bolSevikur-komunisturi imperia ise ganivrco, evropisa da

aziis udidesi nawili daisakuTra. is ki, irakli wereTeli,

1927 wels imedovnebda mis male damxobas. es `male~ odesme ma-

inc dadgeboda Tu ara, axla ukve Zneli dasajerebeli iyo.

isedac ganmartoebuli da Caketili xasiaTis qarTveli kaci

kidev ufro Caiketa, misi sulieri tragizmi ufro gaRrmavda

da yovlismomcveli Seiqna. roman gulma yvelaferi ise ver

dainaxa, rogorc sinamdvileSi iyo, magram mTavars mixvda _

irakli wereTlis arseba didma monaniebam rom moicva: ratom

da ras Seswira ganvlili cxovreba, niWi da SesaZlebloba...

25

iqneb cruideologobis gancdamac moicva, inana kidec, amis

nacvlad namdvili saqme ekeTebina, saxelovani biZis odena sa-

xels Tu ara, madlierebas mainc rom daamsaxurebinebda im

xalxSi, romlis alali Svili da sisxl-xorci iyo.

socialist-demokratebSi, kerZod, mis marjvena frTaSi,

arabolSevikebSi _ yvela rodi fiqrobda wereTlis msgavsad.

erovnul interesebs jer kidev xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde av-

lendnen da erTgulebdnen akaki Cxenkeli da noe ramiSvili.

isini evropul samyarosTan kavSirsac sxvagvarad, wereTlis-

gan sruliad gansxvavebulad xedavdnen.

amis naTeli dadasturebaa noe ramiSvilis naSromi _ `de-

mokratiuli socializmi~ _ romelic parizSi gamovida, 1931

wels, ramiSvilis tragikulad daRupvis wlisTavze. wigns uZ-

Roda misi meuRlis _ mariam gogiaSvilis _ `patara werili~

da redaqtoris _ noe Jordanias `winasityvaoba~.

wignSi saubaria erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da evrokavSiris

(panevropuli kavSiris) Seqmnis, patara saxelmwifoebis prob-

lemebis gadaWrisa da saerTo evropuli bazris Sesaxeb:

`Tavisufali eri Tavisufali kacobriobis farglebSi, _

ai, ras etrfis social demokratia. amitom aris, rom is didi

interesiT adevnebs Tvalyurs yovelive cdas, romelic am di-

di miznis miRwevas emsaxureba. erTi aseTi nabiji iqneba evro-

pis saxelmwifoTa SeTanxmeba e. w. panevropis dasaarseblad~,

`mospeT ekonomikuri nacionalizmi, TandaTanobiT gaauq-

meT evropis saxelmwifoTa Soris sadamoJno kedlebi da panev-

ropac sinamdviled gadaiqceva. amiT ekonomikuri cxovrebis

gasajansaReblad pirveli nabiji gadadgmuli iqneba.

magram ekonomikis xelovnuri artaxebisagan ganTavisuf-

leba sruliadac ar niSnavs erovnul saxelmwifoTa damxobas

da maTi bumberaz saxelmwifoTa mier Caylapvas. ukanasknelni

warsuls ekuTvnian da ara momavals... dRes yvelasaTvis cxa-

dia, rom erovnuli Tavisufleba kacobriobis ganviTarebis

qvakuTxedia. Tavisufali kacobrioba mxolod Tavisufal er-

Ta SekavSirebiT warmoiSoba~ [8, 24]. noe ramiSvilma isic kargad icoda, rom damoukideblobas

msxverplad bevri ram Seewira, maT Soris iyo is uneburad Tu

gamiznulad daSvebuli Secdomebic, romelic mas, rogorc po-

litikossa da saxelmwifos erT-erT gamorCeul liders SeiZ-

leba hqonoda. amis Sesaxeb 1923 wels JordaniasTan erTad ga-

26

mocemul wignSi Setanil statiaSi _ `rusuli komunizmi da sa-

qarTvelos demokratia~ _ igi Tavad werda: `Secdomisagan uz-

runvelyofili ar aris arcerTi adamiani, arc romelime kla-

si, an mTeli sazogadoeba, magram demokratiis arsebobis xana-

Si yvela sargeblobs Tavisufali aspareziT, Tavisufali sit-

yviT da mwerlobiT. aq erTi adamianisa da jgufis interesi

ejaxeba meores, CaRdeba brZola social-politikur asparez-

ze da ideologiur sferoSi da ase ibadeba WeSmariteba da

iWedeba brZolis iaraRi da meTodi~ [9, 39]. daskvna erTia: XX saukunis ori social-demokratis Tval-

sazrisi saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze, qveynis rusul Tu

evropul orientaciaze, saqarTvelos gawevrianebaze evropis

politikur, savaWro-ekonomikur Tu samxedro kavSirebSi ra-

dikalurad gansxvavebulia da erTgvarad exmianeba dRevande-

lobas. msgavsi Temebi dResac polemikis sagania da xSirad da-

pirispirebis Temac. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi yvela azrs

aqvs arsebobis ufleba, magram saqarTvelos evropuli gza sa-

ukuneebis winaT aris SemuSavebuli da mas alternativa obieq-

turad ar gaaCnia.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:

1. rostom CxeiZe, reqviemi sinanulisa, Tbilisi, 2015. 2. arCil jorjaZe, Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 1911.

3. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri

arqivi, fondi 1831, anaweri 2, saqme 256. 4. tieri beriSvili, qarTuli social-demokratia 1880-1953.

ZiriTadi orientirebi, ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2017.

5. zaqaria WiWinaZe, nikoloz nikolaZe, tfilisi, 1897. 6. irakli wereTeli, istoriuli werilebi, quTaisi, 1907.

7. aleqsandre dauSvili, moyvares pirSi uZraxe, Tbilisi,

2009.

8. noe ramiSvili, demokratiuli socializmi, parizi, 1931.

9. noe ramiSvili, `rusuli komunizmi da saqarTvelos demok-

ratia~, wignSi: brZolis sakiTxebi, 1923.

27

Dodo Chumburidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief Scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Irakli Tsereteli: National and State Concepts

Summary

The article analyzes the fundamental ideological differences between

the leaders of the Social Democratic Party. As an example, the author suggeststhe views of Irakli Tsereteli and Noe Ramishvili about Georgia's independence and political orientation, national and state concepts. By this example it becomes clear, that the party was composed of the left and right-wing politicians, with people, wich have had extremely opposed opinions. The article discusses two works of Irakli Tsereteli: "Historical Letters," published in Kutaisi in 1907 and "The Main Issues of our Tactic", printed during emigration, in 1927. Both works contradict Georgia's independent statehood and European orientation, expressing the author's Russian orientation.

Noah Ramishvili's work _ "Democratic Socialism", published in 1931, is an expression of contradictory opinions. The book is talking of national freedom and the establishment of the European Union (Pan-European Union), solving the problems of small states and common European markets:

The article concludes: The viewpoint of two social democracies of the 20th century is radically different in the political, trade-economic and military relations of Europe on Georgia's independence, the Russian or the European orientation of Georgia, and somehow echoes today. Similar issues are the subject of polemics today and often the subject of confrontation too. In the democratic society all views have the right to exist, but the European way of Georgia has been worked out centuries ago and has no objective alternative.

28

qeTevan jinWaraZe

samarTlis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqni-

kuri universiteti, profesori

avTandil sonRulaSvili

istoriiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis gan-

yofilebis gamge, saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis profesori

samarTaldamcavi organoebi da kriminogenuli

viTareba saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi

aRniSnuli statia daibeWda saqarTve-

los teqnikuri universitetis samar-

Tlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobe-

bis fakultetis grantis farglebSi

dRevandeli saqarTvelo pirveli demokratiuli respub-

likis samarTalmemkvidrea. amitom gansakuTrebul yuradRe-

bas saWiroebs 1918-1921 wlebis demokratiuli respublikis

gamocdilebis Seswavla, rac dRemde samarTalmcodneobis

kuTxiT TeTr laqas warmoadgens.

ruseTis imperiaSi gansakuTrebiT saxelgatexili da odi-

ozuri `policiis~ dasaxeleba qarTvelma social-demokrateb-

ma `miliciiT~ Secvales. organizacia Sinagan saqmeTa saminis-

tros Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romelsac energiuli pirovneba

_ noe ramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. 1918 wlis anarqiisa da

xSiri saxalxo mRelvarebis pirobebSi Zalian Zneli iyo am Za-

lovani struqturis formirebis procesi [1, 30].

gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad Tbilisis TviTmmarTve-

lobis uwyebaSi gadavida qalaqis milicia. miliciis ufross

marTalia mTavroba niSnavda, magram igi qalaqis mouravs

emorCileboda. miliciis komisars mohyavda sisruleSi saqala-

qo sabWosa da gamgeobis dadgenileba-gankargulebani. 1918

wels Tbilisis saqalaqo miliciis StatSi iricxeboda _ uf-

29

rosi, misi sami moadgile da dabali Tanamdebobis 49 piri. qa-

laqi gayofili iyo 12 ubnad. yovel maTgans ganagebda saubno

komisari da misi moadgile. sul Tbilisis miliciis StatSi

iTvleboda 903 kaci, romelTa xelfasiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis

TviTmmarTvelobam 1918 wels 3 mln. maneTi gaiRo.

milicionerTa sagrZnobi nawili cdunebas ver uZlebda,

ar ukadrisobda qrTamis aRebas, gamoZalvas. korufciaSi mxi-

lebulni daapatimres. saxelgatexili komisrebi daiTxoves.

mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT `sisxlis samarTlis mili-

cia~ dauqvemdebares qalaqis prokuroris zedamxedvelobas,

dawesda miliciaSi misaReb pirTa saqmiani Tvisebebis winaswari

Seswavla, am organoSi upiratesad specialur skoladamTavre-

bulTa miReba. `Cemsa da miliciis ufrosis mier miRebulma

zomebma _ naTqvami iyo qalaqis mouravis b. CxikviSvilis brZa-

nebaSi _ jer kidev ver moitanes dadebiTi Sedegi. zogierTi-

milicionerebi ganagrZoben Zveli gziT siaruls, iReben qrTa-

mebs da xSirad umizezod Seuracxyofen moqalaqeebs~. brZane-

baSi isic iyo aRniSnuli, rom Tbilisis klubebSi farTo mas-

Stabi miiRo `qaRaldis TamaSma, rasac angarebis mizniT zogi-

erTi komisrebi xelsac ki uwyobdnen. mesame samilicio ubnis

komisar kvesaZesa da mis TanaSemwe qanTarias marto erTi

klubidan Tvenaxevris ganmavlobaSi qrTamis saxiT 61 maneTi

hqondaT aRebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT qalaqis mouravi auw-

yebda sazogadoebas, rom es moxeleebi pasuxisgebaSi iyvnen mi-

cemuli [2, 202].

`saklubo danaSaulis~ prevenciis mizniT 1918 wlis 12 no-

embers xelisuflebam gamosca kanoni, romlis mixedviT saTa-

maSo qaRaldis damzadeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamocxa-

debuli iqna saxelmwifo monopoliad. kanonis gamocemamde

damzadebuli saTamaSo qaRaldi ki gamocxadda saxelmwifo sa-

kuTrebad. amave kanonis meore muxlidan gamomdinare, qaRal-

dis gayidvidan Semosuli Tanxa 1918 wlis 26 maisidan unda Ca-

ericxaT saqarTvelos xazinaSi [3, 84].

milicia formirebis procesSi TandaTan avlenda organi-

zebulobas, darazmulobas. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom axlad-

Seqmnili miliciis qvedanayofebs spekulaciasTan, saxazino

qurdobasTan, kontrrevoluciuri ideebis gavrcelebasTan

intensiuri brZolis amocana dausaxa. am mizniT specialuri

`mfrinavi razmebic~ Seiqmna. es razmebi centralur qalaqebSi

30

600-1000 kacs, xolo periferiebSi _ 300-400 kacs aerTianebda.

isini xSirad warmatebiT axorcielebdnen rTul saxelmwifo

davalebebs. gansakuTrebiT ebrZodnen bolSevikur anarqiasa

da SeTqmulebebs.

sxvadasxva organizaciasa da saxelmwifo struqturaSi sa-

qarTvelos milicias Tavisi uStato TanamSromlebic yavda.

isini Tvals adevnebdnen organizaciaSi politikur keTilsai-

medoobas da amxeldnen saxelmwifos SesaZlo mowinaaRmdege-

ebs [1, 31].

miliciis qvedanayofebi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen

adgilebze TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebis pro-

cesSi, rasac udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda demokratiuli sa-

qarTvelos xelisufleba. maT sul ufro aqtiurad iyeneb-

dnen, rogorc kriminaluri elementebis, ise saxalxo gamos-

vlebis, eTnikuri dapirispirebebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSic.

xazgasasmelia, rom Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs didi uflebe-

bi gaaCnda. mas SeeZlo operatiuli masalis safuZvelze sasa-

marTlos sanqciis gareSe mieRo gazeTebis gamocemis SeCere-

bis gadawyvetileba [1, 32].

saministro TanamSromelTa raodenobiTa da struqturiT

erT-erT gamorCeul samarTaldamcav sistemas warmoadgenda.

uwyeba ramdenime ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda: sagangebo raz-

mi, saqvelmoqmedo, telefonisa da telegrafis ganyofileba.

struqturebs Soris calke funqcionirebda sagangebo uwyeba,

romlis erT-erTi daniSnuleba iyo somexi ltolvilebis Tan-

daTanobiT dabruneba samSobloSi. swored am ganyofilebis

damsaxurebaa damoukideblobis wlebSi 400 000 somexi ltol-

vilis somxeTSi dabruneba.

ganyofileba, romelsac `sagangebo razmi~ ewodeboda xel-

mZRvanelobda 2 500 kacian pirad Semadgenlobas. aRsaniSnavia,

rom bolSevikebs SiSis zars scemda ministris _ noe ramiSvi-

lisa da sagangebo razmis xseneba [4, 87]. gansakuTrebuli

efeqturobiT gamoirCeoda sagangebo razmi keidias xelmZRva-

nelobiT. swored am razmma gamoaaSkarava e. w. àramiancis~

saxlSi Tbilisis somexi burJuaziis sagangebo sxdoma, rome-

lic qarTul-somxuri dapirispirebis dros antiqarTul saq-

mianobas eweoda. krebis monawileni daapatimres.

sagangebo razmebs hqondaT sanqcia, mopovebuli operati-

ul-samZebro informaciis safuZvelze sasamarTlos dadgeni-

31

lebis gareSe gaeCxrikaT fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. am

uflebas isini iyenebdnen biznesmenebisa da vaWrebis mimarTac

[1, 32].

garda zemoaRniSnulisa saministroSi funqcionirebda `sa-

xelmwifo kontrdazvervis~ ganyofileba, romelic departa-

mentis saxeliTac moixsenieba dokumentebSi. uwyeba iTavsebda,

rogorc kontrdazvervis, aseve dazverviT saqmianobas. Ziri-

Tadi aqcenti gadatanili iyo antisaxelmwifoebrivi jgufebis

gamosavlenad. `kontrdazvervis departamenti noe ramiSvils

warudgenda xolme sabWos bobola bolSevikebis saqcielze,

igi dauyovnebliv apatimrebda maT administraciuli wesiT da

asamarTlebda savele sasamarTloSi, romelic mis daqvemdeba-

rebaSi iyo~ [4, 87].

unda iTqvas, rom saministros muSaobas garkveul wilad

aferxebda mTavrobis xelmZRvanelis kontroli da TviTnebo-

ba. rogorc Cans ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqme demokrati-

uli respublikis periodSi kvlav amotivtivda. noe ramiSvi-

lis gankargulebiT daapatimres ilias mkvlelobaSi eWvmita-

nili filipe maxaraZe da gigla berbiWaSvili. ministrma

mkvlelobis gamosaZieblad masalebi gadasca damfuZnebel

krebas. Seiqmna sagangebo komisia. am dros, ki noe Jordaniam

farulad gamoaSvebina cixidan dakavebulebi da `Tavis

mZRols, Tavisive saxelmwifo manqaniT Caayvanina vladikavkaz-

Si~ [4, 91].

aseTi undoblobis mizezi iyo, rom `xelisufleba krizi-

sis dros Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan SedarebiT ufro sa-

xalxo gvardiasa da regularuli jaris nawilebs eyrdnobo-

da~ [1, 30].

faqtia, rom kanonis damrRvevebi arseboben im droidan,

ra droidanac arseboben Tavad kanonebi, maSasadame unda iy-

vnen kanonis damcvelebic [5, 9].

konfuci ambobda: `Tu xalxs uxelmZRvaneleben kanonTa

saSualebiT da xalxSi Seitanen wesrigs sasjelTa meSveobiT,

xalxi ecdeba airidos sasjeli da ar eqneba sircxvilis gan-

cda. xolo Tu uxelmZRvaneleben xalxs saTnoebaTa saSuale-

biT da xalxSi Seitanen wesrigs qcevis wesebis meSveobiT,

xalxs eqneba sircxvilis grZnoba da gamoswordeba~ [5, 12].

magram cxovrebaSi yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.

32

dokumentebi adastureben, rom zogierT regionSi (zug-

didSi, saCxereSi) bandituri jgufebi axerxebdnen miliciis

qvedanayofebis ganiaraRebas, paralizebas, iyo miliciidan de-

zertirobis faqtebic. damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebsac

hqondaT saqarTvelos miliciis mimarT pretenziebi _ arapro-

fesionalizmi, udisciplinoba, Zalauflebis gadaWarbeba, `ga-

Tavisuflebuli monis~ sindromi, Zalis araadekvaturi gamo-

yeneba [1, 30-31].

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba ratom-

Rac yvelaze naklebi TanxiT afinansebda Sinagan saqmeTa sami-

nistros, rac bunebrivia uwyebis muSaobaze uaryofiT gavle-

nas axdenda. magaliTad, 1918-1919 wlebSi saministroebze sa-

xelmwifo biujetidan gamoiyo: Sinagan ssaqmeTa saministroze

_ 10%, finansTa da mrewvelobis saministroze _ 30%, gzaTa

saministroze _ 21%, samxedro saministroze _ 30% [4, 72].

damoukidebel saqarTvelos ekonomikurad Zalian gauWir-

da. Zveli struqturebi iSleboda, axali ki Camoyalibebis

procesSi iyo. advili warmosadgenia ra mdgomareobaSi iqne-

boda mosaxleoba, roca Sinagan saqmeTa ministris ojaxi Zali-

an Raribulad cxovrobda. n. ramiSvilis vaJi akaki ramiSvili

igonebs, rom `gadavdiodiT lobiosa da fafaze, vWamdiT Sav

purs. purSi aSkarad Sereuli iyo miwa da Wamis Semdeg kuWis

saSinel tkvils iwvevda. Tumca uWmelobac saSineleba iyo~ [4,

39].

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg germanelebis Semos-

vlam saqarTveloSi, rac xelisuflebis TanxmobiT ganxorci-

elda, kidev ufro gaarTula kriminogenuli viTareba Cvens

respublikaSi.

geraneli samxedroebisagan zurggamagrebuli aq mcxovrebi

germaneli kolonistebi ise iqceodnen, rogorc dapyrobil

qveyanaSi [6].

1918 wlis ivlisSi TeTri wyaros raionis sofel asureTis

mcxovrebma 25 germanelma kolonistma 15 germanel jariskac-

Tan da erT oficerTan erTad ganaiaraRes ramdenime qarTuli

sofeli. ganiaraRebis dros germanelebi mkacrad eqceodnen

mSvidobian mosaxleobas. rozgebiT scemdnen qalebsa da ka-

cebs. klavdnen glexebis ZaRlebs, iWrebodnen saxlebSi da ax-

dendnen Cxrekas. iaraRis damalvis SemTxvevaSi ise sastikad

scemdnen glexebs, rom zogierTi maTgani iRupeboda.

33

1918 wlis 1 agvistos isev asureTis mcxovrebma germane-

lebma sofel bogvSi (dRevandeli jorjiaSvili) qarTvel

glexebs waarTves 60 fuTi xorbali da Tanac ubrZanes saku-

Tari urmebiT CaetanaT maTTvis asureTSi [7, 76]. imave TveSi

germanelebis razzma sofel muxrans daakisra 35 aTasi mane-

Tis gadaxda. mcxeTis raionis komisari ganaiaraRes da daapa-

timres [7, 88].

1918 wlis Semodgomaze borCalos mazra germaneli krimi-

nalebis saTareSo asparezad iqca da faqtobrivad saqarTve-

los xelisuflebis iurisdiqcias Camoaciles. mazraSi maT

TviTneburad daaweses fasebi xorbalze _ 150 maneTi, xor-

blis fqvilze _ 200 maneTi, qerze _ 700 maneTi. soRanluRis

gziT borCalos mazridan yoveldRiurad mohqondaT ramdeni-

me uremi pur-produqtebi. urmebs acilebda germanelebis Sei-

araRebuli dacva. samarTaldamcavi organoebis kanonier moT-

xovnaze germanelebi cecxliT pasuxobdnen.

21 seqtembers, Ramis 2 saaTze, sadgur sanainis razmis

mTvral germanel jariskacTa jgufi ZaliT SeiWra me-2 kla-

sis darbazSi, sadac mgzavrebisagan moiTxovdnen qaliSvilebis

daTmobas. `mgzavrebi SeSindnen, atirebuli qalebi muxlmod-

rekiT emudarebodnen _ araferi dagviSavoTo~ [7, 108-109].

germanelebi gansakuTrebiT aviwroebdnen borCalos maz-

ris azerbaijanul soflebs. 11 agvistos sofel kasumlos

glexebs waarTves 65 fuTi xorbali. amave dros mosTxoves 9

aTasi maneTi. sofel borCalos mosaxleobas ki mosTxoves sa-

mi saaTis ganmavlobaSi 150 aTasi maneTi gadaexadaT kolonis-

tebis sasargeblod, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imuqrebodnen

mTeli soflis gadawviT [7, 81].

jariskacebi germaneli kolonistebis sasargeblod Zar-

cvavdnen qarTul, somxur da azerbaijanul soflebs. ar eri-

debodnen aSkara Zalmomreobas. TviTonve asamarTlebdnen ad-

gilobriv mosaxleobas da akisrebdnen gadasaxadebs [8]. ufro

metic, gaxSirda Tavdasxmebi saxalxo gvardiis jariskacebze

[9].

Sinagan saqmeTa saministro da sxva samarTaldamcavi orga-

noebi arsebuli politikuri koniunqturidan gamomdinare ver

asrulebdnen Tavis movaleobas aRekveTad yaCaRuri Tavdas-

xmebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaze. qarTuli sazogadoeba aRaS-

foTa momxdarma faqtebma da Zalovani struqturebis umoqme-

34

dobam, daecva Tavisi moqalaqeebi. glexobis warmomadgenlebi

acxadebdnen, rom ìaraRiT daicavdnen TavianT Rirsebasa da

Tavisufali moqalaqis saxels~ [7, 70].

mosaxleobaSi antigermanuli ganwyobilebis Seqmnas misiis

warmomadgenlebic amCnevdnen. generalma f o n - k r e s m a

noe JordaniasTan saubarSi ganacxada, rom `rogorc mas esmis,

qarTveli xalxi uaryofiTad ekideba germanelTa yofnas sa-

qarTveloSi, amave dros ki germanelebi movidnen aq mxolod

da mxolod saqarTvelos survilis Tanaxmad~. n. Jordaniam,

Tavis mxriv, pirdapir pasuxs Tavi aarida da diplomatiurad

SeniSna, rom `saqarTveloSi germanelTa yofniT qarTveli

xalxis ukmayofileba _ gaugegebrobaa...~ [6].

sinamdvileSi saqarTvelos xelisufleba kargad xedavda

germaniis politikis namdvil miznebs. mTavrobis oficiozi

amasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebda: `miamitoba iqneboda molo-

dini imisa, rom TiTqos germania uangarod dauWers mxars qar-

Tvel social-demokratias... amrigad, yvelaferi exeba sakiTxs

_ saqarTveloSi germaniis realuri interesebis Sesaxeb. ger-

manelebi saqarTveloSi movidnen ara social-demokratebisa

da nacional-demokratebis gulisaTvis, aramed marganecis,

spilenZis, xe-tyisa da qveynis sxva bunebrivi simdidris guli-

saTvis~ [10].

amdenad, qarTveli politikosebi kargad iyvnen garkveuli

germanelebis namdvil zraxvebSi. zemoT aRniSnuli daTmobebi

ganpirobebuli iyo Tavisuflebis gzaze axlad gamosuli sa-

qarTvelos siZneleebiT, romelsac garSemo uamravi mteri ex-

via. TurqeTisagan Tavis daRwevas, germaniis Carevis gareSe,

saqarTvelo ver SeZlebda. germanelebma ki, savsebiT bunebri-

via, isargebles Cveni qveynis mZime mdgomareobiT da Seecad-

nen sargebeli meti enaxaT.

1918 wlis maisis bolos saqarTveloSi Semosuli germane-

lebi aq didxans ar gaCerebulan. 1918 wlis 9 noembers germa-

niaSi daiwyo revolucia, romelmac taxtidan Camoagdo vil-

helm II, xolo 11 noembers germaniis warmomadgenlebi iZule-

buli iyvnen kompienis tyeSi xeli moeweraT dazavebaze, rom-

liTac germania Tavs damarcxebulad cnobda. amis Semdeg ger-

mania iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina samxreT kavkasia da kon-

kretulad saqarTvelo. 1918 wlis 26 dekembers foTidan gavi-

da germaniis jarebis ukanaskneli eSeloni.

35

bunebrivia, amis Semdeg germanel kolonistebs moakldaT

is mxardaWera, rac maT privilegiur mdgomareobas yovel-

mxriv uzrunvelyofda. maTi mxridan danaSaulis faqtebi sag-

rZnoblad Semcirda.

germaniis jarebis gasvlas saqarTvelodan da ingliselTa

Semosvlas garkveuli qaosi moyva. somxebma Tavis veragul po-

litikas ar uRalates da qarTvelebi gamoacxades germaniis

agentebad, e. i. inglisis mtrebad [11, 74]. saqarTvelos axla

ingliselebi moevlinen meurveebad. gasagebia, rom maTac Ta-

visi miznebi hqondaT. Cveni qveynis mesveurebi yovelgvar Ta-

visuflebas aZlevdnen `stumrebs~, aqaoda, antidemokratiu-

loba ar dagvbraldeso.

Tbilisis erT-erT sastumroSi (dRevandeli `Tbilisi mariot~-i) ganlagebuli iyo saqarTvelos `mokavSire~ britaneTis saz-

Rvao Zalebis SotlandielTa polki. usaqmurobiT Sewuxebul-

ma Sotlandielebma, alkoholis sagrZnobi dozis miRebis Sem-

deg aseTi `gasarTobi~ moigones: sastumros win, golovinis

(dRevandeli _ rusTavelis) gamzirze dadgnen da erTmaneTs

ejibrebodnen gamvlel-gamomvlelis TiTo dartymiT `danoka-

utebaSi~. rac mTavaria isini arc mandilosnebs eridebodnen

da mamakacTa darad muStiT umaspinZldebodnen [12, 63].

mosaxleobis aRSfoTebis pasuxad samarTaldamcavi orga-

noebi politikuri mosazrebiT profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs

ar atarebdnen, ramac ucxoelebis kidev ufro meti gaTavxe-

deba gamoiwvia. maSin saqmeSi vereli `yoCaRi~ biWebi Caerivnen.

eqvsma verelma ocdaxuTi Sotlandieli mezRvauri mxolod

Tavuri dartymebis gamoyenebiT ise scema, rom ori maTgani

gardaicvala, danarCenebi ki lazareTSi moaTavses. saCivarSi,

romelic Semdgom nacemma Sotlandielebma miliciis ufross

`miarTves~, aseTi fraza iyo: `maT Cvens winaaRmdeg arajen-

tlmenuri ileTebi ixmares, Tavebi da idayvebi gamoiyeneso~

[12, 64].

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi farTod cnobili saxelmwifo

mniSvnelobis danaSaulis _ yalbi fulis beWdvis SemTxvevebi

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSic yofila. Cvenamde

moRweuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros

mzaddeboda, rogorc ruseTis, aseve amierkavkasiis komisaria-

tisa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis yalbi fu-

lis niSnebi.

36

1918 wlis 28 maiss, TbilisSi, veris daRmarTze mdebare

sastumro `belviuSi~, samarTaldamcavma organoebma gaCxrikes

vinme ter-aruTinovis mier dakavebuli nomeri, sadac aRmoaCi-

nes: yalbi fulis sabeWdi mowyobiloba, sabuTebi, miwer-mowe-

ris qaRaldebi da yalbi rusuli fulis niSnebi 46 aTasi rub-

lis odenobiT. marTalia, ter-aruTinovma moaswro mimalva,

magram binaze daakaves vinme CerniSeva, romlis aqtiuri daxma-

rebiTac, yalbismqneli, Turme, dReSi asiaTasobiT rubls beW-

davda da ruseTisaken daZrul lotolvilTa Soris asaRebda.

1918 wlis agvistoSi, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saminis-

tros sagangebo razzma, romelsac razmis ufrosis TanaSemwe

platon faCulia meTaurobda, yalbi fulis mWrelTa gamosav-

lenad operatiuli RonisZieba ganaxorciela. operaciis Sede-

gad daakaves yalbismqmnelTa kargad organizebuli jgufi,

romlis wevrebic TbilisSi, artileriis quCaze, erT-erTi

damnaSavis _ vinme kuWavas binaze mowyobil fulis sabeWd eq-

spediciaSi amzadebdnen ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis fulis

niSnebs, e. w. `kerenkebs~ (es saxeli Searqves droebiTi mTav-

robis meTauris a. kerenskis gvaris mixedviT) _ 40 maneTis no-

minaliT, xolo Semdeg, Tbilisisa da borjomis aralegaluri

saagentoebis saSualebiT mosaxleobaSi avrcelebdnen. yalbis-

mqmnelebi arc amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos bonebis gayal-

bebas eridebodnen.

1919 wlis 21 maiss, saqarTvelos finansTa saministro iuw-

yeboda: `finansTa saministro acxadebs, rom bazarze gaCnda

amierkavkasiis komisariatis yalbi bonebi, romlis damaxasia-

Tebeli niSani aris Semdegi: 1) qaRaldi gaqonilia, 2) suraTis

konturas aklia mravali wvrilmani, rogorc simsubuqis

mxriv, agreTve ricxviTac~ [13, 25-26].

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi kriminogenuli viTarebis gar-

Tulebis gamo Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma noe ramiSvilma ga-

dawyvita, Tbilisis miliciis ufrosad qalaqis TviTmmarTve-

lobisaTvis vladimer sulaqveliZis kandidatura SeeTavaze-

bina, romelmac manmade Tavi gamoiCina quTaisis miliciis uf-

rosis Tanamdebobaze yofnisas damnaSaveobasTan brZolaSi.

1919 wlis maisidan valodia sulaqveliZe dedaqalaqis mi-

liciis xelmZRvanelia. is maSinve energiulad Seudga dedaqa-

laqis samarTaldamcavi uwyebis reorganizacias. ori kviris

ganmavlobaSi daiTxova yvela ubnis komisari da struqtura

37

axali kadrebiT daakompleqta. mTlianad gadaisinja saStato

erTeulebi da is milicielebi, vinc dakisrebul movaleobas

ar asrulebdnen an kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobaSi iyvnen

SemCneuli, daapatimres. v. sulaqveliZe piradad amowmebda sa-

darajoze myof milicielebs. maleve miaRwia imas, rom Tanam-

Sromlebi samsaxurSi formis gareSe ar gamocxadebuliyvnen

da rom ganmasxvavebeli liTonis saniSneebi yvela maTgans wes-

rigSi hqonoda. samsaxuridan daTxovnil TanamSromlebs ki

formis tareba sastikad aukrZala.

Tbilisis quCebis ganaTeba sustad iyo organizebuli. mi-

licias unda Seemowmebina, rogor asrulebdnen saxlis patro-

nebi kanonis moTxovnas, dabindebisTanave aenToT saxlebis ga-

re ganaTebis farnebi eleqtroniT an navTiT, rac ar srulde-

boda. miliciis ganaxlebuli xelmZRvanelis ZalisxmeviT mci-

re xanSi quCis ganaTeba srulad aRdga. sulaqveliZem daaval-

debula mosaxleoba, RamiT sadarbazoebi da ezoebi daeketaT.

am RonisZiebebma sagrZnoblad Seamcira danaSaulis raodeno-

ba da Seamsubuqa kriminaluri mdgomareoba. amave dros aik-

rZala danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa saxlebis RamiT Cxreka, garda

gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa. aseve, milicielebs sastikad

aekrZalaT sadarajoebze maTraxiT dogma.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qalaqis miliciis ufrosi pira-

dad monawileobda yvela operaciaSi, rigiTi damnaSaveebis da-

kaveba iqneboda Tu general baraTovze Tavdasxmis gaxmaure-

buli SemTxveva, risTvisac Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisagan mad-

loba miiRo [14, 42].

vin iyo generali baraTovi (baraTaSvili)? 1919 wlis ivni-

sis bolos denikinma Tavis warmomadgenlad amierkavkasiaSi ka-

zaki generali nikoloz baraTaSvili daniSna. saqarTvelos

mTavroba mas `denikinis araoficialur elCad~ moixseniebs.

n. baraTaSvilis ZiriTadi mizani iyo amierkavkasiaSi dar-

Cenili mefis yofili oficrebis mobilizeba da samxreT ruse-

Tis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis armiebSi maTi gagzavna. mas evale-

boda agreTve Seecvala is antidenikinuri ganwyobileba, ro-

melic saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis xelisuflebaSi sufevda

[15, 66].

1919 wlis 3 agvistos saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa minis-

trma e. gegeWkorma miiRo nikolozi. am Sexvedris garda, n.

baraTaSvils sagareo uwyebis xelmZRvanelTan kidev orjer

38

hqonda audencia, romlis dros mxareebma ZiriTadad ganixi-

les saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis sazRvarTan dakavSirebuli sa-

kiTxebi.

1919 wlis 13 seqtembers TbilisSi n. baraTaSvilze gan-

xorcielda teroristuli Tavdasxma. rusTavelis prospeqti-

dan veris daRmarTze mimaval saqarTvelos samxedro uwyebis

avtomobils, romelSic isxdnen generlebi: i. odiSeliZe, n. ba-

raTaSvili da misi adiutanti polkovniki selim alxavi, xel-

yumbara esrola bolSevik-teroristma arkadi elbaqiZem. ter-

aqtis Sedegad adgilze daiRupnen polkovniki alxavi, avto-

mobilis mZRoli, misi TanaSemwe da SemTxveviT gamvleli erTi

moqalaqe. msubuqad daiWra i. odiSeliZe, xolo baraTaSvili _

mZimed. mas yumbaris namsxvrevebi orive fexSi moxvda. gener-

lebi saswrafod gadaiyvanes mixailovis saavadmyofoSi, rac

Seexeba Tavdamsxmels, igi milicielebis mier iqna mokluli.

vinaidan damnaSave bolSeviki aRmoCnda, moxaliseTa armiis

sardlobas araviTari protesti ar gamouTqvams saqarTvelos

mTavrobisaTvis. n. baraTaSvilis adiutanti poruCiki despo-

tuli gazeT ùtro iugasTvis~ micemul interviuSi aRniSnav-

da, rom bolSevikebs am teraqtiT surdaT saqarTvelos xeli-

suflebasa da moxaliseTa armiis sardlobas Soris molapara-

kebis CaSla.

n. baraTaSvili saavadmyofoSi moinaxules n. Jordaniam da

e. gegeWkorma, agreTve ucxouri misiebis yvela warmomadge-

nelma. isini, rogorc Cans, Zalze Sewuxdnen momxdari faqtiT,

radgan oliver uordropi da v. haskeli dReSi orjer midi-

odnen daWrilTan. kazak generals TanagrZnobis depeSebi ga-

ugzavnes n. usubekovma da generalma s. mexmandarovma [15, 70-

71].

1919 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelos rkinigzis sistema didi

problemis winaSe aRmoCnda. damnaSaveTa samyarom swored es

strategulad mniSvnelovani satransporto saSualeba amoi-

Res mizanSi da dRe ar gavidoda, Semadgenloba ar gaeZarcvaT.

azianebdnen liandagebs, raTa maTTvis sasurvel adgilze See-

CerebinaT eSelonebi. sadgur grakalTan sarkinigzo Semadgen-

lobaze Tavdasxmam mdgomareoba sabolood daamZima. miliciis

is Semadgenloba, romelsac rkinigzis dacva da usafrTxoeba

evaleboda, gaxSirebuli Tavdasxmebis winaSe uZluri aRmoC-

nda.

39

1919 wlis 18 seqtembris mTavrobis dadgenilebis #21 Se-

sabamisad saqarTvelos rkinigzaze gamocxadda samxedro wese-

bi. damnaSaveobasTan brZolis gaZlierebis mizniT general-

gubernatoris movaleobis Sesruleba daekisra poruCik vla-

dimer sulaqveliZes, romelsac amave dros SeunarCunes Tbi-

lisis miliciis ufrosis Tanamdeboba.

axalma, sagangebo xelmZRvanelobam pirvel rigSi ganaxor-

ciela rkinigzis miliciis reorganizacia. aRniSnul samar-

Tldamcav struqturas daemata 250 milicieli. axali kadre-

biT dakompleqtebamde, rkinigzis yvelaze rTul monakveTze

patrulireba daiwyo miliciis gankargulebaSi myofma saxal-

xo gvardiis `mfrinavma~ danayofebma. mcxeTis raionis im sof-

lebSi, saidanac xdeboda yaCaRuri Tavdasxmebi, SeiaraRebuli

jgufebi ganalages. gamkacrda kontroli mgzavrTa nakadze.

miliciis axali xelmZRvaneloba apatimrebda eWvmitanilebs

da xdeboda borotmoqmedTa likvidacia. ganadgurebul iqna

damnaSaveTa TavSesafrebi.

gatarebulma operatiulma RonisZiebebma saTanado Sede-

gebi gamoiRo. cota xanSi rkinigzaze wesrigi damyarda da mi-

mosvla Cveul ritms daubrunda [14, 43].

amave periodSi Telavis mazraSi moqmedeba daiwyo organi-

zebul damnaSaveTa jgufma, romlebic daundoblobiT gamoir-

Ceodnen [11, 74]. banditebi `tyis Zmebis~ saxeliT gaxdnen cno-

bili. maTgan yvelaze saSiSi iyo calTvala mkvleli, romel-

sac zedmet saxelad `brucians~ eZaxdnen. bandaSi politikuri

partiebis wevrebic iyvnen gaerTianebuli. TviTmxilvelis

gadmocemiT bandis wevrebi qmrebis Tvalwin maT colebs aupa-

tiurebdnen. `calTvala~ ki revolverebis sandoobas amowmeb-

da àdamianis Tavis qalaze~ [11, 78].

danaSaulis zrdas adgili hqonda periferiebSi, gansakuT-

rebiT aWaris teritoriaze. patimarTa meaTedsac ki ver itev-

da baTumis cixeebi. saknebi Zlivs yofnida uricxv damnaSaves,

romlebmac baTumi borotmoqmedebis buded aqcies. Tbilisisa

da quTaisis mmarTvel elitas Cvevad hqondaT baTumis xarjze

ganetvirTad Tavisi qalaqebi borotmoqmedebisa da meZavebisa-

gan da amiT gaerTulebinaT saqme britanelebisaTvis. SemTxve-

viTi ar aris, rom baTumSi momxdari yvela danaSaulis 90%

britanuli okupaciis dros Caidines qarTvelebma.

40

damnaSaveTa dasaSineblad baTumis olqSi britanelma xel-

mZRvanelebma mimarTes sajaro ègzekucias~. es iyo metad

mkacri RonisZieba. ingliselma okupantebma samjer gamoiyva-

nes patimarTa mcire jgufi cixidan da xalxis Tvalwin dax-

vrites. sasjelma qalaqSi jadosaviT imoqmeda damnaSave ele-

mentebze. yoveli egzekuciis Semdeg danaSauli sagrZnoblad

klebulobda ramdenime kviris manZilze [16, 410].

1920 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris

gankargulebiT, administraciuli wesiT, 3 Tvis vadiT daapa-

timres wisqvilis mepatroneni: iakobovi, dadaxiani, alixanovi

da egaiani. aseve, qalaqis kontroliori samoviCi da teqniku-

ri ganyofilebis ufrosi bulioti. maT bralad edebodaT

uxarisxo puris realizaciis procesisadmi uyuradReboba [17].

gareSe da Sida mteri teroristuli aqtebiT cdilobda

qveyanaSi kriminaluri mdgomareobis daZabvas da mosaxleoba-

Si SiSis daTesvas. 1920 wlis 19 ivniss TbilisSi somxuri par-

tiis `daSnakcuTiunis~ wevrebma revolveriT daWres azerbai-

janis pirveli da maSin ukve yofili premier-ministri f a T a

l i x a n - x o i s k i, romelic saavadmyofoSi gardaicvala

[18, 54].

bolSevikebis diversiuli jgufebi da maTi agitatorebi

gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen 1920 wlis bolos. kerZod, amave

wlis dekemberSi samarTaldamcavma organoebma daakaves azer-

baijanis ssr warmomadgenlobis ramdenime TanamSromeli, rom-

lebic agitacias eweodnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg [19, 27].

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aRar dascalda qveynis aRmSe-

nebloba gaegrZelebina. 1921 wlis `Savma Tebervalma~ werti-

li dausva demokratiuli respublikis arsebobas.


1. a. kaWarava, a. dauSvili, saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-

publika _ brZola damoukideblobisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2012.

2. a. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-

1921 ww.), Tbilisi, 2001.

3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi

aqtebis krebuli 1918-1921, Tbilisi, 1990.

4. a. ramiSvili, Cveni Secdomebi 1918-1921, Tbilisi, 2000.

41

5. s. lobJaniZe, aRzrdis eTukuri principebi epoqaluri cva-

lebadobis Suqze, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tbilisi, 2006.

6. gazeTi `Борьба~, #102, 1918.

7. germaneli okupantebi saqarTveloSi 1918 wels (dokumen-

tebisa da masalebis krebuli), Seadgina da dasabeWdad mo-

amzada m. gabriCiZem, Tbilisi, 1942.

8. gazeTi èrToba~, 1918, 25 seqtemberi.

9. gazeTi `Борьба~, #99, 1918.

10. gazeTi `Борьба~, #96, 1918.

11. Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, masalebi gamosacemad mo-

amzada, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo viqtor rcxi-

laZem, Tbilisi, 2012.

12. g. kokoSaSvili, qarTuli sabrZolo xelovneba, Tbilisi,

2012.

13. n. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

bonebi, Tbilisi, 1998.

14. d. xvadagiani, valodia sulaqveliZe damnaSaveobis mteri,

JurnalSi: ìstoriani~, #5, 2018.

15. g. bogveraZe, saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis samxedro politi-

kuri urTierTobis istoria (sakandidato disertacia),

Tbilisi, 2002.

16. g. gelaSvili, ingliseli Jurnalisti beChoferi baTumis

Sesaxeb (1919-1920 wlebi), krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi is-

toriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, #2, 2011.

17. gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 7 oqtomberi, 1920.

18. b. aladaSvili, ruseTis `hibriduli omi~ saqarTvelos

respublikis winaaRmdeg, JurnalSi: àrsenali~, #5, 2018.

19. b. aladaSvili, ruseTis `hibriduli omi~ saqarTvelos

respublikis winaaRmdeg, JurnalSi: àrsenali~, #6, 2018.

42

Ketevan Jincharadze Doctor of Law, Professor of Georgian Technical University

Avtandil Songhulashvili

Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Professor, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, The Head of Department of the Modern and Contemporary History

Law Enforcement Bodies and Criminal Situation

in 1918-1921 in Georgia

Summary Today Georgia is a legal successor of the first Democratic Republic of

Georgia. That is why special attention should be paid to the years of 1918-21 in order to learn more about prior experience.

Especially discredited and odious name `Politia~ in Russian Empire was replaced by `militia~ by Georgian social-democrats. As a result of implemented reforms, the city militia was transferred to Tbilisi self-governmental agency with 903 staff members.

The minister of internal affairs possessed broad powers. He could make decision to stop publishing newspaperswithout court sanctions just on the basis of operative materials. New Militia leaders arrested suspects and killed criminals. Shelters of criminals were destroyed. But unfortunately, the Georgian government was no longer be able to continue building process, as `Black February~ of 1921 eventually ended the existence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

43

nunu miqelaZe

istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaSvilis

saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis asistent-profesori

aleqsandre oTaraSvili

istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaSvilis

saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo universi-

tetis istoriis departamentis specia-

listi

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavrobis emigraciaSi moRvaweobis istoriidan

1919 wlis 18 ianvars, germaniis da misi mokavSireebis I msof-

lio omSi damarcxebis Semdeg, parizSi gaixsna gamarjvebuli qveynebis konferencia, sadac samma saxelmwifom (inglisi, saf-

rangeTi, aSS) ukarnaxa Tavisi sazavo pirobebi danarCen msofli-

os. parizis sazavo konferenciaze agreTve unda gadawyvetili-

yo saqarTvelos respublikis damoukideblobis cnobis sakiTxi ucxo saxelmwifoebis mier. miuxedavad qarTuli delegaciis Tavazianad miRebisa da dapirebebisa, evropis did qveynebs ma-inc pirvel rigSi ruseTis sakiTxi ainteresebdaT. es veeberTe-

la ekonomikuri da politikuri SesaZleblobis qveyana yvelas afiqrebda da masTan urTierTobis gamwvaveba, romelime mcire ganapira erTeulis gamo sworad ar esaxebodaT. aqedan gamomdi-

nare, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnoba Wianurdeboda da Sedegic movlenaTa Semdgom ganviTarebaze iyo damokidebuli.

qarTuli diplomatiis erT-erTi amocana iyo saqarTvelos Seyvana erTa ligaSi, rac misi damoukideblobis saimedo garan-

tia iqneboda. am droisaTvis ruseTma daamarcxa ara mxolod Si-nauri mowinaaRmdegeni da ucxoeli interventebi, aramed impe-riis farglebi mTlianad aRidgina. dapyrobili iyo azerbaijani da somxeTi, amitom erTa ligis wevrTa umravlesobam saqarTve-

los bedi ukve gadawyvetilad miiCnia da organizaciaSi misi Seyvana uaryo. maT Soris inglis-safrangeTma da sxva didma sa-

44

xelmwifoebma (isini kulisebSi ruseTTan kavSirSi iyvnen), ramac ruseTs saqarTvelos xelaxali okupacia da aneqsia gaudvila. rac Seexeba britaneTisa da safrangeTis uaris Tqmis mizezi iyo erTa ligis wesdebis meaTe punqti, romlis Tanaxmadac ligas unda ekisra axali wevrebis teritoriis dacva ucxo saxelmwi-

fos Tavdasxmisagan da misi saerTaSoriso uflebebis garantie-

bi [2]. ruseTis kavkasiaSi mkveTri gaaqtiurebis pirobebSi sa-qarTvelos miReba erTa ligaSi, maTTvis ruseTTan samxedro konfliqts niSnavda. moskovSi ki sworad gaiges, rom evropa Ta-

naxmaa saqarTvelos gasabWoebaze. amdenad, miuxedavad mravali qveynis mxridan diplomatiuri

aRiarebisa, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ver gaxda saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis sruluflebiani wevri. Tumca saerTaSoriso masStabiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnoba ukve uzrunvelyofili iyo. ruseTis gaaqtiureba evropis sa-xelmwifoebs xels aRar aZlevda da evropis didma saxelmwifo-

ebma (inglisi, safrangeTi, italia) miiRes gadawyvetileba sa-qarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobis Sesaxeb. 1921 wlis dasaw-

yisisaTvis saqarTvelos damoukidebloba im dros msoflioSi arsebul 40 saxelmwifodan 25-ma aRiara [3]. SeerTebulma Sta-

tebma aRiarebaze uari ganacxada. xolo rac Seexeba antantis qveynebs, de-faqtod cnobili saqarTvelosaTvis araviTari dax-

mareba ar aRmouCeniaT. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba ecada

yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxis mogvarebas, qveynis gaZlierebasa da aRmSeneblobas. ruseTi ki faqtobrivad feodalur-baton-

ymur da kolonizatorul politikas ganagrZobda. samoqalaqo omis damTavrebisa da intervenciis mogeriebis Semdeg, ruseTi imperiidan gamoyofili damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevisa da xelaxali dapyrobis politikaze gadavida. ase damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba ruseTis imperiis TiTqmis yvela `ganapira mxareSi~. es iyo omis saSualebiT sxva qveynebSi `socializmis eqsportis~ pirveli etapi, rasac mohyva amierkav-

kasiis dapyroba. 1920 wlis aprilSi ruseTma azerbaijanSi SeWriT iq sabWoTa

xelisufleba gamoacxada. gairkva, rom am operaciis saboloo

45

mizani saqarTvelos dapyroba iyo. 1920 wlis noembrisaTvis sab-WoTa jarebma somxeTi gaasabWova, dekembridan ki, sergo orjo-

nikiZis iniciativiT da xelisuflebis davalebiT kvlav ganax-lda saqarTveloze Tavdasxma [1]. xelovnurad mowyobili da da-

gegmili scenariT daiwyo neitralur zonaSi dasaxlebul mo-

saxleobaSi inspirirebuli gamosvlebi, romelic `saqarTvelos glexTa sayovelTao~ ajanyebad moinaTla. imave dRes saqarTve-

los winaaRmdeg yvela mimarTulebidan daiZra armiebi am ajan-

yebis viTom CasaxSobad. ruseTis mier dawyebuli omi saqarTveloSi usamarTlo da

uTanasworo iyo. 22 Tebervals saqarTvelosTan omSi TurqeTic Caeba. zedmeti sisxlisRvris Tavidan acilebis mizniT saqar-

Tvelos mTavrobam Tbilisi datova. 25 Tebervals qalaqi ruse-

Tis jarebma daikaves da mTel saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuf-

leba gamoacxades. ruseT-saqarTvelos omi jer kidev damTavre-

buli ar iyo, roca saqarTvelos kompartiis warmomadgenlobam n. Jordanias da mis ramdenime Tanamoazres SesTavaza saqarTve-

loSi darCena da saTanado xelSekrulebis safuZvelze komunis-

tebTan TanamSromloba, magram quTaisSi gamarTuli bolo mo-

laparakebis dros saqarTvelos damarcxebuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobam SeTanxmebaze uari ganacxada. `qarTveli xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti da mTavroba erTaderTi kano-

nieri xelisuflebaa da sadac ar unda iyos, aseTad darCeba, vidre amas ar SeewinaaRmdegeba qarTveli xalxis Tavisuflad gamoTqmuli neba-survili~, – acxadebda noe Jordania [5].

saqarTvelos kanonierma xelisuflebam uari Tqva kapitu-

laciaze da sabWouri komunisturi reJimis marionetobaze. misi bevri wevri safrangeTs Seefara da iq miiRo emigrantuli mTav-

robis statusi, SeinarCuna kavSiri samSobloSi darCenil Tana-

moazreebTan da maTTan erTad gaagrZela xangrZlivi, magram imediani brZola qarTveli xalxis suverenuli uflebebis aR-

dgenisaTvis. emigraciaSi wasulma warmomadgenlebma, kerZod pa-rizidan irakli wereTelma, stambolidan noe Jordaniam, Cxei-Zem, ramiSvilma da gegeWkorma, evropis yvela socialistur da profesiul organizacias mimarTes mowodebiT, sadac bolSevi-

kebis am qmedebebs fardas xdidnen, saqarTveloSi momxdari am-

46

bebis namdvil suraTs xatavdnen da sTxovdnen am organizaciebs moskovis yaCaRobis winaaRmdeg xma aemaRlebinaT, raTa ruseTs wiTeli jarebi ukan gaeyvana da qarTveli xalxisaTvis, misi cxovrebis Tavis survilisamebr mowyobis saSualeba mieca [7].

saqarTvelos social-demokratiis warmomadgenlebis mowo-

debas evropis muSaTa klasi gamoexmaura da moskovis mTavrobis imperialisturi aqtis sawinaaRmdego rezoluciebi gamoitanes.

1921 wlis 13 ivniss briuselSi Casul Jordanias didi Tanag-

rZnobiT Sexvda muSaTa socialisturi wreebi. belgiis muSaTa partiis sxdomaze vandervelde miesalma Jordanias da partiisa da profkavSirebis 600,000 wevris saxeliT usurva qarTvel ers male gaTavisufleba da gamarjveba [4]. Jordaniam gadauxada ra madloba, krebas gaaxsena saqarTvelos istoria da xazi gausva rusuli jarebis Semosevas saqarTveloSi. amasTan belgiis muSa-

Ta klass mimarTa moraluri daxmarebis gawevisaTvis wminda brZolaSi komunisturi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg `moiTxovos, rom moskovma gaiyvanos Tavisi jarebi da amiT qarTvel xalxs saSualeba misces sakuTari bedi Tavis survilisamebr gadawyvi-

tos~. belgiaSi yofnisas Jordaniam inaxula rogorc oficia-

luri wreebi, ise sxva sazogado moRvaweni, romelnic droebiT damonebul saqarTvelos TavianT salams ugzavnidnen. amave dros gazeTebSi daibeWda saqarTvelos Sesaxeb TanagrZnobiT aRsavse mravali werili. belgiidan Jordania gaemgzavra in-

glisSi, sadac muSaTa partiisa da tredunionebis xelmZRvanel wreebs sTxova saqarTvelosadmi moraluri daxmareba.

1921 wlis ivnisSi k. CxeiZe da n. ramiSvili Cavidnen varSava-

Si, moxseneba gadasces socialistur partias, gaacnes maT sa-qarTvelos maSindeli mdgomareoba da bolSevikebis Semoseve-

bis Sedegebi [4]. roca poloneTis socialisturma partiam moaw-

yo mravalricxovani sajaro kreba – miRebul rezoluciaSi mxurvale TanagrZnoba gamoucxades qarTvel xalxs. aseTive ga-moxmaureba mohyva CxeiZisa da ramiSvilis germaniaSi Casvlas. venis interncionaluri biuros moTxovniT – ruseTs dauyov-

nebliv unda gaeyvana jarebi saqarTvelodan da ufleba miecaT qarTveli xalxisaTvis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis miniWebisa.

1921 wlis zafxulSi ev. gegeWkori da s. mdivani italiaSi Ca-

47

vidnen da gaacnes saqarTvelos sakiTxi [6]. safrangeTis socia-

listuri partiis kongresze parizSi irakli wereTelma krebas dawvrilebiT ganumarta, bolSevikebma rogor gaTeles fexqveS erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi da bolSevikuri xelisufleba teroris saSualebiT rogor batonobda qarTvel xalxze.

kopenhagenSi makdonaldis aqtiurobiT gadawyda, rom socia-

listebisa da komunistebisagan SeedginaT komisia, romelic gaem-gzavreboda saqarTveloSi da romlis kontrolis qveS moxdebo-

da referendumi qarTveli xalxis neba-survilis gamosarkvevad. makdonaldi-internacionalis maSindeli mdivani Sesaferi weri-

liT SeekiTxa moskovis mTavrobas, miscemda Tu ara is ganzraxul komisias moqmedebis saSualebas. pasuxi movida ara moskovidan, aramed Tbilisis egreTwodebuli mTavrobisagan. qarTveli bol-

Sevikebi sareferendumo komisiis mowyobaze uars ambobdnen da evropeli socialistebis lanZRviT kmayofildebodnen, Tanac umatebdnen, rom bolSevikebs azrad hqondaT moewviaT saqarTve-

los muSaTa, glexTa da wiTeli armiis jariskacTa delegatebis yriloba, romlis dadgenilebebi ukeT gaacnobdnen qarTveli xalxis grZnobebs, vinem am xalxis uSualo dakiTxva.

internacionalis aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdomam briu-

selSi, romelsac k. CxeiZe da vl. voitinski daeswrnen, erTxmad miiRo hausmanis rezolucia, sadac TvalnaTliv ikiTxeboda: 1. saqarTvelos teritoria dapyrobil iqna moskovis jarebis mi-er, rom moskovis mTavrobas daniSnuli hyavs saqarTveloSi xalxisaTvis ucxo xelisufleba; 2. im dros, roca moskovis mTavroba moiTxovs, rom is cnobili iqnas sxva saxelmwifoTa mi-er, Tavad pativiscemiT unda moepyras sxva xalxebis uflebas, Tu unda, rom mis uflebebs scen pativi da ar unda gaTelos is elementaruli principebi, romelic safuZvlad unda daedos kulturuli erebis urTierTobas. amitom aRmasrulebeli komi-

teti moTxovs: a) ruseTis mTavrobam gaiyvanos Tavisi jarebi saqarTvelo-

dan da amiT SesaZlebloba misces qarTvel xalxs TviT gaxdes Tavisi bedis patroni.

b) winadadebas aZlevs meore internacionalis momxre yvela partias: roca maT winaSe dadgeba sakiTxi moskovis mTavrobis

48

cnobis Sesaxeb, angariSi gauwion im mWidro kavSirs, romelic arsebobs am sakiTxsa da saqarTvelos demokratiis ganTavisuf-

lebas Soris [1]. daaxloebiT imave xanebSi msgavsi Sinaarsis rezolucia iqna

miRebuli safrangeTis socialisturi partiis aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier, romelic saparlamento fraqcias avalebda exelmZRvanela am rezoluciiT Tavis moqmedebaSi. ruseTis ja-

rebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobam, damoukideblobis mospobam da iq teroristuli xelisuflebis ZaliT gabatonebam, mTeli evropis muSaTa klasis sazogadoebrivi azri aRaSfoTa. is kate-

goriulad gmobda moskovis imperialistur moqmedebas da er-

Tsulovnad moiTxovda saqarTvelodan ucxo jarebis gayvanas da misi Tavisuflebis aRdgenas.

moskovi evropis proletariatis protests yuradRebas ar aqcevda, saqarTveloSi ki bolSevikuri xelisufleba represi-

ebs aZlierebda da qarTvel xalxs yvela mimarTulebiT Cagrav-

da. qarTveli xalxis daCagvram ki gamoiwvia saqarTvelos de-

mokratiis mowinave razmis – Tbilisis muSebis aSkara gulis-

wyroma. maT saqarTvelos revkoms mimarTes, razedac xeli moa-

wera 5,132 muSam. xelisuflebisadmi gagzavnili memorandumi mTavrobam ar miiRo, rasac mohyva dapatimrebebi da represiebi. daiwyo sayovelTao gaficvebi, romelsac SeuerTdnen antibol-

Sevikuri politikuri partiebi da studentoba. saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mZime periodi daemTxva genuis konferenciis mowvevis dros. saqarTvelos erovnul mTavrobasTan erTad da mis dasax-

mareblad saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis warmo-

madgenlobis mier miRebuli iqna zomebi, rom genuis konferen-

ciaze moskovs saqarTvelos saxeliT ar elaparaka. ir. wereT-

lis inglisis muSaTa wreebSi winaswari muSaobis gawevis Semdeg miRweul iqna is, rom inglisis mTavrobam, romelmac icno saqar-

Tvelos damoukidebloba, unda mieRo saWiro zomebi, raTa ge-nuis konferencias gamoetana iseTi dadgenileba saqarTvelos sakiTxis gamo, romelic Seefereboda am demokratiul princips. daaxloebiT amave xasiaTis dadgenileba miiRo meore interna-

cionalis aRmasrulebelma komitetma, sadac xazgasmuli iyo,

rom ar arsebobda sxva kanonieri mTavroba saqarTveloSi garda

49

imisa, romelic warmoSobilia mTeli xalxis sayovelTao arCev-

nebidan. aqedan gamomdinare, moskovis mTavrobisagan daniSnul warmomadgenels ufleba ara aqvs saerTaSoriso urTierTobis sferoSi saerTod da kerZod, genuis konferenciaze saqarTve-

los saxeliT ilaparakos. 1924 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi saqarTveloSi masobriv sa-

xalxo ajanyebas hqonda adgili. moskovis telegrafis saagen-tom evropis presas amcno, rom saqarTveloSi ajanyeba moaxdina kontrrevolucionuri mizniT mcirericxovanma bandam, rome-

lic Sedgeboda mxolod Zveli oficrebis, Tavadebis da msxvili vaWrebisagan. yvela meTauri daiWires da ajanyeba TviT mcxov-

rebTa mier saCqarod iqna Caqrobili. moskovis mier gavrcele-

buli cru cnoba savsebiT gaabaTila saqarTvelodan gagzavnil-

ma ambebma parizsa da evropis sxva qalaqebSi. 1924 wlis 28 seq-tembers ki londonSi internacionalis aRmasrulebeli komite-

tis sxdomaze, romelsac ir. wereTelic eswreboda, miRebul rezoluciaSi xazgasmuli iyo bolSevikebis mier saqarTveloSi ajanyebis dros mxecuri represiebis Sesaxeb [1]. rezoluciaSi naTqvami iyo isic, rom bolSevikurma xelisuflebam yuradReba ar miaqcia arc qarTveli amxanagebis da arc socialisturi in-ternacionalis moTxovnas, rom qarTvel xalxs miscemoda TviTgamorkvevis SesaZlebloba.

bolSevikebis barbarosulma da mxecurma moqmedebam saqar-

TveloSi ajanyebis dros evropis muSaTa wreebis sayovelTao aRSfoTeba da protesti gamoiwvia. ajanyebis Sesaxeb bolSevi-

kebma ver SeZles yalbi cnobebis gasaReba evropaSi da gadawyvi-

tes bolSevikebisgan Semdgar evropel muSaTa delegaciebis sa-qarTveloSi mowveva – gabrueba, evropaSi cru ambebis gavrce-

leba. evropaSi ar wydeboda mxardaWera saqarTvelos mimarT. 1925 wlis 29 ianvars pier renodelma sityva warmosTqva

safrangeTis parlamentSi saqarTveloSi momxdar ambebTan da-

kavSirebiT [3]. man aRniSna rusi jarebis saqarTveloSi Semose-

vis Sesaxeb da iq gamefebul bolSevikur reJimze. igi mouwodeb-

da yvelas saprotestod moskovis politikis winaaRmdeg da sa-qarTvelos Tavisuflebis da damoukideblobis dasacavad.

1928 wlis zafxulSi evgeni gegeWkori estumra baltiis qvey-

50

nebs, sadac socialisturi partiis krebebze da mitingebze gaac-

no yvelas saqarTvelos mdgomareoba. imave wlis agvistoSi qar-

Tulma delegaciam gaakeTa moxseneba terorze saqarTveloSi, Ce-kas reJimze, wamebis sistemaze [1]. saqarTvelos mTavroba kidev didxans muxlCauxrelad ibrZoda emigraciidan samSobloSi po-

litikuri mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad. evropeli mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilic simpaTiurad iyo ganwyobili saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxis mimarT, magram ruseTi TandaTan Zlierdebo-

da da msoflioSi arsebuli mdgomareobac icvleboda. 1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis, inglisisa da safrangeTis

mTavrobaTa mier sabWoTa ruseTis cnobis Semdeg, saqarTvelos emigrirebul mTavrobas gauqarwylda damoukideblobis aRdge-

nisaTvis brZolaSi evropis saxelmwifoTa realuri daxmarebis imedebi. amieridan aqcenti gadatanili iqna erTa ligis damxma-

re saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da socialistur internacio-

nalze. evropis sazogadoebrivi azri marTlac simpatiurad iyo ganwyobili demokratiuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis moTxovnaTa mimarT. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi 1926 wels dais-

va amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis senatSic, magram uSedegod [2]. 1933 wels sabWoTa ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris xelmowe-

ril iqna Tavdausxmelobis paqti [7]. safrangeTis deputatTa sakrebuloSi am faqtis ratifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT saqar-

Tvelos sakiTxi wamoayenes deputatebma renodelma, mutiem da sxvebma, magram parlamentma ar dauWira mxari sabWoTa ruseTi-

sadmi saqarTvelos pretenziebs da CaTvala igi `naklebi mniS-vnelobis~ sakiTxad, mas ar SeeZlo daebrkolebina ori didi sa-xelmwifos SeTanxmeba. am faqtis obieqturi Sedegi iyo 1933 wels parizSi saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis legaciis gauqmeba [6].

1933 wels erTa ligaSi daisva sabWoTa ruseTis miRebis sa-kiTxi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, qarTvelma emigrantulma wreebma gaaaqtiures brZola ruseTis mier saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis aRiarebisaTvis. 1934 wels folkstonSi Seikriba erTa ligis damxmare asociaciaTa saerTaSoriso kongresi [1]. qar-

Tulma asociaciam kongress warudgina moxseneba sabWoTa ruse-

Tis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sesaxeb. kongress eswreboda

51

qarTvelTa delegacia gegeWkoris, gvazavas da guguSvilis Se-madgenlobiT. kongresma Tavis rezoluciaSi daadastura saqar-

Tvelos ufleba damoukideblobis aRsadgenad da erTa ligas moagona is rezoluciebi, romlebic 1922 da 1924 wlebSi iqna mi-Rebuli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sasargeblod, saqar-

Tvelos momavlis mosawesrigeblad `mSvidobian da saerTaSori-

so samarTlis Sesaferi saSualebebiT~. miuxedavad saqarTve-

los delegaciis mcdelobisa, ruseTi erTa ligaSi miRebul iq-na.

amrigad, saqarTvelos emigrantulma mTavrobam sazRvarga-

reT udidesi muSaoba gaswia bolSevikuri agresiis mxilebisa da Tavisuflebisaken qarTveli eris miswrafebis saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopovebisaTvis.


1. a. bendianiSvili, a. dauSvili, m. samsonaZe, x. qoqraSvili, d.

WumburiZe, o. janeliZe, rusuli kolonializmi saqarTve-

loSi, Tbilisi, 2008. 2. a. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria, Tbilisi,

1991. 3. k. gvarjalaZe, saqarTvelos mTavroba emigraciaSi, parizi,

1936. 4. z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wle-

bis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, Tbilisi, 1990. 5. n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi, 1990. 6. f. lomaSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, Tbilisi, 1994. 7. n. kiRuraZe, r. gaCeCilaZe, g. sanikiZe, istoria, Tbilisi,

2012.

52

Nunu Mikeladze Doctor of History, Assistant-Professor of Jakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

Aleksandre Otarashvili Doctor of History, Jakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University, Member of the Department of History

From the History of the Emigration of the Goverment of the Democratic Republic of Georgia

Summary

The paper presents the forced annexation and occupation of the

government of Democratic Republic of Georgia by Russia in February 1921. Despite this fact the legitimate government refused to surrender to the Soviet communist regime. Many of its members found shelter in France and received the immigration government status. It maintained ties with compatriots in Georgia, continued with them long, but hopeful fight for the restoration of people's sovereign rights.

53

aleqsandre mosiaSvili

istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaS-

vilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis asocirebuli

profesori

maltis SeTanxmebis gavlena

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxze

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis qarTuli erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ZiriTadi miznebi da amo-

canebi yvelasTvis naTeli gaxda. 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSi datrialebulma tragediam [1] erTi mxriv, garkveuli logiku-

ri kiTxvebi gaaCina arsebuli xelisuflebis mimarT, xolo meo-

re mxriv, maTive miznebis sapirispirod xeli Seuwyo qarTveli eris konsolidacias. sainteresoa, imave 1989 wlis dekembris dasawyisSi aSS-is da e. w. ssrk-is umaRles xelisufalTa Sexved-

ris ra iyo mizezi, mizani da Sedegi? dasmul SekiTxvebs, rom movuZebnoT Sesabamisi pasuxebi, amisTvis saWiroa, Tvali gada-

vavloT ruseTis sabWoTa imperiis istorias, mis Zaladobriv xa-siaTTan erTad _ arsebul garkveul Taviseburebebs, daSlis piras myofi sabWouri imperiis SenarCunebis mcdelobebs da gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs.

rogorc cnobilia, e. w. sabWoTa socialisturi respubli-

kebis kavSiri oficialurad Seiqmna 1922 wlis 30 dekembers.igi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze mdgari qveynebisa da xalxebisa-

gan naZaladevad Seqmnil ruseTis imperiis erTgvar models warmoadgenda. xsenebulma imperiam 1940 wlidan baltiispire-

Tis sami qveyana: litva, latvia da estoneTic iZulebis wesiT SemoierTa da misi Semadgenloba sabolood 15 sabWoTa respub-

likiT ganisazRvra. bunebrivia, aseTi modernizebuli gaerTia-

neba ver iqneboda mudmivi da garkveuli drois Semdeg nel-nela daiwyebda daSlas. sainteresoa is ideologiuri midgomebi, rac arsebobda Tavidanve wevri respublikebis mimarT, maT Soris: `demokratiuli konstitucia~, romelic TiTqosda suvereni-

tets unarCunebda respublikebs da kavSiridan Tavisufali gas-vlis Sanss aZlevda; himni, sadac Semdegi striqonebi ewera: `Ta-

visufal erTa mZle kavSiri Zmuri/ Seukravs mudmivad did ru-

54

seTis xalxs./ gaumarjos xalxTa nebisyofiT Seqmnils did sabWoTa kavSirs, erTians da mZlavrs~..., humanurobaze; uZle-

velobaze miTebi da a. S. unda iTqvas, rom garda im sistemuri wnexebisa, raSic moqceuli yavdaT farTo masebi, dgamdnen iseT gauazrebel da gaumarTlebel nabijebs, romlebmac SemdgomSi ekonomikuri Tu politikuri krizisebi gamoiwvies. maT Soris _

yovlad gaumarTlebeli saomari kampaniebi araerT qveyanasTan da, Sesabamisad, agresor saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba. erTi sit-

yviT, sabWoTa ideologiis Tavsmoxvevam erovnulis nacvlad, mSobliuri enebis mizanmimarTulma SezRudvam da lamis rusu-

liT Canacvlebam, sakuTari eris Tu qveynis istoriis swavle-

bisTvis gankuTvnili saaTebis Semcirebis xarjze sabWoTa kavSi-ris (realurad ruseTis imperiis) istoriis saaTebis gazrdam, adamianis uflebebis fexqveS gaTelvam, saokupacio jarSi samsa-xuris iZulebam, `civma omma~, rkinis fardam, ukanono avtonomi-

uri erTeulebis Seqmnam, teritoriebis daukiTxavad gasxvise-bam, araadamianuri Sromis iZulebam minimaluri anazRaurebiT, erovnuli gmirebis saxelebis diskreditaciiT, eris moRalate-

Ta saxelebis gandidebam, sxvadasxva represiebma, cnobierebis damaxinjebam, religiis da mis msaxurTa Seviwroeba-ganadgure-

bam da aTeizmis danergvam, sxvadasxva saxelebisa da saxelwode-

bebis ukanonod Secvlam, erovnuli kulturisa da tradiciebis sabWouriT CanacvlebiT, gansxvavebuli azris mimarT dawesebu-

lma cenzuram da devnam da a. S. gamoiwvia negatiuri damokide-

buleba dampyroblisadmi sxvadasxva xalxebSi. 1801 wels ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier gamocemuli aq-

tiT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad iwyeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba. qarTulma erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam brZolis garkveuli etapebi ganvlo da sxvadasxva saSualebiT ibrZoda qveynis damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis. 1918 wlis 26 maiss gamocxadebuli damoukidebloba sabWoTa ruseTma 1921 wlis Tebervlis aneqsiiTa da okupaciiT daasrula. mas Semdeg saqarTvelo kvlav iZulebiT aRmoCnda sabWoTa imperiis Semad-

genlobaSi, magram qarTuli erovnuli, progresuli Zalebi aT-

wleulebis manZilze ganagrZobdnen brZolas qveynis gasaTavi-

sufleblad Tu adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad.

55

1979-1989 wlebis avRaneTis samxedro kampaniam, romelic did xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli zesaxelmwifod cnobili e. w. sabWoTa kavSiri garkveuli ekonomikuri krizisis winaSe daayena (moqmedebda satalono sistema), paralelurad muSaobda dasav-

leTic mis dasaSlelad. aRsaniSnavia, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-

tebis aqtiuroba am kuTxiT, Tavisi cnobili `dalesis doqtri-

niT~ aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen sabWoTa ruseTis gavlenisagan gaTavisuflebas da Sesabamisi moZraobac dawyebuli hqondaT. swored am fonze oficialuri moskovi, romelic gamosavals eZebda ekonomikurTan erTad uk-

ve politikuri krizisis dasaZlevad, iwyebs reformebs. magali-

Tad, erT-erTi aseTi iyo sityvis Tavisuflebis da zogadad, sa-jaroobis gamocxadeba, demokratizacia, gardaqmna da sxva.

arsebulma politikurma mdgomareobam, rasac daemata qar-

Tuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi li-

deris merab kostavas gadasaxlebidan dabruneba, saqarTveloSi xeli Seuwyo qarTuli erovnuli Zalebis iatakqveSeTidan ga-mosvlas da erovnuli moZraobis axali etapis dawyebas. msgavsi moZraobebi SeiniSneboda sxva sabWoTa respublikebSic, romel-

Ta Sorisac gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen baltiispireTis sami-ve respublikis: litvis, latviis da estoneTis warmomadgenle-

bi. maTi imJamindeli mdgomareoba odnav ukeTesi iyo vidre sa-qarTvelosi, radgan am sami qveynidan arcerTi ar iyo ucxoeTis mier ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi cnobili. miuxedavad am upirate-

sobisa qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis liderebi baltiispirel kolegebTan erTan koordinirebulad muSaobdnen da nel-nela afarToebdnen moZraobas. xsenebul moZraobas marTlac didi interesiT uerTdeboda qarTuli sazogadoeba.

rasakvirvelia, kremli ar apirebda arsebul situaciasTan Serigebas da cdilobda, garkveuli provokaciebis mowyobiT, dawyebuli moZraobis Seferxebas da diskreditirebas. aq, auci-

leblad unda vaxsenoT 1988 wlis noembris Tvis aqciebi Tbilis-

Si, romelTa gamomwvevic gaxda centraluri xelisuflebis mcdeloba gaeuqmebina ssrk-is konstituciis is muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac mokavSire respublikebi uflebas itovebdnen gasu-

liyvnen ssr kavSiris rigebidan maSin, roca maT es moesurvebo-

daT. aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Setana sabWoTa kavSiris konsti-

tuciaSi sakmaod mzakvruli gegmis nawili iyo da Sanss ar uto-

56

vebda saqarTvelos mSvidobiani, kanonieri gziT aRedgina da-

karguli suvereniteti. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis inici-

ativiT axalgazrdebis erTma jgufma mTavrobis saxlis win Sim-Siloba gamoacxada. es aqcia 21 noembridan 28 noembramde gag-rZelda. saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma moiTxova aRniSnuli Sesworebebis amoReba. moskovma es moTxovna daakma-

yofila da TbilisSi mimdinare aqcia Sewyda [2]. kremlis mmarTvelebis mier gadadgmuli TiToeuli nabiji

sazogadoebaSi ukve kritikulad aRqmadi xdeboda. maT Soris

erT-erTi afxazeTSi situaciis xelovnurad daZabvis mcdeloba iyo. iq Seqmnili viTareba gaxda swored 1989 wlis aprilis da-

sawyisSi TbilisSi, rusTavelis gamzirze, mTavrobis sasaxlis win saprotesto aqciebis gamarTvis mizezi. 4 aprils dawyebuli aqciebi TandaTan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis moTxovnaSi gadaizarda. 9 aprili ukve kulminaciad iqca. gamTe-

niisas specialurad movlenilma samxedro SenaerTebma daiwyes operacia mTavrobis sasaxlis wina moednis momitingeTagan gasa-Tavisufleblad. uiaraRo mSvidobiani momitingeebis da moSim-

Sileebis dasaSlelad gamoyenebuli iqna, rogorc rezinis spe-cialuri xelketebi, aseve sasangre xelbarebi da gaurkveveli momwamlavi gazebi, riTac samwuxarod, daiRupnen, moiwamlnen da dazaraldnen aqciis monawileni. amis Semdeg dapatimrebul iqnen erovnuli moZraobis liderebic [3].

aseTi qmedebiT mTavroba cdilobda, rogorc dawyebuli moZraobis SeCerebas, aseve misi mxardamWerebis daSinebasac. magram miuxedavad maTi mcdelobisa, rom momxdarTan dakavSi-

rebiT informacias ar gaeJona, moxda piriqiT. informacia mom-

xdarTan dakavSirebiT ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed maSin-del sabWoTa kavSirsa da danarCen msoflioSic gavrcelda. aman ki uzrunvelyo zewolis gaZliereba sabWoTa xelisuflebaze dasavleTis mxridan, ramac sabolood xeli Seuwyo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan sabWoTa jaris nawilebis gamoyvanas da ru-

seTis imperiis zegavlenisagan maT srul ganTavisuflebas. 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSi rusTavelis gamzirze daRvri-

li sisxli ukvalod ar gamqrala saqarTvelosTvisac. momxdar-

ma kidev ufro metad gamoacocxla qarTveli eri da moxda misi konsolidacia saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideis garSemo. TviTon erovnuli moZraobis liderebma, mSvidobiani forme-

57

biT, arsebuli reJimis mimarT zewolebi gaaZlieres. magali-

Tad, 1989 wlis 26 maiss ukve oficialurad aRiniSna saqarTve-

los masStabiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRe, rac, ra Tqma unda, erovnuli Zalebis did warmatebad unda Sefasdes.

saerTod, Tu ganviTarebul movlenebs Tvals gadavavlebT, 1989 weli qarTuli erovnuli moZraobisTvis SeiZleba gardam-

texad ganvixiloT, rameTu swored am wels moxda uamravi faqti, romlebic pirdapir kavSirSi iyo saqarTvelos momavalTan da rasac imperiuli Zalebis gaTvliT unda gaurkveveli vadiT ga-daedo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi: 9 aprilis tra-

gediis Semdeg `1989 wlis 24 ivniss marneulSi Sedga azerbaija-

nelTa mitingi (daax. 5 aTas kacamde) romelmac daayena Semdegi moTxovnebi:

1. avtonomiis Seqmna marneulis, bolnisis, dmanisis, gar-

dabnis raionebisagan (dedaqalaqi rusTavi). 2. q. marneulisaTvis saxelis Secvla da `borCalos~ dar-

qmeva. 3. q. marneulisa da marneulis raionis isev gaerTianeba. 4. saqarTvelos televiziaSi 4 saaTis gamoyofa azerbai-

januli gadacemebisaTvis. 5. araformaluri sazogadoeba `nizamis~ Seqmna. 6. azerbaijanuli skolebis gaxsna kaspSi, mcxeTaSi, qar-

TlSi, sagarejoSi, TelavSi, lagodexSi, sadac aris azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba.

7. qarTuli enis statusis gauqmeba. 8. produqtebis respublikis gareT gatanis amkrZalavi

brZanebis gauqmeba. 9. svani mosaxleobis gayvana qvemo qarTlis teritorii-

dan. meore dRes, 25 ivniss azerbaijanelebi sityvidan saqmeze ga-

davidnen. daiwyo qarTvelebze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi raio-

nebSi, awiokeba qarTuli soflebisa, brbo wvavda qarTvelTa manqanebs, sacxovrebel saxlebs, xergavdnen gzebs da a. S. [4]. 15-16 ivliss ewyoba sisxliani dapirispireba afxazebsa da qarTve-

lebs Soris, rac msxverpliT sruldeba; àmis Semdeg cxinvalis jeric dadga. osi separatistebi ukve mitingebze iwyeben gar-

kveuli moTxovnebis dayenebas. magaliTad,

58

1. konstituciur uflebaTa Sesaxeb (gadaisinjos 34-e mux-

li). 2. samx. oseTis teritoriaze osuri enis saxelmwifo enad

gamocxadeba. 3. osuri enis saxelmwifo programis proeqtis ganxilva da

damtkiceba. 4. qarTuli enis sax. programaSi zogierTi punqtis Secvla

an saerTod amoReba~ [5]. am yvelafers emateboda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi

mdgomareobis xelovnurad daZabva, aseve xelovnurad e. w. Tur-

qi-mesxebis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba, qarTvel axalwveulTa da samxedro mosamsaxureTaTvis mdgoma-

reobis garTuleba; aseve qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebe-

li moZraobis erT-erTi lideris merab kostavas saeWvo viTare-

baSi gardacvaleba [6] (imave periodSi damoukideblobisTvis mebrZol sxvadasxva respublikebSi saeWvo viTarebaSi 5 politi-

kuri lideri gardaicvala, rac arsebul eWvs kidev ufro metad amZafrebs) da sxva mravali.

zemoT CamoTvlili movlenebis inspirireba-xelSewyobis garda, rogorc Cans, sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba fiqrobda ameri-

kis SeerTebuli Statebis mxridan daxmarebazec, rac misi mizne-

bis ganxorcielebis mxardaWeraSi unda gamoxatuliyo. aqedan gamomdinare, 1989 wlis 2 dekembrisTvis daigegma ssrk-is da aSS-is maSindel liderTa Sexvedra. Sexvedra Sedga gemze kunZul maltasTan axlos, sadac mixeil gorbaCovma da jorj buSma (uf-

rosi) faqtobrivad gadawyvites sabWoTa respublikebis bedi. am Sexvedraze gadawyda `civi omis~ dasrulebis sakiTxic. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom Sexvedris Sinaarsi oficialurad ar gasajaroe-

bula irkveva, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gegmebsa da ganzraxvebSi ar Sedioda sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da misi Semad-

geneli respublikebis mier damoukideblobis mopoveba. am sai-dumlo garigebiT arsebiTad gadawyda saqarTvelos da qarTu-

li erovnuli moZraobis bedi. baltiispireTis respublikebis erovnulma moZraobebma am saidumlo garigebas àxali riben-

trop-molotovis garigeba~ uwodes. maltis Sexvedridan sami kviris Semdeg, 1989 w. 24 dekembers,

sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesma sabWom sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1940

59

w. baltiispireTis respublikebis _ litvis, latviisa da esto-

neTis okupacia da aneqsia ukanonod scno da ganacxada, rom es sabWoTa xalxis survilisa da nebis winaaRmdeg da metic _ sab-

WoTa kanonebis darRveviT moxda. amiT, arsebiTad, man sabWoTa kavSiridan maT gasvlas iuridiuli safuZveli Seuqmna. amrigad, yovelnairad Semzadda baltiispireTis respublikebis sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvla da ganaxlebuli sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna _

baltiispireTis qveynebis gareSe! swored amas gulisxmobda `ga-naxlebuli sabWoTa kavSiris~ ybadaRebuli doqtrina, maT So-

ris, farTod reklamirebuli `demokratizebac!~ xolo im res-

publikebisaTvis, romlebic sabWoTa xalxebis sapyrobiledan baltiispireTis respublikebTan erTad Seecdebodnen `gapar-

vas~, gamosces `gafrTxileba~, romelic prezidentma buSma uk-

rainaSi vizitis dros Zalzed xmamaRla da damaSineblad gaaJ-Rera. aSS-is prezident jorj buSis 1991 w. 1 agvistos cnobili sityva warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiris ganviTarebis vaSingto-

niseul programas, direqtivasa da gafrTxilebas mokavSire respublikebis mimarT _ ar gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba mimdinare procesebisadmi da damorCilebodnen moskovisa da vaSingtonis SeTanxmebul politikur gezs [7].

rogorc zemoT iTqva, arsebuli xelisufleba yvelafers ake-Tebda, raTa ar momxdariyo `Zmuri mZle kavSiris~ daSla, magram garkveul daTmobebze wasvla mainc uwevda: ase Catarda saqar-

TveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi 1990 wlis 28 oq-

tombers, romlis Sedegadac bloki `mrgvali magida _ Tavisufa-

li saqarTvelo~ movida xelisuflebis saTaveSi; 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi Catarda referendumi, romlis Sedegmac gansazRvra qveynis momavali bedi; 1991 wlis 9 aprils 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis Sedegebis safuZvelze gamocxadda sa-qarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena. aseTi gabeduli da efeq-

turi nabijebis gadadgma, rogorc Cans, kremlis SeSfoTebas iw-vevda da radganac cnobili iyo, rom 1991 wlis miwurulisTvis gavleniani, civilizebuli da demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ukve sabWoTa respublikebis de-faqtod gamocxadebuli damoukideb-

lobis de-iured aRiarebas gegmavdnen, gadawyda qarTuli erov-

nuli mTavrobis xelisuflebidan Camocileba nebismieri saSua-

lebiT. zustad amave droisaTvis daigegma e. w. dsT-is (damouki-

60

debel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis) Seqmna da ultimatumad iqca 1991 wlis 21 dekembers yazaxeTis dedaqalaq alma-aTaSi dsT-is damfuZnebelTa mier yofili sabWoTa respublikebis _

baltiispireTis respublikebis garda _ liderTa miwveva aRniS-

nul gaerTianebaSi gasawevrianeblad. dsT faqtobrivad saxec-

vlil ssrk-s warmoadgenda da masSi gawevrianeba saqarTvelos ay-vavebas maincdamainc ar uqadda. amitom saqarTvelos maSindelma xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita ar mieRo monawileoba aRniSnul SexvedraSi. ultimatumis vada ki 22 dekembris diliT amoiwura, rasac kremlis uxeSi CareviTa da xelSewyobiT mohyva erovnuli xelisuflebis iaraRis ZaliT gandevna saqarTvelodan. samwuxa-

roa, magram faqtia, rom aseT viTarebaSi aSS-is maSindel prezi-

dents aranairi protesti, SeSfoTeba Tu aRSfoTeba ar gamouT-

qvams aRniSnul situaciasTan dakavSirebiT, rac Taviseburad metyvelebs kremlis politikisadmi mis mxardaWeraze.

amrigad, 1989 wlis 2 dekembris maltis SeTanxmebam, SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, gansazRvra baltiispireTis damoukideblobis sakiT-

xi, xolo amave dros is iqca saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mi-Rebis erT-erT ZiriTad Semaferxebel garemoebad. rac Seexeba erovnuli xelisuflebis udidesi Zalisxmevis Sedegad mopove-

bul damoukideblobas, is iqca qveynis aRmSeneblobis sawin-

drad, Tumca misi mopovebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ganviTare-

bulma movlenebma gamoiwvia araerTi negatiuri procesi. maT Soris, teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva, gaumarTlebeli da masStaburi msxverpli, ekonomikuri CamorCena, siduxWire da si-Ratake, qaosi, anarqia da a. S., ramac didi xniT Seaferxa qveynis ganviTarebis procesi, romlis Sedegebsac dResac vimkiT. mal-

tis SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare, es yvelaferi Cven SegviZlia Se-vafasoT, rogorc gare Zalebis mier ganxorcielebuli Suris-

Zieba da aseve sabWouri nomenklaturis mxriv mowyobili er-

Tgvari revanSi, sisxliani angariSsworebis CaTvliT.


1. g. gverdwiTeli, 9 aprili, Tbilisi, 1990. 2. http://archive.security.gov.ge/OLD_SITE_TEMP/winaagRmdegobis_a

RorZineba.php

61

3. z. abaSiZe, m. baxtaZe, o. janeliZe, saqarTvelo da qarTvele-

bi, Tbilisi, 2013. 4. gazeTi `qarTlis deda~, # 2, 1989. 5. a. mosiaSvili, 1989 wels saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli mov-

lenebis kvaldakval, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, # 2 (17), 2015.

6. b. gagniZe, Savlego, Tbilisi, 1990. 7. Jurnali `matiane~, # 3-4 (17-18), 2016.

Aleksandre Mosiashvili Doctor of History, Associate Proffesor at the Faculty of Humanities of Iakob Gogebasvili Telavi State University

The Impact of the Malta Agreement on Georgia's Independence

Summary

On December 2, 1989, the Malta Agreement, which was attended by US President George W. Bush and Secretary General of the Central Committee of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, effectively ensured the end of the `Cold War~ and also decided to adopt the independence of the Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. At the meeting it was decided to announce the new Democratic model of the Soviet Union for the rest 12 Soviet republics, which was later formed on behalf of the Community of Independent States.Georgia was punished because of not becoming member of it by changing the national authority by force. However, the above-mentioned government has resulted in a positive result and today Georgia is an independent country (despite Russia's invading policy) and it is on its way of developing.

62

xaTuna qoqraSvili

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universiteti, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis istoriisa da eTno-

logiis institutis axali da uaxle-

si istoriis ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis kirion II-is

samecniero moRvaweobis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi (eZRvneba gardacvalebis 100 wlisTavs)

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze sasuliero wodebam udidesi

roli Seasrula saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis aR-

dgenis, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarGunebis, kulturisa

da humanitaruli mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. am mxriv

gamorCeulia kirion (eriskacobaSi giorgi) saZagliSvilis

(1855-1918) damsaxureba da Rvawli. sazogadoeba mas icnobs,

rogorc TvalsaCino sazogado da saeklesio moRvawes, moaz-

rovnes, mecniers, avtokefaluri moZraobis erT-erT liders,

romelic 1917 wlis 17 seqtembers sruliad saqarTvelos saek-

lesio krebam saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis

Semdeg kaTolikos-patriarqad airCia. misi kurTxeva Sedga

mcxeToba dRes sveticxovelSi, 1917 wlis 1 oqtombers, kirion

II-is saxelwodebiT [17, 56-61; 25, 33-34].

kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II Cveuli energiiT Seudga

saqarTvelos eklesiis ganaxlebas, magram, samwuxarod, maleve

iqca intrigebis samizned. 1918 wlis 26 ivniss is martyofis

monasterSi mokluli ipoves. arsebobs am sazareli mkvlelo-

bis sxvadasxva versia, Tumca gamoZieba simarTlis dadgenamde

ver mivida [21]. mkvleloba dRemde saidumloebiT aris mocu-

li. saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodma 2002 wlis 17 oq-

tombers mowameobrivad aRsrulebuli sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II wmindanad Seracxa.

63

STamomavlobas darCa misi uzomod avtoritetuli saxeli

da saintereso Semoqmedeba. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq

kirion II-is gardacvalebidan 100 wlis Semdeg misi uaRresad

saintereso memkvidreobis Seswavlasa da warmoCenas isev didi

SemecnebiTi da praqtikuli Rirebuleba aqvs. saqarTveloSi

axlac dgas rigi problemebisa, romlebic Tavis droze kiri-

on saZagliSvilis gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani iyo.

mRvdelmTavris moRvaweoba, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, misi

Teoriuli naazrevi is sagulisxmo fenomenia, romlis gacnoba

da gaTvaliswineba aqtualobas inarCunebs.

kirion saZagliSvilis erovnul-sazogadoebrivi, samecnie-

ro Tu filosofiuri Sexedulebebi mis naSromebsa da Canawe-

rebSi ikiTxeba. maTi nawili gamouqveynebelia da arqivebSia

daculi. cnobilia kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvilis Semdegi

fsevdonimebi, romliTac is sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva gamo-

cemebSi beWdavda werilebsa da gamokvlevebs: `giorgi liaxve-

li~, `niqozeli~, `saZagelov-iverieli~, `pirdapiraZe~, `Е. К~.,

`Корнелии~, `Временный петроградец~ da sxva [17, 58-59; 25, 19].

kirion saZagliSvili avtoria araerTi mniSvnelovani naSro-

mis: К вопросу о грузинской церковной историографии; Краткий очерк грузинской церковной истории; Св. равноапостольная Нина; Царь Мириан Хосроиани; Последный эпизод из вековой борьбы православной Грузии с мусульманами шиитами, 1895; Заслуги грузинского монашества и монастырей для отечественной церкви и общества, Тифлис, 1899; Двенадцативековая религиозная борьба православной Грузии с исламом, Тифлис, 1900; Назревший вопрос, Тиф., 1900; История Грузинской церкви и Экзархата за XIX столетия, Тифлис, 1901; Церковно-политическое сношение Грузии с единоверной Россией; Харистикарная система и ея влияние на церковно-поземельныя отношения в древней Грузии; Грузинский церковный вопрос; Что вынуждает грузин дабиватся возстановления своей церкви?; Какой Иверии дарована автокефалия в XI веке; Национальний принцип в церкви; Культурная роль Иверии в истории Руси, Тифлис, 1910 da sxva.

kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is cxovrebasa da moRvaweo-

bas sxvadasxva dros araerTi mkvlevrisa da mecnieris gamok-

vleva daeTmo. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia, m. janaSvilis, el. abra-

miSvilis, v. gurgeniZis, s. vardosaniZis, e. bubulaSvilis, v.

64

kiknaZis, j. gamaxarias, r. baramiZis, x. qoqraSvilis da sxvaTa

naSromebi da publikaciebi. maTSi gaanalizebulia kirion (gi-

orgi) saZagliSvilis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis sxvadasxva

mxareebi. amjerad, Cven SevecdebiT, gadmovceT kaTolokos-

patriarqis samecniero moRvaweobis, misi naazrevisa da msof-

lmxedvelobis ZiriTadi problemebi, vuCvenoT misi koncef-

ciebis umTavresi aspeqtebi.

***

adamianis pirovnul portrets da moRvaweobas mniSvne-

lovnad gansazRvravs misi ideebi da msoflmxdveloba, rome-

lic yalibdeba Sesabamis istoriul periodSi, mis garemom-

cvel wreSi. pirovnebis moRvaweoba am ideebis ganxorcieleba

da gamoxatulebaa.

kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvili sazogadoebriv asparezze

XIX s-is 80-90-iani wlebidan gamodis. es iyo periodi, rodesac

moRvaweobas iwyebs sasuliero pirTa axali Taoba (leonide

oqropiriZe, petre konWoSvili, ambrosi xelaia, kirion saZag-

liSvili da sxvebi). swored am Taobis warmomadgenlebma erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi saTave daudes mimarTu-

lebas, romelic miznad isaxavda: aRedgina saqarTvelos ekle-

siis avtokefaluroba, gamoerkvia saqarTvelos eklesiis

erovnuli, kulturuli, Tu saganmanaTleblo misia, aqtiurad

Caeba eklesia eris samsaxurSi.

col-Svilis gardacvalebis Semdgom, 1896 wels giorgi sa-

ZagliSvili ber-monazvnad aRikveca, kirionis saxeliT. maleve

ganaweses qvaTaxevis monastris winamZRvrad, Semdeg saqarTve-

los monastrebis gamgeblad da kavkasiaSi qristianobis aRmd-

geneli sazogadoebis skolebis zedamxedvelad. 1898 wlis ma-

isSi mieniWa arqimandritis xarisxi. amave wlis agvistoSi ki

episkoposad akurTxes da dainiSna alaverdis mRvdelmTavrad.

1900-1902 wlebSi is goris saepiskoposos meTauria. sasulie-

ro moRvaweobis dasawyisSive kirion episkoposma mraval sasi-

keTo saqmes Cauyara safuZveli: daaarsa samrevlo saeklesio

skolebi, aaSena ramdenime eklesia, samrevlo saxli, gaxsna

wignTsacavebi da samkiTxveloebi, misi uSualo monawileobiT

SekeTda alaverdis taZari, SuamTis da qvaTaxevis monastrebi,

nawilobriv sveticxoveli da sxva. 1899-1902 wlebSi kirion

episkoposi iyo saeklesio muzeumis komitetis Tavmjdomare

65

da uSualod xelmZRvanelobda qarTul siZveleTa gamovleni-

s, dacvisa da gamoqveynebis saqmes. igi ibrZoda peterburgis

sasuliero akademiaSi saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kaTed-

ris gaxsnisTvis [13; 14; 20].

kirion saZagliSvilis msoflmxedvelobis amosavali, ro-

gorc sasuliero pirisa, qristianuli-marTlmadidebeli sar-

wmunoebaa. misi msoflmxedveloba Tu filosofiuri Sexedu-

lebebi XIX s-is II naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da reli-

giur-filosofiuri azrovnebis tradiciebis logikur ganvi-

Tarebas asaxavs; xolo religiis, mecnierebisa da filosofiis

urTierTmimarTebis miseuli gageba cxadyofs, rom kirion sa-

ZagliSvili Tavisi drois Tavisufali moazrovnea [23, 83-94;

31, 267-287; 33].

Semecnebis procesis gaTavisufleba yovelgvari avtori-

tetebisa da dogmatebisgan, ltolva ganaTlebisa da mecnie-

rebisken, codnis sazogadoebis sakeTildReod gamoyeneba,

samyaros Semecnebisas materiisa da ideis harmoniulobaSi ga-

azreba, mecnierebis zneobrivi daniSnulebis xazgasma da sxva

_ is ucilobeli kriteriumebia, romlebic, mRvdelmTavris

naazrevis mixedviT, kacobriobis progress gansazRvravs [23,

83-94; 31, 267-287; 33].

yovelive amas kirion saZagliSvili mWidrod ukavSirebs

TiToeuli adamianis absoluturi Rirebulebis ideas. adamia-

nis, pirovnebis dacvis eTikur-moraluri aspeqtebi mis naaz-

revSi efuZneba qristianul moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac,

adamiani samyaros arsebobis gansazRvruli, ZiriTadi mizania.

individebis erTmaneTTan Tu RmerTTan mimarTebisas sayovel-

Tao siyvarulisa da Tanasworuflebianobis principis aRiare-

ba kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is azrovnebis humanizmis sa-

ukeTeso gamoxatulebaa [25, 44].

adamianis Rirsebisa da uflebebis dacvis upirveles ga-

rantad kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II saxelmwifos miiCnevs.

saxelmwifosa da individs Soris urTierTmovaleobebis gana-

wilebas mRvdelmTavari idealuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis winapi-

robad Tvlis. Zlieri, Seudrekeli, Tavisufali saxelmwifo,

sadac TiToeuli pirovnebis keTildReobaa daculi, kirion

saZagliSvilis saxelmwifoebrivi idealia [2, 2]. am idealis

ganxorcielebaSi mecnieri prioritetul mniSvnelobas zneob-

riobas akuTvnebs. eklesias, rogorc eris zneobrivi saxis

66

damcvels, kirioniseuli saxelmwifoebrivi idealis formire-

baSi sapasuxismgeblo misia akisria. aqedan gamomdinare, ekle-

siis msaxuri, sasuliero piri, ber-monazoni saxelmwifo aR-

mSeneblobis qmediTi xelSemwyobi da monawilea [2, 22].

kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is erovnul-sazogadoebrivi

Sexedulebebi caristuli ruseTis politikis fonze gamoikveTa.

gamomdinareobda ra erTi mxriv, eris upirveles saWiroebaTa sa-

Ri Sefasebidan, meore mxriv, zogadsakacobrio, universaluri

moralur-zneobrivi Rirebulebebidan, igi mtkiced emxroboda

erovnul ZalTa konsolidaciis ideas; ganixilavda ers, rogorc

erTian sxeuls, miiCnevda mas ze-klasobriv warmonaqmnad.

kirion saZagliSvilis SexedulebiT, usaxelmwifo erSi udi-

desia qarTuli enis dacva-SenarCunebis, qveynis istoriis Seswav-

lis, kulturuli memkvidreobis movla-patronobis, ganaTlebis

donis amaRlebis sazogadoebrivi funqcia. yovelive es, mcire-

ricxovan da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol erebSi arsebobisa

da Tavisuflebisken winsvlis saSualebaa [25, 50-51]. kirion epis-

koposis es Tvalsazrisi im praqtikuli qmedebiT gamoixata, ro-

melic man saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi qarTuli enis swavlebis

damkvidrebis, araerTi saeklesio Zeglis restavraciis Tu qar-

Tuli xelnawerebis moZieba-gamocemis saqmeSi Seasrula. amave

mizans emsaxureboda misi samecniero, kerZod, saistorio, arqeo-

logiuri, eTnografiuli, leqsikologiuri, folkloristuli

Ziebebi, qvelmoqmedebisa da mecenatobis araerTi SemTxveva, ni-

Wieri axalgazrdebisaTvis swavla-ganaTlebaSi materialuri

mxardaWera da sxva.

ruseTis xelisuflebam da uwmindesma sinodma kirion epis-

koposis erovnul da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi saSiSroeba

dainaxes. 1902 wlidan igi saqarTvelos Camoaciles da samuSaod

ruseTSi gagzavnes. aq mas xSirad ucvlidnen eparqiebs. 1902

wels kirion episkoposi kamenec-podolskis eparqiaSi msaxurob-

da, 1903 wels xersonSi, xolo 1904 wlidan oriolis eparqiaSi

gamouZebnes adgili. 1906 wels kirion episkoposi isev saqarTve-

loSi _ soxumis saepiskoposos meTaurad dainiSna [28], magram

1907 wels afxazebis gaqarTvelebis mcdelobis braldebiT, isev

ruseTSi gadaiyvanes. ruseTSi moRvaweobis wlebSic is dakavebu-

li iyo qvelmoqmedebiT, materialurad exmareboda mraval ga-

Wirvebul students, Tavmjdomareobda sxvadasxva sazogadoebas,

agrZelebda samecniero saqmianobas.

67

episkoposi kirion saZagliSvili iyo saqarTvelos eklesi-

is avtokefaliis aRdgenis erT-erTi praqtikuli winamZRoli,

romlis gverdiT dadga inteligenciisa da samRvdeloebis mo-

winave nawili, patriotulad ganwyobili sazogadoeba. am saq-

meSi saukeTesod warmoCnda kirion episkoposis udidesi orga-

nizatoruli niWi, saqmisadmi uryevi erTguleba, daucxrome-

li energia. Tavdadebam am saqmeSi mRvdelmTavars udidesi av-

toriteti SesZina. saeklesio damoukideblobis aRdgenis

problema XIX s-is ganmavlobaSi da XX s-is dasawyisSi qarTu-

li erovnuli sakiTxis mniSvnelovani gamovlineba iyo. 1905-

1906 wlebidan moyolebuli es sakiTxi gansakuTrebuli sim-

ZafriT aisaxa qarTul sinamdvileSi da mogvianebiT mWidrod

daukavSirda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis ideas.

1906 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi gani-

xila ruseTis uwmindesi sinodis `sagangebo komisiam~, xolo

Semdeg sruliad ruseTis saeklesio krebis winaswari saTaTbi-

ros II ganyofilebam [26, 109-131; 27, 240-260].

1906 wels kirion episkoposi saqarTvelos eklesiis avto-

kefaliis sakiTxis ganxilvisas ruseTis uwmindesi sinodis

sxdomebze aqtiurad monawileobda. `sagangebo komisiis~ ga-

dawyvetilebas is saprotesto weriliT gamoexmaura, xolo wi-

naswari saTaTbiros II ganyofilebaSi saqarTvelos eklesiis

damoukideblobis aRdgenis sasargeblod Semdegi moxsenebe-

biT wardga: 1. qarTuli saeklesio sakiTxi; 2. ra aiZulebT

qarTvelebs ibrZolon TavianTi eklesiis avtokefaliis aR-

dgenisaTvis; 3. romel iverias mieniWa avtokefalia XI s-Si; 4.

erovnuli principi eklesiaSi. maTSi gadmoica saqarTvelos

avtokefaliis aRdgenis istoriuli, kanonikuri, samarTleb-

rivi da praqtikuli safuZvlebi [7; 26, 109-131; 27, 240-260].

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis sakiTxi,

qarTveli sazogadoebis mcdelobis miuxedavad, 1905-1906

wlebSi uaryofiTad gadawyda. avtokefaluri moZraobis mona-

wileni sxvadasxva formiT daisajnen. stolipinis reaqciis

wlebSi avtokefalistebze Jandarmeriis gansakuTrebuli meT-

valyureoba dawesda, umravlesobas represiebi Seexo, maT So-

ris iyo kirion episkoposic. is saswrafod gadaiyvanes saqar-

Tvelodan, jer xarkovis maxloblad kuriaJis monasterSi, xo-

lo Semdeg tambovis guberniis sanaqsaris udabnoSi, sadac

1912 wlamde dahyo. 1908 wels saqarTvelos egzarqos nikonis

68

mkvlelobis Semdgom, ruseTis xelisuflebis garkveuli wree-

bi Seecadnen es mkvleloba kirion episkoposTan daekavSirebi-

naT, aRiZra kidec braldeba [35, 65-77]. bunebrivia, amgvari

ciliswameba gamoZiebiT ar dadasturda.

samSoblos moSorebuli mRvdelmTavari axerxebda kavSirebi

hqonoda ukve iatakqveSeTSi myof àvtokefalur moZraobas-

Tan~, kargad erkveoda aq mimdinare procesebSi da xSir Sem-

TxvevaSi miTiTebebsa da rCevebs aZlevda maT; cdas ar aklebda,

rom umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa yuradReba isev

miepyro am sakiTxisadmi [18, 18-27]. aRsaniSnavia, rom sazoga-

doebis aqtiuri CareviT, kirion episkoposs zedamxedveloba

mxolod 1915 wels xersonis monasterSi moRvaweobis dros

mouxsnes, Tumca saqarTveloSi gamomgzavrebis ufleba ar mis-

ces. man mxolod saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdge-

nis Semdeg SeZlo samSobloSi dabruneba.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad arCevis pirvelsave

dReebSi, kirion II-is epistoleebSi Camoyalibda saqarTvelos

eklesiis samoqmedo programa, romlis ZiriTadi mizani iyo:

saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis ganmtkiceba, avtoke-

falurobis teritoriuli principiT ganxorcieleba, rusuli

antierovnuli politikis Sedegad eklesiasa da samwysos So-

ris darRveuli kavSiris gamTlianeba, qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-

riobis aRdgena da dacva, kavkasiel xalxTa Soris erovneba-

TaSorisi urTierTobis mogvareba, eris kulturuli da ga-

naTlebis donis amaRleba. am debulebebSi SesaniSnavad war-

moGnda TavisuflebaaRdgenili saqarTvelos eklesiis erovnu-

li misia [25, 56-58; 34, 304-311], is tendencia, rom saqarTve-

los eklesiis gamarjveba da damoukidebloba qveynis politi-

kuri Tavisuflebis aRdgenis sawindari gamxdariyo.

***

uaRresad saintresoa kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvilis saisto-

rio memkvidreoba. cnobilia, rom kievis sasuliero akademiis is-

toriis ganyofilebaze swavlis periodSi, romelic 1880 wels

daamTavra RvTismetyvelebis kandidatis samecniero xarisxiT,

giorgi saZagliSvilma sabolood gansazRvra Tavisi samecniero

moRvaweobis ZiriTadi sfero _ saqarTvelos istoriis, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki, saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kvleva.

1883-1895 wlebSi giorgi saZagliSvili saqarTvelos sxva-

69

dasxva qalaqebis (Telavi, gori, quTaisi, Tbilisi) sasuliero

saswavleblebSi pedagogiuri moRvaweobis paralelurad, ag-

rovebda da ikvlevda mraval Zvel xelnawersa da dokuments,

monawileobda kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis restavra-

ciaSi, dakavebuli iyo samecniero da publicisturi saqmiano-

biT, aqveynebda naSromebs [11; 15; 22]. samecniero moRvaweobas

is episkoposad kurTxevis Semdegac aqtiurad agrZelebda.

kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvilis samecniero SemoqmedebaSi

aisaxa Tavisi drois rusuli da evropuli istoriografiis

Teoriul-meTodologiuri siaxleebis Rrma codna. istoriu-

li procesis Semecnebisas misTvis damaxasiaTebelia istoriis

SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyeneba, istoriuli procesis kanon-

zomierebis aRiareba, pirovnebis moRvaweobis ganmsazRvrel

pirobad garemos zegavlenis miCneva, saxelmwifos ganviTare-

baSi klasobrivi brZolis prioritetulobis uaryofa, isto-

riuli procesis Tu movlenis axsnisas geografiuli faqto-

ris gaTvaliswineba da a. S. amgvari meTodologiuri xedva XIX

s-is II naxevris qarTul saistorio mecnierebaSi pozitivizmma

Semoitana. dadebiTi siaxleebis gverdiT, momavali kaToli-

kos-patriarqis saistorio SemoqmedebaSi gamovlinda zogier-

Ti naklovanebac, rac am mimdinareobis meTodologias axasia-

Tebs. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom pozitivizmi ar gansazRvravs

mRvdelmTavris saistorio Sexedulebebs. Tavis samecniero

ZiebebSi igi kvaldakval misdevs Tavisi drois istoriografi-

is miRwevebs. misi kvlevisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia movlenaTa

Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris moZieba, analizi, faqtebis

kritikuli ganxilva, konkretuli istoriuli xdomilebis

msoflio procesebis konteqstSi gaazreba da a. S. kirion sa-

ZagliSvilis sakvlevi Tematika, zogierTi saistorio proble-

mis miseuli gaazreba axlos dgas aseve `kulturul-istoriu-

li~ skolis tradiciebTan [24, 47-55].

misi saistorio kvlevebi wminda samecniero Rirebulebis

garda, erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebis, kulturuli tra-

diciebis aRdgena-ganmtkicebis, istoriis TanamedroveobasTan

kavSiris funqciasac iZens. episkoposma kirionma sazogadoeb-

rivi da socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis formaTa ganviTa-

reba religiur-zneobrivi faqtoriTa da kulturuli prog-

resiT axsna. am kuTxiTaa danaxuli mis SemoqmedebaSi saqar-

Tvelos istoriis sxvadasxva sakiTxi da problema. kirion II

70

saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis

saRvTismetyvelo koncefciis mimdevari da damcvelia, amitom

saqarTvelos saeklesio istoriis kvleva qarTuli istoriog-

rafiis gadaudebel amocanad dasaxa [24, 47-55; 31].

saistorio wyaroebis Segrovebas, maT Seswavlasa da pub-

likacias mieZRvna kirion episkoposis arqeografiuli da wya-

roTmcodneobiTi moRvaweoba. rogorc Tbilisis saeklesio

muzeumis jer TanamSromeli, Semdeg ki xelmZRvaneli, igi XIX

s-is 80-iani wlebidan qarTul `siZveleTa~ sistemuri gamov-

lena-popularizaciis procesis aqtiur monawiled gvevlineba.

mis mier mikvleuli unikaluri korideTis da metexis oTxTa-

vebi, `vefxistyaosnis~ da griboedovis Txzulebis `vai Wkuisa-

gan~ manamde ucnobi xelnawerebi, nikoloz CaCikaSvilis mier

aRwerili Zveli qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebis xelnaweri

krebuli da sxva mniSvnelovani SenaZenia qarTuli kulturis

saganZurSi. TanamSromlobda ra `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiT-

xvis gamavrcelebel~ da `saistorio-saeTnografio~ sazogadoe-

bebTan, maT sacavebs sxvadasxva eqsponati, arqeologiuri masa-

la da SesaniSnavi numizmatikuri koleqcia usaxsovra. kirion

episkoposis nayofier arqeografiul moRvaweobaze miuTiTebs,

uSualod misi xelmZRvanelobiT gamoqveynebuli araerTi sais-

torio werilobiTi Zegli, saklesio muzeumis xelnawerTa aR-

werilobis me-2 gamocema (or wignad), `dabadebis~ teqstis Sem-

sworebeli komisiis Tavmjdomareoba da sxva [32, 54-71].

wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis mecnieruli damuSaveba, sais-

torio wyaroTa kritikuli analizi, samuzeumo Tu saarqivo

masalis gacocxleba samecniero brunvaSi SemotaniT, mRvdel-

mTavris wyaroTmcodneobiTi Sexedulebebis organuli Tavise-

bureba iyo. im periodisTvis xelmisawvdomi saqarTvelos is-

toriis qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis SesaniSnavi codna ki-

rion saZagliSvils mSobliuri qveynis istoriis sxvadasxva as-

peqtis axleburad gaazrebis saSualebas aZlevda.

cnobil mecnierebTan – bolotovTan, n. marTan da sxveb-

Tan polemikaSi kirion episkoposi qarTul saistorio wyaro-

Ta samecniero Rirebulebis damcvelad gvevlineba. xolo ru-

suli matianis `gardasul dReTa ambavis~ pirvelwyarod `qar-

Tlis cxovrebis~ aRiareba, misi samecniero wyaroTmcodneo-

biTi Sexedulebebisa da Ziebebis metad gabeduli sityva iyo.

kirion episkoposis proeqti, peterburgis sasuliero akademi-

71

asTan qarTuli eklesiis istoriis kaTedris gaxsnis Sesaxeb,

emsaxureboda saeklesio wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis gamdidre-

bis da qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis axali skolis da-

fuZnebis mizans. samwuxarod, es proeqti im saxiT, rogorc

mas kirion episkoposi warmoadgenda, ar ganxorcielda.

mRvdelmTavris SemoqmedebaSi gamovlenili maSindeli wya-

roTmcodneobiTi mecnierebis meTodologiuri naklovanebe-

bisda miuxedavad, kirion saZagliSvili Tavisi drois SesaniS-

nav qarTvel wyaroTmcodned SeiZleba CaiTvalos [32, 54-71].

kievis sasuliero akademiis saRvTismetyvelo fakultetis

istoriis ganyofilebis damTavrebis Semdeg qarTul istori-

ografias igi moevlina, rogorc saqarTvelos eklesiis isto-

riis saintereso mkvlevari. kirion saZagliSvilma Tavisi moR-

vaweobis dasawyisSive gansazRvra saqarTvelos eklesiis isto-

riografiis ganviTarebis done, aRniSna naklovanebebi, uGvena

misi srulyofis gzebi. ganazogada ra saqarTvelos saeklesio

istoriis sruli suraTi, erT-erTma pirvelma SeimuSava sa-

qarTvelos eklesiis istoriis periodizacia. aseve erT-erTma

pirvelma daayena sakiTxi saqarTvelos saeklesio istoriis

fundamenturi da sistemuri Seswavlis Sesaxeb; man Tavis Semoq-

medebaSi scada, saqarTvelos saeklesio istoria ganexila

qristianobis istoriisa da msoflio istoriis konteqstSi.

mkvlevarma warmoaCina saqarTvelos saero da saeklesio isto-

riis urTierTmimarTebis siRrme; gviCvena, rom saqarTvelos

saeklesio istoria ara mxolod qveynis istoriis ganuyofeli

nawilia, aramed mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia qristianuli ek-

lesiis istoriaSi [25, 105-123; 29, 258-287].

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis sxvadasxva periodis Ses-

wavlis Sedegad Seiqmna kirion saZagliSvilis fundamenturi

naSromebi. maTSi sainteresod gadmoica qarTvelTa ganmanaT-

leblis wminda ninos, pirveli qristiani mefis mirianis, asu-

rel mamaTa, sxvadasxva wmindanTa, sasuliero pirTa cxovreba

da moRvaweoba; agreTve, qarTuli monastrebisa da monazvnobis

istoriis [2], saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis, saqarTvelos

eklesiis socialur-ekonomikuri sakiTxebis [6], saqarTvelos sa-

egzarqosos istoriis [5], qristianuli kultis da RvTismsaxure-

bis Sesaxeb mkvlevris saistorio koncefciebi [25, 105-123].

kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvili iberTa uZveles religiur

rwmenaSi qaldeur-asiriuli sabeizmis (zeciur mnaTobTa Tay-

72

vaniscema) da fetiSizmis gavlenas, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki

egvipturi panTeonis niSnebs xedavs. zoroastriuli panTeo-

nis SemoRebis mcdelobas igi mefe farnavaz I-s akuTvnebs.

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis pirobebisa da

wanamZRvrebis Ziebisas mkvlevarma warmarTuli sarwmunoebis

winaqristianuli krizisi warmoadgina elinistur, iudeur da

maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebis religiur procesebTan

kavSirSi. saqarTvelos religiuri da politikuri cxovrebis

msoflio procesebis konteqstSi ganxilvis Sedegad, mecnieri

qarTlis `moqcevas~ istoriul kanonzomierebad miiCnevs,

Tumca srulebiT ar akninebs am kanonzomierebaSi pirovnebaTa

wm. ninosa da mefe mirianis rols.

kirion saZagliSvili eTanxmeba wyarosave versias da `ni-

nos cxovrebis~ avtorebad salome ujarmelsa da peroJavr

sivniels aRiarebs. qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis saxelis `ni-

nos~ warmoSobas igi varaudobs sityvidan `nuneqia~, rac ber-

Znulad `goniers~ niSnavs. es saxeli gavrcelebuli yofila

qristianul TemebSi.

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod

kirion saZagliSvili Tvlida, rom wm. ninos saganmanaTleblo

moRvaweoba iveriaSi win uswrebda wm. grigolis mier armeniis

gaqristianebas. amdenad, misi saistorio koncefciiT, qarTve-

lebi somxebze adre gaqristiandnen. mecnieri arsad akonkre-

tebs wm. ninos mcxeTaSi mosvlis TariRs. Tumca iveriis ekle-

siis oficialurad daarsebis TariRad 318 wels asaxelebs.

mecnieri mefe mirianis damsaxurebad Tvlida im kanonzo-

mierebis keTilgonivrul ganWvretas, rom warmarToba movle-

naTa ganviTarebis gziT TavisTavad daecemoda; mirianma mTe-

li arsebiT gaiazra qristianobis saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvne-

loba da konkretul istoriul-politikur momentSi misi au-

cilebloba iveriis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.

episkoposi kirioni àsurel mamebs~ kapadokielebad miiC-

nevs, amiT xazs usvams maT qarTvelur warmomavlobas. mamaTa

qarTlSi mosvlas is 552-557 wlebs ukavSirebs. mRvdelmTavari

udavod miiCnevs àsureli mamebis~ diofizitur aRmsareblo-

bas da maTi moRvaweobis logikur Sedegad Tvlis _ VII s-is

damdegs saqarTvelos eklesiis diofizitobisaken mkveTr Se-

mobrunebas, mZlavri religiur kulturuli-kerebis Seqmnas.

mRvdelmTavari saqarTvelos eklesias Tavdapirvelad an-

73

tioqiis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias akuTvnebs, xolo saqar-

Tvelos eklesiis mier sruli damoukideblobis mopovebas VIII

s-s miawers. cnobas iveriis eklesiisaTvis XI s-Si avtokefali-

is miniWebis Sesaxeb kirion episkoposi sainteresod ganmar-

tavs. mecnieri Tvlis, rom cnoba Seexeba ara zemo iberias

(qarTls), aramed tao-klarjeTis mniSvnelovani teritoriebis

xarjze bizantiis imperiis mier Seqmnil iberiis sasazRvro

Tems. dasavleT saqarTveloSi damoukidebeli sakaTalikosos

warmoSobas mRvdelmTavari araugvianes IX s-Si miiCnevs.

Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos saadgilmamulo urTierTo-

bebSi kirion saZagliSvilma bizantiis imperiisgan gadmoRebu-

li beneficiuri sistemis gavlena dainaxa. Tumca aRniSna, rom

am sistemam saqarTveloSi ar SeinarCuna klasikuri saxe da

originaluri formiT Camoyalibda, eklesiis xelSi miwebis

didi nawli aRmoCnda. mecnieri xazs usvams, rom ruseTTan sa-

qarTvelos SeerTebis Sedegad saeklesio miwebis ruseTis sa-

xelmwifo xazinisTvis gadacemiT, uxeSad dairRva saqarTve-

los eklesiis saadgilmamulo qonebrivi uflebebic [6; 9].

kirion saZagliSvilis samecniero SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa sa-

qarTvelos istoriis problematika: qarTvelur tomTa urTi-

erTobis aspeqtebi qaldeur Tu urartul samyarosTan; qarTu-

li anbanis winaqristianuli warmomavloba da misi arameul sis-

temaze agebis koncefcia; daviT aRmaSeneblis damsaxureba cen-

tralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis, marTlmadideblobis gan-

mtkicebis saqmeSi. kavkasiel xalxebTan mimarTebaSi misive po-

litikis ganmaTavisuflebeli misia, tolerantuli sarwmunoeb-

rivi politika da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba;

Tamar mefis wmindanad aRiarebis saistorio-literaturuli

tradicia, misi gelaTis monasterSi dakrZalvis Tvalsazrisi

da sxva. mkvlevarma ver axsna feodaluri saqarTvelos poli-

tikuri daSlis istoriuli mizezebi, magram marTebulad miu-

TiTa mis politikur Sedegebze da es procesi regresis wya-

rod, istoriuli cxovrebis uaryofiT movlenad miiCnia [3];

qveynis warmatebisa Tu winsvlis umniSvnelovanesi garanti man

saqarTvelos erTianobaSi dainaxa [30, 349-368].

kirion (giorgi) saZagliSvilis naSromebi asaxaven saqar-

Tvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis politikur, kulturul da

religiur aspeqtebs. episkoposis azriT, erTmorwmuneoba is

ideologiuri safuZveli iyo, ramac mZime politikur mdgoma-

74

reobaSi myofi saqarTvelo ruseTTan urTierTobis gzaze ga-

iyvana [3; 4]. mecnieri miuTiTebs, ruseTis mier sagareo poli-

tikaSi religiis instrumentad gamoyenebis faqtorze, rom-

lisTvisac ruseTs petre I-is droidan saqarTvelos mimarT

araerTxel miumarTavs. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebiT rea-

lur dainteresebas, mkvlevari xedavs imperator ekaterine II-

is mier antiosmaluri kampaniis (1768-1774) wamowyebis Semdeg,

rodesac saqarTvelos osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ruseTis mokav-

Siris misia unda Seesrulebina. ruseT-osmaleTis quCuk-kai-

narjis zaviT (1774) dasavleT saqarTvelos osmaleTis xarkis-

gan gaTavisuflebas, tyveTa syidvis akrZalvas is politikur

warmatebad miiCnevs [1].

1783 wlis georgievskis traqtats, episkoposi kirioni

qarTl-kaxeTis mier ruseTis `proteqtoratis~ aRiarebad

Tvlis, rasac qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi iranis mmarTvelis aRa-

mahmad xanis damsjeli laSqroba mohyva, ramac qveynis Zalebi

sabolood gatexa [1]. episkoposi kirioni ruseTis mier

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsias am ori qveynis `SeerTebas~ da

`politikur-religiur aqts~ uwodebs, Tumca mkvlevris pro-

testi am aqtis gamo, qveteqstiT aSkarad igrZnoba. episkoposi

SeniSnavs, rom giorgi XII-m gardacvalebis gamo ver moaswro

Tavisi xelmoweriT `SeerTebis~ pirobebis damtkiceba. qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba mxolod manifestis ZaliT gamoc-

xadda [4]. amiT kirioni mianiSnebs, rom es ar iyo samarTleb-

rivad gamarTuli, dokumenturad dadasturebuli aqti da is

ruseTis imperiam qarTuli mxaris oficialuri dasturis ga-

reSe ganaxorciela.

ruseT-saqarTvelos saeklesio urTierTobebis kvlevas mieZ-

Rvna naSromi _ „История Грузинской церкви и Экзархата за XIX столетия“ [5]. mecnierma Tavi mouyara manamde Seuswavlel wyaro-

ebs, saarqivo dokumentebs da gadmosca XIX s-Si ruseTis impe-

riis mier saqarTveloSi sakaTalikosos nacvlad saegzarqosos

Seqmnisa da saeklesio mmarTvelobis istoria. narkvevi aRniSnu-

li sakiTxis kvlevis pirveli cdaa: samecniero brunvaSi Semovi-

da axali istoriuli dokumentebi, gamoqveynda zogierTi isto-

riuli piris fotoportreti, romelic iSviaTobas warmoadgen-

da maSindeli gamocemebisTvis. am mxriv, episkopos kirionis aR-

niSnuli naSromi dResac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas da saintereso

masalas awvdis saeklesio istoriis am monakveTis mkvlevrebs.

75

narkvevi saqarTvelos ruseTTan „SeerTebis“ 100 wlis iu-

biles mieZRvna, amitom cenzurisa da saiubileo xasiaTis ga-

mo, masSi naklebadaa ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sedegebis

kritikuli Sefasebebi. naSromis es mxare avtors ar gamorCe-

nia. aRsaniSnavia, rom kirion saZagliSvilis pirad arqivSi da-

culia am wignis erTi egzemplari [5], Sevsebuli avtoris mina-

werebiT, SeniSvnebiTa da damatebebiT. Cans, rom mas ar akmayo-

filebda narkvevis pirveli, saiubileo gamocemis Sinaarsi. Se-

saZloa, episkoposi kirioni amzadebda wignis me-2 gamocemas,

romelSic unda Sesuliyo meti masala saqarTveloSi rusuli

saeklesio politikis kritikis TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli nar-

kvevis axali versiis gamocema ver moxerxda, Tumca kirion sa-

ZagliSvilma ruseTis imperiis oficialuri sasuliero da sae-

ro xelisuflebis winaSe Tavisi pozicia saqarTvelos eklesiis

darRveuli uflebebis Sesaxeb 1906 wels ruseTis uwmindes si-

nodSi sajarod gaaJRera.

qarTul-rusuli saeklesio urTierTobebis ganxilvisas

mkvlevris gansakuTrebuli interesi saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefaliis aRdgenis sakiTxs daeTmo. 1906 wels sruliad

ruseTis saeklesio krebis winaswari saTaTbiros sxdomebze

warmodgenil moxsenebebSi man daasabuTa ruseTis mier 1811

wels saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis, kaTolikos-patri-

arqis institutis gauqmebis usamarTloba. damoukidebeli ek-

lesiis nacvlad ruseTis uwmindes sinods daqvemdebarebuli

saqarTvelos saegzarqosos Seqmna episkoposma kirionma Zal-

momreobis aqtad Seafasa. am politikis Sedegi iyo:

1. saqarTvelos eklesiis sicocxlisunarianobis Sewyveta, re-

ligiuri cxovrebis normebis ganadgureba; 2. eklesias, rus

egzarqosebsa da mrevls Soris kavSiris darRveva; qarTuli

tradiciebis, enis, saWiroebebis ignorireba. mRvdelmTavari

moiTxovda: aRdgeniliyo usamarTlod gauqmebuli saqarTve-

los eklesiis avtokefaloba teritoriuli principis mixed-

viT da ganaxlebuliyo saqarTvelos kaTolikosis tituli [7].

saqarTvelos saegzarqosoSi saeklesio miwebi saxelmwifo

xazinas gadaeca. qarTveli avtokefalistebis moTxovnebi sa-

eklesio mamulebis eklesiisTvis dabrunebas iTvaliswinebda.

kirion episkoposma saeklesio-saadgilmamulo urTierTobebis

Sesaxeb kvlevebSi avtokefaluri moZraobis am moTxovnebsac

gaumyara safuZveli [6].

76

saqarTvelo-ruseTis kulturologiuri urTierTmimarTe-

bis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs, kirion episkoposis

mier, did erebze mcire erebis kulturul-religiuri zegav-

lenisa da rolis dasabuTebis mcdeloba, mag.: `qarTlis cxov-

rebis~ gavlena rusul matianeze _ `gadasul dReTa ambavze~,

rusuli monazvnobis fuZemdeblis wm. anton peCorelis berad

kurTxeva aTonis iverTa monasterSi, qarTuli anbanis garkve-

ulwiladi gavlenis Sesaxeb rusul anbanze, qarTuli simReris

polifoniurobis gavlena slavur saeklesio simReraze, qar-

Tuli xatweris gavlena rusulze, RvTismsaxurebis zogierTi

ritualis identuroba qarTul da rusul liturgikaSi da

sxva [8; 16].

Seexo ra saqarTvelo-ruseTis kulturul urTierTobebs,

kirion episkoposi miuTiTebs saqarTvelos mxriv axlad gaqris-

tianebul ruseTze religiur-sasuliero da kulturuli gav-

lenis arsebobaze, qarTul-rusuli religiur-kulturuli ur-

TierTobebis da sasuliero ganaTlebis intensiur xasiaTze

ucxoeTSi mdebare qarTuli savaneebidan, kerZod, aTonis iver-

Ta da petriwonis monastrebidan; agreTve, SavizRvispireTis

miwebidan. kirion episkoposma daasabuTa tavridis naxevarkun-

Zulze, xersonis maxloblad, qarTuli qristianuli Temisa da

sakaTedro taZris arseboba da VI saukuneSi qarTvelTa samisi-

onero saqmis warmateba SavizRvispireTis am regionSi [10].

misi saistorio koncefciiT, bizantiis imperiis dacemis

Semdeg realurad saqarTvelom itvirTa islamuri samyarosgan

buferis roli, marTlmadideblobis dacvis funqcia, rasac

Sealia Tavisi sasicocxlo energia. kirionis azriT, ruseTis

Semdgomi politikuri warmatebebi garkveulwilad ganpirobe-

buli iyo qristianuli aRmosavleTis politikuri ubedure-

biT. kirion saZagliSvilis zogi mosazreba SesaZloa sadao

iyos, magram konceptualurad sainteresoa. is emsaxureboda

qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis, Rirsebis da TviTSegnebis

aRdgenis ideas [16].

rac Seexeba ruseTis istoriis kvlevis sferoSi mis mier ga-

weul muSaobas, rusuli istoriografiis problemebisadmi sis-

temur midgomad is ver Sefasdeba. Tumca, misi Sexedulebebi da

naazrevi ruseTis istoriis calkeul sakiTxebze sayuradReboa.

kirion saZagliSvilis samecniero Semoqmedebis mniSvnelo-

vani nawilia misi eTnografiuli da arqeologiuri Ziebebic.

77

mis mier aRwerilia metexis, wromis, niqozis, ananuris, vales,

SuamTis, sveticxovlis taZrebi da maTi RirsSesaniSnaobebi. sa-

interesoa mecnieris gamokvleva xersonSi arqeologiuri gaT-

xrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili VI saukunis qarTuli sakaTedro

taZris Sesaxeb [10]. yuradRebas ipyrobs, agreTve, mis mier ga-

moqveynebuli xalxuri legendebi, Tqmulebebi, eTnografiuli

xasiaTis araerTi gamokvleva; aseve mis arqivebSi daculi eT-

nografiuli da folkloruli masalebis siuxve, romelTa Sek-

reba-SegrovebaSi udidesia mkvlevris damsaxureba. is did mniS-

vnelobas aniWebda istoriis kvlevisa da Seswavlis saqmeSi ar-

qeologiur, eTnografiul masalebsa da cnobebs.

amgvarad, XIX-XX s-is mijnaze qarTveli samRvdeloebis

progresulma nawilma Tavisi sityva Tqva erovnul-sazogado-

ebriv da samecniero sarbielze. kirion episkoposi sazogado-

ebis am nawilis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo. XX s-is da-

sawyisSi qarTul avtokefalur moZraobaSi arsebul taqtikur

Sexedulebebs Soris kirion saZagliSvilis pozicia erT-erTi

yvelaze mebrZoli da aqtiuri iyo. misi mizani saqarTvelos

eklesiis misiis aRorZineba gaxldaT, rac erovnuli cnobie-

rebis gaRvivebis, kulturis ganviTarebis, saxelmwifoebrivi

mTlianobis ganmtkicebis samsaxurSi eklesiis aqtiur da sis-

xlsavse moRvaweobas niSnavda. amis pirobad kirion saZagliS-

vils saqarTvelos saeklesio da saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisuf-

leba esaxeboda da ibrZoda kidec mis mosapoveblad. mRvdel-

mTavari aqtiurad reagirebda qveynis sazogadoebriv-politi-

kuri cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela mtkivneul sakiTxze. misi

Tvalsawieri metad farToa, gamoirCeva saocari ganswavlu-

lobiTa da azrovnebis siRrmiT.

kirion saZagliSvilis saistorio Sexedulebebis gacnoba

adasturebs, rom igi Tavisi drois TvalsaGino qarTveli mec-

nieri da istorikosia, gansakuTrebiT saeklesio istoriis

dargSi. igi SesaniSnavad icnobda da flobda istoriografia-

Si arsebul Tavisi drois uaxles meTodologiur sistemebs,

wyaroTmcodneobiT da istoriografiul bazas. farTo iyo mi-

si samecniero kontaqtebi ara mxolod ruseTSi, mis farglebs

gareTac. masTan TanamSromlobdnen cnobili mecnierebi: a.

palmieri, g. bermani, a. harnaki, i. palmovi, i. sokolovi, n.

glubokovski, n. zaozerski, al. xaxanaSvili, al. cagareli, m.

janaSvili, k. kekeliZe da sxva. mTeli rigi samecniero-sais-

78

torio problemebi episkopos kirions Tavisi epoqis miRweve-

bis doneze esmoda, xolo misi zogierTi dakvirveba da Tval-

sazrisi Tanamedrove istoriografiis miRwevebsac pasuxobs.

kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II-is Sexedulebebi sxvadasxva

sakiTxze dResac saocrad aqtualuria, amitomac mis naazrevs

saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos obieqturi Seswavla-Sefa-

sebiT da damsaxurebuli adgili miekuTvnos qarTuli sazoga-

doebrivi da samecniero azrovnebis istoriaSi.


1. Г. Садзагелов-Ивериели, Последный эпизод из вековой борьбы православной Грузии с мусульманами шиитами, Пастырь, 1895, №23-24.

2. Е. К., Заслуги грузинского монашества и монастырей для отечест-венной церкви и общества, Тифлис, тип. М. Шарадзе, 1899.

3. Епископ Кирион, Двенадцативековая религиозная борьба право-славной Грузии с исламом, Тифлис, 1900.

4. Е. К., Церковно-политическое сношение Грузии с единоверной Рос-сией, Духовный вестник Грузинского Экзархата, прибавление к №17 и 18, 1901.

5. Епископ Кирион, История Грузинской церкви и Экзархата за XIX столетия, Тифлис, 1901. agreTve, saqarTvelos erovnuli arqi-

vi, centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 1458, saqme №56. 6. Харистикарная система и ея влияние на церковно-поземельныя от-

ношения в древней грузии, Вес Кавказ, Социально-экономический отдел, №1, 1903.

7. Кирион епископ Сухумский, Грузинский церковный вопрос; Что вынуждает грузин дабиватся возстановления своей церкви?; Какой Иверии дарована автокефалия в XI веке; Национальний принцип в церкви, Журналы заседании, Церковные ведомости, приложение к №47, 1906.

8. Е. К., Культурная роль Иверии в истории Руси, Тифлис, 1910. 9. Экспроприация церковных имении в Имеретии и Грузии, saqarTve-

los erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio arqivi, f.

1458, saq. №3. 10. episkoposi kirioni (saZagliSvili), VI saukunis kaTedraluri

qarTuli monasteri tavridis xersonesSi, 1911 (rusulidan

79

Targmani n. naTaZisa), saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, №12, 1981. agreTve, saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri sais-

torio arqivi, f. 1458, saq. №5. 11. m. janaSvili, misi uwmindesoba kirioni, tfilisi, 1917.

12. iv. javaxiSvili, damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos

Soris XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1919.

13. el. abramiSvili, kirion II piradi saarqivo fondi, mravalTa-

vi, I wigni, 1971.

14. v. gurgeniZe, kirion II, saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, №6, 1981. 15. s. vardosaniZe, kirion II, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-

patriarqi, ozurgeTi, 1994.

16. r. baramiZe, kirion II da qarTuli humanitaruli mecniereba,

`rani varT qarTvelni~, №7-8, 1998. 17. x. qoqraSvili, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis

kirion saZagliSvilis biografiis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis,

`religia~, №1-2-3, 1995. 18. x. qoqraSvili, zogierTi epizodi avtokefaluri moZraobis

istoriisaTvis, `saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~, №1, 1999. 19. e. bubulaSvili, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena da

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba, krebulSi:

qristianoba saqarTveloSi (istoriul-eTnologiuri gamok-

vlevebi), Tbilisi, 2000.

20. e. bubulaSvili, kirion II-is (saZagliSvili) SemoqmedebiTi

moRvaweobis istoriidan, analebi, №2, 2000. 21. s. vardosaniZe, versiebi kaTolikos-patriarqis kirion II

mkvlelobis Sesaxeb, wignSi: marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-

1927 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000.

22. v. kiknaZe, samaradiso Saravandedi, kaTolikos-patriarq ki-

rion II-is cxovreba da moRvaweoba, krebulSi: qristianoba

saqarTveloSi, istoriul-eTnologiuri gamokvlevebi, Tbi-

lisi, 2000.

23. x. qoqraSvili, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis kirion II

filosofiuri Sexedulebani, istoriul-eTnografiuli Stu-

diebi, 2000.

24. x. qoqraSvili, kirion II saistorio kvlevis meTodi, saisto-

rio Studiebi, Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxlobis enisa da

kulturis saxelmwifo universitetis, saqarTvelos istori-

is kaTedris SromaTa krebuli, №2, 2001. 25. qoqraSvili xaTuna, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-pat-

80

riarqis kirion II erovnul-sazogadoebrivi da saistorio Se-

xedulebani, disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili, Tbilisi,

2001.

26. x. qoqraSvili, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdge-

nis sakiTxi da qarTveli samRvdeloeba (1905-1913 ww.), saqar-

Tvelos axali istoriis sakiTxebi, VII, 2004.

27. x. qoqraSvili, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdge-

nis sakiTxi ruseTis uwmindes sinodSi, saqarTvelos axali

istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII, 2005.

28. wmida mRvdelmowame kirion II (saZagliSvili) da afxazeTi,

Semdg. red. jemal gamaxaria, Tbilisi, 2006.

29. x. qoqraSvili, qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis ZiriTa-

di tendenciebi (XIX s-is bolo-XX s-is dasawyisi), axali da

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №1, 2007. 30. x. qoqraSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis problematika kaTo-

likos-patriarqis kirion II-is naazrevSi, axali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi, №2 (4), 2008. 31. x. qoqraSvili, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis

kirion II-is erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi pozicia, axali da

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, №1 (3), 2008. 32. x. qoqraSvili, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

kirion II _ rogorc arqeografi da wyaroTmcodne, krebulSi:

filipe gogiCaiSvilis saxelobis iuridiul-ekonomikuri in-

stituti, `samecniero Sromebis krebuli~, I, 2008.

33. v. kiknaZe, erovnuli da sakacobrio problematika XIX s. qar-

Tveli sasuliero moRvaweebis SemoqmedebaSi, episkoposebi:

gabriel qiqoZe, kirion saZagliSvili, petre konWoSvili,

RvTismetyvelebis kandidati mixeil sabinini, Tbilisi, 2009.

34. x. qoqraSvili, Jurnali `sveticxoveli~ saqarTvelos ekle-

siis erovnuli misiis Sesaxeb, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sa-

kiTxebi, №2 (17), 2015. 35. Материалы об убийстве Экзарха Грузии Никона (Софийский) и

некоторые вопросы церковной истории (1908-1913), Сборник со-ставили Джемал Гамахария и Татьяна Ерохина, Исследованием, комментариями и указателем снабдил Джемал Гамахария, Тбилиси, Рязань, 2016.

81

Khatuna Kokrashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Main Aspects of the Scientific Activities of Catholicos-Patriarch of

Georgia Kirion II (dedicated to 100th anniversary of his death) Summary

Society knows Kirion (in public life Giorgi) Sadzaglishvili as a

prominent public and church figure, one of the leaders of the autocephaly movement. In 17 September 1917 the meeting of the whole Georgian Church elected as the first Catholicosos-Patriarch of the Church which had recovered the autocephaly and called him Kirion II. Unfortunately, he soon became the victim of intrigue. On 26 June, 1918 Kirion II was found dead in Martkopi Monastery. This terrific murder has been covered in obscurity till today. On October 17, 2002 the martyred Catholicos Patriarch of All Georgia, Kirion II was declared a saint by the Holy Synod of the Georgian Church. The work is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the death of the Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia, Kirion II. On the basis of analysis of archival material and literature, the main aspects of portrait of Kirion (Giorgi) Sadzaglishvili as a public and religious figure are shown; his publicistic and scientific heritage is estimated.

The world outlook for Kirion Sadzaglishvili is Christian religion. According to his understanding of the relationship between religion, science and philosophy, he is a free thinker of his time. Kirion believes that the criteria for human progress are the following: the liberation of the cognition process from the bureaucracy, the pursuit of education and the science, the use of the knowledge for the sake of the society, harmonious understanding of material and idea in the knowledge of the world, moral purpose of science. All this is closely linked to the idea of absolute value of a human being. Recognizing the principle of universal love and equality in the relations between individuals and God is the best expression of the humanity of Kirion. The strong, free state is Kirion Sadzaglishvili's state ideology and the guarantor of human dignity. The priority of the formation of state ideology is morality, consequently he imposes a responsible mission

82

to the church as a moral facilitator of the nation. Kirion Sadzaglishvili considered the nation as a complete body, super-class unity and encouraged the idea of consolidating national forces; the defense and preservation of language, study of the history of the country, protection of religion, cultural heritage, education were considered as a means of development in small, conquered and militant nations.

Kirion’s aim was to strengthen Georgia's religious and state integrity, for which he always struggled. The result was the persecution which he suffered from the authority of the Russian Empire. Bishop Kirion was one of the practical leaders of the restoration of autocephaly of the Georgian Church. During 1905-1906 years, in his speeches at the Holy Synod sessions, he introduced the historical, canonical, legal and practical basics for the restoration of autocephaly of Georgia. Kirion Sadzaglishvili's position on the release of Georgian Church was one of the most effective and active phenomenon among Georgian autocephalists. Autocephalous movement was concluded successfully on March 12, 1917 with the act of restoring the autocephaly of the Georgian Church. In the first epistles of the Catholicos-Patriarch Kirion II, elected as the head of the Church, the Action Plan of the Georgian Church was announced: Implementation of territorial principles of autocephaly of Georgian Church, unification of the disrupted union between the church and the congregation as a result of Russian church policy, restoration and protection of statehood, settlement of inter-ethnic relations between Caucasian peoples, advancing the cultural and educational level of the nation.

According to Kirion (Giorgi) Sadzaglishvili's historical views, he is a prominent Georgian scholar and historian of his time, especially in the field of religious history. He was familiar with and mastered the latest methodological systems of his time, source study and historiography basis. His archaeographical work was fruitful, finding, preserving, and studying antiquities, in the methodological processing of religious history. He had broad scientific contacts not only in Russia but outside its borders as well. Famous scientists collaborated with him: A. Palmyre, G. Bermann, A. Harnack, I. Palmov, I. Sokolov, N. Glubokovsky, N. Zaozerski, Al. Khakhanashvili, Al. Tsagareli, M. Janashvili, K. Kekelidze and others. His famous works include: „Двенадцативековая религиозная борьба православной Грузии с исламом“ („Twelve centuries-old religious

83

struggle of the Orthodox Georgia against Islam“),, „История Грузинской церкви и Экзархата за XIX столетия“ („History of the Georgian Church and the Exarchate in the XIX century“), „Церковно-политическое сношение Грузии с единоверной Россией“ („Church-political intercourse of Georgia with Russia of the same faith“), „Харистикарная система и ея влияние на церковно-поземельныя отношения в древней грузии“ („The beneficiary system and its influence on the church-land relations in ancient Georgia“), „Культурная роль Иверии в истории Руси“ („The cultural role of Iberia in the history of Russia“), etc.

Kirion Sadzaglishvili's research subject matter, understanding of the problems is close to the "Cultural-Historical" school traditions. He shares the theological concepts of the place and role of Christianity in the history of Georgia; At the beginning of scientific activity, the level of development of the Georgian Church's historiography was defined and the periodization of the history of the Georgian Church was developed; He was one of the first persons who raised the issue about the fundamental and systematic studies of the religious history of Georgia; He tried to discuss Georgia's religious history in the context of the history of Christianity and world history. His concept about the cultural-religious influence and role of big nations on small nations is noteworthy in terms of the Georgian-Russian cultural interaction. The scientist confirms the significant religious and cultural impact on the newly converted Russia on the part of Georgia. According to its historical concept, following the fall of Byzantine Empire, Georgia has actually carried out the function of protecting the Orthodox Church, thus sacrificing all its vital energy.

Kirion Sadzaglishvili was aware of a number of scientific-historical problems relevant to his epoch, and some of his viewpoints and ideas react to the achievements of modern historiography and are still actual today.

84

irina arabiZe






si istoriis ganyofilebis mecnier-

TanamSromeli

daviT sarajiSvilis biografiidan ramdenime

cnobis dazustebisTvis

(dabadebis 170 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT)

qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, mrewveli, qvelmoqmedi da-

viT sarajiSvili 1848 wlis 23 noembers (Zv. st.) tfilisSi da-

ibada. dawyebiTi ganaTleba jer saxlSi, Semdeg kerZo pansion-

Si miiRo. 1866 wels warCinebiT daamTavra tfilisis klasiku-

ri gimnazia, sadac, misive TqmiT, gansakuTrebiT kargad enebsa

da literaturas daeufla [1, 144].

daviT sarajiSvili erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda pe-

terburgis universitetis fizika-maTematikis fakultetis sa-

bunebismetyvelo ganyofilebaze, 1867-1878 wlebSi _ germaniis

sxvadasxva saswavlebelsa da universitetSi, 1878-1880 wlebSi

ki _ safrangeTSi [1, 144; 2; 3, 3-5].

daviT sarajiSvilis moRvaweobis periods arc ise xan-

grZlivi dro gvaSorebs, magram am didi qarTvelis biografi-

is detalebi mainc dauzustebelia. sxvadasxva avtori mis mier

samecniero xarisxis dacvas germaniis sxvadasxva universi-

tets _ haidelbergi, miunxeni, hales sabunebismetyvelo aka-

demia _ ukavSirebs da mopovebul samecniero xarisxsac sxva-

dasxvagvars aRniSnavs _ qimiisa da filosofiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtori da filosofiis ma-

gistri, qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtori [3, 3; 4, 45-46, 90; 5, 1; 6,

11; 7, 42-43; 8, 171; 9, 39; 10, 33; 11, 164-165; 12, 22; 13, 237; 14;

15, 254].

daviT sarajiSvilis biografiis ramdenime bundovani sa-

kiTxis garkvevaSi dagvexmara germaniaSi, haidelbergis uni-

85

versitetis arqivSi, xarisxis miniWebis aqtebSi daculi masa-

la. iq inaxeba laTinur enaze dawerili kalendaruli avtobi-

ografia (CV), doqtoris xarisxis mosapovebelad gamocdaze

daSvebis Txovna (germanul enaze), gamocdaze profesorebis

miwvevisa da maT mier Tanxmobis gamocxadebis furceli, ga-

mocdis oqmi anu profesorTa mier gakeTebuli Sefasebebi da

diplomis saaqto egzemplari (laTinur enaze Sesrulebuli.

es aris igive saarqivo egzemplari, dednis asli, dabeWdili

misi Sinaarsisa da formis dacviT, magram gacilebiT Txel da

mcire formatian furcelze, beWdisa da xelmowerebis gareSe)

[1, 142r-146v]. uaxloes momavalSi aRniSnuli dokumentebis ga-

moqveynebas TargmaniTa da komentarebiT vgegmavT.

axlad gamovlenilma masalam, marTalia, zogierT sakiTxs

naTeli mohfina, magram eWvqveS daayena daviT sarajiSvilis

dabadebis Tve da ricxvi _ 28 oqtomberi (Zv. st.), romelsac

aqamde misi yvela meistorie asaxelebda [2; 3, 3; 4, 38; 5, 1; 6, 3; ...]. am mxriv warmoebuli kvlevis Sesaxeb dagegmil statiaSi

visaubrebT.

amjerad SevecdebiT, daviT sarajiSvilis samecniero xa-

risxTan dakavSirebuli uzustobebi gavarkvioT. misi moRvawe-

obis ZiriTad aspeqtebs mxolod mokled mimovixilavT.

doqtoris xarisxis mosapovebel gamocdaze dasaSvebad da-

viT sarajiSvilma 1871 wels haidelbergis universitetis fi-

losofiis fakultets mimarTa. qimiis fakulteti damouki-

deblad iq jer Camoyalibebuli ar iyo (cnobisaTvis, haidel-

bergis rupert-karlis saxelobis universitetSi filosofiis

fakultets maTematikuri da sabunebismetyvelo ganxra 1890

wels gamoeyo).

im dros haidelbergis universitetSi moqmedi, 1867 wels

SemuSavebuli regulaciebis mixedviT, weriTi naSromis dacva

aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda, misi tolfasi orsaaTiani

mkacri zepiri gamocdis Cabareba iyo. doqtorants, Tavisi mi-

marTulebis mixedviT sagamocdo sagnebi TviTon unda daesa-

xelebina. daviT sarajiSvils zemoaRniSnul TxovnaSi umTav-

res anu ZiriTad sagnad qimia aqvs dasaxelebuli, damatebiT

sagnebad ki _ fizika da mineralogia. 1871 wlis 10 marts man

aRniSnuli gamocdebi warmatebiT Caabara da filosofiis mec-

86

nierebaTa doqtorisa da Tavisufal xelovnebaTa magistris

kvalifikacia mieniWa [1, 143, 146r; 16, 67; 17]. gamocdis Semajamebeli Sedegi _ „Insigni cum laude“ („Sesa-

niSnavi/aRsaniSnavi warmatebiT“) _ miTiTebulia diplomSi,

romelic im dros laTinur enaze ivseboda. sadoqtoro ga-

mocdis oTxsafexuriani Sefasebis sistemaSi am Sedegze ufro

maRali aris mxolod „Summa cum laude“ (ùmaRlesi warmate-

biT~) [16, 67(7)]. xarisxis mopoveba disertaciis dacviT rom momxdariyo,

naSromis saTauri diplomSi da xarisxis miniWebis aqtebSic

aucileblad dafiqsirdeboda. daviT sarajiSvilis diplomSi,

kerZod, es miTiTebuli unda yofiliyo iq, sadac gamocdis

Semajamebeli Sedegia aRniSnuli. filosofiis fakultetze mopovebuli umaRlesi samecnie-

ro xarisxi qimiis doqtoris wodebas gulisxmobda, radgan qi-

mia gamocdebze „gansakuTrebul/umTavres“ sagnad iyo dasaxe-

lebuli. es diplomSic aRniSnulia [1, 143; 17].

daviT sarajiSvilisaTvis filosofiis doqtorisa da Ta-

visufal xelovnebaTa magistris xarisxis miniWebis diplomis

dedani saqarTvelos giorgi leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli li-

teraturis saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivSia daculi [17]. axlad-

gamovlenil masalasTan erTad momavalSi diplomis Targmanis

gamoqveynebasac vapirebT.

amrigad, diplomisa da haidelbergis universitetis arqiv-

Si axlad gamovlenili masalis mixedviT, daviT sarajiSvilma

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtorisa da Tavisufal xelovne-

baTa magistris xarisxi haidelbergis universitetis filoso-

fiis fakultetze daicva qimiis „gansakuTrebul/umTavres“

sagnad aRiarebiT, rac qimiis doqtoris wodebasac gulis-

xmobda. amave masalidan cnobili gaxda, rom man doqtoris xa-

risxis mosapoveblad sami mkacri zepiri gamocda „SesaniSna-

vi/aRsaniSnavi warmatebiT“ Caabara [1, 143r, 146r; 16, 67(7); 17].

* * *

sazRvargareT swavlis periodSi daviT sarajiSvili qar-

Tveli studentebis mier 1873 wels Sveicariis q. ciurixSi da-

arsebuli sazogadoeba „uRlis“ wevrebs daukavSirda. isini

erovnuli Cagvrisagan samSoblos ganTavisuflebisaTvis iR-

87

vwodnen da miznis miRwevis saSualebad xalxSi ganaTlebis

gavrcelebas Tvlidnen. „uRlis“ jgufTan kavSiri, rogorc

aleqsandre sigua aRniSnavs, daviT sarajiSvilis miswrafebe-

bis mravalmxrivobaze miuTiTebs, iseT mimarTulebaze gviq-

mnis warmodgenas, romelzec misi biografiidan cnobebi jer

kidev ar gvaqvs [12, 3, 19-21].

daviT sarajiSvilis praqtikuli moRvaweobidan naTelia,

rom igi qveynis damoukideblobisa da Zlierebis erT-erT wi-

napirobad ganaTlebasTan erTad samamulo meurneobisa da

mrewvelobis ganviTarebas miiCnevda. 1871-1878 wlebSi daviT

sarajiSvili soflis meurneobis mecnierebebs isev germaniaSi

_ hoenhaimis universitetsa da hales sabunebismetyvelo aka-

demiaSi swavlobda. 1878-1880 wlebSi ki safrangeTSi meRvineo-

bas, gansakuTrebiT Rrmad koniakisa da magari sasmelebis war-

moebis teqnologiebs, ecnoboda. mas ukve ganzraxuli hqonda

Tavis qveyanaSi alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoebis ganviTare-

ba da aRniSnul sakiTxs ara marto ekonomikur, aramed erov-

nul mniSvnelobasac aniWebda.

saqarTveloSi Rvinisa da aryis damzadeba mamapapuri we-

siT, ojaxebSi odiTgan xdeboda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebiTac

dasturdeba, rom meRvineobis akvani swored saqarTveloa. mi-

uxedavad amisa, farTo moxmarebisaTvis alkoholuri sasmele-

bis warmoeba specialur ganaTlebasa da SesaZleblobebs mo-

iTxovda, rac Cvens qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli jer kidev ar iyo.

aRniSnul sferoSi pirveli meqanizebuli sawarmoebi XIX

saukunis 40-iani wlebis damdegidan gamoCnda, magram araper-

speqtiulobis gamo maleve Sewyvites funqcionireba. imave sa-

ukunis 60-ian wlebSi ruseTis imperiis masStabiT gatarebul-

ma reformebma saqarTveloSi mrewvelobis winsvla ganapiroba.

90-iani wlebisaTvis tfilisSi sawarmoebis ZiriTadi nawili

ukve meqanizebuli iyo [18, 146].

evropaSi miRebuli codna samSobloSi dabrunebulma da-

viT sarajiSvilma warmatebiT gamoiyena. 3-4 wlis ganmavloba-

Si is alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoebis adgilobriv pirobebs

ecnoboda da Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis niadags amzadebda.

1884-1885 wlebSi daviT sarajiSvilma mSobliur qalaqSi spirtis qarxana gaxsna da aamuSava. 1886 wels man mTel kavka-

siaSi pirveli sareqtifikacio qarxana, xolo 1887 wels li-

qioris qarxana aamoqmeda. mTeli ruseTis imperiis masStabiT

88

pirveli _ sarajiSvilis koniakis qarxana 1888 wels Cadga

mwyobrSi. konsultaciebisaTvis mas liqiorisa da koniakis

warmoebis frangi specialistebi hyavda mowveuli [7, 165; 4,

99-100, 102, 247].

unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT sarajiSvilamde, 1865 wlidan

koniaks quTaisSi giorgi bolqvaZe (1835-1920) awarmoebda. gi-

orgi bolqvaZe _ parizisa da briuselis akademiebis wevri,

mTeli ruseTis imperiis masStabiT qarxnuli koniakis pirveli

mwarmoebeli iyo. aray-liqioris qarxanaSi damzadebul mis

koniaks da sxva alkoholur nawarms mravali jildo hqonda

damsaxurebuli. magram giorgi bolqvaZem warmoebas iseTi

farTo masStabebi ver SesZina, rogorc daviT sarajiSvilma [2,

48; 4, 12].

daviT sarajiSvili ruseTis imperiaSi pirveli koniakis

qarxnis amSenebeli, adgilobriv pirobebTan Sexamebuli kla-

sikuri teqnologiiT misi warmoebis damfuZnebeli da samrew-

velo-komerciuli daniSnulebis mimniWebeli gaxldaT. man,

rogorc ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, alkoholuri sasmelebis

warmoebas qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTre-

buli mniSvneloba mianiWa, mtkice safuZveli Seuqmna da manam-

de arnaxuli masStabiT gaafarTova. daviT sarajiSvilma ase-

ve pirvelma daiwyo qarTuli koniakis mecnieruli kvleva,

ris Sedegadac nawarmis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda

[19, 26; 4, 12, 104, 106, 119].

XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi daviT sa-

rajiSvils tfiliss garda qarxnebi hqonda vladikavkazSi,

yizlarSi, erevanSi, baqoSi, besarabiaSi da sxvagan. isini im

droisaTvis saukeTeso firmebis _ gencis, elenbergis, pauS-

qis, ferberis, bormanis, Svarcis, miuleris, fugelzangis man-

qana-danadgarebiT iyvnen aRWurvili. yovelive progresulis

sworad Semfasebeli mewarme _ daviT sarajiSvili _ teqnikis

ganaxlebaze mudmivad zrunavda, sistematurad ecnoboda ev-

ropis miRwevebs da warmoebaSi dauyovnebliv nergavda. warma-

tebis pirobebs TiToeuli sasmelisaTvis WurWlis sworad

SerCevac qmnida [2, 191-195; 4, 101]. 1902 wlisaTvis mis qar-

xnebSi 571 adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli da wliurad 2 mln. mane-

Tis produqcia iqmneboda. muSebis xelfasi ki jamSi 100 aTas

maneTs Seadgenda [20, 2].

89

gasaRebis bazris gafarToebis kvaldakval firmis sawyo-

bebi da maRaziebi gaixsna tfilisSi, peterburgSi, moskovSi,

samaraSi, varSavaSi, vilniusSi, rigaSi, kievSi, odesaSi, feo-

dosiaSi, vladikavkazSi, petrovskSi (axlandeli mahaCyala),

CarjouSi (axlandeli Turqmenabadi), baqosa da sxva qalaqebSi

[4, 112, 120].

daviT sarajiSvili garda Tavis qarxnebSi warmoebuli spir-

tisa agentebis mier sxvadasxva adgilze kerZo pirTagan SeZenil

xarisxian sakoniake spirtsac iyenebda [6, 20-21; 21, 33].

firma saerTo jamSi 14 qarxanas aerTianebda (5 sareqtifi-

kacio, 7 koniakis, 1 aryis, 1 liqioris) da 1901 wlisaTvis da-

axloebiT 60-65 saxis alkoholian sasmels awarmoebda. Zalian

mniSvnelovania, rom nawarmi adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis

mavne minarevebisagan gawmendili iyo. es maSin, roca ruseTSi

alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoebis standarts sakmarisi yu-

radReba ar eqceoda. imperiis mesveurni dainteresebulni iy-

vnen aryis warmoebis gadidebiT da mwarmoeblebic, meti moge-

bis miRebis mizniT, xarisxze ar zrunavdnen. uxarisxo sasme-

lis moxmareba xSirad savalalo Sedegs iwvevda. daviT sara-

jiSvilma produqciis gadamuSavebiT Tavisi nawarmi sasargeb-

lo TvisebebiT gaamdidra da amiT momxmareblis janmrTeloba

daicva [2, 91; 4, 120, 123; 6, 15; 21, 64]. daviT sarajiSvilis qarxnebSi damzadebulma sasmelebma

ruseTSi frangul firmebs konkurencia gauwia da mTeli impe-

riis masStabiT didi mowonebiT sargeblobda. misi nawarmi

warmatebiT iyideboda evropisa da aziis zogierT did qalaq-

Si: berlinSi, JenevaSi, venaSi, londonSi, TavrizSi, konstan-

tinopolsa da sxvagan [2, 98; 4, 112].

sarajiSvilis qarxnebSi muSebi erovnebis ganurCevlad iy-

vnen dasaqmebuli. es didi mewarme da mecenati socialuri sa-

kiTxebis gadawyvetaSic progresuli azrovnebiT gamoirCeoda.

man muSaTa mier 9 saaTiani samuSao dRis moTxovnas 8 saaTiani

samuSao dRis SemoRebiT upasuxa. maSin, roca ruseTis imperi-

aSi im dros samuSao dRe, saSualod, 11,5 saaTs grZeldeboda.

1905 wels daviT sarajiSvilma srulad daakmayofila Tavisi

firmis mSromelTa mier wamoyenebuli 21 punqtiani moTxovna

[4, 249-251; 12, 7, 9].

daviT sarajiSvili qarxnebSi dasaqmebulTaTvis yovelgva-

ri pirobebis Seqmnas cdilobda. vladikavkazSi 75 desetina

90

farTobze ganlagebuli qarxnis (ganaxlda 1894 wels) terito-

riaze arsebobda: saerTo sacxovrebeli, sasadilo, skvirao

skola, biblioTeka, samkiTxvelo. muSebs hqondaT 2 kviriani

Svebuleba xelfasis SenarCunebiT, socialuri daxmarebis sa-

laroebi, ufaso samedicino momsaxureba, dazRveva ubeduri

SemTxvevebis dros. didi mewarme da qvelmoqmedi wera-kiTxvis

mcodne mSromelebs xelfass umatebda da maTi Svilebis ga-

naTlebazec zrunavda; muSebs yoveli dResaswaulis win sam-

sami boTli koniakiT ajildoebda [21, 31; 22, 3; 4, 101; 6, 31].

da bolos, Tavis qarxnebSi mSromelTa cxovrebis pirobebis

gaumjobesebaze sicocxleSi ganuxrelad moamage daviT sara-

jiSvilma, maTi keTildReobisaTvis anderZiT 125 aTasi maneTi

gamoyo. rogorc guram CimakaZe aRniSnavs, msoflioSi albaT

Znelia, moiZebnos iseTi kapitalisti, romelmac `muSa Tavisi

qonebis memkvidred aRiara~ (anderZis me-11 da me-12-e punqte-

bi) [4, 51, 199].

mrewvelobis sferoSi, daviT sarajiSvilis warmatebul

saqmianobaze, Rrma codnasa da organizatorul unarze met-

yvelebs msoflios sxvadasxva qalaqSi gamofenebze misi nawar-

mis mier damsaxurebuli 14 medali (m. S. erTi _ gardacvale-

bis Semdeg). 1902 wels „samSoblo qveynis vaWrobisa da mrewve-

lobis saqmeSi sasargeblo moRvaweobisaTvis“ daviT sarajiS-

vils „komerciis mrCevlis“ wodeba mieniWa [23, 4; 24, 2-3; 2, 96;

3, 5; 4, 124; 6, 26].

am didi moRvawis TvisebaTagan misive Tanamedroveni xazs

usvamdnen: keTilSobilebas, patiosnebas, erTgulebas, Tav-

mdablobas, sikeTes, gulwrfelobas, mzrunvelobas, guluxvo-

bas, stumarTmoyvareobas, uwyinarobas, patriotizms, Sromis-

moyvareobas, SorsmWvretelobas, zedamxedvelobis unars,

momTxovnelobas, samarTlianobas, rasac emateboda ganaTleba

da im saqmis Zirfesviani codna, romlis safuZvlis Cayrasa da

ganviTarebasac mTeli sicocxle miuZRvna. is iyo „Tavdadebi-

sa da erTgulebis saukeTeso magaliTis“ mimcemi. niko niko-

laZis qaliSvili rusudani mas „zeadamianad... kacTmoyvareo-

bisa da keTilSobilebis mociqulad“ miiCnevda. akaki SaniZem

ki „Tavisi drois moRvaweTa unarCevesTagani“ uwoda [4, 48-49,

53; 11, 166, 171; 13, 139].

sulieri TvisebebiT amdenad Semkuli da mravalmxriv ga-

naTlebuli daviT sarajiSvilis garegnobac misi Sinagani sam-

91

yaros Sesaferi iyo. ungreli fermweris, ruseTis saimperato-

ro karis mxatvris _ mixai ziCis mier Sesrulebul `vefxistya-

osnis~ ilustraciebSi rusTvelis saxis prototipi daviT sa-

rajiSvilia. rogorc gazeTi `droeba~ 1882 wlis TebervalSi

aRniSnavda, am didi poemis suraTebis cocxali warmodgenis

dros misgan gansaxierebulma rusTavelma mnaxvelebis didi

mowoneba daimsaxura [25, 2; 4, 49].

daviT sarajiSvili kavkasiaSi erT-erTi umdidresi adamia-

ni iyo da fuli misTvis saqveyno saqmeebis keTebis saSualebas

warmoadgenda. TviTonve aRniSnavda: àdamiani ki ar unda iyos

fulis mona, aramed fuli unda iyos adamianis msaxuri~. yo-

velmxriv sikeTiT damuxtuli, erovnebisa da socialuri war-

moSobis miuxedavad exmareboda gaWirvebaSi myof adamianebs.

germaneli qarTvelologi artur laisti (1852-1927) mis Sesa-

xeb werda: `muSaobda dauRalavad, yovelTvis fiqrobda im sa-

sargeblo saqmeebze, romelic SeeZlo moetana mas Tavisi xal-

xisaTvis...“ [26; 4, 48, 50-51].

samSoblosa da xalxisadmi daviT sarajiSvilis siyvaruli

axalgazrdebis swavla-ganaTlebaze zrunvaSic vlindeboda.

man qarTveli sazogado moRvawis _ niko cxvedaZis xelmZRva-

nelobiT 1888 daaarsa komiteti, romelsac niWieri axalgaz-

rdebis gamovlena daevala. umaRles saswavleblebSi maTi swav-lis Tanxebs daviT sarajiSvilis fondi ixdida [27, 4; 4, 144-

145; 6, 44-46]. didi qvelmoqmedi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda xe-

lovnebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebas. swored daviT sara-

jiSvilis saxsrebiT swavlobda axalgazrda fermweri gigo ga-

baSvili XIX s. 80-90-ian wlebSi peterburgisa da miunxenis sam-

xatvro akademiebSi da es ukanaskneli 1897 wels umaRlesi

jildoTi daamTavra [4, 149; 28, 29]. daviT sarajiSvilis erT-

erTi stipendianti, SemdgomSi warmatebuli xelovani _ mose

ToiZe ixsenebda, rom adamianebi, romlebsac daviT sarajiSvi-

li exmareboda, mas aRiqvamdnen „rogorc samSoblos warmomad-

genels, mSobels~ [29].

daviT sarajiSvilze, rogorc did sazogado moRvawesa da

qvelmoqmedze misi saqmianobis sferoebis arasruli CamonaT-

valic metyvelebs. àrc erTi saqveyno saqme ar dawyebula 30

wlis ganmavlobaSi ise, rom daviT zaqarias Zes Tavisi wvlili

ar Seetanos, materialuri daxmareba ar gaewios _ gazeT-Jur-

92

nalis, wignis gamocema, scenis moyvarulTa, momReralTa, me-

musikeTa, da mecnierTa gamozrda. eklesiis da skolis gamSve-

niereba, Rarib-uZlurTa gakiTxva, ucxoel da Sinaur moRvawe-

Ta gamaspinZleba da maTi erTmaneTTan daaxloeba~. misi didi

monawileobiT daarsda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis ga-

mavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~, qarTveli glexobis aRmdgeneli

komiteti, samusiko saswavlebeli, quTaisis Teatri. araerTi

qarTuli melodia da simRera gadaurCa daviwyebas daviT sa-

rajiSvilis mier dafinansebuli kompozitor dimitri ara-

yiSvilis eqspediciis wyalobiT. daviT sarajiSvili yoveli-

ves àkeTebda ara saxelisaTvis, ara TavmoyvareobisaTvis,

aramed samSoblosadmi WeSmariti, wrfeli siyvaruliT~ [30, 2;

31, 1]. tfilisis saTavadaznauro gimnaziis _ momavali qar-

Tuli universitetis Senobis, aseve Teatrebisa da muzeumis

mSeneblobisaTvis man Tanxis didi nawili gaiRo [4, 159-161;

13, 238].

1892 wlidan saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germaneli mwerali

da Jurnalisti artur laisti ramdenime xnis ganmavlobaSi

daviT sarajiSvilis saxlSi cxovrobda da Zalian kargad ic-

nobda mas, mis garemocvasa da miswrafebebs. laisti germaniis

mimarT daviT sarajiSvilis gansakuTrebul siyvarulze miu-

TiTebda: ìs iyo poetebis, mecnierebisa da mxatvrebis megoba-

ri ara marto Tavis samSobloSi, aramed berlinSic. sadac ga-

moCenil adamianebsa da mecnierebs Soris didi pativiscemiTa

da guliTadi megobrobiT sargeblobda... daviT zaqarias Zes

uyvarda es poetebisa da moazrovneTa qveyana da misi mecnie-

rebis miRwevebiT codnas ganuwyvetliv imdidrebda. ise iyo

ganmsWvaluli germanuli kulturiT, rom SeTvisebuli hqonda

germanuli xasiaTis saukeTeso Tvisebebi. is aseve qarTuli

xasiaTis saukeTeso TvisebebiTac iyo Semkuli. iyo iSviaTi pa-

tiosnebisa da pirdapirobis adamiani~ [26]. germanel nacnob-megobarTa mravalricxovneba germaniaSi

daviT sarajiSvilis xangrZlivi cxovrebiTa da SemdgomSi

xSiri mimosvliT iyo ganpirobebuli. germanuli mecnierebisa

da kulturisadmi pativiscemas mis cxovrebaSi farTod war-

modgenili urTierTobebi adasturebs.

1901 wlis SemodgomisaTvis tfilisSi dagegmil kavkasiis

soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobis gamofenaze daviT sara-

jiSvilma Tavisi yofili leqtori, berlinis universitetis

93

profesori, ekonomisti adolf vagneri (1835-1917) moipatiJa.

gamofena 1901 wlis 2 seqtembers gaixsna da dekembris bolom-

de gagrZelda. rogorc araerT sagazeTo statiaSia aRniSnu-

li, simon kldiaSvilis arqiteqturiT iakob nikolaZis mier

Sesrulebuli daviT sarajiSvilis pavilioni gamofenaze sau-

keTeso iyo [32, 1; 33, 3; 33; 34, 2; 4, 123].

profesori vagneri tfilisSi 1901 wlis 15 seqtembers

Camovida. mas ganzraxuli hqonda gamofenis daTvaliereba,

tfilisisa da mcxeTis RirsSesaniSnaobaTa monaxuleba. Ta-

visi mecnieruli muSaobis interesebidan gamomdinare, pro-

fesori miznad aqauri cxovrebis axlos gacnobasac isaxav-

da [33, 2; 35, 2].

gazeTi ìveria~ 1903 wels gvauwyebs, rom profesorma

adolf vagnerma daviT sarajiSvils samecniero naSromi miuZ-

Rvna. „pativcemul qarTvel megobars da winandel mowafes,

sayvarel da maswavlebel-Tanamogzaurs, swored Zvelebur

stumarTmoyvares da azr-gonebis aRmZvrel praqtikul amxa-

nags specialobaSi, b-n d[oqto]r daviT sarajevs TfilisSi,

madlobas uZRvnis avtori adolf vagneri“ _ aseTi sityvebi

aqvs wamZRvarebuli profesor adolf vagners 1902 wels iena-

Si gamocemuli wignisaTvis _ „Agrar - und Industriestaat. Die Kehrseite des Industriestaats und die Rechtfertigung agrarischen Zollsehutzes mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Bevolkerungsfrage“ 2nd edn. Jena: Fischer. avtori agraruli qveynebis mosaxleobaze

industrializaciis gavlenis Sesaxeb wers. wignSi mecnieru-

lad ganxiluli sakiTxebi saqarTvelosTvisac Zalian aqtua-

luri iyo. profesori adolf vagneri daviT sarajiSvils wig-

nis winasityvaobaSi axasiaTebs, rogorc „SesaniSnav mcodne

kacs, rogorc meurneobisa, agredve mrewvelobasa da vaWroba-

Siac“. iqvea aRniSnuli wignTan dakavSirebiT daviT sarajiSvi-

lis damsaxureba: „man damavala imiT, rom gadmomca Cemis az-

ris dasasuraTeblad iseTi SesaniSnavi cnobani, romelTac ga-

miadviles gacnoba sul sxva, jer Cemgan ucnob ekonomiuris

da socialuris cxovrebisa da es cxovreba daaxlovebiTac

vnaxe, rodesac mas samSobloSi stumrad vewvieo“ [36, 3-4; 6,

32-33].

adolf vagnerma 1901 wels nacional-socialistebisa da

miunxenSi moRvawe ekonomist profesor ludvig brentanos

94

mxridan kritikis pasuxad 1901 wels naCqarevad gamocemuli Ta-

visi naazervi 1902 wels gadaamuSava. Tavisi daskvnebis ganmtki-

cebaSi profesors daviT sarajiSvilis mier saqarTveloSi Sek-

rebili da uangarod gadacemuli masala daexmara (pirveli, 1901

wlis gamocema 92 gverdiania; meore, 1902 wlis gamocema _ 223

gverdiani). man ki am mravalmxrivi moRvawisadmi pativiscema wig-

nis miZRvniT da zemoaRniSnuli daxasiaTebiT gamoxata.

aRniSvnis Rirsia wignebisadmi daviT sarajiSvilis damoki-

debuleba. misi piradi biblioTeka 2309 wignisagan Sedgeboda.

aq Tavmoyrili iyo rogorc mxatvruli, aseve ekonomikis, po-

litikisa da mecnierebis sxva dargebis uaxlesi literatura.

qarTveli politikuri moRvawis, SemdegSi damoukidebeli sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordanias (1868-1953)

gadmocemiT, daviT sarajiSvils perioduli gamocemebi germa-

niidan da avstriidanac ki hqonda gamowerili [4, 137-139]. daviT sarajiSvilma Tavisi biblioTekis aRwera noe Jor-

danias miando, romelmac 1912 wels baqoSi gamosca Домашняя библиотека Д. З. Сараджева в Тифлисе [6, 48].

ekonomist adolf vagneris zemoaRniSnuli wigni (1901

wlis gamocema) biblioTekis katalogSi II ganyofilebis _ `po-

litika, politekonomia, finansebi, samarTali, socializmi,

sociologia, statistika~ _ germanulenovan literaturaSi

Setanilia 267-e nomrad [37, 26].

daviT da ekaterine sarajiSvilebis survilisamebr maTi

biblioTeka, ekaterines Zmam _ adam foraqiSvilma axladgax-

snil qarTul universitets gadsca [4, 162]. vagneris dasaxe-

lebul wigns ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis wignTsacavSi amJamad ver mivakvlieT. germaniis bib-

lioTekebSi misi Zveli gamocemebic daculia da Tanamedrove

periodSic (2004, 2010, 2017 wlebi) ramdenjerme gamoica isev

daviT sarajiSvilisadmi miZRvniTa da profesor adolf vag-

neriseuli SesavliT. aqedan Cans aRniSnuli naSromis mecnie-

ruli mniSvneloba.

mSobliurTan erTad germaniis, germanuli kulturisa da

arqiteqturis Tayvanismcemelma daviT sarajiSvilma mamiseul

nasaxlarze (dRes Tbilisi, maCablis quCis #13) saxlis asaSe-

neblad specialurad germaniidan moiwvia arqiteqtori karl

caari. mSeneblobas xis nakeTobaTa ostati ilia mamacaSvili

95

xelmZRvanelobda. saxlis interieris gaformeba xis detale-

biT swored am saxelganTqmuli ostatis Sesrulebulia. karl

caars adgilobrivi arqiteqtorebi aleqsandre ozerovi da

korneli tatiSevi exmarebodnen. xelovnebaTmcodneebis Sefa-

sebiT, saxli modernis stilis arqiteqturis nimuSi, Tbili-

suri da evropuli arqiteqturis Serwymis SesaniSnavi magali-

Tia. verandis mopirkeTebaSi gamoyenebulia germanuli „vile-

roi da boxis“ firmis keramikuli filebi, romelic mxolod

specialuri SekveTiT mzaddeboda [4, 78-82].

daviT sarajiSvilma mSeneblobis dasruleba 1905 wels Ta-

visi qorwinebis 25 wlisTavs miuZRvna. saxli sazogado moRva-

weebis, literatorebis, musikosebis, mxatvrebis Sekrebis ad-

gilad iqca. aq xSirad stumrobdnen: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki we-

reTeli, niko cxvedaZe, aleqsandre cagareli, iona meunargia,

grigol yifSiZe, iakob nikolaZe, iakob mansvetaSvili, gigo

gabaSvili, valerian gunia da sxva cnobili adamianebi, Tbi-

lisSi Camosuli ucxoeli stumrebi.

artur laisti Tavis mier TbilisSi gamocemul gazeT

„Kaukasishe Post“-Si dabeWdil statiaSi _ „iSviaTi nadimi“, da-

viT sarajiSvilis ojaxSi ori fereidneli qarTvelisaTvis ga-

marTul wveulebaze mogviTxrobs. daviT sarajiSvilis mier am

ori adamianisadmi gamoxatulma pativiscemam artur laistis

gakvirveba gamoiwvia, rac man statiaSi aRniSna. daviT sara-

jiSvili artur laistis ideali iyo [38; 4, 90-93].

1921 wlidan saxlSi mweralTa kavSiri dafuZnda.

daviT sarajiSvils dauRalav moRvaweobaSi meuRle da me-

gobari _ ekaterine foraqiSvili TanaugrZnobda.

germaneli eqimi Stokmani maT ase axasiaTebs: `ra mxriv ai-

RebT, rom erTi meoris swori da toli ar yofiliyo, praqti-

kuli saqmianobiT, gamWriaxobiT, didi saqmis unariani mov-

liT, ideuri qvelmoqmedebiT, samSoblo qveynis ganusazRvre-

li da Segnebuli siyvaruliT. mamuliSviloba da moqalaqeoba,

ai, ra ideas emsaxurebodnen SegnebiT... uZeo iyvnen, magram vin

mosTvlis, ramdeni sasargeblo, niWieri wevri aRuzardes sam-

Soblo qveyanas da maTgan danatovari kidev ramden ass sasar-

geblo kacs gazrdis~ [11, 167].

daviT sarajiSvili 1911 wels mZime avadmyofobis Semdeg

gardaicvala. germaniaSi 1910 wels gakeTebulma operaciam,

rogorc eqimebma ekaterine foraqiSvili winaswarve gaaf-

96

rTxiles, mxolod xanmokle Sedegi gamoiRo. 1910-1911 wleb-

Si berlinSi mkurnalobis dros daviT sarajiSvils germane-

li megobrebis yuradReba da mzrunveloba ar moklebia. is

meuRlesTan da Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad operaciis Semdeg

eqim lacariusis klinikaSi misive zedamxedvelobis qveS im-

yofeboda. am klinikaSi amave dros daviT sarajiSvilis xar-

jiT saqarTvelodan ufro adre wasuli ilias meuRle _ ol-

Ra guramiSvilic mkurnalobda [40, 5].

daviT sarajiSvilma gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavisi ander-

ZiT kidev erTxel aRafrTovana sazogadoeba. didi qarTveli

moRvawis iakob gogebaSvilis TqmiT, man `Tavisi anderZiT sik-

vdili daTrguna da brwyinvale Saravandedi Seimosa“. ander-

ZiT mravalmilioniani qonebis udidesi nawili qarTveli

eris saWiroebebisa da Tavisi qarxnebis muSa-mosamsaxure-

TaTvis iyo ganawilebuli.

daviT sarajiSvilis gardacvalebam bevri daamwuxra. eka-

terine foraqiSvilisadmi Tanadgoma saqarTvelos yvela

kuTxidan gamoxates. ucxoeTidan depeSebi gamogzavnes an ga-

zeTebSi informaciebi moaTavses: profesorma vagnerma, misma

meuRlem _ marTam da Svilebma, aseve doqtorma beiTem, eqim-

ma Stokmanma, arqiteqtorma karl caarma, ruJena iesenskaiam

da sxvebma [3, 204-205, 167-171, 179-181].

daviT sarajiSvilis saqmianoba ekaterine forqiSvilma

gaagrZela. is 1916 wels gardaicvala da qonebis udidesi na-

wili anderZiT manac qarTul sazogadoebriv da saswavlo

dawesebulebebs, eklesia-monastrebs da sarajiSvilis firmis

muSa-mosamsaxureebs dautova [39; 4, 202-213].

qveynis es Rirseuli Svilebi, daviT sarajiSvilis survi-

lisamebr, didubis eklesiis ezoSi iyvnen dasaflavebuli. sa-

qarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebis (1921 w.) Semdeg, 1939

wels komunisturma xelisuflebam es adgili daviT sarajiS-

vilisa da ekaterine forqiSvilisaTvis, rogorc „kapitalis-

tebisTvis“ Seufereblad miiCnia da gadasvenebis dadgenile-

ba gamoitana. 1996 wels ki, roca saqarTvelosa da qarTveli

eris winaSe maTi Rvawlis warmoCena ukve SesaZlebeli iyo,

vakis sasaflaodan isini qaSueTis eklesiis ezoSi gadaasve-

nes. aRniSnuli taZris mSeneblobisaTvis 1903-1910 wlebSi

Tanxis didi nawili swored daviT sarajiSvilma gaiRo.

97

ìs iyo pirveli qarTveli mrewveli evropuli tipisa... Se-

aerTeT qarTveli gulkeTiloba da purmarili evropul saq-

mianobasTan da miiRebT daviT sarajiSvils. am pirovnebaSi sa-

magaliTod Sezavda saqebi qarTveloba da saqebi evropielo-

ba~ _ werda noe Jordania. is iyo „pirveli qarTveli ideuri

qvelmoqmedi... roca TiToeuli Cvengani iswavlis evropul

saqmianobas da Tan Tavis nacionalur xasiaTs ar davkargavT _

Cveni gaevropieloba faqti iqneba. daviT sarajiSvili qarTve-

li evropieli iyo“ [4, 136; 41].

winamdebare statiaSi haidelbergis universitetis arqivSi

mikvleuli didi qarTveli moRvawis, mrewvelisa da qvelmoq-

medis, daviT sarajiSvilis sabuTebis, amave universitetSi

1867 wlidan moqmedi regulaciebisa da saqarTvelos giorgi

leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis saxelmwifo muze-

umis arqivSi daculi diplomis dednis safuZvelze gavarkvieT

daviT sarajiSvilis samecniero xarisxTan dakavSirebuli

uzustobebi. misi moRvaweobis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi ki mokled

mimovixileT.

aRniSnuli dokumentebis ganxilvis Sedegad gamoirkva Sem-

degi: haidelbergis universitetSi 1871 wels qimiis fakulte-

ti damoukidebelad jer kidev ar arsebobda, maTematikur da

sabunebismetyvelo ganxraSi xarisxs filosofiis fakultetze

icavdnen. doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad disertaciis dac-

va aucilebeli ar iyo. mis tolfass sam saganSi orsaaTiani

mkacri sadoqtoro gamocdis Cabareba warmoadgenda.

daviT sarajiSvilma 1871 wels haidelbergis universite-

tis filosofiis fakultetze moqmedi wesdebis mixedviT sam

saganSi Catarebul mkacr sadoqtoro gamocdaze daimsaxura

Sefaseba _ „Insigni cum laude“ („SesaniSnavi/aRsaniSnavi warmate-

biT“). Sedegad mas filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtorisa da

Tavisufal xelovnebaTa magistris kvalifikacia mieniWa. um-

Tavres sagnad qimiis Cabarebis gamo, rac diplomSic aRniSnu-

lia, es xarisxi qimiis doqtoris xarisxs gulisxmobda.

daviT sarajiSvilis biografiuli cnobebis dazustebas

CvenTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan, is im did adamianTa

ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTa cxovrebac qveynis istoriis ga-

nuyofeli nawilia [42, 6]. rogorc filipe gogiCaiSvili aRniS-

navda, daviT sarajiSvilis cxovrebam aSkarad gvaCvena, rom

„qarTvel erSi unari da praqtikuli Semoqmedebis niWi ar

98

aris gamoleuli“ da gvaZlevs imeds, rom momavalSi mainc Se-

saZlebeli gaxdeba im idealis ganxorcieleba, riskenac daviT

sarajiSvili mogviwodebda [29]. is marTlac qarTvelebis „sa-

natreli gmiria“, rogorc saqmeSi erTgulma Tanamdgomma da

biZaSvilma _ aleqsandre petres Ze sarajiSvilma uwoda.


1. germaniis federaciuli respublika, haidelbergis univer-

sitetis arqivi, UAH, H-IV-102/73. 2. WiWinaZe z., mrewveloba, vaWroba-xelosnoba saqarTvelo-

Si. daviT zaqarias Ze sarajiSvili, Tbilisi, 1911. 3. daviT sarajiSvilis saxsovrad I, Tbilisi, 1911. 4. CimakaZe g., cxovreba da Rvawli daviT sarajiSvilisa, Tbi-

lisi, 2003. 5. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, uaxlesi istoriis cen-

traluri arqivi, fondi 1909, aRw. 2, saqme 4. 6. stefaniSvili a., daviT sarajiSvili, Tbilisi, 1968. 7. nanitaSvili l., eris wyluli aCnda wylulad (gamokvleve-

bi, werilebi, polemika), Tbilisi, 1993.

8. tatiSvili ir., dekanosiZe T., moskovis universiteti da

qarTveli axalgazrdoba, Tbilisi, 1960.

9. beriZe g., Rlonti T. qarTveli meRvineebi, Tbilisi, 1974. 10. bregaZe l., mogzauroba „kaukaziSe postis“ furclebze,

Tbilisi, 2010. 11. TurqaZe c., qeds vixriT Rirseuli winapris saeriskaco

Rvawlis winaSe, krebulSi: daviT sarajiSvilis saqvelmoq-

medo sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1996. 12. sigua al., iSviaTi bunebis kaci, Tbilisi, 1985.

13. zozraSvili t., didi qarTvelebi, cxovrebis qronikebi,

Tbilisi, 2008.

14. mirianaSvili n., mSobeli xalxis sasikeTod (mogonebebi

daviT sarajiSvilze), krebulSi: saistorio moambe, #65-

66, 1993-1994.

15. koxreiZe ar., daviT sarajiSvili _ qvelmoqmedi, krebul-

Si: saqarTvelos axali istoriis sakiTxebi, VII, 2004.

16. germaniis federaciuli respublika, haidelbergis univer-

sitetis arqivi, UAH, H-IV-100/1.

99

17. saqarTvelos giorgi leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli lite-

raturis saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivi, fondi 573. 18. rodonaia, Tbilisis mrewveloba XIX saukunis II naxevarSi

(reformis Semdgomi xana), Tbilisi, 1961. 19. iaSvili a., daviT sarajiSvili da koniakis warmoebis is-

toria saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1993. 20. gazeTi cnobis furceli, #1809, 15 maisi, 1902. 21. mirianaSvili m., kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTareba

saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1980. 22. gazeTi „Tbilisi“, #299, 25 dekemberi, 1968. 23. gazeTi „iveria“, #177, 18 agvisto, 1901. 24. gazeTi „saxalxo gazeTi“, #333, 22 ivnisi, 1911. 25. gazeTi „droeba“, #39, 23 Tebervali, 1882. 26. gazeTi `Закавказъе~, #142, 1911. 27. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, uaxlesi istoriis centra-

luri arqivi, fondi 1909, aRw. 2, saqme 5. 28. m. duduCava, gigo gabaSvili (monografia), 1953. 29. gazeTi `saxalxo gazeTi“, #337, 26 ivnisi, 1911. 30. gazeTi `saxalxo gazeTi”, #336, 25 ivnisi, 1911. 31. gazeTi „Temi“, #25, 27 ivnisi 1911. 32. gazeTi „iveria“, #189, 2 seqtemberi 1901. 33. gazeTi „iveria“, #194, 7 seqtemberi, 1901. 34. gazeTi „cnobis furceli“, #1662, 6 dekemberi 1901. 35. gazeTi „iveria“, #202, 18 seqtemberi 1901. 36. gazeTi “iveria”, 28 maisi 1903. 37. Домашняя библиотека Д. З. Сараджева в Тифлисе, Баку, 1912. 38. gazeTi „Kaukasishe Post“, #52, Tbilisi, 1907. 39. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, qarvaslis arqivi,

S _ 1910/1, 2. 40. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, uaxlesi istoriis cen-

traluri arqivi, fondi 1909, aRw. 2, saqme 24. 41. gazeTi „kooperacia“, #3, 10 ivlisi, 1911. 42. gozaliSvili S., ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli kulturis

sazRvargareTeli megobrebi, Tbilisi, 1973.

100

Irina Arabidze, Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Research Scientist of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

For the Purpose of Clarifying some Biographical Details of David

Sarajishvili (Regarding the 170 anniversary (1848-1911)

Summary

Georgian public figure, entrepreneur and philanthropist David Sarajishvili was born in Tbilisi on November 23, 1848. He received high quality diverse education in his home town and afterwards in the Universities of Germany and France. The purpose of the article is to clarify the ambiguous details from the biography of this great Georgian based on the documents found in the Acts of Quality Assignment in the Archive of Heidelberg University; Namely, to identify where he studied and which university awarded him the degree. His biographers provide different information regarding this matter. Here we will briefly review the main aspects of David Sarajishvili's work. As a result of the study of the obtained material the following information has been learnt: In 1871 Faculty of Chemistry did not exist independently at Heidelberg University. Faculty of Philosophy awarded the degree in Mathematical and Natural Sciences. Postgraduate thesis was not necessary to gain the PhD degree. In 1871, David Sarajishvili passed the “two-hour strict doctoral examination” at the Faculty of Philosophy at Heidelberg University in 3 subjects – “Insigni cum laude” ( with "Excellent / Notable Success", the diploma is completed in Latin.). As a result he was awarded the qualification of the Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Free Art. Because of the recognition of Chemistry as the main subject by the examinee, as indicated in the Diploma, this title also meant the Degree of the Doctor of Chemistry.

David Sarajishvili introduced production of cognac with classic French technology to Georgia and gave it a wide commercial significance. He viewed it as a matter of great economical as well as national importance. The cognac factory which David Sarajishvili started in Tbilisi in the year of 1888 was the first one not only in Georgia, but in the entire Russian Empire.

101

The alcohol products produced by David Sarajishvili have been awarded 14 medals during the years 1889-1913 at various exhibitions in cities of Russia and Europe.

David Sarajishvili has generously contributed to different fields including funding education of talented youth, issuing allowances to the poor, funding the construction-renovation of churches-monasteries, theaters and hospitals, publishing of newspapers-journals, assistance in organization of archaeological expeditions collecting Georgian songs, their funding, support in establishing educational societies, support of agricultural communities, support of development of theaters…

Davit Sarajishvili was greatly respected not only in Georgia but also in Germany and everywhere else where he studied or had entrepreneurial-commercial business activities.

Clarification of his biographical details has a great significance for us, since David Sarajishvili belongs to those people, whose biography is a part of the history of our country.

102

daviT merkvilaZe

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-

lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutis ufrosi mecnier-

TanamSromeli

imereTis samefos ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi

miRebis sakiTxi (1781-1783 wlis dasawyisi)

mas Semdeg, rac imereTis mefe solomon I-ma didi Zalis-

xmevis fasad SeZlo samefos osmalTa batonobisagan gaTavi-

sufleba, misi mTavari mizani iyo (dasavleT saqarTvelos mTav-

rebze Tavis Zalauflebis ganvrcobasTan erTad), ar daeSva os-

maleTis batonobis aRdgena imereTSi. amgvari politika solo-

mons, erekle II-isagan gansxvavebiT, mZafrad apirispirebda

sulTnis xelisuflebasTan, romelic imereTis mefes urC qve-

Sevrdomad moiazrebda da mis morCilebaSi dabrunebas lamob-

da. aseT viTarebaSi solomon II ruseTTan politikur mokavSi-

reobas gulmodgined eswrafvoda. rusuli imperiis mfarvelo-

baSi Sesvla mas osmaluri agresiisagan TavdaRwevis saukeTeso

saSualebad miaCnda (kvlav ereklesagan gansxvavebiT, romlis

samefosac osmaleTi dapyrobiT ar emuqreboda). magram 1774

wels osmaleTTan omis dasrulebisa da mowinaaRmdegesTan da-

zavebis Semdeg, saimperatoro karma am omSi Tavis yofil er-

Tgul mokavSire solomons, romelic am ukanasknelis miznebisa

da kavkasiaSi arsebuli politikuri realobis ugulvelyofiT,

quCuk-kainarjis zaviT sulTnis qveSevrdomad cno, zurgi Seaq-

cia (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. [5, 144-150]). sazavo Se-

Tanxmebis darRveva, miT umetes, imereTismagvari ùmniSvnelo~

sakiTxis gamo, im jerze ruseTis interesebSi ar Sedioda. as-

traxanis gubernators ki ebrZana umaRlesi xelisuflebidan

sagangebo nebarTvis gareSe, dedaqalaqisaken mimavali qarTve-

li elCebisaTvis gza ar mieca [10, 10].

1778 wels erekle II-sa da sulTans Soris gaformebulma

politikurma SeTanxmebam solomon mefe Zalze aaforiaqa. me-

fe SiSobda, rom am SeTanxmebas, SeiZleboda, uSualod misi sa-

winaaRmdego gegmebic moecva. ufro sarwmunoa, rom osmaleT-

Tan SeTanxmeba misgan azerbaijanul saxanoebze erekles gaba-

103

tonebis nebarTvas iTvaliswinebda.1 naklebad savaraudoa,

rom am SemTxvevaSi erekle II-is mTavari samizne solomon I da

imereTi yofiliyo, Tumca gamoricxuli ar iyo, isedac gaZli-

erebul qarTl-kaxeTis mefes, sulTnis sanqciiT, solomonis

dasamxobad da imereTis dauflebisaTvisac ezruna.2 amas da-

erTo antoliaSi osmaluri jaris Tavmoyris samzadisic, rac

solomons SiSs ufro aZlierebda (Tumca SeiZleboda, es sam-

xedro samzadisi yirimis irgviliv im xanebSi ruseTTan Seqmni-

li daZabulobiT yofiliyo gamowveuli).

sulTan-erekles kavSiris sawinaaRmdegod imereTis same-

fo kari energiulad amoqmedda. 1778 wlis 10 agvistos solo-

monma, ruseTze SemovliTi gziT, iranSi gaazavna elCoba besa-

rion gabaSvilis meTaurobiT. am elCobas, erTi mxriv, unda

daezvera ruseTis mier imereTisaTvis moxuruli diplomati-

uri karis gaRebis SesaZlebloba da, meore mxriv, kavSiri da-

emyarebina aRmosavleTSi sulTnis mTavar metoqesTan, iranis

mbrZanebel qerim-xanTan. magram momdevno wlis martis ambebi

solomonisaTvis kargs aras uwyoda: sanam besiki diplomatiu-

ri misiiT iranSi myofeboda, bosforis napiras, ainali-kavakad

wodebul sulTnis sazafxulo sasaxleSi ruseTsa da osmale-

Tis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres axal SeTanxmebas. am kon-

venciiT daZabuloba am or did saxelmwifos Soris osmaleTis

mxridan daTmobebis xarjze mSvidobianad mogvarda da axali

omis saSiSroeba acilebul iqna.3 metoqesTan mSvidobis Senar-

1 ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas, rom erekle II-s sulTnis suzerenobis

aRiarebiT samcxe-saaTabagos dabruneba hqonda Cafiqrebuli [Sdr. 1,

223; 2, 680]. 2 m. samsonaZes Semdgom momxari ambebi arwmunebs, rom ès xelSekru-

leba solomon I-is winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefos mier imereTis (da momavalSi, albaT, mTeli dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos) SeerTebas gulisxmobda~ da vinaidan solomonma kargad

icoda am xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi, amitomac hqonda masze aseTi

mZafri reaqcia [ix. 7, 209-212]. 3 1779 w. 10 marts xelmowerili SeTanxmeba sakiTxTa farTo wres mo-

icavda, magram maT Soris ZiriTadi mainc yirimis sakiTxi iyo: osma-

leTi ruseTis savaWro gemebs (safrangeTisa da inglisis gemebis

msgavsad) bosfor-dardanelis sruteebis gavliT Sav zRvaSi Sesvlis

nebas rTavda; osmaleTi yirimis xanad aRiarebda rusebis dasmul Sa-

hin-gireis da uars ambobda `sulieri kavSirisa da gavlenis~ sababiT

Careuliyo yirimis xanis saqmeebSi; amave dros sulTnis xelisufleba

cnobda yirimis xanis mier md. dnestrsa da md. bugs Soris mdebare

saxanos miwa-wylis ruseTisaTvis `nebayoflobiT~ gadacemas [16,

688].

104

Cunebis Sesabamisad, solomon I-is problemebisadmic ruseTis

saimperatoro karis gulgrili damokidebuleba ZalaSi darCa.

amave dros mefesTan miaRwia osmaleTis winaaRmdeg misi meore

SesaZlo Zlieri mokavSiris, qerim-xanis gardacvalebis ambav-

mac (iranis veqili gardaicvala 2 marts), rasac iranSi axali

Sidaareulobis dawyeba mohyva.

imereTis mefe mainc ar gatyda: erTi mxriv, 1779 wlis 25

agvistos solomonma werili afrina romis pap pius VI-sTan1 da

imave xanebSi pativiT miiRo iranidan imereTSi Camosuli aleq-

sandre baqaris Ze batoniSvili, qarTlis taxtis maZiebeli da

erekles saSiSi metoqe.2

1781 wels papis pasuxidan solomonisaTvis aSkara gaxda,

rom dasavleTisagan moraluri Tanadgomis garda, raime sam-

xedro-materialuri daxmarebis imedi mas ar unda hqonoda da

1 seqtembers isev ruseTis imperators mimarTa mfarvelobaSi

miRebis TxovniT. werilSi imereTis mefe Cioda, rom Savi

zRvis sanapiroebidan Turqebi (osmalebi) Tavs esxmodnen mis

qveyanas, xalxs itacebdnen da Semdeg ZaliT amuslimebdnen.

roca maTTan mSvidobis Camogdebis Txovnam ar gaWra, _ ganag-

rZobs imereTis mefe, _ me Cemi jariT isini sruliad davamar-

cxe da kidev metad viZie maTze Suri, magram axla Turqebi da

1 solomonis werili pius VI-isadmi italiuri TargmaniTurT da papis

pasuxi parizis biblioTekaSi miakvlia da gamoaqveyna m. TamaraSvilma

[ix. 3, 395-396]. 2 istoriografiaSi miRebulia, rom aleqsandre batoniSvili imereT-

Si Camoiyvana besarion gabaSvilma, risTvisac igi gaigzavna kidec

iranSi elCad. v. maWaraZe gadaWriT uaryofs besikis raime kavSirs

batoniSvilis imereTSi CasvlasTan [ix. 4, 30-46], Tumca saamisod av-

toris mier moxmobili dasabuTeba arc ise damajereblad moCans

[Sdr. 7, 214]. Cvenis mxriv, vfiqrobT, rom solomonma besiki iranSi

marTlac qerim-xanTan dasakavSireblad gaagzavna SeTanxmebuli moq-

medebisaTvis erekles winaaRmdeg (logikuria, Tuki erekle-osma-

leTs kavSirSi solomoni samefos dakargvis safrTxes xedavda) da

ara uSualod aleqsandre batoniSvilis Camosayvanad. savaraudod,

swored osmaleTTan erekles kavSiriT ukmayofilebis gamo iyo qe-

rim-xani did samzadisSi qarTlis taxtze erekles Casanacvleblad

mis karze myofi mefobis predendentiT. aseT viTarebaSi batoniSvi-

lis imereTSi Camoyvanis winaswardasaxuli gegma marTlac usafuZ-

vlo unda yofiliyo. magram rodesac besikis iranSi yofnisas qerim-

xani gardaicvala da iq didi areuloba daiwyo, Cans, swored maSin

besiksa da aleqsandres Soris unda gadawyvetiliyo batoniSvilis

imereTSi Casvlis sakiTxi. Sedegad ise gamovida, rom besikma solo-

mons erekles metoqe siurprizad Cauyvana da qarTl-kaxeTis mefis

politikiT ukmayofilo imereTis mefemac igi pativiT miiRo.

105

Cveni sxva mezoblebi Cvenze Tavdasasxmelad emzadebiano. Sem-

deg solomoni daufarav sayvedurs gamoTqvams sulTanTan

`damegobrebul~ erekles mimarT, romelmac `Tavisi Tavi da

samflobelo Turqebs gadasca da maTTan ganuwyveteli mimo-

wera aqvs, maT Txovs daxmarebasa da mTel Tavis sasoebas

Turqebze amyarebs~.1 amis Semdeg solomoni xazs usvams, rom

maxlobeli mxareebis xelisufalTagan mxolod Tavad is ewina-

aRmdegeba Turqebs, sikvdilamde qristianobis erTguli dar-

Ceba da maTTan politikur kavSirs araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

apirebs. amitom imereTis mefe ekaterine II-s Txovs Sewyaleba-

sa da Tavisi mfarvelobiT samudamod dacvas [10, 11-12].

naklebad mosalodnelia, rom imereli mefis karze am

droisaTvis ukve moeRwia ruseT-osmaleTs Soris diplomati-

uri daZabulobis morigi talRis agorebis ambavsac, magram

kidev ufro naklebad dasaSvebia, rom am viTarebaSi osmaleTs

kainarjis xelSekrulebis 23-e muxlis darRveviT imereTis

dasamorCileblad samefoze Zveleburad Tavdasxmebi ganeax-

lebinos [Sdr. 4, 60-61].2 sagulisxmoa, rom aRniSnul xanebSi

imereTis samefoSi osmalTa jaris SemoWris faqtebi ar das-

turdeba. samwuxarod, ar mogvepoveba solomon mefis werilis

qarTuli dedani, romelic ufro naTel warmodgenas Segviq-

mnida werilis calkeuli detalebis irgvliv. arsebuli mona-

cemebi ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom `Savi zRvis sanapiroebidan~

momdinare mefis mier naxseneb TavdasxmebSi unda igulisxme-

bodes dasavleT saqarTvelodan motacebuli xalxis osmalTa

zRvispira sanapiro simagreebSi Tavmoyra da iqidan zRviT im-

periis Sida mxareebSi gadagzavna. sagulisxmoa, rom aseT Tav-

dasxmebis Sesaxeb solomoni saubrobs misi xalxis motacebis,

maTi damonebisa da `gaTurqebis~, anu gamuslimebis konteq-

stSi. SesaZlebelia, misi werilisadmi meti yuradRebis misap-

yrobad mefe garkveulwilad zedmeti dramatulobiTac war-

moaCendes saqmis viTarebas (rogorc, magaliTad, Cveni azriT,

1 werilis konteqsti gvafiqrebinebs, rom imereTis im `sxva mezob-

lebSi~, romlebic TurqebTan erTad solomonze apireben Tavdasxmas,

pirvel rigSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II moiazreba. 2 v. maWaraZe imis dasturad, rom yirimSi viTarebis daZabulobis

fonze gaaqtiurebuli osmaleTis xelisufleba 1781 wels `kainarjis

zavis 23-e muxls angariSs aRar uwevda da... imereTze Tavdasxmebi

daiwyes~, uTiTebs solomonis dasaxelebul werils da butkovis naS-

roms [4, 61, Sen. 2]. magram butkovic, imereTze Turqebis mxridan mu-

qaris saCveneblad, Tavis mxriv, isev solomonis am da 1782 wlis 15

agvistos werils uTiTebs [14, 117]. solomonis meore werilis Sesa-

xeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

106

amas is sCadis ereklesa da osmalebis urTierTobis daxasia-

Tebisas). vinaidan kainarjis xalSekrulebis gamo osmaleTi

dasavleT saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Tavisi jariT Riad ver ga-

movidoda, misi organizebiTa da mxardaWeriT 1779 wlis bo-

los marTlac ganxorcielda didi erToblivi laSqroba odi-

Sisaken yirimeli TaTrebisa da Crdilo kavkasieli sxvadasxva

xalxebis monawileobiT. ruxis cixesTan gamarTul brZolaSi

solomon I-ma samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebTan erTad mteri

sastikad gaanadgura. am brZolis dro da misi Sedegi gvaZlevs

saSualebas, davaskvnaT, rom werilSi mefis mier osmalebze

sruli gamarjvebis mopovebis aRniSvnaSi swored ruxis brZo-

la unda moiazrebodes.

amrigad, solomonis mimarTvas ekaterine II-isadmi 1781

wlis 1 seqtembers mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda qarTl-

kaxeTis mefisa da osmaleTis sulTans Soris gaformebuli Se-

Tanxmeba, raSic imereTis mefem misi xelisuflebisaTvis seri-

ozuli safrTxe dainaxa. rodesac am aliansis winaaRmdeg ira-

nis faqtoris gamoyenebis mcdeloba warumateblad damTavrda

da arc romis papisagan aRmoCnda mosalodneli raime qmediTi

daxmarebis miReba, imereTis mefem osmaleTisa da misi mokav-

Sire erekle II-is winaaRmdeg ruseTis imperators sTxova dax-

mareba.

werils mefisaTvis sasurveli Sedegi ar gamouRia. so-

lomonis am Txovnaze saimperatoro kars yuric ar Seuber-

tyavs _ iq quCuk-kainarjis zavis Semdeg osmaleTTan warmoSo-

bili problemebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, ainali-kavakis konvenci-

iT Tavis sasargeblod ukve moegvarebinaT da imereTis mefis

bedis gamo diplomatiuri gziT miRweul warmatebis saTuod

gaxdas, cxadia, ar apirebdnen.

1782 wlis 15 agvistos solomonma meore werili gaagzav-

na ekatrine II-is saxelze, sadac ityobineboda, rom sulTanma

foTSi gamoagzavna kafuji-baSi,1 anakliaSi axali cixis asaSe-

neblad da misi qveynis dasapyrobad. mefe iTxovda, imperat-

ricas Tavisi gulmowyalebiT daecva marTlmadidebeli qris-

tianebi mahmadianTa batonobisagan, TviTon ki ekaterines uc-

xadebda maradiul morCilebasa da erTgulebas [10, 13].

am dros ki yirimSi ruseTis xeldasxmuli xanis, Sahin-gi-

reis winaaRmdeg jer kidev wina wlis Semodgomaze dawyebuli

ajanyeba warmatebiT mimdinareobda. Sahin-gireim mowinaaRmde-

1 kafuji-baSi ewodeboda sulTnis dacvis ufross, romelic saWiro-

ebis SemTxvevaSi provinciebSic igzavneboda mniSvnelovani davalebis

Sesasruleblad.

107

geebTan rom veRaraferi gaawyo, rusebis xelSi myof qerCis

cixes Seafara Tavi. ajanyebulebma ki xanad Sahinis Zma, baha-

dir-girei gamoacxades da sulTans misi aRiarebis Sesaxeb

Txovnac gaugzavnes. cxadi iyo, ruseTi ver Seegueboda yirim-

Si didi ZalisxmeviT mopovebuli mdgomareobis xelidan gaSve-

bas. uaxloes xanebSi naxevarkunZulze rusuli jaris SeWra

iyo mosalodneli. yirimSi arsebuli daZabuloba, bunebrivia,

mtkivneulad aisaxeboda ruseT-osmaleTis urTierTobaze. yi-

rimis irgvliv warmoSobili konfliqtis naperwkals advilad

SeiZleboda or droebiT dazavebul imperias Soris didi sao-

mari xanZari gamoewvia. amitom osmalebisaTvis Savi zRvis aR-

mosavleT sanapiroze gamagrebas didi mniSvneloba mieca da

maTgan Sesabamisi zomebis miRebac sruliad logikuri iyo. es

RonisZiebani mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia imereTis mefes,

romelsac osmalTa gaaqtiureba imereTis dapyrobis samzadi-

sad miiCnia1 da osmalTagan imereTis dacvis mizniT kvlav ga-

uSva peterburgisaken axali saTxovari werili.

ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis aSkara gaxda maTi mxardaWeriT

yirimis xanad dadgenili Sahin-gireis politikis sruli kraxi.

misi xelisuflebaSi dabruneba da SenarCuneba ki mxolod ru-

suli xiStebze iyo damokidebuli. aseT pirobebSi saxanos sa-

erTod gauqmebisa da ruseTis mier mis STanTqmamde sul uf-

ro mcire dro rCeboda. amitom saimperatoro karze am jerze

ukve didi mniSvneloba mieniWa qarTveli mefeebis politikur

pozicias. peterburgSi SemuSavebuli axali strategiiT, yiri-

mis gamo osmaleTTan axali omis SemTxvevaSi qarTuli samxed-

ro Zalebis aqtiuri gamoyenebac iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

amrigad, didi politikuri miznebis winaSe mdgarma saim-

peratoro karma samxreT kavkasiisken isev moixeda. solomonis

am meore Txovnasac ruseTSi ukve yuradRebiT moekidnen: me-

fes erTgulebis gamoxatva daufases da gamamxnevebel weril-

Tan erTad andria pirvelwodebulis ordeni gamougzavnes

jildod. aseve, rogorc solomonis sapasuxo werilidan vi-

gebT, mas daavaldebules, emoqmeda gr. potiomkinis miTiTebe-

bis Sesabamisad, romelsac ekaterine II-sagan samarTavad gada-

cemuli hqonda `maxlobeli qveynebis saqmeebi~. sapasuxo we-

rilSi solomoni madlierebas gamoxatavda ekaterines mxridan

gamoCenili `dedobrivi guluxvobis~ gamo, romelmac mefe or-

denisa da Tavisi `Zlieri mfarvelobis~ Rirsi gaxada [10, 29].

1 msgavs daskvnas o. markova akeTebs solomonis 1781 wlis werilTan

dakavSirebiT [ix. 13, 192], Tumca es 1782 wlis werilis Sinaarss da

imdroindel viTarebas kidev ufro Seefereba.

108

safiqrebelia, imereTis mefe kargad uwyoda, rom mxolod mi-

si Seupovrobisa da erTgulebis Seqeba, aseve ordeniT dajil-

doveba mefis mfarvelobaSi miRebas sulac ar niSnavda, magram

misi es sityvebi erTgvar diplomatiur manevrad SeiZleba mi-

viCnioT, raTa mefes droulad gamoerkvia ruseTis mTavrobis

damokidebuleba misi Txovnis mTavari arsisadmi da amasTan,

albaT sasurvelis sinamdviled warmoCeniT mtrebis dafrTxo-

bisa da Tavisianebis gamxnevebis imedic unda hqonoda. garda

amisa, viTarebis amgvarad warmoCeniT, imereTis mefe, SesaZle-

belia, erTgvar gafrTxilebasac aZlevda erekle II-s, raTa mas

solomonis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod imereTis saqmeebSi Ca-

revisagan Tavi Seekavebina.

maSasadame, axal viTarebaSi ruseTis mTavroba aRar ma-

lavda imereTis mefis poziciiT dainteresebas. yirimisaTvis

gadamwyveti brZolis samzadisSi peterburgSi gadawyvetili

iyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg samxreT kavkasiaSi mtkice sayrde-

nis Seqmna qarTveli monarqebis saxiT, risTvisac mzad iyvnen

maTTan mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba gaeformebinaT [13, 192].

saamiso niadagis Sesamzadeblad, saqarTvelodan ruseTSi ga-

moZaxebuli erekles karze namsaxuri eqimi rainegsi ukve Se-

modgomaze ukan moavlines saimperatoro karis oficialur

warmomadgenlad, rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis, aseve imereTis same-

fo karze [4, 61].

osmalebis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireT-

Si gamagrebis Sesaxeb solomonis cnobam peterburgi, cota ar

iyos, Seafiqriana da amis gamo iyo, rom solomon mefis mier

gagzavnili werilis sapasuxod, dekembris bolos ruseTis

elCs osmaleTis dedaqalaqSi, iakob bulgakovs daevala sul-

Tnis karze orive qarTuli samefos, imereTisa da qarTl-kaxe-

Tis interesebis dacva. aqcenti aq mainc ufro imereTze keT-

deboda, romelic, rogorc reskriptSi iyo aRniSnuli, kainar-

jis traqtatis 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, portas ar unda Seewu-

xebina. aRsaniSnavia, rom rus elCs saimperatoro karis saxe-

liT solomonis mtkice gamoqomageba evaleboda im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu mefis warmomadgenlebi sulTnis karze warsdgebodnen.

vinaidan xelSekrulebis amave muxliT ruseTs imereTis saqme-

ebSi Carevis ufleba ar hqonda, elCs qarTvelebisadmi saimpe-

ratoro karis `mudmivi keTilmosurneoba da erTmorwmuneo-

ba~ unda moemizezebina.1

1 o. markova bulgakovisadmi gagzavnil werils 30 dekembriT aTari-

Rebs da mas ruseTis mTavrobis reaqciad miiCnevs solomonis 1781

wlis mimarTvaze [13, 192]. magram a. cagarelis mier gamocemul sabu-

109

ise Canda, TiTqos solomonisa da erekles sakiTxebi im-

peratoris karze ukve erT sibrtyeze ganixileboda.

saqme rom marTlac amgvarad iyo, kidev ufro cxadad

warmoCindeba sxva mniSvnelovani dokumentebiT. daaxloebiT

amave xanebSi gr. potiomkins gaegzavna saqarTvelosTan xel-

Sekrulebis dasadebad gasaTvaliswinebeli miTiTebani. aRniS-

nuli sabuTi gamoxatavs saimperatoro karisa da uSualod

ekaterine II-is TvalTxedvas, Tu rogori sqemiTa da ra safuZ-

velze unda momxdariyo xelSekrulebis gaformeba qarTvel

mefeebTan.1 mniSvnelovania, rom muxlobrivad Camoyalibebul

miTiTebebSi xelSekrulebis meore mxared araerTxel da

yvelgan mravlobiT ricxvSi arian dasaxelebuli _ `qarTveli

mefeebi~. Sesabamisad, sadac mfarvelobaSi misaRebi potenciu-

ri subieqtebi nacvalsaxeliT arian moxseniebuli, es nacval-

saxelebic yovelTvis mravlobiTi formiT (`ихъ~, `имъ~) aris

gamoyenebuli.2 naTelia, rom `qarTvel mefeebSi~ erekle II da

solomon I Tanabrad igulisxmebian.3

1783 wlis dasawyisSi peterburgSi qarTvel mefeebTan

gasaformebeli traqtatis saswrafod SemuSavebul proeqtis

TebSi werils TariRad 31 dekemberi uzis da mas xels aweren iv. os-

termani, al. bezborodko da p. bakunini [10, 29-30]. aqve aRvniSnavT,

rom am davalebis gagzavnas safuZvlad daedo al. bezborodkos 19

dekembrss werili vice-kanclerisadmi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo impera-

toris survili, elCisaTvis amgvari davalebis gacemisa [10, 24]. gar-

da amisa, rogorc v. maWaraZe SeniSnavs, o. markovas mxedvelobidan

gamorCa imereTis mefis ruseTisadmi xelmeored, Semdeg wels mimar-

Tvis ambavi [4, 61, Sen. 3]. 1 teqsti iwyeba sityvebiT: `misi umaRlesobis azri iyo, rom 1. ...~ [10, 30-31]. 2 sabuTis pirveli gamomqveynebeli a. cagareli mas aTariRebs 1782

wlis dekembriT (TviTon sabuTi, etyoba, daTariRebuli ar yofila.

i. cincaZem am daTariRebaSi eWvi Seitana: vinaidan masSi saubaria

erekles diplomatiur urTierTobaze avstriis imperatorTan, ris

Sesaxebac ereklem TviTon Seatyobina ruseTis mTavrobas 21 dekem-

bers dawerili werilSio. vinaidan saqarTvelodan imperatoris ka-

ramde werilis CaRwevas 1,5-2 Tve sWirdeboda, amitom es ùzenaesi

miTiTebani~ 1783 wlis Teberval-martSi unda gamosuliyoo [8, 99,

Sen. 1]. imave naSromSi, sxva adgilas i. cincaZe am sabuTis Sedgenis

(traqtatis proeqtTan erTad) xanad asaxelebs ianvar-Tebervals [8,

112]. 3 mefeebi saxelobiTad moixseniebian `miTiTebebis~ bolo, me-6 mux-

lSi, sadac saubaria `mefeebs, ereklesa da solomons Soris~ dazave-

bis saWiroebaze [ix. 10, 30].

110

Sav pirSic, sadac naxsenebia èrekle~, aSiaze miwerili aqvs

`solomoni~, iseve rogorc `qarTl-kaxeTis samefos~ gaswvriv

ikiTxeba `da imereTis~ [4, 62].1 is garemoeba, rom traqtatis

proeqtis teqstSi ZiriTadi adgili erekles saxelsa da

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ukavia, xolo `solomoni~ da ìmere-

Tis samefo~ aSiazea moTavsebuli, safuZvels gvaZlevs vivara-

udoT: am dros mTavari mniSvneloba xelSekrulebis qarTl-

kaxeTis mefesTan gaformebas mieniWa, xolo imereTis sakiTxma

masTan SedarebiT meore rigSi gadainacvla, Tumca ki uaxloe-

si dRis wesrigSi kvlavindeburad mainc ikavebda adgils. nak-

leb mosalodnelia, rom `solomoni~ da ìmereTi~ ubralod

gamorCaT da amitom Semdeg miaweres Sesabamis adgilas min-

dorSi (asec rom yofiliyo, es viTarebac ki saimperatoro ka-

risaTvis mfarvelobaSi misaRebad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

upiratesobaze mianiSnebda).

marTlac, rodesac ruseTis samxedro kolegiis vice-

prezident gr. potiomkins oficialurad daevala xelSekru-

lebis gaformeba qarTvel mefeebTan, mas 17 Tebervals gaeg-

zavna traqtatis sabolood SemuSavebuli proeqti mis e. w.

separatiul artikulebTan da mefis ficis pirobis nimuSTan

erTad. sagulisxmoa, rom yvela maTganis saTaurSive ukve ga-

mokveTilad mxolod erekle II-ze aris saubari da teqstSic

arsad solomon I-is xseneba araa [12, 141-148]. amave dros, de-

dofal ekaterines amave 17 TebervliT daTariRebul brZane-

bulebaSi, romlis danarTsac warmoadgens xelSekrulebis ze-

monaxsenebi saboloo proeqti, ekaterine II gr. potiomkins aZ-

levda uflebamosilebas, exelmZRvanela politikuri molapa-

rakebebis warmoebisaTvis rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan,

aseve _ solomonTanac. Tumca iqve ekaterine II gr. potiomkins

werda: `sasurveli iqneboda, rom imperiisaTvis am mniSvnelo-

1 v. maWaraZem, etyoba piradad moinaxula traqtatis xsenebuli Savi

piris dedani, vinaidan pirvelad uTiTebs sabuTis saarqivo nomersac

_ АВПР, ф, Сн. России с Грузией, 1774-1804 гг., д. 18, лл. 46-56 [4, 62, Sen. 3]. dokumenti gamoaqveyna al. cagarelma [ix. 10, 32-37], romelmac zemo-

aRniSnulis safuZvelze aseve daaskvna, rom `ganzraxuli iyo, aseTi-

ve traqtati erTdroulad dadebuliyo mefe solomonTanac~ [10, 32,

Sen. 1]. igives SeniSnavs iv. javaxiSvilic: vinaidan xelSekrulebis Sav

dedanSi erekle mefis saxelisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos xsenebis

gverdiT yvelgan naxsenebia ìmereTis mefe solomon~ an ìmereTis

samefo~, Tavdapirvelad ise iyo gadawyvetili, rom 1783 w. xelSek-

ruleba unda mTel dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan yofiliyo

dadebuli~ [9, 89].

111

vani da sasargeblo movlenis (igulisxmeba erekle II-is imperi-

is mfarvelobaSi Sesvla _ d. m.) Semdeg, rac Tqvenma Cvendami

msaxurebis gulmodginebam ganapiroba, qarTlis mefisaTvis

(erekle II _ d. m.) SeiZleboda miebaZa imereTis mefe solomon-

sac. misi ganwyoba Tanxvdeba am Cvens survilsac, magram oto-

manTa portasadmi misi erTgvari damokidebuleba gvarwmunebs,

Tavi SevikavoT amis amoqmedebisagan~ [12, 141].1

am werilidan naTlad Cans, rom solomonis ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi SesvliT saimperatoro kari aSkara dainterese-

buli iyo. XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebidan ruseTi erTob gaaqtiur-

da kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. am mxriv misi politika zogadad

mimarTuli iyo pirvel rigSi kavkasiel (rogorc qristian, ise

muslim) xelisufalTa `mfarvelobaSi~ miRebiT, rac am xeli-

sufalTa mier ruseTis imperatoris uzenaesobis aRiarebasa

da mis qveSevrdomobaSi gadasvlas gulisxmobda. am gziT ru-

seTis imperia Tavisi politikuri gavlenis damkvidrebasa da

gamyarebas cdilobda regionSi, bunebrivia, osmaleTis gavle-

nis Seviwroebis kvaldakval. magram maSin ratomRa gadaeRoba

win imereTis mefis mfarvelobaSi miRebas sulTnis karisadmi

misi èrTgvari politikuri damokidebuleba~? es miT ufro im

viTarebaSi, roca solomoni didi xania sulTans saerTod

aRar morCilebda, samefos cixeebidan osmaluri garnizoni

gandevnili iyo da imereTis mefe osmalTa fexis amokveTas

ukve Savi zRvis sanapiro zolidanac gegmavda (iseve rogorc

_ aWara-qobuleTidan). saqme isaa, rom vinaidan ruseTSi am

dros yirimis aneqsiisTvis emzadebodnen, am nabijs SeiZlebo-

da osmaleTis mxridan omis gamocxadeba mohyoloda. ruseTis

xelisufleba ki im etapze upirveles yovlisa dainteresebu-

li iyo yirimi rogorme omis gareSe `Seetyapunebina~. qarTl-

kaxeTis samefosagan gansxvavebiT, sulTnis kari imereTs Ta-

vis urC qveSevrdomad miiCnevda. am mizeziT ruseTSi sabolo-

od gadawyda, solomonis mfarvelobaSi miRebiT osmalebi

zedmetad aRar gaeRizianebinaT. ruseTis mier yirimis mier-

Tebis gamo aRSfoTebul osmaleTs iqneb omis dawyeba ver gae-

beda da amitom mowinaaRmdegisaTvis saamisod damatebiTi sa-

fuZvlis micema ruseTis interesebSi ar Sedioda.

zemoaRniSnuli mdgomareobis gamo ruseTis mTavrobis

imereTis mfarvelobaSi miRebaze xelis aRebas sabolood su-

lac ar apirebda. Tu osmaleTi yirimis gamo ruseTs oms gamo-

1 amdenad, ver daveTanxmebiT gancxadebas, rom imereTis Sesvla ru-

seTis mfarvelobaSi dRis wesrigidan amovarda 8 aprils ruseTis mi-

er yirimis mierTebis gamo [Sdr. 6, 159].

112

ucxadebda, an ruseTis moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze uars ityo-

da, imereTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis gegmac saswrafod amoq-

meddeboda [Sdr. 7, 258]. es damokidebuleba kargad Cans zemo-

naxseneb 17 Tebervlis werilSic, sadac ekaterine II wers, rom

solomonis miRebisagan Tavs vikavebT manam, `sanam ar moxdeba

Cvens (ruseTsa da osmaleTs _ d. m.) Soris aSkara ganxeTqile-

ba an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amas ar gvaiZulebs Turqebis wi-

naaRmdegoba da Tavis arideba Cveni moTxovnebis srulad dak-

mayofilebisagan~ [12, 141].1

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi zemonaxsenebi gegmis sisruleSi

mosayvanad ki aucilebeli iyo solomons Tavisi swrafva ru-

seTis mfarvelobis miRebisa momavalSic SeenarCunebina. es

kargad esmodaT peterburgSi da amitomac dedofali srul

imeds gamoTqvamda, rom misi favoriti gr. potiomkini gamoi-

yenebda mTel Tavis diplomatiur ostatobas, `rac ki xels

Seuwyobda imereTis mflobelis imperatricasadmi erTgule-

bis, xolo misi qveSevrdomebis ruseTisadmi Sevrdomisaken

swrafvis ganmtkicebas~. dedofali aseve imedovnebda, rom me-

fe ereklesa da misi xalxis mier SeZenili mdgomareobiT (igu-

lisxmeba ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT) miRebuli `sargebe-

li da upiratesobani~ solomons erekles msgavs xvedrs kidev

ufro moasurvebda, amitom gr. potiomkins avalebda `mTeli

delikaturobiT~ ecnobebina solomonisaTvis ereklesTan ga-

saformebeli xelSekrulebis Taobaze [12, 141]. sagulisxmoa

aseve, rom aRniSnul werilis TiTqmis naxevari imereTis sa-

kiTxs exeba, rac ruseTisaTvis am sakiTxis mniSvnelobaze miu-

TiTebs.

maSasadame, imereTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis sakiTxi ga-

urkveveli droiT gadaido, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ZalaSi

Zveleburad rCeboda. imereTs ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis mniS-

vneloba rom ar daukargavs, iqidanac Cans, rom 3 aprilis

brZanebiT, ruseTis imperiis warmomadgenlad s. burnaSevi

imavdroulad da imave uflebamosilebiT iniSneboda solomon

I-is karze, rogorc erekle II-is karze. imave orderSi gr. po-

tiomkini polk. burnaSevs saqmis viTarebas gacnobisas da da-

valebebis micemisas miuTiTebda, rom mefe erekle miiReba im-

1 aq aseve gaTvaliswinebulia osmalebis mier garkveuli valdebule-

bebis Seusruleblobis sxva SemTxvevebic. SesaZloa, aq igulisxmebo-

des osmaleTis mier quCuk-kainarjis zaviTa da ainali-kavakis kon-

venciiT nakisri valdebulebic. Tumca imavdroulad yirimis aneqsi-

iT ruseTi Tavad uxeSad arRvevda amave xelSekrulebebiT aRebul

Tavis wil valdebulebebs.

113

peratoris proteqciaSi, ris Taobazec masTan male daideba

traqtatic, xolo rac Seexeba solomons, ganagrZobda Tavadi

potiomkini, garkveuli politikuri garemoeba abrkolebs mas-

Tanac msgavs dadgenilebaso. xolo iqve dasZenda, rom miuxe-

davad amisa, es garemoeba ruseTis warmomadgenels xels ar

uSlida, gamoexata mefisaTvis imperatoris keTilganwyoba,

miT umetes, rom aSkaraa misi survili, SeiZinos misi impera-

torobiTi udidebulesobis mfarveloba [15, 1-2].

Tu ra iyo qarTl-kaxeTis msgavsad imereTis mfarvelo-

baSi miRebis es `garkveuli~ damabrkolebeli politikuri ga-

remoeba ruseTisaTvis, rasac gr. potiomkini ar ucxadebs s.

burnaSevs, imave dRiT (3 apriliT) daTariRebul saidumlo

orderSi ganumartavs kavkasiis xazis sardal p. potiomkins:

`misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobisaTvis sasurvelia, rom

ruseTis imperiisaTvis am mniSvnelovani da sasargeblo saqmis

(anu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miRebis _

d. m.) Semdeg `qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefisaTvis miebaZa imere-

Tis mefe solomonsac, romlis ganwyobac ukve Tanxvdeba misi

umaRlesi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis nebas. magram vi-

naidan misi garkveuli daqvemdebareba otomanTa portasTan

gvaiZulebs, Tavi SevikavoT amis ganxorcielebisagan, sanam ar

Seiqmneba xelsayreli viTareba, amitomac saWiroa, xelidan ar

gavuSvaT yoveli SesaZlebloba, rasac ki SeuZlia xeli Seuw-

yos mflobelisa (solomonis _ d. m.) da misi qveSevrdomebis

ruseTis imperatoris taxtisadmi erTgulebis ganmtkicebas~

[12, 155; 11, 55].

gr. potiomkini imave saidumlo orderiT amcnobda p.

potiomkins mefe erekles ùmaRlesi mfarvelobis qveS miRe-

bis Sesaxeb~ da dasZenda, rom atyobinebda ra amis Taobaze me-

fe solomonsac, imedovnebda, rom erekles mier `mfarvelo-

bis~ wyalobiT SeZenili sargebeli sakmarisad aRuZravda ime-

reTis mefes erekles Tanabari xvedris wadils (aRsaniSnavia,

am sakiTxSi general-anSefis teqsti zogadad Zalian axlos

mihyveba misadmi dedoflis zemomoyvanil weril-miTiTebas).

amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom imereTis samefosTan

mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis gaformeba 1782 wlis dekember-

sa da 1783 wlis ianvarSi daaxloebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos-

Tan Tanadroulad igegmeboda.1 1783 wlis ukve Tebervlis Sua

1 ruseTi rom imereTTan xelSekrulebis dadebas 1783 wlis dasawyis-

Si gegmavda, zemomoyvanil monacemebze dayrdnobiT naTeli iyo i.

cincaZisaTvisac, magram man saeWvod miiCnia, rom ruseTi imereTis

mfarvelobaSi ayvanas imave wlis ganmavlobaSi apirebda [ix. 8, 112]. v.

114

ricxvebSi ruseTis saimperatoro karze gadawyda imereTis

mfarvelobaSi miReba politikurad ufro xelsayreli droi-

saTvis gadaedoT da amjerad qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan

traqtatis dadebiT dakmayofilebuliyvnen.1 amis Taobaze eka-

terine II auwyebda gr. potiomkins, romelsac yirimisa da kav-

kasiis saqmeTa warmarTva hqonda Cabarebuli. Tavis mxriv, gr.

potiomkinma dedoflis sityvebi Tvenaxevris Semdeg, rodesac

gegmis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis jeri dadga, TiTqmis zed-

miwevniT amcno Tavis biZaSvils, kavkasiis xazis sardal p. po-

tiomkins. umaRlesi karis es gadawyvetileba, gr. potiomkinma

imave dRes, oRond mizezebis dazustebis gareSe, samoqmedo

instruqciis saxiT gadaamisamarTa s. burnaSevisadmi mimar-

Tul orderSic, roca es ukanaskneli qarTl-kaxeTisa da ime-

reTis mefeebis karze miivlineboda sagangebo misiiT.

maSasadame, ruseTis umaRlesi xelisuflebis didi dain-

teresebis miuxedavad, imereTis samefos mfarvelobaSi miReba

politikuri TvalsazrisiT arsebul pirobebSi mizanSewoni-

lad ar iqna miCneuli da igi momavalSi ufro xelsayreli

droisaTvis gadaido, Tumca amas rusi diplomatebi mefes

pirdapir ar ucxadebden. metic, gadawyvetili iyo, ufro ga-

eZlierebinaT diplomatiuri muSaoba, raTa imereTis samefoSi

prorusul da antiosmalur ganwyobebs safrTxe ar Seqmnoda

da rac SeiZleba metadac gaRvivebuliyo. sabolood ki 1781

da 1782 wlebSi solomon I-is orgzis mcdeloba, mieRo ruse-

Tis imperiis mfarveloba, warumateblad dasrulda.

maWaraZis daskvniT, ìmereTis samefosTan xelSekrulebis dadebis

sakiTxi, romelic 1782 wlis dekemberSi gadawyda, 1783 welsac ki,

roca traqtati proeqtis muxlebi iwereboda, dRis wesrigidan mox-

snili ar yofila. 1783 wlis aprilis dasawyisidan ki suraTi naTe-

lia: aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan mfarvelobiTi traqtatis gafor-

meba sabolood gadawyvetilia, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelosTan ase-

Tive xelSekrulebis dadeba ufro xelsayreli saerTaSoriso viTa-

rebisaTvis gadaudia ruseTis mTavrobas~ [4, 62]. 1 amrigad, am sakiTxSi ruseTis saimperatoro kari Camoyalibebuli

jer kidev Tebervlis Sua xanebSi. xolo aprilis dasawyisisaTvis

amis Taobaze ecnobaT mxolod aRniSnuli saqmis uSualo Semsruleb-

lebs _ kavkasiis xazis sardal p. potiomkinsa da qarTveli mefeebis

karze ruseTis warmomadgenel polk. s. burnaSevs.

115


1. o. gigineiSvili, saqarTvelo osmaleTis sagareo politi-

kaSi me-18 s. ukanasknel meoTxedSi, Tsu Sromebi, t. 73,

Tbilisi, 1959.

2. m. dumbaZe, qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos politikuri viTa-

reba 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze, saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebi, t. IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

3. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris,

Tbilisi, 1902.

4. v. maWaraZe, besiki diplomatiur sarbielze, Tbilisi, 1968.

5. d. merkvilZe, imereTis samefo kuCuk-kainarjis xelSekru-

lebaSi, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XIX-XX, 2017-2018.

6. m. rexviaSvili, imereTi XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1982.

7. m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da saga-

reo orientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1988.

8. i. cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati, masalebi

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tbili-

si, 1960.

9. iv. javaxiSvili, damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos

Soris XVIII saukuneSi, 1919, wignSi: istoriuli raritetebi,

Tbilisi, 1989.

10. Грамоты и др. историческіе документы XVIII столетія относящиеся к Грузіи, под ред. А. А. Цагарели, т. II вып. II, СПб., 1902.

11. Н. Дубровин, Исторія войны и владычества русских на Кавказе, т. II, С.-Петербург, 1886.

12. Из истории российско-грузинских отношений, сборник документов, Москва, 2014.

13. Маркова О. П., Россия, Закавказье и международные отношения в XVIII веке, Москва, 1966.

14. Матеріалы для новой истории Кавказа с 1722 по 1803 год. П. Г. Буткова. ч. 2. СПб., 1869.

15. Новые Матеріалы для жизнеописанія и дѣятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго въ Грузіи съ 1783 по 1787 г., Собралъ и издалъ съ приложеніемъ картъ, портретовъ и факсимиле С. Н. Бурнашевъ, подъ редакціей профессора А. А. Цагарели, С.-Петербург, 1901.

16. Симоненко Р. Г., Айнали-Кавакська конвенція 1779, Енциклопедія історіі Украіни, т. 1, Киев, 2003.

116

Davit Merkviladze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Senior scientist-researcher of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

The Issue of the Adoption of the Imeretian Kingdom under the

Protectorate of the Russian Empire (1781-the beginning of 1783)

Summary

As a result of the huge struggle, King Solomon I of Imereti succeeded in liberating his kingdom from the Ottoman dominance. He considered taking the Russian Empire's protectorate as the best way to be defended from potencial Ottoman aggression. For this purpose, the King asked the Russian Imperial court twice, on 1 September 1781 and 15 August of 1782 to be received in the emperor’s patronage. But Russia recognized King Solomon as the Sultan’s vassal according to the 1774 peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire. At that time, Russia intended to annex Crimea and Russia did not want to give Ottomans the additional reason for violation of the peace treaty because of Imereti.

Therefore, despite the great interest of the Russian authorities, it was not considered to be expedient to receive the Imereti Kingdom in their protectorate under the existing political conditions and it was postponed to more favorable time. At the same time, Catherine II’s court was trying to strengthen the pro-Russian and anti-Ottoman trends in the Kingdom of Imereti with diplomatic efforts. Eventually, Solomon's attempts to receive the protection of the Russian Empire ended unsuccessfully.

117

mzia tyavaSvili


lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, ivane javaxiSvilis sa-

xelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli

buqarestis zavi (1812 w.) da afxazeTis sakiTxi

(XIX saukunis dasawyisis rusuli oficialuri

dokumentebis mixedviT)

`Savi zRvis napirze mdebareobs afxazeTi _ kavkasiis kur-

Txeuli da msoflios erT-erTi ulamazesi kuTxe~ _ werda

rusi samxedro istorikosi v. potto [1, 767-768]. XIX saukuneSi

afxazeTma mniSvnelovani adgili daikava ruseTis politikur

gegmebSi.

Savi zRvis sanapiroebis sakiTxi yovelTvis Sedioda ruse-

Tis saxelmwifos interesebis sferoSi. es gansakuTrebiT ga-

movlinda 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros, ro-

desac qarTveli mefeebis dasaxmareblad aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi Camosulma rusuli jaris xelmZRvanelma grafma

totlebenma foTis cixes `daadga Tvali~ da mis xelSi Casag-

debad rTul da saxifaTo laSqrobasac ar moerida [9, 652-

658].

1783 wels yirimis SeerTeba udidesi politikuri da sam-

xedro mniSvnelobis movlena iyo ruseTis imperiisTvis, ris

Semdegac Savi zRvis aRmosavleT da dasavleTi sanapiroebi

saimperatoro karisTvis realuri da uaxloesi perspeqtiva

gaxda.

SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleTi navsadgurebiT: baTumiT,

foTiT, anakliiT, soxumiT, gelenjikiT, sujuk-kaleTi, ana-

piT ruseTis daintereseba XIX saukunis dasawyisis araerT

rusul oficialur dokumentSi ikveTeba [2, 457, 465, 468, 476;

18, 25]. maT Sesaxeb istoriuli Tu ekonomikuri cnobebis mo-

Ziebis sakiTxi rusuli politikuri elitisa da konstantine-

polSi ruseTis warmomadgenel a. italinskis mimoweraSic sak-

mao adgils ikavebs [2, 476].

pirveli navsadguri Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, sa-

118

dac rusulma jarma Tavisi forposti Seqmna, yulevi (redut-

yale) iyo (1804 weli) [17, 10]. dokumentebSi naTqvamia, rom igi

dadianis samflobeloSi mdebareobda da desantis gadasxmis-

Tvis nebarTva rusebma samegrelos mTavrisgan miiRes [11, 193].

aRniSnul qmedebas osmaleTis mxridan protesti mohyva. am pe-

riodSi osmaleTs ruseTTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebaze hqon-

da xeli mowerili (1799-1806), Tumca porta ruseTTan urTier-

Tobis gamwvavebas ar moerida da daJinebiT moiTxovda rusi

jariskacebis yulevidan gayvanas [2, 518; 3, 519].

ruseTis warmomadgeneli sulTnis karze a. italinski yve-

la Rones xmarobda ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris daZabulobis

Sesaneleblad, raTa is saomar konfliqtSi ar gadazrdiliyo

_ ruseTi sparseTTan omSi (1804-1813) iyo Cabmuli da or

frontze omi ar surda. aRniSnuli sakiTxis mosagvareblad a.

italinskis diplomatiuri SesaZleblobebi sakmarisi ar aR-

moCnda [2, 465]. sulTnis kari mxolod maSin damSvidda, rode-

sac rusebma redut-yaledan samxedro kontigenti gaiyvanes

[13, 22, 23].

1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros Savi zRvis

sanapiroebi ruseTis jarebis erT-erTi mTavari samizne gaxda.

afxazeTis mTavarma qeleS-bei SarvaSiZem mfarvelobaSi mi-

Reba ruseTs jer kidev 1803 wels sTxova. saimperatoro kari,

Tavis mxriv, didad iyo dainteresebuli afxazeTis SeerTebiT,

romelsac placdarmad gamoiyenebda dasavleT kavkasiisa da

Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros dasapyrobad, magram rTuli

saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo, sifrTxiles iCenda [12, 174].

1806 wels daiwyo ruseT-osmaleTis samxedro konfliqti.

am periodidan ruseTi aSkarad daadga afxazeTis saqmeebSi Ca-

revis gzas [4, 178], rasac xelsayrel niadags TviT afxazeTis

mTavrisa da misi ojaxis zogierTi wevris aSkara prorusuli

ganwyoba uqmnida. `qeleS-beis politikuri orientaciis Sec-

vlaze naTlad metyvelebda~ [12, 175] ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

Sesul samegrelos mTavris ojaxTan afxazeTis samTavrobo

saxlis damoyvreba, aseve, qeleS-beis vaJis _ safar-begis gaq-

ristianeba (miiRo naTlobis saxeli giorgi) [3, 189-190].

afxazeTSi sakmaod Zlieri iyo antirusuli Zalebi, ro-

melTagan saSiSroeba TviT afxazeTis mTavarsac emuqreboda.

politikur niadagze dawyebuli Sida dapirispireba 1808 wels

afxazeTis mTavris erT-erTi vaJis aslan-beis mier mamis _ qe-

119

leS-beisa da misi ori mcirewlovani vaJis mokvliT dasrul-

da. afxazeTSi osmaleTis momxre Zalebi gabatondnen. aRniS-

nuli samflobelos sakuTari gavlenis qveS mosaqcevad ruse-

Tic ar iSurebda Zal-Rones. aq Seqmnil urTules viTarebas

mogvianebiT, 1822 wels, axalgazrda mTavris dimitri ServaSi-

Zis tragikuli aRsasrulic mowmobs [1, 775].

1810 wlisTvis rusebs ukve dapyrobili hqondaT foTisa

da anapis cixeebi da anakliis, soxumis, gelenjikisa da sujuk-

kales aRebas gegmavdnen.

`1810 wlis 17 Tebervals, imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma af-

xazeTis mTavrad daamtkica giorgi SarvaSiZe, ruseTis umaR-

lesi Zalauflebis aRiarebiTa da Sinagani avtonomiis cno-

biT~ [12, 177]. 1810 wlis 10 ivliss rusTa jarma aiRo soxumis

cixe, romelic mamis mkvlel aslan-beis xelSi iyo [4, 945; 12,

178], imave wlis oqtomberSi ki ruseTis mfarvelobaSi iqna mi-

Rebuli afxazeTis mTavari giorgi SarvaSiZe [4, 425; 15, 222].

1811 wels ruseTma sujuk-kalesa da gelenjikis cixe-si-

magrebi daikava [5, 546]. ruseTis mier aRniSnuli portebis dapyroba adgilobrivebis

Zlieri winaaRmdegobis fonze mimdinareobda, romlebic ruse-

Tis gansadevnad Turqebs sTxovdnen daxmarebas [14, 155-156]. osmaleTis mxridan safrTxe soxumis portsac daemuqra.

mis dasabruneblad osmalebma miimxres giorgi SarvaSiZis mus-

limi naTesavebi, romlebic TurqeTis gavleniT ajanydnen. gi-

orgi SarvaSiZe ruseTis xelisuflebisgan kazakTa ori rotis

gagzavnas iTxovda.

1812 wlis 4 ianvars saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTebeli gen. le-

it. (markizi) f. pauliuCi graf goleniSev-kutuzovs (m. kutu-

zovs) swerda, rom `foTis, soxum-kalesa da sujuk-kales dap-

yrobiT ruseTi gaxdeboda am sanapiros mpyrobeli, ris Semdegac

aRniSnuli teritoria uproblemod daukavSirdeboda Tavridas

da gaiSleboda farTo da xelsayreli vaWroba~ [5, 189].

1812 wlidan aSkara gaxda, rom ruseT-osmaleTis samxedro

konfliqti dasasrulisken mieqaneboda. brZolam kabinetebSi

gadainacvla. rusuli diplomatiis sasaxelod unda iTqvas,

rom aRniSnul amocanas man Tavi warmatebiT gaarTva.

1812 wlis 16 maiss ruseT-TurqeTs Soris q. buqarestSi

sazavo xelSekruleba daido [5, 779], romelsac ruseTis mxri-

dan xeli moawera gen. feldmarSalma mixeil kutuzovma. is-

120

torikosebi da politikosebi swored mis gamocdilebasa da

niWs miaweren samSvidobo xelSekrulebaSi orazrovani da da-

ukonkretebeli muxlebis Cadebas [9, 876], romelmac SemdgomSi

ruseTis politikur elitas SesaZlebloba misca zavis Sinaar-

sis sakuTari interpretireba moexdina da àziis samflobe-

loebi~, portas didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, ara marto

Tavisi saxelmwifosTvis `SeeerTebina~, aramed iuridiulad

daekanonebina kidec [9, 876].

buqarestis zavis teqsti Teqvsmeti [7, 49-58; 6, 316-322] Zi-riTadi da ori saidumlo

[9, 876; 8, 29] artikulisgan Sedgebo-

da. maTgan saqarTvelos teritoriebs exeboda VI punqti. am

or saxelmwifos Soris sakamaTo da sadavo, bundovanebidan

gamomdinare, swored misi Sinaarsi gaxda.

buqarestis zavis VI punqtis mixedviT, `границы со стороны Азии и других мест, возстановливаются совершенно так, как были прежде, до войны;... и потому Россия отдает и возвращает Порте в таком состоянии, в каком теперь находятся, крепости и замки, внутры сей границы лежащие и оружием Е. В. завоеванные, купно с городами, местечками, селениями, жилищами и со всем тем, что сия земля себе содержит~ [6; 5, 779].

rogorc vxedavT, sazavo xelSekrulebis aRniSnul muxlSi

araviTari konkretika ar aris _ am or saxelmwifos Soris

sazRvrebi omamde (1806 wlamde) mdgomareobaSi unda aRdgeni-

liyo, ruseTi ki valdebuli iyo osmaleTisTvis ìaraRiT

dapyrobili~ teritoriebi daebrunebina _ es aris da es. saer-

TaSoriso samarTlis umniSvnelovanes iuridiul dokumentSi

Turqi politikosebis daufiqreblobiT, daudevrobiTa Tu

uyuradRebobiT dafiqsirebuli omis Semdgomi samoqmedo geg-

mis (omis Sedegebis) gamomxatveli teqstis orazrovani (mrava-

lazrovani Tu ara) da winaaRmdegobrivi formulireba mom-

devno periodSi am or qveyanas Soris mravali vnebaTaRelvis

mizezi gaxda da saqarTvelos Zvirad daujda. Secdomis ga-

buqarestis zavis ori saidumlo muxlis teqsti wyaroebSi

ver vnaxeT, ris gamoc maTze msjelobisgan Tavs SevikavebT.

maT Sesaxeb istoriografiul literaturaSi Semdegi infor-

maciaa: ruseTis `sargeblobaSi~ gadadioda Savi zRvis sanapi-

ro md. bzifidan md. rionamde [9, 876; 8, 29].

121

mosworebis saSualeba sulTnis kars aRar mieca _ aSkaraa,

rom vinc iuridiuli dokumentis Sedgena icis, mas misi praq-

tikaSi ganxorcielebac ar gauWirdeba da rusma politikoseb-

mac aRniSnuli faqtiT boZebuli SesaZlebloba sakuTari qvey-

nis sasargeblod maqsimalurad gamoiyenes. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aRniSnulma garemoebam VI punqtis

interpretirebis sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba warmoSva. xelSek-

rulebis dadebidan maleve gamoikveTa, rom mxareebs ìaraRiT

dapyrobili~ teritoriebis irgvliv hqondaT azrTa sxvadas-

xvaoba da mxolod foTisa da axalqalaqis cixesimagreebis os-

maleTisTvis gadacemaze Tanxmdebodnen. arafers vambobT,

imaze, rom gaurkveveli da ganusazRvreli iyo omamde orive

saxelmwifos sazRvrebis sakiTxi, romelze msjelobamac am

ori qveynis urTierToba CixSi Seiyvana. porta dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze

(zogjer aRmosavleTisazec [5, 793]): imereTze, samegreloze,

guriaze, afxazeTze acxadebda pretenziebs da aqedan ruseTis

jarebis gayvanas kategoriulad moiTxovda [5, 804]. osmaleTi

quCuk-kainarjis zavs iSveliebda da acxadebda, rom `1783

wlis konvencia ar aZlevda ruseTs imis uflebas, rom mas is

samflobeloebi daekavebina, romelsac is Tavisi xelisufle-

bis qveS aqcevda da rom sinamdvileSi ruseT-osmaleTis nam-

dvili sazRvari mdinare yubanze gadioda~ [5, 804], maSin, ro-

desac ruseTi amtkicebda, rom aRniSnuli teritoriebi mis

SemadgenlobaSi jer kidev ruseT-osmaleTs Soris samSvidobo

urTierTobis (1799-1806 ww.) dros, anu maT Soris omis dawye-

bamde (1806 w.) nebayoflobiT Sevida da amis dasamtkiceblad

aRniSnul samflobeloebTan dadebul mfarvelobiT traqta-

tebs iSveliebda [5, 790-791, 792-793, 805]. 1813 wlis Semodgomaze ruseT-osmaleTis winaaRmdegobam

sazRvrebis sakiTxSi imdenad daZabuli xasiaTi miiRo, rom mis

mogvarebaSi evropuli saxelmwifoebi CaerTvnen [5, 804, 811].

sulTnis kari gansakuTrebuli kategoriulobiT Savi

zRvis portebis daclas moiTxovda [5, 802, 811]. VI punqtis garSemo gaurkvevloba rus politikosebs Sori-

sac iyo.

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri grafi a. rumiancevi sa-

qarTvelos mTavarmarTebel n. rtiSCevs 1812 wlis 5 agvistos

(zavis dadebidan sami Tvis Semdeg) aRniSnuli muxlis teqsts

122

swerda da `cxovrebaSi mis dauyovnebliv gatarebas avaldebu-

lebda~ [5, 779], Tumca iTvaliswinebda ra imas, rom VI punqti

n. rtiSCevs SeiZleboda Taviseburad gaego da araswori nabi-

jebi gadaedga, werilSi aRniSnul punqts Semdeg ganmartebas

urTavda:

«По смыслу оной статьи ясно разумеется, что она отнюдь не относится до владении и областей, которыя прежде и в продолжение последней войны нашей с Портою добровольно покорились скипетру Е. В. и присоединились к Российской Империи; а потому и никакой притязание со стороны Порты на сие области и владения не должны быть нами приняты и не могуть быть уважены. Содержаные оной статьи касается единственно до тех только крепостей и замков с землями к ним принадлежащими, которые в нынешную войну у Турок завоеваны силою оружия» [5, 779]. aq swored im `naRmebzea~ miniS-

neba gakeTebuli, romelic Cado ruseTis mxarem aRniSnul

xelSekrulebaSi (границы со стороны Азии и других мест, возстановлыаются совершенно так, как были прежде, до войны) da rasac, xelmoweris procesSi, yuradReba ar miaqcia osma-

leTis diplomatiam _ igulisxmeba ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi im

samflobeloebisa da mxareebis Sesvla, romlebic osmaleTTan

bolo omamde da omis mimdinareobisas `nebayoflobiT dae-

morCilnen ruseTis imperators~ (она отнюдь не относится до владении и областей, которыя прежде и в продолжение последней войны нашей с Портою добровольно покорились скипетру Е. В. и присоединились к Российской Империи).

werilis bolos grafi rumiancevi yuradRebas amaxvilebda

imaze, Tu ra iyo ruseTis imperator aleqsandre I-sTvis xel-

sayreli (ra moewoneboda mas):

«Е. И. В. угодно, чтобы в. пр. не спешили возвращением и оных крепостей; а напротив того, старались бы по возможности под разными благовидными предлогами продлить срок на то назначенный и не прежде приступили-бы к сдаче их, как когда увидите неотступное и решительное о том настояние со стороны Турецкаго правительства и точно удостоверитесь, что дальнейшее с вашей стороны отлагательство можеть поколебать доброе с Портою согласие, которое Е. В. желает утвердить всеми мерами» [5, 779].

rogorc vxedavT, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri àzi-

is samflobeloebis~ ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi yofnas udavo

123

WeSmaritebad miiCnevda da portasTvis mxolod ìaraRiT dap-

yrobili~ cixesimagreebis gadacemisTvis emzadeboda. cixesi-

magreebi mis werilSic ar iyo dakonkretebuli. n. rtiSCevis

azriT, aseTi mxolod sami cixesimagre: axalqalaqi, foTi da

soxumi _ SeiZleboda yofiliyo. pirveli oris portasTvis

dabrunebas ruseTis kavkasiuri administracia sadavos ar

xdida, Tumca, saimperatoro karis brZanebis Sesabamisad, ru-

suli jarebisgan maTi daclis maqsimalurad gaWianurebas api-

rebda [5, 783] _ risTvisac, xelSekrulebiT, sami Tve iyo gan-

sazRvruli [5, 779].

1813 wlis 3 ianvars rtiSCevi swerda rumiancevs, rom os-

maleTis mxarem mas mosTxova foTisa da axalqalaqis cixeebis

dacla, rac maqsimalurad iqna gaWianurebuli, magram Ses-

rulda [5, 782, 783, 784-785] _ rusebma axalqalaqi 29 oqtom-

bers, xolo foTi 7 dekembers datoves [5, 788]. rac Seexeboda soxumis cixesimagres, romlis dabruneba-

sac buqarestis zavis dadebis Semdgom wlebSi osmaleTi daJi-

nebiT iTxovda, mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo mis garSemo ruse-

Tis kavkasiur administraciaSi gaurkvevloba iyo [5, 780]. saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis rtiSCevisa da saimperato-

ro karis moxeleebis araerTi werilidan irkveva, rom Tavda-

pirvelad rusul mxares gadawyvetili hqonda soxumis cixis

portasTvis gadacema, Tumca dro unda gaeWianurebinaT, rad-

ganac sazavo xelSekrulebiT gansazRvrul vadaSi (sam TveSi)

mis daclas ver moaswrebdnen, rac kargad Cans 1812 wlis 17

oqtombers n. rtiSCevis mier imereTis mmarTvelis f. simono-

viCisadmi miweril werilSi: `Cems mier ama wlis 1 oqtombers

TqvenTvis gamogzavnili saidumlo werilis Tanaxmad, SeuZle-

belia, axlave mivceT Turqebs soxum-kales cixe. miTumetes,

rom iq arsebuli saxazino qoneba jer kidev ar aris gamotani-

li da SesaZloa mTlianad daikargos. Tuki osmaleTis xeli-

sufleba mis daclas mogvTxovs, gavalebT, rom sxvadasxva ke-

Tilmosurne winadadebebiT amis gakeTeba momdevno wlis ga-

zafxulisTvis gadadoT, rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Tavi-

sufali navigacia (soxumidan ruseTis kuTvnili saxazino qo-

nebisa da sabrZolo aRWurvilobis gatana xdeboda yirimSi,

romlis navsadgurebi zamTarSi iyineboda _ m. t.) imisTvis

rom osmaleTis pretenziebi droebiT SeaCeroT, mosTxoveT

mas imereTis gaqceuli mefis solomonis gadmocema, romelic

124

TurqeTis mosazRvre samflobeloebSi imyofeba da ar wyvets

imereTSi areulobis mowyobis mcdelobebs; aseve, samSvidobo

xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, moiTxoveT samxedro tyveebis, ruse-

Tis sxva qveSevrdomebisa da axalcixis safaSoSi myofi osma-

lebisa da lekebisgan motacebuli qarTuli soflebis _ cxra-

muxis, nabaxtevisa da grakalis _ mcxovreblebis qonebianad

da saqonlianad dabruneba~ [5, 780-782]. aRniSnuli werilidan aSkaraa, rom rtiSCevi da aqedan ga-

momdinare, ruseTis kavkasiuri administracia Tavdapirvelad

miiCnevda, rom sazavo xelSekruleba osmaleTisTvis soxumis

gadacemasac iTvaliswinebda da igi, drois gaWianurebiT, mag-

ram mainc unda daebrunebinaT misTvis. momdevno periodSi sa-

imperatoro karma soxumis cixis sakiTxisadmi damokidebule-

ba Secvala da gadawyvita aucileblad SeenarCunebina igi.

1813 wlis dasawyisSi am pozicias ukve rtiSCevic iziarebda.

oficialuri dokumentebidan ikveTeba, rom mas aRniSnul sa-

kiTze mosazreba xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebidan mice-

muli CagonebiTa da moTxovniT Seucvlia.

n. rtiSCevis mosazrebis evolucia gansakuTrebiT Tvalsa-

Cinoa sagareo saqmeTa ministr a. rumiancevisadmi 1813 wlis 3

ianvars miweril werilSi:

`Следовательно, по смыслу предписания в. с., никакия притязания со стороны Порты Оттоманской на сие владение, как добровольно присоединившееся к Россииской Империи, не будут мною от Турецкаго правительства приняты; но по силе того-же предписания, кр. Сухум-кале, всегда составлявшую резиденцию владетелей Абхазии, я должен возвратить туркам потому, что одна только сия крепость, по вступлении Георгия Шарвашидзе в подданство России, быв захвачена отцеубийцею братом его Арслан-беем и защищаемая турецким гарнизоном, не добровольно покорилась нам, а завоевана на третьем годе российским оружием. В сей крепости и ныне имеет свою резиденцию законный владелец Георгии Шарвашидзе. Известно-же совершенно, что войнственный и неменее того своевольный абхазский народ издревле имеет всегдашнее обыкновение признавать над собою власть и считать себя под зависимостью тех только владельцов, в чьих руках будет находиться главная их землья, _ кр. Сухум-кале. Почему нет сомнения, дабы Порта Оттоманская, получив тепер оную в возврат, не вверила ее под власть преданного ей отцеубийцы Арслан-

125

бей, который и теперь еще имеет в Абхазии важныя партии ему преданныя, доселе удерживаемыя одным страхом и силою российскаго оружия~ [5, 785].

1813 wlis Semdgom buqarestis zavis VI punqtis garSemo

osmaleT-ruseTis diplomatiuri urTierToba ukiduresobam-

de daiZaba, rasac safuZveli Seuqmna 1813 wlis 4 ivliss erze-

rumis seraskirisgan saqarTvelos mTavarsardal rtiSCevisad-

mi gagzavnilma werilma, romelSic porta ara marto cixesi-

magreebis, aramed imereTis samefos, samegrelos, guriisa da

afxazeTis samTavroebis, aseve kemgaris anu redut-yales ci-

xis portasTvis gadacemasac moiTxovda. aRniSnul moTxovnebs rtiSCevi àxalsa da uCveulos~ uwo-

debda. misi azriT, cixesimagreebi: foTi da axalqalaqi, rom-

lebic ruseTma Zalis gamoyenebiT daipyro, ukve gadasca os-

maleTs; xolo rac Seexeba danarCen samflobeloebs, samSvi-

dobo xelSekrulebis arc erT muxlSi ar iyo naTqvami osma-

leTisTvis maTi dabrunebis Sesaxeb [5, 790-791, 792, 793, 796-

797, 805]. `pirveli sami samflobelo 40 wliT adre, sanam isini

ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevidodnen, gaxdnen osmaleTisgan

damoukidebelni da isini rusebma Turqebisgan iaraRis gamoye-

nebiT ki ar miiRes, aramed omamde ramdenime wliT adre neba-

yoflobiT Sevidnen ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi; maTTan dadebu-

lia traqtatebi [5, 797, 805]. nebayoflobiT Sevida ruseTis

SemadgenlobaSic afxazeTis samTavroc~ [5, 805]. `vinaidan isi-

ni iyvnen damoukideblebi, maT sruli ufleba hqondaT Tavian-

Ti bedi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gadaewyvitaT da Tavis-

Tvis ukeTesad miiCnies ruseTTan dakavSireba~ [5, 809-810] _

swerda rtiSCevi Tavis werilebSi. osmaleTi Tavisi simarTlis dasamtkiceblad buqarestis

zavis III muxls iSveliebda, romelSic ewera, rom yvela traq-

tati, konvencia, aqti Tu dadgenileba, romelic sxvadasxva

dros iyo dadebuli portasa da ruseTs Soris, ZalaSi rCeba

rogorc aRniSnuli, aseve wina traqtatiT, romliTac ànato-

liis mxareSi mtkicdeba osmaleTis sazRvrebi~ [5, 806]. rtiS-

Cevi werda, rom bolo dros moxda cvlilebebi, kerZod ki,

imereTi, guria, samegrelo da afxazeTi Sevida ruseTis Se-

madgenlobaSi [5, 806]. mxolod soxumis cixesimagre daipyro

ruseTma ZaliT da isic ara osmaleTisgan, aramed damnaSave

aslan-beisgan, romelmac es cixesimagre waarTva kanonier

126

mflobel sefer-ali-beis [5, 806].

rtiSCevi 1813 wlis 7 ivliss sapasuxo werilSi sulTnis

warmomadgenels afxazeTis samTavros Sesaxeb werda _

`Абхазское-же владение в 1806 году, во время самой войны, продол-жавшейся между обеими державами, присоединено к Российской Империи, но отнюд не чрез завоевание силою оружии, а трактатом, заключенным с законным владельцов сей земли Сефер-Али-беем, по доброй его воле и всего подвластнаго ему народа~ [5, 791]. saqarTve-

los mTavarsardali iqve aRniSnavda, rom igi daelodeboda

ruseTis imperatoris gankargulebas am sakiTxze da mxolod

misi brZanebis Sesabamisad imoqmedebda [5, 791-792]. 1813 wlis 26 ivliss rtiSCevi ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa mi-

nistr rumiancevTan mimoweraSi aRniSnavda, rom imereTis, sa-

megrelos, guriis da zemoT aRniSnuli cixesimagreebis daT-

mobaze xelSekrulebis teqstSi araferi ewera, ris gamoc

portas es moTxovnebi ukanono iyo [5, 797, 826].

imis gamo, rom ruseTi ar asrulebda osmaleTis moTxov-

nebs, portas xelisuflebam Zalis gamoyeneba scada. man gaug-

zavna jari aslan-beis, romliTac is dabanakda afxazeTisa da

samegrelos sazRvarze sof. gudavasTan [5, 798].

afxazeTSi osmalebis jaris gamoCenasTan erTad didi are-

uloba daiwyo [5, 789]. sefer-beis ganudga deda _ rebia-xanu-

mi, romelic Tavis or vaJTan erTad gaiqca Turqebis banakSi

myof gerTan _ aslan-beisTan. ruseTis kavkasiuri administra-

ciis cnobiT, aRniSnuli qmedeba sefer-ali-beis qristianobas

ukavSirdeboda da SiSobdnen, rom rebia-xanumis magaliTs mi-

baZavda afxazeTis muslimi mosaxleoba [5, 506, 798].

rtiSCevi iTxovda portasgan, rom saswrafod gaeyvana ja-

rebi afxazeTidan [5, 797], winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rusebi maT

iaraRiT gandevnidnen, rasac gamousworebeli Sedegi mohyve-

boda.

ruseTis mxarem diplomatiuri muSaobis gaaqtiurebasac

mimarTa. 1813 wlis zafxulSi rtiSCevma konstantinepolSi

ruseTis warmomadgenel a. italinskisTan gagzavna aRmosavlu-

ri enebis kargi mcodne nazarovi da werilobiTi saxiT gaata-

na `yvela cnoba da Sexeduleba, romelic qarTul samflobe-

loebze portas ukanono pretenziebs daadasturebda~ [5, 998].

1813 wlis 22 seqtembers rtiSCevma miiRo sapasuxo werili

127

a. italinskisgan, romelSic es ukanaskneli aRniSnavda, rom

porta amierkavkasiis samflobeloebze, gansakuTrebiT ki saz-

Rvao cixesimagreebze (soxum-kalesa da kemgalze), Tavis uf-

lebebs udavo faqtad miiCnevda da ar eTanxmeboda am sakiT-

xze buqarestis sazavo xelSekrulebis VI muxlis ruseTis xe-

lisuflebiseul ganmartebas da rom igi, aseve, ukmayofilo

iyo rusebis mier drois gayvanis mcdelobiT, rac am ori qvey-

nis urTierTobas ukiduresobamde Zabavda. italinskis cno-

biT, portam miiRo zomebi erzerumis, trapizonis, foTis fa-

Sebisa da saqarTvelos sxva mosazRvre regionebis samxedro

potencialis gasaZliereblad [5, 802, 811].

italinski fiqrobda, rom am etapze jobda, ruseTs es ci-

xesimagreebi daetovebina, radganac am sakiTxebze yuradRebis

gadatanis gamo evropaSi mimdinare movlenebi uyuradRebod

rCeboda:

`Я не могу ничего преугодивать о содержании наставлений, которыя благоугодно будеть Е. И. В. мне дать; но я усерднейше желаю, чтобы получить их как можно скорее и чтобы оныя были такого свойства, чрез которое можно было-бы избежать (?), дабы судя по нынешнему состоянию дель, удержание нами месть отдаленных в странах Азии, в сие время малую выгоду предаставляющих для России, не послужило-бы онное к развлечению нашему в важнейшем предмете, занимающем нас теперь в Европе.

Я ни мало отвергаю того, что занятие всех пунктов со стороны Азии, начиная от Кубани даже до Фаза (Риони) таким образом, чтобы пресеч все связи между турками и горскими народами, была-бы мера самая полезная для полуденной России; но чтобы дастигнуть сей цели, то должно было-бы употребыть большия пожертвования войсками и денгами и решится на новой войны с Портой, чего, как мне кажется, всемерно должно избегать в настоящих обстоятельствах и при важнейщих причинам не должно было-бы в сие вдаваться~ [5, 803].

miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis kavkasiurma administraciam

winaswar gaiTvaliswina osmalebis mxridan mosalodneli sa-

SiSroeba, saTanadod moamzada cixesimagreebi da aq ganlage-

buli garnizonebi gaaZliera, is mainc SiSobda afxazeTSi Seq-

mnil viTarebaze, radganac ar iyo darwmunebuli adgilobri-

vebis erTgulebaSi. mosaxleoba gayofili iyo or partiad,

romelTagan Zlieri aslan-beis (ruseTis mowinaaRmdegis) mom-

128

xreebi iyvnen. maT afxazeTis TurqebisTvis gadacema undo-

daT. sefer-ali-beis cota uWerda mxars. es ukanaskneli mxo-

lod ruseTis daxmarebis imedad iyo [5, 798]. samegrelos mTavar levan dadians kavkasiis mTavarmmarTe-

belma gaugzavna jari, romliTac man daamarcxa aslan-bei. es

ukanaskneli jiqeTis mTebSi gaiqca. amis Semdeg mosaxleoba

damSvidda da daifica ruseTis erTgulebaze. afxazeTis mmar-

Tveloba isev gadaeca safar begs (giorgi ServaSiZes) [5, 506].

osmaleTis mxare afxazeTis gadacemis moTxovnebs ar

wyvetda. ruseTis xelisuflebaSi sul tyuilubralod ime-

dovnebdnen, rom ruseTis warmatebebi evropasa da kavkasiaSi

portas SeaSinebda da aRniSnuli sakiTxic TavisTavad mogvar-

deboda [5, 809, 811, 813, 814, 821, 822, 825, 828, 834, 840; 19,

195-196]. 1813 wlis Semodgomaze osmalebis mxridan muqara

grZeldeboda. sulTnis firmanebi gavrcelda mTel Crdilo

kavkasiaSi, rasac mosaxleobaSi mRelvareba mohyva [5, 800-801,

819-820, 822].

1813 wlis 29 noembers rtiSCevi erzerumis seraskir ax-

med-faSas swerda _ `Абхазия издревле имевшее у себя своего самовластного владельца, в сие самое время искало чрез законного своего владетелья, покойного Келеш-бея, добровольно предать себя в покровительство и подданство всероссииской Империи, каковое желание Келеш-бея не было отвергнуто и постановление с ним трактата было совсем уже окончено, как злодейская рука отцеубийцы сына его Арслан-бея изменически прекратила жизнь сего дольголет-него старца. Но другой сынь его Сефер-Али-бей, при жизни еще отца своего утверженный законным наследником всей Абхазии, осталься под покровительством Россииской Империи, будучи после того, на основании сделанных Келеш-беем постановлений, принять особым трактатом в вечное подданство России со всем его владениям и народом~ [5, 805]. `yvelaferi es moxda portasa da ruseTs So-

ris mWidro megobrobis dros, 1806 wlamde, sanam daiwyeboda

omi... am dros es samTavro aravisze damokidebuli ar iyo...

da ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevida sakuTari nebiT, damouki-

debeli da kanonieri mflobelis gadawyvetilebiT~ [5, 805,

806]. àfxazeTis mTavarma ruseTis imperatorisgan miiRo in-

vestituris niSnebi da aReTqva samudamo mfarveloba~ [5, 785,

788] _ ase amarTlebda rusuli mxare Tavis qmedebebs da asa-

129

buTebda qarTuli teritoriebis flobis kanonierebas.

sxva werilSi saqarTvelos mTavarsardali rtiSCevi aRniS-

navda, rom soxumis cixis gadacema TurqeTisTvis ar iqneboda

samarTliani, radganac is `portas uSualod arasdros ekuT-

vnoda~ [5, 504]. 1815 wlis bolos osmalebi gamalebiT uyridnen Tavs Tavi-

anT samxedro Zalebs saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan, raTa Tavian-

Ti pretenziebi àziaSi~ ukve samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT mo-

egvarebinaT [5, 836, 837, 838].

momdevno periodSi ruseTs Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosav-

leT sanapirosTan dakavSirebiT sxva problemebic gauCnda.

1813-1815 wlebSi afxazeTSi mdgomareoba imdenad garTulda,

rom ruseTis xelisuflebam misi datoveba gadawyvita. Tumca

kavkasiis administracia amaze ar Tanxmdeboda. saqarTvelos

mTavarsardali im uaryofiT Sedegebze miuTiTebda, rac ru-

seTis am nabijs mohyveboda [5, 504-505] da ukiduresi sirTu-

leebisa da udidesi danakargis miuxedavad inarCunebda aRniS-

nul samflobeloSi rusul samxedro kontigents. rtiSCevs

sakmaod myari da mniSvnelovani argumentebi hqonda Tavisi

mosazrebis sasargeblod: aq osmaleTis gaZliereba, afxazeTis

mTavris mier qristianobaze uaris Tqma, rasac mosaxleobis

masiuri gamuslimeba mohyveboda, Crdilo kavkasiis mTielebis

gaurCeba da maTi winaaRmdegobis gazrda, tyveebiT vaWrobis

aRorZineba [5, 785-786, 936], mezobel qarTul samflobeloeb-

ze ruseTis gavlenis Sesusteba da saerTod, adgilobriv mo-

saxleobaSi ruseTis avtoritetis dacema [5, 504-505], _ yove-

live es ki seriozul safrTxes Seuqmnida ruseTis poziciebs

kavkasiaSi.

`soxum-kale ar unda gadavceT osmalebs imitom, rom por-

tas arasdros ekuTvnoda da imis gamoc, rom misi datoveba

gamoiwvevs Cvens mier afxazeTis da sefer-beis mier winaprebis

memkvidreobis dakargvasac, romelmac nebayoflobiT daifica

ruseTis erTgulebaze. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, Tu ras

ifiqreben amaze Cveni qveSevrdomi adgilobrivebi, rodesac

dainaxaven, rom ruseTma ar moindoma daecva is mflobeli,

romelmac mas ando ara marto Tavisi kuTvnili (qveyana), ara-

med mcirewlovani memkvidrec da (ruseTma) es portasTan da-

debuli traqtatis ZaliT ki ar gaakeTa, aramed mxolod Sem-

wynareblobis gamo daTmo misi rezidencia~ (1813 wlis 16 ap-

130

rilis werili) [5, 935] _ aRniSnuli mosazrebebiT ruseTis sa-

gareo saqmeTa ministrma grafma a. rumiancevma faqtiurad

gansazRvra is udidesi mniSvneloba, rac soxums da saerTod,

afxazeTis samflobelos hqonda kavkasiaSi ruseTis batonobis

saqmeSi.


1. Потто В., Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, т. II, вып. IV, СПб, 1886.

2. Акты собранные Кавказскою Археографическою коммисиею, ред. Ад. Берже, т. II, Тифлис, 1868.

3. Акты собранные Кавказскою Археографическою коммисиею, ред. Ад. Берже, т. III, Тифлис, 1869.

4. Акты собранные Кавказскою Археографическою коммисиею, ред. Ад. Берже, т. IV, Тифлис, 1870.

5. Акты собранные Кавказскою Археографическою коммисиею, ред. Ад. Берже, т. V, Тифлис, 1873.

6. 100 главных документов российской истории; doc. Histrf.ru/19. 7. Договоры России с Востоком, политические и торговые. Собрал и

издал Т. Юзефовичь, СПб, 1869. 8. История народов северного Кавказа, конец XVIII в. _ 1917 г., ред.

А. Нарочницкий, Москва, 1988. 9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

10. a. sonRulaSvili, afxazi Tu afsua?, Tbilisi, 2007.

11. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, Tbilisi, 1962.

12. b. xorava, odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba XV-XVIII ss., Tbili-

si, 1996.

13. m. tyavaSvili, XIX saukunis dasawyisis rusuli oficialu-

ri dukumentebi baTumis ekonomikuri da politikuri mniS-

vnelobis Sesaxeb, krebulSi: baTumi: warsuli da Tanamed-

roveoba, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masale-

bi, 2010 wlis 30-31 oqtomberi, baTumi, 2012.

14. m. tyavaSvili, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro

ruseTis politikuri interesebis sferoSi (XIX saukunis

dasawyisi), krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis narkveve-

bi, 2 (21), 2017.

15. m. dumbaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelo XIX saukunis pirvel na-

131

xevarSi, Tbilisi, 1978.

16. n. qorTua, saqarTvelo 1806-1812 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis

omSi (rusi da qarTveli xalxis sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis

istoriidan), Tbilisi, 1964.

17. v. siWinava, baTumis istoriidan, baTumi, 1958.

18. sioriZe m., baTumis olqi dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis impe-

rialistur gegmebSi (1914-1921 ww.), disertacia istoriis

mecn. kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tbi-

lisi, 1986.

19. SaraSeniZe z., iranis Sinapolitikuri viTareba da sagareo

urTierTobani XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, Tbilisi, 1984.

MziaTkavashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History And Ethnology, scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Treaty of Bucharest (1812) and the Issue of Abkhazia (According to the official Documents of the Beginning

of the XIX century)

Summary

During 1806-1812 Russo-Turkish War the seashores of the Black Sea were the one of the main targets of the Russian troops. On the 10th of July 1810 the Russian troops seized Sukhumi Fortress, in October of the same year the Prince of Abkhazia Giorgi Shervashidze has been taken under protection of the Russian Empire.

On the 16th of May 1812 the Treaty was conclude in Bucharest between Russia and Turkey. According to the Article VI, related to territories of Georgia, the borders between these two countries should have been restored to the condition they had been before the war (till 1806), the Russian Empire was obliged to return the territories `conquered with weapons~ to the Ottoman Empire. In the mentioned point no concrete data was given, which caused various possibilities of interpretation. The Ottoman Empire

132

claimed Imereti Kingdom, Principalities of Samegrelo, Guria and Abkhazia, when Russia returned Akhalkalaki and Poti Fortresses to Porta, the Ottoman Empire demanded concession of Sukhumi Fortress with extra categoricalness, which despite the heavy international situation the Russian Empire contradicted, for she knew the negative consequences well, which would be caused by withdrawal of the Russian troops.

133

daviT javaxiSvili

istoriis doqtori, iakob gogebaSvi-

lis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo

universitetis asistent-profesori

imereTis mefis solomon II-is ojaxuri garemo

bagrationTa aTaswlovani samefo dinastiis kaxeTis Stos

demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriis sakiTxebi monografiu-

lad gvaqvs Seswavlili [1].

xsenebuli dinastiis kaxeTisa da qarTlis Stoebis demog-

rafiuli ganviTarebis istoriis sakiTxebze dawerili naSro-

mebi gamoqveynebuli gvaqvs rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve saz-

RvargareTis qveynebSic.

winamdebare narkvevSi moTxrobilia bagrationTa imereTis

Stos warmomadgenlis, mefe solomon II-is (1772-1815) ojaxuri

garemos Sesaxeb. kerZod, saubaria misi mSoblebis, mamina-

cvlis, biZebis, deidebis, RviZli da naxevari debis, maTi me-

uRlebisa da STamomavlobis, aseve mefis meuRlis _ mariam

dadianis Sesaxeb, romelic imereTis ukanaskneli dedofali

gaxldaT.

* * *

imereTis mefis solomon II-is mama iyo imerTa ufliswuli

arCili (gardaicvala 1775 wels), xolo deda _ elene batoniS-

vili (1753-1786) _ asuli qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-isa

(1720-1798) [2, 11-20].

arCil batoniSvilis mama iyo imereTis mefe aleqsandre V

(1704-1752), romelic mefobda 1720-1752 wlebSi, xolo deda _

Tamar levanis asuli abaSiZe, romelic saistorio wyaroebSi

1732-1772 wlebSi Cans.

ufliswul arCilis ufrosi Zma iyo imereTis saxelovani

gvirgvinosani solomon I (1734-1784), romelic 1752-1784 wleb-

Si mefobda [3, nusxa # 7].

imereTis zemoxsenebul ufliswuls ase axasiaTebda akaki

wereTeli (1840-1915): àrCili _ maRali tanis kaci iyo, Zar-

Rvebiani da Zvalmsxvili. im droSi vaJkacobiT da simarjviT

axalgazrdebSi mas veravin Seedreboda; pirveli moburTave

134

iyo, SesaniSnavi cxenosani, mojiriTe, meTofe, mexmle da mas-

Tanac, sam nabadze axteboda. metsaxelad `wminda giorgis mo-

wafes~ eZaxdnen da àrCil giJs~ [4, 494].

1771 wels imerTa ufliswulma arCilma jvari daiwera

elene batoniSvilze, romelic gaxldaT mefe erekle II-is uf-

rosi Svili mesame qorwinebidan.

aqve davsZenT, rom erekle II-s sami coli hyavda. misi pir-

veli meuRle iyo qeTevan zaalis asuli mxeiZe (igive fxeiZe),

meore _ ana zaalis asuli abaSiZe (1730-1749), xolo mesame _

darejan kacias (igive giorgis) asuli dadiani (1734-1807) [3,

nusxa # 6].

orjer daqvrivebulma erekle II-m mesame qorwinebiT co-

lad SeirTo darejan dadiani _ asuli kacia (igive giorgi) da-

dianisa. es ukanaskneli iyo vaJi samegrelos (odiSis) mTavris

beJan dadianisa (mTavrobda 1714-1728 wlebSi) da Zma otia da-

dianisa, romelic 1728-1757 wlebSi mTavrobda.

am qorwinebis Sesaxeb papuna orbeliani Tavis TxzulebaSi

àmbavni qarTlisani~ mogviTxrobs: `waravlines imereTad xo-

raSan batoniSvili da Tan aaxles ninowmindeli saba episkopo-

si da iTxoves qali dadianisa darejan mefis ereklesaTvis~ [5,

180].

mesame qorwinebidan mefes SeeZina 23 Svili: elene (1753-

1786), mariami (1755-1828), levani (1756-1781), iuloni (1760-

1816), vaxtangi (almasxani) (1761-1814), beri (1761/2-?), Teimu-

razi (momavali kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II) (1762-1827),

anastasia (1763-1838), qeTevani (1764-1840), solomoni (?-1765),

miriani (1767-1834), aleqsandre (1770-1844), luarsabi (1772-?),

ekaterine (1774-1818), Tekle (1776-1846), farnaozi (1777-1852)

da arCili (1780-?). CamoTvlilis garda, maT sxvadasxva dros

SeeZinaT kidev 6 Svili: sofio, ioane da salome, soslan-davi-

Ti, xoreSani da kidev erTi Svili, romlebic bavSvobaSi gar-

daicvalnen [3, nusxa # 6].

kaxeTisa da Semdgom qarTl-kaxeTis mefe-dedoflis _

erekle II-isa da darejan dadianis pirveli Svili iyo elene

batoniSvili, romelic 1753 wels daibada.

rogorc mematiane mogviTxrobs: `batoni mibZanda qalaqsa,

kaxi dedofali dawva, Sva asuli elene~ [5, 211].

135

* * *

batoniSvili elene erekles asuli bagrationi (1753-1786)

TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda Tavad zaqaria Tamazis (Tomas) Ze an-

dronikaSvils (1740-1802).

zaqarias winaprebi mamis mxridan iyvnen kaxeTis samefos

warCinebuli feodalebi, romelTac kaxTmefeni tradiciulad

uboZebdnen xolme qiziyis mouravis sapatio Tanamdebobas.

kerZod, qiziyis mouravebi iyvnen zaqarias mama _ eSikaRasbaSi

Tamazi anu Toma (saistorio wyaroebSi ixsenieba 1727-1773

wlebSi), papa _ eSikaRasbaSi paata (ixsenieba 1693-1714 wlebSi)

da papis mama _ abeli (ixsenieba 1665-1703 wlebSi). am ukanask-

nels colad hyavda qarTlisa da Semdgom kaxeTis mefe erekle

I-is asuli _ batoniSvili qeTevani, romelic 1718 wels garda-

icvala [3, nusxa # 6].

zaqaria andronikaSvils warCinebuli winaprebi hyavda de-

dis mxridanac, romelic iyo asuli giorgi aragvis erisTavisa

[6, 118]. mamaci da Seupovari meomris saxeli zaqariam jer kidev

ymawvilobis asakidan daimkvidra. man mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-

itana Sida qarTlis sofel skraSi SeWrili lekTa moTareSe

razmis damarcxebasa da gandevnaSi. aman is daaaxlova mefe erek-

le II-is ojaxTan da gansakuTrebiT «patara kaxis» asul elenes-

Tan.

simamaciT gamorCeuli Wabuki TavadiSvilis _ zaqaria andro-

nikaSvilis mimarT arc mefis asuli darCa gulgrili. wyvils

erTmaneTi friad Sehyvarebia.

zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, samefo ojaxma Tavisi siZeobi-

saTvis Seufereblad miiCnia zaqaria andronikaSvili da uariT

gaistumra. igi iZulebuli gaxades, rom ruseTSi gadaxvewiliyo

[7, 112].

* * *

satrfosTan iZulebiT daSorebuli elene batoniSvili àm

niadagze Wkuazed Sescda da giJobasa Sina myofi~ [8, 221], Ta-

visi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, politikuri mosazrebidan gamomdi-

nare, miaTxoves imereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is vaJs _ arCil ba-

toniSvils, romelic rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gaxldaT umcrosi

Zma imerTa imdroindeli mefisa _ solomon I-isa (mefobda 1752-

1784 wlebSi).

136

arCil da elene batoniSvilebs SeeZinaT sami Svili: daviTi

(1772-1815), barbare (SemdgomSi _ Tavad daviT wulukiZis me-

uRle) da maia-mariami (1775-1854), romelic colad gahyva Ta-

vad malxaz andronikaSvils.

sagulisxmoa, rom imereTis mefem solomon I-ma Tavis mem-

kvidred sicocxleSive aRiara zemoxsenebuli Zmiswuli _ da-

viT arCilis Ze [9, 147], romelic cnobilia mefe solomon II-is

saxeliT.

imereTis batoniSvili arCil aleqsandres Ze bagrationi

1775 wels, axalgazrda asakSi gardaicvala. amis Semdeg, daqvri-

vebuli elene batoniSvili Tavisi SvilebiTurT TbilisSi, mSob-

lebTan dabrunda.

* * *

ruseTidan dabrunebulma Tavadma zaqaria andronikaSvilma

mefe erekle II-s Tavisi ukve qvrivi asulis xeli sTxova.

amjerad samefo ojaxma Tanxmoba ganacxada da daqvrivebuli

elene batoniSvili miaTxoves Tavis Zvel satrfos, romelsac

adre siZeobisaTvis iwunebdnen.

qarTl-kaxeTis mefis siZed aRzevebul zaqaria andronikaS-

vils Tavisi sidedris _ darejan dedoflis mondomebiT, uboZes

qiziyis mouravoba, romelic CamoarTves misive naTesavs _ Tavad

revaz papuas Ze andronikaSvils [7, 112; 8, 140].

elenes da zaqarias SeeeZinaT erTaderTi asuli _ xoreSan

(igive ana-xanum) andronikaSvili (1786-1833).

Tavad andronikaSvilTa rZali _ elene batoniSvili 33 wlis

asakSi gardaicvala. igi mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis sakaTedro ta-

ZarSi dakrZales [8, 222].

imereTis mefis maminacvalma zaqaria andronikaSvilma, rome-

lic 46 wlis asakSi daqvrivda, colad SeirTo mariam ciciSvili,

romelTanac SeeZina kidev erTi asuli _ nino [8, 141]. garda ze-

moTqmulisa, zaqarias hyavda jvardawerili qorwinebis gareSe

SeZenili vaJic _ ivane (ninia) andronikaSvili, romelmac amis ga-

mo Tavadoba dahkarga da gaaznaurda [6, 118].

qiziyis mouravma zaqaria andronikaSvilma Tavi isaxela 1795

wlis seqtemberSi, krwanisTan momxdar brZolaSi [7, 191].

zaqariam Tavisi ufrosi asuli, elene batoniSvilTan SeZeni-

li xoreSan (ana-xanum) andronikaSvili (1786-1833) 1800 wels co-

lad gaayola Tavad zurab (dimitri) nikolozis Ze orbelians

137

(1764-1827). maT SeeZinaT sami vaJi: grigoli, zaqaria, ilia da er-

Ti asuli _ efemia. maTgan yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo grigol or-

beliani (1804-1883), momavalSi _ cnobili poeti, sazogado da

samxedro moRvawe, infanteriis generali. aseve cnobili saxed-

ro moRvawe iyo misi umcrosi Zma _ general-maiori ilia orbe-

liani (1817-1853), romelsac colad hyavda barbare ilias asuli

gruzinskaia _ SviliSvili qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa giorgi XII-isa

[10, 150].

xoreSan (ana-xanum) zaqarias asuli andronikaSvilis erTa-

derTi asuli _ efemia zurabis asuli orbeliani colad gahyva

Tavad meliton baraTaSvils, romlis vaJic iyo nikoloz (tato)

melitonis Ze baraTaSvili (1817-1845) _ gamoCenili poeti-roma-

ntikosi.

zaqaria andronikaSvilma Tavis asul xoreSans 1802 wlis 10

ianvars uboZa mziTvis wigni, sadac CamoTvlilia misTvis gada-

cemuli qoneba.

sagulisxmoa, rom qiziyis xsenebuli mouravi qvelmoqmedeba-

sac eweoda. man daviT garejis monasters Seswira 50 Tumani, rac

im droisaTvis sakmaod did Tanxas warmoagenda.

imerTa mefis maminacvali zaqaria andronikaSvili unda gar-

dacvliliyo daaxloebiT 62-63 wlis asakSi, radgan 1803 wlis 14

martiT daTariRebul dokumentSi is ukve `sanatrelad~ ixsenie-

ba [8, 140-141].

* * *

elene batoniSvilis erTaderTi vaJi, imereTis momavali me-

fe _ solomon II yrmobis asakidan izrdeboda aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi [11, 173], ZiriTadad qiziySi, romlis mouravsac, ro-

gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi daqvrivebuli deda colad gahyva.

vinaidan imereTis momavali gvirgvinosani aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi izrdeboda, akaki wereTelis cnobiT, mas `rasakvirve-

lia, zne, Cveuleba, mixra-moxra da qceva sul ameruli hqon-

da. Tavzedac yovelTvis boxoxi exura, maSin, rodesac, im

droSi arcerTi imereli ufafanakod ar gaivlida... xalxi...

Tavis mxriT pativsa da erTgulebas ar aklebda patara mefes,

magram imas ki mainc ufro amerlebisaken uwevda guli, yove-

liferi maTi moswonda~ [4, 568-569].

138

* * *

mefe solomon II-is RviZli da _ maia-mariam bagrationi 1795

wels colad gahyva Tavad malxaz (igive melqisedek) melqise-

dekis Ze andronikaSvils (1773-1822), romelic iyo eSikaRasba-

Si ufliswul iulon erekles Ze bagrationisa (1760-1816).

Tavadi malxaz andronikaSvili cnobilia Tavisi simamaci-

Ta da erTgulebiT bagratovan xelmwifeTa mimarT. bolomde

uerTgula Tavis gvirgvinosan colisZmas _ solomon II-s, ro-

melmac madlierebis niSnad siZes uboZa sofel sviris midamo-

ebi 800 komli yma-glexiTurT.

malxazi Tan axlda osmaleTSi gaxiznul imereTis mefes _

Tavis colisZmas, romelsac sicocxlis bolomde ar moSore-

bia.

solomon II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, malxaz andronikaSvi-

li saqarTveloSi dabrunda, sadac sakuTar mamulSi _ sofel

vejinSi cxovrobda.

malxaz andronikaSvili dakrZalulia vejinis RvTaebis ek-

lesiaSi. misi saflavis epitafiaze vkiTxulobT: `...me Rirs

viqmen siZeT orTa mefeTa saqarTveloisa da imereTisa. myvan-

da meuRled uZvirfasedsa saunjed Cemda imereTis mefis Zis

arCilis asuli da dai mefis solomonisa, asuli mefis irak-

lis asulisa elenesi mariam da viyav gvirgvinobiT keTilTa

STamosiarebiTa Tavadi andronikovi qiziyis sardal-mouravis

papuas Zis Ze melqisedek da mkvircxlobasa saxelwodebul

malxazad~ [8, 145-146].

sagulisxmoa, rom zemoxsenebuli mamuli, romelic ime-

reTSi mdebareobda da iqve mcxovrebi yma-glexoba, mefe so-

lomon II-m CamoarTva yularaRas elizbar qsnis erisTavs, ro-

melic iyo siZe (asulis qmari) mefe solomon I-isa da gadasca

sakuTar siZes (dis qmars) _ malxaz andronikaSvils.

platon ioselianis cnobiT, elizbar qsnis erisTavisTvis

CamorTmeuli yma-mamuli `miuboZa... malxaz andronikaSvilsa...

amas hyvanda colad mefis Zis arCilis qali mariam da scxov-

rebda imereTsa. Semdgomad mefisa giorgisa ebrZoda rusTa,

viTarca erTguli imerTa mefisa solomonisa~ [12, 269].

maia-mariam bagrationi aqtiurad monawileobda imereTis

samefos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. 1810 wels igi Tavis

mcirewlovan vaJTan ivane andronikaSvilTan (1796-1868) erTad

gahyva qmars, romelic axalcixeSi Cavida. imxanad iq Tavs afa-

139

rebda Tbilisidan gaqceuli solomon II. imave wlis bolos,

maia-mariami Tavis xsenebul vaJTan erTad gadaasaxles voro-

neJSi. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, maia-mariami cxovrobda

jer gurjaanTan axlos, kaxTubnis monasterSi (1830 wlidan),

xolo Semdeg TbilisSi, anCisxatis taZris ezoSi (1840 wli-

dan). dakrZalulia imave taZarSi [8, 144].

ivane malxazis Ze andronikaSvili iyo gamoCenili samxed-

ro moRvawe, kavaleriis generali. colad hyavda bagrationTa

imereTis Stos warmomadgeneli _ nino konstantines asuli

(1807-1847), romelic iyo Svilobili qarTl-kaxeTis taxtis

memkvidrisa _ ufliswul daviT giorgis Ze bagrationisa

(1767-1819). maT SeeZinaT oTxi Svili: malxazi (1826-1839), ele-

ne (1832-?), arCili (1834-1864) da barbare (1835-?) [6, 122-123].

elene ivanes asuli andronikaSvili colad hyavda saxel-

ganTqmul generals, Tavad ilia zaalis Ze ColoyaSvils (1824-

1877), romelic monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878

wlebis omSi da yarsis cixis aRebisas gmirulad daiRupa.

* * *

1789 wels imereTSi gamefda 17 wlis imerTbatoniSvili da-

viT arCilis Ze, romelic cnobilia mefe solomon II-is saxeliT.

igi mefobda 1789 da 1790-1810 wlebSi, anu 21 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

samefo taxtze asvlisas solomon II jer kidev ucolo iyo.

imereTis 19 wlis gvirgvinosanma solomon II-m 1791 wels

colad SeirTo Tavisive qveSevrdomis _ odiSis (samegrelos)

mTavris kacia II dadianis asuli _ mariami (1783-1841). es uka-

naskneli mTavar kacia II-s SeeZina mesame qorwinebidan, kerZod,

ana paatas asul wulukiZisagan

mariam dadianis naxevari Zma gaxldaT odiSis mTavari gri-

gol dadiani (1770-1804). misi deda iyo kacia II-is rigiT meore

meuRle _ batoniSvili elisabedi (1750-1770) _ asuli mefe Te-

imuraz II-isa da RviZli da mefe erekle II-isa [3, nusxa # 6].

grigol kacias Ze dadiani odiSSi _ 1788-1804 wlebSi,

drogamoSvebiT mTavrobda. man Tavis gvirgvinosan siZesTan _

solomon II-sTan dapirispirebis gamo, ramdenjerme dakarga

mTavroba, romelic imerTa xsenebulma mefem sxvadasxva dros

uboZa Tavisi meuRlis RviZl Zmebs _ manuCar da tariel dadi-

anebs [6, 54]. Sesabamisad, es ukanasknelni naxevar Zmebad erge-

bodnen mTavar grigol dadians.

140

aqve davsZenT, rom mTavar grigol dadians colad hyavda

batoniSvili nino (1772-1847) _ asuli qarTl-kaxeTis mefisa

giorgi XII-sa [3, nusxa # 6]. maTi vaJi _ levan V (1793-1846)

odiSSi mamis gardacvalebis (1804 w.) Semdeg mTavrobda.

imereTis mefe-dedofals _ solomon II-s da mariam dadians

Svilebi ar SesZeniaT.

* * *

1810 wlis 20 Tebervals mTavarmarTebelma aleqsandre

tormasovma imereTis samefo gauqmebulad gamoacxada. mosa-

laparakeblad miwveuli imerTa mefe solomon II rusma dam-

pyroblebma veragulad daatyveves da TbilisSi gadmoiyvanes.

samefo taxtdakarguli da dapatimrebuli imereTis mefe

solomon II 1810 wlis 11 maiss Tbilisidan gaipara da osma-

leTSi gadaixvewa. imave wlis ivnisSi, taxtis dabrunebis miz-

niT, is imereTSi SeiWra, Tumca seqtemberSi sabolood damar-

cxda da iZulebuli gaxda, rom kvlav dabrunebuliyo osma-

leTSi, sadac 1815 wels qalaq trapizonSi gardaicvala.

* * *

1811 wels imereTis ukanaskneli dedofali mariam dadiani

ruseTSi gadaasaxles. igi cxovrobda voroneJSi Tavis mulTan

_ maia-mariamTan erTad, romelic rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

malxaz andronikaSvilis meuRle gaxldaT.

ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma imereTis dedofal

mariams wliur jamagirad dauniSna 6000 rubli, rac imxanad

sakmaod solidur Tanxas warmoadgenda.

1812 wels zemoxsenebulma rZal-mulma TxovniT mimarTes

voroneJis samxedro gubernators, raTa ramdenime Tvis dag-

vianebuli jamagiri miscemodaT. gubernator Sternis gankar-

gulebiT, maT aunazRaurdaT davalianeba 1500 rublis odeno-

biT.

solomon II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, mariams neba darTes,

rom moskovSi gadasaxlebuliyo. 1817 wlidan is cxovrobda

moskovSi, xolo 1818 wlidan _ sankt-peterburgSi, sadac 1841

wlis 18 marts gardaicvala [10, 92-93].

* * *

amrigad, imereTis mefes solomon II-s SesaniSnavi ojaxuri

garemo hqonda. igi iyo pirdapiri STamomavali da memkvidre

141

imereTis mefeebisa (mamis _ ufliswul arCilis mxridan) da

imavdroulad SviliSvili qarTl-kaxeTis gvirgvinosnisa erek-

le II-isa (dedis _ elene batoniSvilis mxridan).

solomon II-s colad hyavda mariam dadiani, romelic iyo

asuli odiSis (samegrelos) mTavrisa kacia II-isa da naxevari

da mTavar grigol dadianisa. imereTis mefe-dedofali uSvi-

lod gadaegnen.

imereTis xsenebuli mefis debi gaTxovilni iyvnen gavle-

nian Tavadebze. kerZod, barbare colad hyavda daviT wuluki-

Zes, maia-mariami _ malxaz andronikaSvils, xolo solomon II-

is naxevari da xoreSan (igive ana-xanum) andronikaSvili gaTxov-

da zurab (dimitri) nikolozis Ze orbelianze. maT hyavdaT Ri-

rseuli STamomavlebi, romlebmac TavianTi moRvaweobiT sapa-

tio adgili daimkvidres saqarTvelos istoriaSi.


1. daviT javaxiSvili, bagrationTa samefo dinastiis kaxeTis

Stos demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriidan, disertacia

istoriis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad,

(xelnaweris uflebiT), 2011.

2. daviT javaxiSvili, batoniSvili elene erekles asuli bag-

rationi da misi STamomavlebi, krebulSi: axali da uaxle-

si istoriis sakiTxebi, 2016, #2 (19), Tbilisi, 2016.

3. bagrationebi, samecniero da kulturuli memkvidreoba,

samecniero statiebis krebuli, genealogiuri nusxebi-

TurT, Tbilisi, 2003. 4. akaki wereTeli, moTxrobebi, wignSi: `qarTuli proza~, t.

IX, Tbilisi, 1985. 5. papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina,

Sesavali, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo elene cagarei-

Svilma, Tbilisi, 1981.

6. С. Думин, П. Гребельский, Дворянские роды Российской империи, т. IV, Князья Царства Грузинского, под редакцией С. Думина и Ю. Чиковани, Москва, 1998.

7. saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss., teqstebi ga-

mosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi da ganmarte-

bebi daurTo avTandil ioselianma, Tbilisi, 1980.

142

8. maqsime berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxev-

ris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. I, Tbi-

lisi, 1980.

9. mixeil rexviaSvili, imerTa mefeni _ solomon pirveli da

solomon meore, quTaisi, 1992.

10. maqsime berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxev-

ris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. II, Tbi-

lisi, 1983.

11. mixeil rexviaSvili, imereTi XVIII saukuneSi, Tbilisi, 1982.

12. platon ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, akaki ga-

werelias Sesavali werilebiT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT,

tfilisi, 1936.

David Javakhishvili Doctor of History, Assistant-Profes-sor of Jakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

The Family Surroundings of King of Imereti Solomon II

Summary

The presented essay is about the family surroundings of King of Imereti _ Solomon II (1773-1815), the representative of the Imeretian branch of Bagrationi’s royal dynasty.

The father of Solomon II was the prince Archil (dead in 1775), the representative of the Imeretian branch of Bagrationi’s royal dynasty and mather _ the princess Elene Bagrationi (1753-1786), the representative of the Kakhetian branch of Bagrationi’s royal dynasty. Prince Archil Bagrationi was the son of king of Imereti Alexandre V (1704-1752; reined in 1720-1752) from his second marriage with the princess Tamar Abashidze. The mather of of king Solomon II _ princess Elene Bagrationi was the first daughter of the Erekle II (1720-1798; in 1744-1762 _ king of Kakheti, in 1762-1798 _ king of united Kartalino-Kakheti) from his third marriage with the princess Darejan Dadiani (1734-1807), the daughter of prince Giorgi Dadiani from Samegrelo (Odishi). The wife of the king Solomon II _ the queen Mariam (1783-1841), was the daughter of prince (mtavari) of Samegrelo Katsia II Dadiani.

143

irma gikaSvili

socialur mecnierebaTa akademiuri

doqtori, q. ColoyaSvilis saxelo-

bis Tbilisis 178-e sajaro skolis

istoriis maswavlebeli, saqarTve-

los teqnikuri universitetis sa-

marTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTier-

Tobebis fakultetis ufrosi mas-

wavlebeli

valiko juReli da 1924 wlis

àjanyebis maTematika~

saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis saistorio centralur gan-

yofilebis harvardis fondSi daculia metad saintereso xel-

naweri: `valiko juRelis werilebi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxze~, romelic daTariRebulia 1923-1924 wlebiT.

am werilebis saSualebiT saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevri social-demokratiuli partiidan, saqarTvelos saxalxo gvardiis sardali valiko juReli parizSi noe ramiSvils ug-

zavnis saqarTveloSi gansaxorcielebel ajanyebis gegmas, ro-

melsac àjanyebis maTematikas~ uwodebs. valiko juRelisa da noe ramiSvilis epistoluri memkvid-

reoba, romelic 1924 wlis SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis momzadebas exeba, Zvirfas pirvelwyaros warmoadgens am sakiTxebiT dainte-

resebul mkiTxvelTaTvis. cnobilia, rom parizSi myof emigrantul mTavrobas saga-

reo politikuri faqtorebi ar aZlevda imeds, raTa axali ajan-

yebis mowyobaze efiqra. miuxedavad amisa emigraciaSi myofma

social-demokratebma saqarTveloSi politikuri situaciis Sesaswavlad gamoagzavnes valiko juReli.

valiko juReli daibada 1887 wels quTaisis guberniis So-

rapnis mazris sofel svirSi. swvlobda quTaisis klasikur gim-naziaSi, sadac gaecno social-demokratiul moZRvrebas.

1917 wlis bolodan iyo wiTeli gvardiis (SemdgomSi saxal-

xo gvardiis) erT-erTi damaarsebeli da organizatori. airCies saxalxo gvardiis mTavari Stabis wevrad. 1919 wlis 12 marts airCies saqarTvelos respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevrad.

144

1921 wlis 18 marts datova saqarTvelo da cxovrobda stambol-

Si. aqtiurad moRvaweobda emigraciis cxovrebaSi. 1924 wlis ap-rilSi benia CxikviSvilTan, grigil cincaZesTan, vasil nodias-

Tan da viqtor centeraZesTan erTad aralegalurad dabrunda saqarTveloSi ajanyebaSi monawileobis misaRebad. Tavidan cxovrobda guriaSi da Semdeg gadmovida TbilisSi, sadac Sevi-da damoukideblobis komitetis samxedro komisiaSi da daiwyo ajanyebis organizeba, iyenebda fsevdonims `zurabi~. igi 1924 wlis 6 agvistos TbilisSi, pasteris quCaze daapatimra sagange-bo komisiam (Ceka). 7 agvistos RamiT scada TviTmkvleloba, mag-ram warumateblad. dakiTxvisas mis mierve momzadebuli ajanye-

bis gegma aCvenes, riTac darwmunda, rom komunistebma yvelafe-

ri icodnen. iTxova dakavSireboda amxanagebs da ecnobebina maTTvis, rom ajanyeba dauSvebeli iyo. amave TxovniT Tanameb-

rZolebs gazeTebis furclebidanac mimarTa. 1924 wlis 28 ag-vistos daiwyo antisabWoTa ajanyeba, rasac dapatimrebulTa dauyovnebeli daxvreta mohyva. v. juReli daxvirtes, savarau-

dod, 1924 wlis 30 agvistos Rames 43 sxva patriotTan erTad. mi-si saflavi ucnobia [1].

`mapatios valiko juRelma es sityvebi. rogorc adamiani, rogorc pirovneba igi yovelTvis momwonda; amaSi igi darwmune-

buli unda iyos, vinaidan sxdomebze Cveni araerTi Setakebis mi-uxedavad, mis mimarT simpaTia xSirad gamomixatavs. rogorc moRvawe, igi ar iyo mzad im uzarmazari rolisaTvis, romelic mas wilad xvda Cveni xalxis istoriaSi~ [2, 5] _ es sityvebi

ekuTvnis giorgi kvinitaZes, romelic, vfiqrob, obieqturad afasebda valiko juRels, rogorc politikoss.

1924 wlis maisSi partiam valiko juReli marTlac moavlina samSobloSi ajanyebis mosamzadeblad. igi regularulad agzav-

nida werilebs noe ramiSvilis saxelze, sadac dawvrilebiT aR-

werda saqarTveloSi Seqmnil politikur situacias. ìseTi pa-tara da cocxali eris cxovrebaSi, rogoric aris Cveni, pirad urTierTobasa da daaxloebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs~ [3, 3] _

werda igi erTerT Tavis werilSi. mas kargad esmoda, rom emig-raciaSi arsebuli ori dapirispirebuli politikuri partia (igulisxmeba social-demokratebi da erovnul-demokratebi) Zalian aferxebda isedac CixSi moqceuli qarTuli saqmis warma-

145

tebiT keTebas. garda amisa, dapirispireba iyo TviT socil-de-

mokratebs Soris. swored am urTierTobis gamosworebas gulis-

xmobda v. juReli, roca is noe ramiSvils mimarTavda winamdeba-

re werilSi. valiko juReli noe ramiSvilis misamarTiT gagzavnil mo-

rig werilSi gulubryvilod mimoixilavs imdroindeli evropis politikur mdgomareobas. igi wers: `Tu erTa liga saberZneTis konfliqtSi Caereva, is aucileblad xmas amoiRebs Cvens sakiT-

xzec. rogor ggonia ar amoiRebs xmas Cvens sasargeblod, Tu Cven SevZeliT rusebis gandevna Cvens sazRvrebze mdgari Tav-

dacviTi brZolis warmoebiT?... am mcire saxelmwifoebis gver-

dze dgas didi inglisi, romelsac sruliad ar exaliseba itali-

is gaZliereba xmelTaSua zRvaze...magram, me Zalian mwyins saf-

rangeTis cru, orWofuli pozicia am sakiTxSi..~. [3, 2]. amave werilSi juReli wers: `msoflios saerTaSoriso da Cven

Sinaur mdgomareobas rom gadavavloT Tvali, or sawinaaRmdego process SevamCnevT: erTi mxriv xdeba ruseTis izolacia da da-

susteba, magram meore mxriv, xdeba Cveni Sinauri Zalebis darbeva da amasTanave qveyana eCveva saqarTvelos okupaciis faqts.

Tu erTi mxriv, droTa viTareba aZlierebs Cvens pozicias, meore mxriv, igive JamTamsvleloba gvasustebs Cven. maSasadame, mTeli siZnele Cveni saqmisa imaSia, rom Cven unda SevarCioT ise-Ti dro, roca ruseTi yvelaze metad gariyuli iqneba da roca Cveni Zalebi sakmaod Zlieri iqnebian. ai, am dros unda gadav-

dgaT ukanaskneli nabiji. da me mgoni es dro ukve dadga~ [3, 3]. werilidan Cans, rom juReli ararealurad afasebda imdro-

indel saerTaSorisi viTarebas, ruseTis politikur mdgomare-

obasa da mis SesaZleblobebs. werilSi is saubrobs ruseTis izolaciaze, maSin roca axladSeqmnili ssrk seriozul anga-riSgasawev Zalas warmoadgenda maSindeli evropisaTvis.

v. juReli im xalxis Sesaxeb, visac ajanyebis gadadeba sur-

daT, Semdegs wers: `me ver gamigia im xalxis... sifrTxile kargi saqmea, magram gadaWarbebuli sifrTxile, romelic silaCres daemsgvseba, danaSaulia~ [4, 4].

aqve is wers: `Cven dResve advilad SevZlebT mtris ganiara-

Rebas da ramodenime TviT Cveni sazRvrebis dacvas. ramodenime dReSi maT davimorCilebT da or kviraSi sazRvrebis saqmesac gavCarxavT. igi wers: `wiTel armiaSi exlaxan iqneba araumetes

146

250 aTasi mebrZolisa. Tu amas davumatebT sxvadasxva nawilebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi Cven miviRebT 400 aTas kacs. magram am 400 aTasi kacidan saomari moqmedebisaTvis varga 300 aTasi kaci. am 300 aTasi da mTel kavkasiaSi dgas 60-65 aTasi kaci. amierkavkasi-

aSi ki dgas sami divizia (TiToeul diviziaSi 3-4 aTasi kaci) da sxvadasxva calke nawilebi _ sul ara umetes 25-30 aTasi kacisa. kerZod saqarTveloSi dgas erTi divizia (sami polki) _ sul didi rom vTqvaT, 14-16 aTasi wiTeli jariskaci. es xom wveTia zRvaSi. marTalia, Tbilisi maT magrad uWiravT (TbilisSi maT yovelTvis yavT 5 aTasi kaci) magram bolosdabolos Tbilissac rames movuxerxebT [4, 6].

dedaqalaqis aReba rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqme iyo ajanyebulTaTvis da Tbilisi ki saukeTesod hqondaT daculi bolSevikebs, werilis avtors es sakiTxi naklebad afiqrebs. ajanyebis dawyebis drosTan dakavSirebiT juReli wers: `Semod-goma CvenTis xelsayrelia, magram arc adre gazafxulia cu-

di~... rac Seexeba mokavSireebs, misi azriT, `SesaZlebelia pir-

veli gamosvla marto saqarTvelos daWirdes. roca mTa da azerbaijani dainaxavs saqarTvelos mTlianobas da Zalas, isi-nic fexze dadgebian. magram, amas erTi-ori kvira mainc dasWir-

deba. amitom, me ufro gonieri mgonia, Tu Cven marto gamos-

vlisTvisac mzad viqnebiT. gasamagrebelia sazRvrebi: a) daria-

li b) SavizRvispireTi g) aRmosavleTi. adre marti da aprili Tovlis dnobisa da mdinareTa adide-

bis periodia. amasobaSi ucxoeTidanac rame daxmarebas mivi-

RebT~ [4, 6] juReli Tavis werilSi gulaxdilad aRniSnavs, rom misi

gegma bevrs fantaziad da avantiurad miaCnia. avantiurad mas piriqiT miaCnia qveynis da eris sxvis anabarad da sajijgnad migdeba. is aseve wers, rom `vinc fiqrobs, rom eri abstraqciaa da mas SeuZlia iarsebos konkretuli pirobebis gareSe, Zalian Semcdaria~ [4, 7].

juRelis azriT, `Cven dRes gvyvavs 15-20 aTasi SeiaraRebu-

li mebrZoli. xval es ricxvi SeiZleba erTi-orad gavzardoT, magram gvaklia morali, simtkice da zneoba. da Sen (mimarTavs noe ramiSvils) visac nebisyofis didi Zala gagaCnia,didi roli unda iTamaSo~ [4, 7].

147

Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac Cans, rom Cvens xelTaa patrio-

ti kacis werilebi, romelic Zalze zereled da gulubryvilod ganixilavs rogorc bolSevikTa, aseve opoziciuri partiebis realur SesaZleblobebs. misi didi survilia, rac SeiZleba ma-le ganxorcieldes ajanyeba bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg da aR-

dges kanonieri xelisufleba saqarTveloSi. marTalia, is dawvrilebiT ganixilavs qveynis sxvadasxva

kuTxidan bolSevikTa Semotevebis mogeriebis SesaZleblobebs, magram ar gaaCnda dedaqalaqis gaTavisuflebisa da dacvis rea-

luri gegma. misTvis cnobili iyo, rom Tbilisi yvelaze kargad daculi hqondaT bolSevikebs (`...Tbilisi maT magrad uWiravT, magram bolosdabolos Tbilissac rames movuxerxebT~).

werilSi wamoWrilma bevrma sakiTxma emigraciaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia ajanyebis mowyobsTan dakavSirebiT.

ganvixiloT valiko juRelis gegma, romelic man axali we-rilis saSualebiT gaugzavna noe ramiSvils da romelsac àjan-

yebis maTematika~ uwoda, rac unda ganxorcielebuliyo ajanye-

bis msvlelobis dros: `Cven Tu gveyoleba 30-35 aTasi kaci, aqe-dan Cven SegviZlia 3-4 aTasi kaci (soxumi, samegrelo, samtre-

dia) maSinve gagrisken gavagzavnoT. zogi daWirdeba mamisonsa da baTums. darCeba Tavisufali 15 aTasi kaci, romelsac Tbili-

sisken davZravT. kaxeTi, duSeTi, manglisi, gori _ wamovlen fe-

xiT da sxvebi matarebliT. ase rom Tbilisis garSemo moertyme-

ba 10-12 aTasi kaci. TviT TbilisSic gveyoleba Cven 1500-2000 kaci. da amnairad rac ginda moxdes, erT kviraSi xelSi Cavig-debT. es fantazia ar aris. es aris swori angariSi, es aris ajan-

yebis maTematika. Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg mTeli kavkasia xelSi gveqneba... Tu wineT vambobdi, rom sakuTari ZalebiT Tvenaxe-

vars gavZlebdiT, exla sruliad darwmunebuli var, rom 2-3 Tvesac gavZlebT [5, 8].

roca dRes osmaleTis neitraliteti uzrunvelyofilia, roca ruseTi savsebiT gariyulia da dasustebuli, roca ingli-

si mowyale TvaliT gviyurebs, roca Cvens sakiTxs mTeli qveyana icnobs, swored dRes unda gadavdgaT Cven es nabiji~ [5, 9].

am werilSi juReli imeds gamoTqvams, rom moaxerxebs emig-raciaSi Cabudebuli uimedobisa da skepticizmis gafantvas aR-

niSnuli sakiTxisadmi. juRelis werilebiTa da safrangeTis mTavrobis orWofuli

148

dapirebebiT daimedebuli noe Jordania 1924 wlis, 17 marts we-rils ugzavnis saqarTvelos demokratiuli partiis centralur komitets, sadac is wers, rom Cveni damoukideblobis aRdgena moxdeba Semdegi gziT: `ruseTis dRevandeli mdgomareoba axlo momavalSi daingreva... da ai, am rRvevis dros Cveni xalxi gamova da faqtiurad aRdgeba warTmeuli damoukidebloba~ [6, 1].

1924 wlis ajanyeba, miuxedavad sagareo Tu saSinao araxel-

sayreli politikuri viTarebisa, mainc daiwyo, Tumca araer-

Tdroulad da ara yvelgan. ar gamarTlda ajanyebulTa imedi, rom ajanyebaSi Caebmebodnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebi da azerba-

ijanelebi. ar gamarTlda valiko juRelis àjanyebis maTemati-

ka~ da dedaqalaqi sruliad daucveli da moumzadebeli aRmoC-

nda. TviT valiko juReli ki ajanyebis dawyebamde Cauvarda xelT Cekas.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. http://legionerebi.com/armia1918/?p=855, nanaxia 2018 wlis 10 ag-

vistos mdgomareobiT. 2. Jurnali `brZolis xma~, #2, dekemberi, parizi,1930. 3. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio ar-

qivi, f. 2130, aRw. 1, saqme 26. 4. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio

arqivi, f. 2130, aRw. 1, saqme # 27. 5. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio

arqivi, f. 2130, aRw. 1, saqme # 28. 6. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio

arqivi, f. 2113, aRw. 1, saqme # 24.

149

Irma Gikashvili Doctor of Social Sciences, Teacher of History of Kakutsa Cholokhashvili Tbilisi Public School #178, Senior Teacher of Faculty of Law and International Relations of Georgian Technical University

Valiko Jugeli and of the 1924’s the `Mathematics of the Uprising~

Summary

In the article several examples of correspondence between one of the

leaders of the 1924 uprising _ Noe Ramishvili and Social-Democrat Valiko Jugeli are provided.

Valiko Jugheli, the commander of the People’s Guard of Georgia, sends to Noe Ramishvili to Paris the plan of uprising in Georgia that he called the `mathematics of the uprising~.

The epistolary heritage of Valiko Dzhugeli and Noah Ramishvili related to the preparation of an armed uprising in 1924 is valuable primary source for readers interested in these issues.

The letters clearly show how unrealistic was their evaluation of international situation in Europe, of political situation in the USSR and its capability led to the defeat of the Georgian patriotic forces in this uprising.

150

niko javaxiSvili

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iva-

ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane java-

xiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eT-

nologiis institutis axali da uaxle-

si istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari

mecnier-TanamSromeli

iaponiis pirveli moxsenieba

qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi

saqarTvelo da iaponia geografiuli TvalsazrisiT er-

TmaneTisagan Zlier daSorebuli qveynebia.

garda amisa, anTropologiuri da eTnolingvisturi Tval-

sazrisiTac, iaponelni radikalurad gansxvavdebian qarTvel-

Tagan.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, iaponia, romelsac àmomavali

mzis samefosac~ uwodeben, sulierad yovelTvis iyo axlobe-

li qarTveli erisaTvis.

qarTveli da iaponeli erebi erTmaneTs hgvanan Tavisu-

flebis siyvaruliT, TavianTi samSoblosaTvis TavdadebiTa

da TavdadebulTa mimarT pativiscemiT.

iaponiisa da iaponelTa mimarT keTilganwyobili damoki-

debuleba araerTgzis dafiqsirda sxvadasxva periodis qar-

Tul saistorio wyaroebsa da literaturaSi.

winamdebare narkvevSi dadgenilia, Tu pirvelad rodis

aris moxseniebuli iaponia qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom qarTul-iaponuri urTierTobis is-

toriis calkeuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas sami statia mivuZRve-

niT [1, 166-181; 2, 12-19; 3, 210-223].

* * *

qarTul-iaponuri urTierTobis istoria sakmaod Zveli

droidan iRebs saTaves. amas adasturebs Tundac is faqti,

rom àmomavali mzis samefo~, Cveni dakvirvebis Sesabamisad,

jer kidev Svidi saukunis winaT ixsenieba qarTul saistorio

wyaroebSi.

151

XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe qarTveli anonimi

avtori, romelic cnobilia JamTaaRmwerlis saxeliT, Tavis

saistorio TxzulebaSi CarTul qveTavSi _ àmbavi Cingiz-yae-

nisa, Tu viTar gamoCndes queyanasa aRmosavleTisasa~ mogviT-

xrobs: `queyanasa mzisasa aRmosavleTiT-kerZo, romelsa ewo-

debis CinmaCini, gamoCndes kacni vinme sakჳrvelni adgilsa

yaryurumad wodebulsa, ucxo saxiTa, wesiTa, da Sesaxedavad-

ca~ [4, 157].

vfiqrobT, sainteresoa gavarkvioT, Tu ras unda niSnavdes

zemoxsenebul TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli termini `CinmaCini~?

termini `CinmaCini~ qarTul sinonimTa leqsikonSi ganmar-

tebulia, rogorc `CineTi~ [5, 559].

Cveni SexedulebiT, es ganmarteba mxolod nawilobriv

aris marTebuli, radgan Zvelad, qarTul enaSi, CineTs aRniS-

navda zemoxsenebuli sityvis mxolod pirveli nawili _ `Cin~,

rasac ver vityviT imave sityvis meore nawilis _ `maCinis~ Se-

saxeb. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is vaJis _ ufliswul ioa-

ne giorgis Ze bagrationis (1768-1830) TxzulebaSi `kalmasoba~

calk-calkea warmodgenili qveTavebi: 1) ìaponiisa, anu xeTai-

sa, anu maCinisaTჳs~ [6, 156-160]; 2) `kitaiisa, anu CineTisaTჳs~ [6, 160-164].

zemoTqmulidan naTeli xdeba, rom aRmosavlurqarTuli

samefo ojaxis erT-erTi gamorCeuli warmomadgeneli, saxel-

mwifo moRvawe da Rrmad ganswavluli mecnieri, batoniSvili

ioane bagrationi `maCins~ _ konkretulad iaponias uwodebda.

vfiqrobT, yvelanairi safuZveli gagvaCnia vivaraudoT,

rom aRniSnuli terminis gaazreba-ganmartebisas ufliswuli

ioane bagrationi eyrdnoboda qarTul samefo karze odiTgan

arsebul tradicias.

amrigad, qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi pirvelad iaponia ixse-

nieba jer kidev Svidi saukunis winaT, qarTveli anonimi avto-

ris _ JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi, romelic XIV saukunis pir-

vel naxevars ganekuTvneba.


1. niko javaxiSvili, saqarTvelo-iaponiis urTierTobis is-

toriidan, profesor nodar (nukri) SoSiaSvilis xsovni-

152

sadmi miZRvnili Tsu-is axalgazrda istorikosTa Srome-

bis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2002.

2. niko javaxiSvili, amomavali mzis qveyana qarTvelTa Tva-

liT, Jurnali ìstoriani~, Tbilisi, 2014, # 6 (41).

3. niko javaxiSvili, iaponiis asaxva qarTul sazogadoebriv

azrovnebaSi (XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan _ XX saukunis

pirveli mesamedis CaTvliT), krebulSi: àxali da uaxlesi

istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tbilisi, 2015, # 17.

4. JamTaaRmwereli, wignSi: `qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dad-

genili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yaux-

CiSvilis mier, tomi II, Tbilisi, 1959.

5. aleqsandre neimani, qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni, mesame

gamocema, Tbilisi, 1978.

6. ioane batoniSvili, xumarswavla kalmasoba, oTx wignad,

wigni II, sargis caiSvilis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1991.

Niko Javakhishvili Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Java-khishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Java-khishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Chief scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Japan Mentioned for the First Time in Georgian Historical Sources

Summary

The Kingdom of the `rising sun~ _ Japan _ has always been animatedly close to the Georgian nation.

The progressive part of the Georgian society was always exceptionally interested in the developments and events connected to Japan and always sympathized this country.

The above said is repeatedly stated in the Georgian historical sources and literature.

The presented article reviews the Georgian historical sourses of the first half of XIV century where Japan was mentioned for the first time.

153

nodar (nukri) SoSiaSvili

ivane javxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-

sis saxelmwifo universiteti, ivane

javxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis axali

da uaxlesi ganyofilebis mecnier-

TanamSromeli

ideologizirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba da

nacionalizmis Seqmna evropaSi

ra aris ideologia? ideologia sakmaod Tanamedrove cne-

baa. pirvelad sityva ìdeologia~ gamoiyena 1796 wels frangma ganmanaTlebelma filosofosma antuan destiut de trasma (1754-1836). de trasis mizani iyo Seeqmna axali mecniereba idea-

Ta Sesaxeb, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda iseTive obieqtur mecnierebaze, rogoric niutonis fizika iyo, oRond ideebTan mimarTebaSi. es idea ar iyo axali. mTlianad ganmanaTleblobis filosofia, romelic racionalizmis principebze idga, SesaZ-lebelad miiCnevda iseTive kanonebis aRmoCenas humanitarul mecnierebebSi (ideebis samyaroSi), rogoric es zust mecniere-

bebSi iyo. de trasi miiCnevda ìdeologias~ wminda mecnierul saqmed, romelic misi azriT, upirispirdeboda im epoqaSi gaba-tonebul subieqtivizms, filosofiasa da metafizikas. Sesaba-misad Tavdapirvelad ideologias ganixilavdnen sxvadasxva sa-mecniero ideebis Semkvrels. radgan yvela mecniereba raRac ideebze idga, ideologias unda Seekra es ideebi da warmoeCina absoluturi WeSmaritebebi.

Tumca inteleqtualuri tradiciebidan gamomdinare ìdeo-

logias~ aqvs uamravi gansazRvreba, Cven sam ZiriTadze gavamax-vilebT yuradRebas:

ideologia rogorc rwmenebisa da warmodgenebis erTob-

lioba. am gagebiT ìdeologia~ Seesabameba `msoflmxedvelobis~ cnebas, am SemTxvevaSi ki filosofiac da religiac SeiZleba Ca-iTvalos rogorc ideologiis forma.

karl marqsma ideologia gansazRvra rogorc `cru cnobi-

154

ereba~. misTvis ideologia iyo cru, radgan is yovelTvis emsa-xureba erTi socialuri klasis interess.

ideologia rogorc rwmenebisa da warmodgenebis sistema, romelic gansxvavdeba sxva rwmenebisa da warmodgenebis siste-

misgan. am gagebiT yvelanariri rwmenebi da warmodgenebi ar aris ideologia, aramed ideologia aris specifiuri koleqti-

uri forma am rwmenebze da warmodgenebze. ideologia rogorc `cru cnobierebis~ cneba pirvelad Se-

moitana k. marqsma da f. engelma. `germanul ideologiaSi~ [7, 26] k. marqsma da f. engelsma ideologia gansazRvres rogorc `politikuri azrovneba, romelic formirdeba konkretul sa-zogadoebriv jgufebis interesebze~ [7, 27], amitom marqsisTvis ideologia aris `yalbi cnobiereba~, anu socialuri yofis iluziuri aRqma. marqss `yalbi cnobiereba~ esmoda rogorc mis droindeli dominirebuli ideologiebi, romlebic burJuaziu-

li klasis socialur interess gamoxatavdnen, amitom iyo pro-

eqcia ara mTeli sazogadoebis, aramed mxolod erTi (umcire-

sobis) nawilis _ eqsplutatorebis, radgan burJuazias aqvs ara marto ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalaufleba, aramed aseve aqvs ideuri Zalaufleba, anu iseTi ideologia, romelic ma-lavs eqspluatacias da ar aZlevs saSualebas sxvebs gaacnobie-

ron eqspluataciis faqti. marqsis mixedviT, mxolod maSin, ro-

desac uklaso sazogadoeba da komunizmis periodi dadgeba, ro-

desac proletariatis interesi mTeli sazogadoebis interess daemTxveva, swored maSin proletariats ar daWirdeba ideolo-

gia, radgan proletariats iluziebi ar Wirdeba. swored amitom mogvianebiT daarqves am periods `samecniero komunizmi~ (post-

ideologiuri periodi). marqsistuli skolis warmomadgeneli antonio gramSi (1891-

1937) amtkicebda, rom burJuaziis Zalaufleba ara marto eko-

nomikur da politikur Zalauflebas, aramed ideebis da Teori-

ebis `hegemonias~ emyareba. burJuaziul `hegemonias~ SeuZlia gandevnos yvela azri da mxolod misi ideologia iqces sayo-

velTaod aRiarebul saR azrad. Sesabamisad es aris burJuaziis `hegemoniis~ unari ideaTa kontrolis.

sakmaod sainteresod gansazRvra ìdeologia~ germanelma sociologma karl manheima (1893-1947). Tavis sabaziso naSromSi ìdeologia da utopia~ is gvaCvenebs, rom yvela socialur

155

klass gaaCnia sakuTari gacnobierebis perspeqtiva, romelic sa-zogadoebaSi misi mdgomareobis determnizacias axdens nacio-

naluri da profesiuli gamocdilebebiT. am gagebiT sazogado WeSmariteba, romelsac konstruirebs esa Tu is klasi, upiris-

pirdeba pirad realobas. amrigad manheimisTvis WeSmariteba Se-iZleba iyos iq, sadac ar arsebobs klasobrivi interesebi da WeSmaritebis Ziebis procesi SesaZlebelia mxolod klasobrivi cnobierebis miRma, individualurad [8, 26-27].

rogoria ideologizirebuli sazogadoeba? ideologizire-

buli sazogadoeba yovelTvis ar arsebobda. tradiciul, premo-

dernul samyaroSi (Sua saukuneebSi) sazogadoebis ideologiza-

cia SeuZlebeli iyo. marTalia, arsebobda erTiani religiuri rwmena sazogadoebaSi, magram es rwmena xSir SemTxvevaSi erTian ideologiur samyaros aRqmas ar qmnida, radgan èrTi da igive religia sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqmeoda glexebSi, xelovnebSi, vaW-rebSi, didebulebSi da inteligenciaSi. sazogadoebaSi, sadac Ca-ketili kastebi an wodebebia, sadac vertikaluri mobiloba Zali-

an SeumCnevadia, an iqmneba Caketili, erTmaneTisgan izolirebu-

li warmodgenebi samyaroze, an Tu es kastebi erT religias qada-

geben, es rwmena interpretirebli iqneba sxvadasxvanairad kaste-

bis an wodebebis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan. eseTi kasturi azrovneba ar aerTianebs maT erTi inteleqtiT~ [8, 31].

rogorc frangma medievistma le gofma SeniSna Sua saukune-

ebSi arsbobda ori kultura, maRali kultura da sakarnavalo kultura. maRali kultura iyo damwerlobiTi, narativebis kultura, romelic oficialuri kultura iyo, xolo sakarna-

valo kultura ki saxalxo kultura, romlis Sesaxebac teqste-

bi ar iwereboda an Tu iwereboda, iwereboda uaryofiT konteq-

stSi. am ori kuluturis arseboba mianiSnebs imas, rom samyaros erTiani aRqmis Camoyalibeba premodernul sazogadoebaSi SeuZ-

lebeli iyo da arc erT tradiciul saxelmwifos ar hqonda miz-

nad msgavsi erTiani warmodgenebi Seeqmna. cvlilebebi gansakuTrebulad daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac iqmne-

ba Tanamedrove saxelmwifo, romelsac ramodenime komponenti hqonda: moqalaqeebisgan Semdgari jarebis Seqna, administraci-

uli unifikacia, gzebis mowesrigeba, ramac gaaiola sxvadasxva mxaris dakavSireba erTmaneTTan. enobrivma standartizaciam, saxalxo sayovelTao ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmnam da sxva faq-

156

torebma gamoiwvies saxelmwifos struqturis cvlilebebi. Tu ki aqamde saxelmwifoebi ar iyo kulturuli Sinaarsis, Tanamed-

rove saxelmwifo warmoadgens ìnstituts~, romelic aris kul-

turuli Tavisi bunebiT da aqvs miznad Secvalos da strandar-

tizeba moaxdinos misi mosaxleobis kulturul warmodgenebze. vin aris ideologiis mTavari subieqti? ideologiis mTava-

ri moqmedi subieqti aris massebi, rogorc cnobilma espanelma filosofosma xose ortega i gasetim aRniSna, mTavari moqmedi subieqti, romelmac ideologiur samyaroSi daiwyo moqmedeba, aris adamiani _ masa, `masa~ `saSualo adamiania~... brbos zogadi Tviseba _ masa, simZime anu tvirTia, dabla rom eqaCeba sazoga-

doebas; esaa adamiani imdenad, ramdenadac danarCenebisgan ar gansxvavdeba da adamianTa saxeobriv tipSi imeorebs Tavis Tavs~

[2, 6]. ideologia rogorc wesi saSualo adamianzea agebuli, Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom marto isini arian ideologiis ma-tareblebi. amis miuxedavad ideologia rogorc aseTi gaCnda maSin, rodesac `saSualo adamiani~, ara aristokrati da ara glexi, gamodis politikur da istoriul scenaze.

am gagebiT ideologia gvevlineba meqanizmi, romelic gan-sazRvravs sazogadoebis azrovnebis formebs. rogorc filo-

sofosma m. mamardaSvilma SeniSna: ìdeologiis mizani aris èr-

Ti tipis adamianis~ Seqmna. imisTvis, rom ukeT marTo, saWiroa azrovnebis standartizacia. am dros adamianSi iwyebs azrovne-

bas ara TviTon is, aramed socialuri da ideologiuri meqaniz-

mi masSi (adamians hgonia am dros, rom TviTon azrovnebs, sinam-dvileSi is ar azrovnebs). tradiciul sazogadoebisgan gansxva-vebiT wamyvani Zala ideologiur samyaroSi xdeba e. w. `lumper-proletari~ anu rodesac TviTon arafers ar qmnis, is muSaobs sxvebis realur Sromaze (upirvelesyovlisa sxvebis inteleq-

tualur Sromaze). lumper-proletariati yovelTvis meqanikur saqmes akeTebs, teqnikuri progresi Semodis, magram is kvlav rCeba teqnikuri saqmis mkeTeblad. inteligencas rac Seexeba, adre Tu arsebobdnen filosofosebi, mecnierebi da a. S., rom-

lebsac gaaCnadT universaluri ganaTleba, dRes Sromis ganawi-lebis gamo mecnieri gadaiqca masis warmomadgenlad, anu igi konkretul mcire detalze muSaobs da mTlianobaSi veRar xe-davs process. amis garda inteleqtuali xdeba masis daqirave-

buli warmomadgeneli (imitom rom lumper-proletars moemsa-

157

xuros) da Sesabamisad yvelaze didi ideologic. Cven vxedavT teqnikur `racios~ mxares mecnierisa, anu magaliTad, romelic imeorebs òrjer ori oTxia~, magram is ukve aRar aris pirovne-

ba, am sityvis filosofiur gagebiT~ [9, 40]. aseve saintereso mosazreba aqvs frankfurtis skolis war-

momadgenels herbert markuzes, romelic Tavis naSromSi èr-

Tganzomilebiani adamiani~ ideologias xedavda rogorc isto-

riul process, romlis drosac maRalganviTarebul industri-

ul sazogadoebas aqvs unari marTos azrovneba da ar cnos opo-

ziciuri Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis ufleba da adgens totali-

tarulobas. ideologizirebuli sazogadoeba aris modernuli epoqis

Svili, romelic istoriulad gamodis mas Semdeg, rac demokra-

tizaciis procesisa da Tanamedrove saxelmwifos Seqmnis pro-

cesis dros, iqmneba unificirebuli saerTo warmodgenebi. standartizeba mosaxleobis kulturuli da msoflmxedvelo-

biTi samyarosi, aseve ekonomikuri modernizacia qmnis ideolo-

gizirebul sazogadoebas. ideologiebi da universalizmi. XIX saukunidan Camoyali-

bebas iwyebs sami ZiriTadi ideologiuri mimdinareoba: memar-

jvneoba, centristoba da memarcxeneoba. TiTeuli am mimdinare-

obis SigniT, arsebobs mravali mimdinareoba da xSirad vxvdebiT Sereul ideologiebs, magram Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT sami Zi-riTadi mimdinareoba ideologiebSi, romlebmac XIX-XX sauku-

neSi dominanturi poziciebi daiWires, esenia:

liberalizmi _ burJuaziul-demokratiuli mimdinareoba yvela misi mravalferovnebiT;

socializmi _ dawyebuli marqsizmidan damTavrebuli so-

cial-demokratiiT;

nacionalizmi _ dawyebuli e. w. mesame gziT, damTavebuli nacional-socializmiT da faSizmiT.

yvela es ZiriTadi ideologia aris modernis Svili, xolo modernizmi formalurad iwyeba ganmanaTleblobiT (Tumca un-

da iTqvas, rom zog SemTxvevaSi ufro adrec, modernizmis kvali Cans reformaciis periodSic, renesansis periodSic, inglisis samrewelo revoluciis periodSic, magram globalurad aT-

vlis wertilad mainc ganmanaTlebloba iTvleba). ganmanaTleb-

158

loba dgas or mTavar principze: universalizmze da progresis ideaze. ganmanaTleblobam sakuTari Rirebulebebi universa-

lurad gamoacxada, xolo civilizaciebs Soris gansxvaveba ub-

ralod CamorCenad. ideologia gaCnda prvel rigSi evropaSi da aman sakmaod didi gavlena moaxdina ideologiebis evrocen-

tristul xasiaTSi. yvela wamyvani ideologia ZiriTadad evro-

centrul koncefciebze iyo agebuli. profesorma jon hobsma Tavis naSromSi èvrocentristuli kocefciebi, dasavlur in-ternacionalur samyaros politikaSi 1760-2010 wlebSi~ aCvena, rom XIX saukuneSi evropulma samecniero da saerTaSoriso po-

litikam samyaro dayo sam etapad: velurobad, barbarosobad da civilizaciurobad. es dayofa, gansakuTrebiT sagareo politi-

kaSi eyrdnoba sakmaod rasistul warmodgenebs. miiCneoda, rom Savkanianebi, wiTelkanianebi velurebi iyvnen da maTi damouki-

debloba fiqcia iyo, amitom maTi kolonizacia da maTTvis kul-

turis Setana sakmaod legitimuri iyo; im dros, barbarosebSi ZiriTadad moizarebodnen aziis xalxebi, maTi damoukidebloba SezRuduli unda yofiliyo; mxolod erTaderTi xalxi, visac ekuTvnoda damoukidebloba, iyo civilizeburi, romlebSic Zi-riTadad evropelebi moiazrebodnen. rodesac pirveli msof-

lio omi dasrulda da vudro vilsonis èrTa TviTgamorkvevis~ principi daiwyo, erTa TviTgamorkveva Seexo mxolod evropas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobis evrocentristuli principi sakma-od gavrcelebuli iyo civ omamde. karl marqsic ki, romelic saubrobda proletarul revoluciaze da ewinaaRmdegeboda Cagvras, amarTlebda evropul kolonizacias im principiT, rom kulturis Setanis Sedegad, rodesac moxdeboda danarCen samya-roSi civilizaciis Setana (igulisxmeba dasavluri civiliza-

cia), swored maSin moxdeboda internacionaluri muSaTa revo-

lucia burJuaziis winaaRmdeg. evropul imperiebSi aRmoCenil erTa ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebSi XIX saukuneSi da XX sa-ukunis dasawyisSi ori strategia gamoiyo: pirveli strategia iyo evropul civilizaciaSi Cawera, rodesac sakuTar kultu-

ras reprezentirebdnen rogorc evropul kulturas da amis ni-adagze moiTxovdnen damoukideblobas da meore strategia e. w. `mesame gza~ iyo, rodesac esa Tu is eri eweva izolacionizms, sa-kuTar kulturul tradiciebs ubrundeba da upirispirdeba yo-

velgvar dasalur kulturas [11, 31-59].

159

nacionalizmi. nacionalizmi gansakuTrebuli ideologiaa, romelic aqcents akeTebs iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze rogori-

caa erovnuli ìdentoba~. ra Tqma unda, nacionalizmi ar aris erTaderTi identobis wyaro adamianisTvis, aqamde Sua saukune-

ebSi arsebobda uamravi identobis wyaro: eTnikuri, gvarovnu-

li, warmomavlobiTi, teritoriuli da relgiuri. Tumca Tana-

medrove saxelmwifos Seqmnis procesSi, rodesac daiwyo sauba-

ri absolutizmisa da feodaluri sistemis gardaqmnaze, saWiro gaxda axali politikuri subieqtis gaCena da es subieqti iyo èri~. eri politikurad daibada mefis sikvdiliT. rodesac safrangeTSi mefes sikvdili miusajes (manamde msgavsi faqti moxda inglisSi), mas bralad sakuTari eris Ralati dasdes. ev-ropaSi mefeebTan dapirispirebis procesi, romelic zogjer mTavrdeboda am ukanasknelTa sikvdiliT dasjiT, saTaves udebs erTa TviTdamkvidrebas. Sesabamisad, politikurad eri mkvidrdeboda revoluciuri gziT, es imas ar niSnavs rom aqamde èri~ ar arsebobda, ubralod aqamde èri~ ar iyo politikuri Sinaarsis da legitimaciis matarebeli. nacionalizmi Tavda-

pirvelad iyo liberalizmis nawili da mas gaaCnda demokrati-

zaciis programa. swored nacionalizmis principebs daeyrdno iseTi principebi, rogoricaa: `xalxis uzenaesoba~ da `xalxis legitimacia~.

Tumca socialuri mizezebi nacionalizms ramodenime hqon-

da, pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos urbanizaciis da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis didi roli. aseve inglisis samrewvelo revoluci-

idan, rodesac iwyeba industrializacia, mosaxleobis didi na-wili gadadis sacxovreblad qalaqebSi. qalaqebSi mosaxleobis didi nawili mowyvetilia sakuTar tradiciul identobebs, iq-neba es kuTxuri, gvarovnuli Tu eTnikuri. rogorc britanelma istorikosma erik hobsbaumma SeniSna, swored am periodSi, ro-

desac adamianebi kargaven sakuTar kulturul fesvebs, iwyeba axali tradiciebis gamogoneba, rom warmosaxviTad kavSiri war-

sulTan gaaban. iwyeba axali folkloris axali istoriuli war-

modgenebis Seqmna, romelic aqamde ar arsebobda. sazogadoeba, romelic sakuTar bunebriv identobis sivrces cdeba da aRmoC-

ndeba urbanizebul sivrceSi, aucileblad ganicdis identobis kriziss. swored identobis krizisis dros xdeba axali erovnu-

li identobis miReba, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi dafuZnebuli

160

SeiZleba iyos aqamde arsebul eTnikur identobaze. zog Sem-TxvevaSi xdeba axali erovnuli identobis Seqmna. amis garda Ta-

namedrove saxelmwifos, romelsac monarqiul saxelmwifoebis-

gan gansxvavebiT, esaWiroeboda sayovelTao samxedro mobili-

zacia, esaWiroeboda patriotizmis grZnobis Seqmna sakuTar mo-

saxleobaSi. Tu ki 18-e saukunemde evropuli armiebis didi nawi-li Sedgeboda moqiraveebisgan da arstokratebisgan (ramodeni-

me gamonaklisis garda), Tanamedrove saxelmwifos daWirda sa-kuTari mosaxleobis sayovelTao gawveva jarSi, gansakuTrebiT napoleonis omebis dros da mis Semdeg, yvela saxelmwifos Ziri-

Tadi armia gadaiqca nacionalur armiad. rogorc nacionalizmis cnobilma mkvlevarma ernest gel-

nerma aRniSna, nacionalizmi industriuli epoqis Svilia, ro-

desac iwyeba maRali kulturis gavrceleba sazogadoebaSi. sa-zogadoeba iwyebs wera-kiTxvis swavlas da safuZveli eyreba standartuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis Seqmnas. yvela sagana-manaTleblo sistema, garda imisa rom konkretuli codna mis-ces sakuTar moqalaqes ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb, aseve uya-

libebs rwmenas da standartizebul codnas nacionalur nara-

tivis mimarT. rodesac adamianebi iReben unificirebul infor-

maciebs, swored maSin iwyebs eri sakuTari Tavis integracias sa-erTo erovnul proeqtSi.

ra Tqma unda, nacionalizmi erTi konkretuli moleniT ar dawyebula da sanam Camoyalibdeboda, man gavlo ramdenime sa-

fexuri: 1) gutenbergis mier stambis gamogonebidan anu 1439 wlidan,

revoluciebis epoqamde. Tu ki aqamde damwerloba iyo elituri movlena, stambis gamogonebis Semdeg, damwerlobis demokrati-

zaciis, informaciis gacvlisa da saerTo warmodgenebis Seqmna iwyeba, rac geografiulad daSorebul sazogadoebas warmosax-

viTad akavSirebs erTmaneTs (nacionalizmis mkvlevari bene-

diqt andersoni, swored stambis gamogonebas ukavSirebs eris Seqmnis dawyebas).

2) revoluciuri epoqa _ esaa epoqa, romelic daiwyo nider-

landebis revoluciiT da damTavrda laTinuri amerikis revo-

luciebiT. am periodSi moxda ramodenime mniSvnelovani revo-

lucia: niderlandebis, inglisis, aSS-is, safrangeTis da bolos laTinuri amerikis revolucia simon bolivaris meTaurobiT. am

161

periodSi yalibdeba pirveli eri-saxelmwifoebi da naciona-

lizmis principi xdeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi erT-erTi mTavari principi

3) germanuli reaqcia da romantizmi _ napoleonis omebis Semdeg ganmanaTleblobaze da zogadad safrangeTis politi-

kur principebis winaaRmdeg, germaniaSi gaCnda reaqcia. es reaq-

cia kulturulad aisaxa romantizmSi, magram amave dros naTeli iyo, rom Zveli feodaluri sistemis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo. germaniaSi gansakuTrebiT germaniis revoluciis da fran-

kfurtis parlamentis dacemis Semdeg (1848-1849 ww.), germanul-

ma aristokratiam nacionalizmis proeqti Secvala da naciona-

lizmi aqcia militaristul movlenad, romelic imperiis samsa-xurSi Cadga.

4) pirveli msoflio omi _ pirveli msoflio omi iyo pirve-

li maStaburi nacionalisturi omi, rodesac nacionalizmis principma yvelaze gardamtexi ideologiuri roli Seasrula am konfliqtSi.

Sesabamisad arsebobs ramodenime saxis nacionalizmi, rome-

lic sxvadasxva istoriul periodSia gaCenili. nacionalizmis cneba xSir SemTxvevaSi dabneulobas iwvevs, àmerikuli nacio-

nalizmi~, `rusuli nacionalizmi~, ìugoslavuri nacionaliz-

mi~ da `qarTuli nacionalizmi~ sxvadasxva politikur-ideolo-

giuri movlenebia, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. Tu ki gamovyofT nacionalizmis sxvadasxva formebs, Cven gamovyofT nacionalizmis oTx ZiriTad mimarTulebas:

nacionalizmi rogorc ideologia saxelmwifos Seqmnis

sakiTxSi (state-building). nacionalizmi aq TamaSobs rols axali saxelmwifos Seqmnis, eseTi moZraoba iyo italiaSi `risorji-

mento~, romelic 1861 wels italiis SeqmniT damTavrda da pru-

siis mier germaniis gaerTianeba 1871 wels.

nacionalizmi rogorc socialuri integraciis ideolo-

gia (nation-building). am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo arsebobs, magram jer ar arsebobs erTiani nacionaluri birTvi da iwyeba homoge-

nuri kulturis Seqmna, erT erad. nacionalizmis am formis ga-movlineba iyo iaponia XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, TurqeTi mustafa qemalis dros, aseve egvipte, irani, CineTi 1920-30-ian wlebSi.

162

nacionalizmi rogorc antikolonialisturi ideologia. am SemTxvevaSi nacionalizmi gvxdeba rogorc erovnul-ganman-Tavisuflebeli moZraoba, Tavis droze v. leninma gamoiyo na-cionalizmis ori forma: Sovinistur-derJavuli da progre-

sul-ganmanTavisuflebeli, am terminis damkvidrebis Semdeg uamravi memarcxene-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebi gaCnda aziisa da afrikis kontinentze evropul imperializmis winaaR-

mdeg, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZ-

raoba ar aris marto memarcxene moZraoba, is gvxdeba Cven me-marjvene moZraobebSi, rogoric magaliTad poloneTi iyo 1920-ian wlebSi. am ideologiis mTavari mizani aris dampyroblis wi-naaRmdeg brZola da misgan gamoyofa.

nacionalizmi rogorc eTnikuri separatizmis ideologia (secesionizmi). eseTi ideologiebi mravladaa rogorc kavkasia-Si (afxazeTis da e. w. samxreT oseTis magaliTze), ise msoflios sxva kuTxeSi.

nacionalizmis uamravi formis miuxedvad, nacionalizmi upirveles yovlis aris ideologia, romelic zogjer politi-

kurad, xolo ufro metad identobisa da kulturis sakiTxSi vlindeba. is modernizmis pirmSoa da modernizmis pasuxia iden-

tobis krizisze, romelic gaCenili iyo tradiciuli identobe-

bis krizisiT da romelic SeTavazebuli iyo ideologizirebu-

li sazogadoebisTvis.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. e. smiti, nacionaluri identoba, Tbilisi, 2008. 2. x. ortega i gaseti, masebis amboxi, Tbilisi, 1993. 3. e. hobsbaumi, erebi da nacionalizmi 1780 wlidan, programa,

miTi, realoba, Tbilisi, 2012. 4. e. heivudi, politikuri ideologiebi Sesavali kursi, Tbi-

lisi, 2004. 5. Б. Андерсон, Воображаемые сообщества, Москва, 2016. 6. К. Калхун, Национализм, Mосква, 2006. 7. К. Марксаm, Ф. Энгельс, Немецкая идеология, Mосква, 2011. 8. К. Мангейм, Идеология и утопия, Москва, 2007.

163

9. М. Мамардашвили, Очерк современной европейской философии, Санкт-Петербург, 2014.

10. C. Hirschi, The Origins of Nationalism, Cambridge, 2005. 11. J. Hobson, The Eurocentric conception of Word politics, Western

International Theroy, 1760-2010, Cambridge University Press, 2012. 12. H. White, Nation, State and Territory, Oxford, 2004.

Nodar (Nukri) Shoshiashvili Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Univer-sity, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of His-tory and Ethnology, Scientist-resear-cher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Formation of an Ideological Society and Emergence of Nationalism in Europe

Summary

The ideology isa modern phenomenon. The ideology and theideologicalsocieties arise always in the `modern~ epoch, i.e. in the time as the creation of a modern state, an industrial society and the modern economy is completed. We mean the time as the states, according their essence, are beginning to pursue certain culture policy, to influence the world view of their population, to form their world of ideas and to standardize the education. The creation of an ideological state is also related with the emergence of mass and democratic movements in the society.

The new modern society that was excluded before from any ethnical and tribal identities needed in the new epoch such ideological basis which will enable him to overcome the current ideological crisis. In the 19 century such an ideology turned out to be the nationalism.

The nationalism of the 19 century played a vital role in the global political life. What is it nationalism in general?What are the reasons which predetermined its rise? How many phases of development has the nationalism? We will try to answer all these questions in our article. Besides our goal is either to expose the relation which always exists between the ideologicalsociety and the nationalism.

164

aleqsandre wurwumia

politikis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-


universiteti, socialur da politi-

kur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asis-

tent-profesori

zurab avaliSvili miunxenis garigebisa

da Cexoslovakiis dapyrobis Sesaxeb

didi mecnierisa da uangaro mamuliSvilis _ zurab ava-

liSvilis (1875-1944) Sesaxeb bevri dawerila da kvlavac dai-

wereba. is aqtiurad iyo CarTuli damoukidebeli saqarTve-

los aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi, monawileobda sxvadasxva molapa-

rakebebSi; 1918-1922 wlebSi diplomatiuri misiiT imyofeboda

sazRvargareT _ germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, did britaneTsa da

aSS-Si.

1921 wels momxdari saqarTvelos okupaciisa da aneqsiis

Semdgom, zurab avaliSvili emigraciaSi darCa. iq mas hqonda

sakmao dro, raTa nayofierad emuSava saqarTvelos istoriis,

kulturisa da politikis sakiTxebze.

avaliSvilis moRvaweobis yvela periodi mniSvnelovan yu-

radRebas imsaxurebs. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki ganvixi-

lavT mis naazrevs XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi.

1939 wlis aprilSi, JurnalSi `kavkasia~ (#4/64) gamoqvey-

nda zurab avaliSvilis statia `ramodenime SeniSvna Cexoslo-

vakiis dasasrulis gamo~. am statias uswrebda win, mis mier

amave JurnalSi wina wels gamoqveynebuli statiebi: `qariS-

xlis Semdeg~ (# 5/58) da `Weqa-quxilis win?~ (# 7/60). am sta-

tiebSi avtori saubrobs 1938 wlis miunxenis garigebis gamom-

wvev mizezebsa da mosalodnel politikur Sedegze.

erT-erT statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `Какова бы ни была оконча-тельная оценка того, что стряслось над Чехославакией, с любой из воз-можных здесь точек зрения (например, германской, славянской, евро-пейской, русскойи т. д.) особенно сильное непосредственное впечатле-ние чехо-словацкие события марта 1939 г. (да и конца сентября 1938 года) должны были действительно произвели в среде так называемых `малых государств~ или `малых наций~. Притом,чувство необеспечен-

165

ности, страх за ближайщее будущее, неуверенность вдействительности союзнических связей или нейтралитета и пр. захватили даже государства, издавна устойчивые, сильные культурными ценностями и непоколебимым, казалось, международным положением~ [1, 13].

Cexoslovakiis daSlis da misi teritoriis okupacias, ga-

reSe faqtorebis garda, xeli Seuwyo Sida faqtorebma. miun-

xenis garigebis Semdeg gaRrmavda uTanxmoeba Cexebsa da slo-

vakebs Soris. statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `Нaчалом конца Чехо-Слава-кии была распря, своеобразный и губный `спор славян между собой~. Он привел к провозглашению Словакией своей независимости... от Чехии или от Чехо-Словакии. Чехия стала германским протекторатом, Карпатская Украина оказалась поглощенной Венгрией. Все это пото-му, что как-то сразу рухнула Чехославацкая республика~ [1, 13].

Cexoslovakiis dacemis ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgenda is

uimedoba, romelic gaaCina am qveynis samTavrobo wreebSi mi-

unxenis garigebam. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb (sude-

tis olqis germaniisTvis gadacema), molaparakebaSi monawile

mxareebma: germaniam, italiam, didma britaneTma da safran-

geTma, maT Soris xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg amcnes

Cexoslavakis prezidents. didma saxelmwifoebma gankarges pa-

tara saxelmwifos bedi.

miunxenis garigebis gavlenaze Cexoslovakiis Semdgom bed-

ze, Tavad zurab avaliSvilic amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aanali-

zebda ra, faqtiurad winaaRmdegobis gareSe, germaniis mier

Cexoslovakiis dakavebas, igi aRniSnavda: `Германия овладела ЧехоСлавакией без единого выстрела. По первому впечатлению, естес-твенно было сказать: к чему, в таком случае, иметь многочисленную армию, прекрасно все снабденную!

Впрочем, по этому поводу высказывалось, что армия чешская уже не могла сопротивляться, после расчленения страны осенью 1938 г., после Мюнъенской встречи Гитлера и Муссолини с Чембероеном и Даладье; после того, как Чехия лишилась своих естественных границ и всей системы своих укреплений~ [1, 13].

ganviTarebul movlenebTan da cvlilebebTan dakavSire-

biT, zurab avaliSvili akeTebda saintereso daskvnas, rome-

lic ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda. pirveli exeba did saxelmwi-

foTa damokidebulebas da urTierTobas patara saxelmwifo-

ebTan. meore daskvna ki piriqiT, patara saxelmwifoTa mier

166

did saxelmwifoTa mimarTebaSi warmoebul politikas. avaliS-

vili aRniSnavda: `Что касается будущего, весьма вероятно, что великие державы с еще большею, остарожностью будут брать на себя обязательства по отношению к малым государствам, желающим оградить свою независимость, за исключение, конечно, случаев, когда защита великими державами малых диктуется первым несомненными интересами их собственного самосохранения.

Точно так же и «малые» народы с большею, чем прежде, опаскою будут возлагать надежды на `обещания великих держав~; и будут, более критически сопоставлять собственные свои риски с вероят-ностью исполнения даваемых им обещаний. Но, разумеется, нельзя поручиться за будущее поведение народов. Из так называемых уроков истории мало кто извлекал для себя пользу. Почему, однако, не быть и исключениям?~ [1, 16]

vinaidan istoriis gakveTilebs SevexeT, unda warmovaCi-

noT erTi garemoeba, razec z. avaliSvili jer kidev dekem-

bris Tvis Jurnal `kavkasiis~ nomerSi werda. man ivarauda sab-

WoTa kavSirisa da germaniis dapirispireba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu-

ki germania Seecdeboda Tavisi `sasicocxlo sivrc~-is aRmoav-

leTiT gafarToebas.

`В различных формах и неодинаковом смысле, это относиться к ряду стран, а не к однойУкраине. Но над последней, т. е. над главной ее частью господствуют Советы, и вопрос, так поставленный, может в определенных условиях, повлечь за собой столкновение, а может быть и войну между Германией и Советским Союзом~ [2, 9].

zemomoyvanili citata, kidev erTi mkafio dadasturebaa,

raoden didi politikuri winWvretis unars flobda avaliSvi-

li. Tumca, es unari Cans aseve statiis sxva nawilSic, sadac

is varaudobs ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba movides winaaRmdegoba-

Si germaniis eqspansionisturi zraxvebi da qmedebebi did sa-

xelmwifoTa (safrangeTis da didi britaneTis) politikasTan.

`Но было бы не лишним остановиться на одном довольно суще-ственном обстоятельстве, связанном с предположенной нами междуна-родною обстановкой. Германия стремится расширить свое влияние в направлении, скажем условно `украинском~. Если бы имелось налицо молчаливое согласие на это великих держав Запада (все равно, чем бы это согласие ни диктовалось или подсказывалось), связанные с таким предприятием перемены, при всем их обширном местном значении,

167

могли бы и не отразиться непосредственно на взаимоотношениях великих европейских держав, т. е. не дать повода к столкновению, в данном случае, Германии, а следовательно и Италии, с Францией и Англией. Картина, наверное, получилась быиная, если бы в роли организционно-политической Германия оказалась бы там, откуда она могла бы грозить жизненным интересам великих держав противо-положного лагеря, скажем в сфере Средиземного моря. Те ктотакой уг-розы вообще опасаются, могли бы, например, счесть для себя очень опасным упрочение германского влияния в непосредственном сосед-ствес Турцие и Ираном~ [2, 12]

marTlac, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani etapi meore msoflio

omis dapirispirebaSi gaxda, germaniis mier balkaneTis dap-

yrobis Semdeg, xmelTaSua zRvis da axlo aRmosavleTis regi-

onSi fexis mokidebis mcdeloba. 1941 wlis gazafxulze li-

bansa da eraySi warmatebis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, TurqeTi

TiTqmis garda Crdilo aRmosavleTis nawilisa, aRmoCneboda

germaniis marwuxebSi. aseT viTarebaSi ki, albaT TurqeTi ve-

Rar iqneboda neitraluri da SesaZloa Cabmuliyo sabWoTa

kavSiris winaaRmdeg omSi. saberZneTisa da libanis dakavebaSi,

didma britaneTma misi sasicocxlo sivrcisadmi mimarTuli

safrTxe dainaxa da CaerTo saxmeleTo brZolebSi germaniis

winaaRmdeg.

Cvens mier ganxiluli avaliSvilis statiebi warmoadgens

saintereso kvlevis sagans, sadac mkafiod Cans avtoris gam-

Wriaxoba da argumentrebuli msjelobis unari.

`miunxenis garigebidan~ 80 weli gavida, Tumca sakiTxi did

saxelmwifoTa mier sust saxelmwifoTa bedis gankargvisa

kvlav aqtualuri rCeba.

vfiqrobT, rom evrokavSirs sanqciebi unda daewesebina

ara 2014 wels, ruseTis mier yirimis aneqsiis Semdeg, rodesac

uSualod mis mosazRvre ukrainas Seeqmna safTxe, aramed 2008

wels, rodesac ruseTis mier ganxorcielda SeiaraRebuli ag-

resia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

168


1. З. Авалишвили, Несколько замечаний по поводу конца Чехослава-кии, `Кавказ~, №4/64, апрель 1939.

2. З. Авалишвили, Перед Гразой? `Кавказ~, №12/60, декабрь 1938.

Alexander Tsurtsumia Doctor of Political Science, Ivane Javachishvili Tbilisi State University, Asisstant Professor of Social and Political Science Faculty

Zurab Avalishvili about Munich Agreement and Czechoslovakia Occupation

Summary

Zurab Avalishvili (1875-1944) was actively studying political

processes. In the article we consider our attention around his vies about occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany.

Avalishvili sees the reason for the ease occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in the Munich Agreement. This agreement led to internal strife and the separation of Slovakia from the country.

In 1939 in the articles published in journal `Caucaus~ Zurab Avalishvili predicted a possible version of subsequent events. He notes that Germany’s expansion of the living space to the east will lead its collision with the Soviet Union. A clash with France and Britain is possible if Germanyappro-aches their living space – the Mediterranean Sea.

169

lela saraliZe






si istoriis ganyofilebis ufrosi


qarTveli emigranti mecnieri mixeil musxeliSvili

da kavkasiis erTianobis idea

emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTveli mecnieri, mixeil musxeliS-

vili (1903-1964 ww.) iyo iuristi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis

specialisti, sazogado moRvawe, evropis xalxTa kongresis

prezidenti, evropis federalisturi moZraobis centraluri

komitetis wevri, evropis internacionaluri centris biuros

vice-prezidenti, sportsmeni, mTamsvleli, àkademiuri palmis

rtos~ ordenis kavaleri (jildo, romelic 1808 wels safran-

geTis imperatorma napoleon bonapartem daaarsa, ganaTlebis

sferoSi moRvawe samoqalaqo pirebs gadaecemaT, 1955 wels

safrangeTis me-4 respublikis prezidentma René Conty-m mas axa-li statusi mianiWa da jildos 3 ierarqia SemoiRo (kavaleri,

oficeri, komandori) _ l. s.). mixeil musxeliSvili TbilisSi,

cnobili ofTalmologis vaxtang solomonis Ze musxeliSvilisa

da natalia mirzaSvilis ojaxSi daibada [1, 477].

1921 wels, 18 wlis asakSi, mixeil musxeliSvili sazRvar-

gareT saswavleblad gaemgzavra. umaRles ganaTlebas igi ge-

tingenis, miunxenis, lionis, parizis universitetebSi daeuf-

la. 1932-1933 wlebSi, `miSel musxeli~-s saxeliT, parizis uni-

versitetis saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa umaRles institutSi

moRvaweobda, 1935-1948 wlebSi ki kairos samarTlis frangu-

li skolisa da kairos universitetis profesori iyo. 1948

wlidan gardacvalebamde, mixeil musxeliSvili strasburgis

universitetis samarTlis, politikur da ekonomikur mecnie-

rebaTa fakultetis saerTaSoriso sajaro samarTlis kaTed-

ras ganagebda, iyo strasburgis universitetis sabWoTa kavSi-

170

risa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis kvlevis centris (romelsac

dResac `musxelis centri~ hqvia) damaarsebeli da ucvleli

direqtori. 1948-1951 wlebSi man universitetTaSoriso fede-

racia daaarsa, romlis prezidentic iyo. 1954 wlidan igi or-

jer airCies evropis universitetTa asociaciis generalur

mdivnad. mixeil musxeliSvili erT-erTi im qarTvelTagani

iyo, romelic evrokavSiris Seqmnasa da evropis qveynebs So-

ris sazRvrebis moSlas qadagebda [2, 243]. man gauswro Tavis

dros da evrogaerTianebis ideiT aRtacebulma mravali naS-

romi miuZRvna evropul federalizmsa da federalistur moZ-

raobas. sagulisxmoa, rom mis ukanasknel monografias erqva

`federaluri struqturebi~ [3].

emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebi, bolSevike-

bis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqturobis saqmeSi, kavkasiis gaer-

Tianebis ideas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. isini Tvlidnen,

rom mxolod gamTlianebuli kavkasiis erebs SeeZloT rusuli

imperializmis uReli moecilebiaT da monobis borkilebi da-

emsxvriaT. qarTveli emigrantebis azriT, kavkasia mTliania

ekonomikurad da misi politikuri dayofa, mis ekonomikur

rRvevas da gaRaribebas gamoiwvevda, Sedegad ki kavkasiis Ti-

Toeuli eri ruseTisTvis advili lukma gaxdeboda. geografi-

uli mdebareoba kavkasiis erTianobis ideas SesaZlebels xdi-

da, radgan kavkasia mdebareobs or zRvas Sua yelze da xel-

sayrel pirobebs qmnis, raTa iq erTi Tavisufali saxelmwifo

daarsdes. emigrantebi fiqrobdnen, rom kavkasiis erTianobis

idea bevri maTganisTvis misaRebi ar iqneboda, radgan isini

CaTvlidnen, rom saqarTvelo oci saaukune ibrZoda da icavda

Tavis miwa-wyals da saxelis gamocvla da kavkasiis saxelmwi-

fosTvis sisxlis Rvra maTTvis misaRebi ar iqneboda. kavkasi-

is erTianobis ideis momxreebi ki miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTve-

lo aravTar saxels ar icvlida, igi Tavisufal saxelmwifod

unda darCeniliyo, xolo kavkasiis erTa kavSirSi, mxolod, sa-

kuTari miwa-wylis da Tavisuflebis dasacavad unda Sesuli-

yo.

cnobili erovnul-demokrati giorgi gvazava wers: `ru-

seTma erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi orjer daipyro kavkasia da

es agre iqneba yovelTvis, sanam kavkasiis erebi ver amaRlde-

bian im Segnebamde, rom mxolod mTlian kavkasias SeuZlia gza

gadauWras ruseTis imperializms. gavida is dro, roca saqar-

171

Tvelo Sehyurebda ruseTs, rogorc mxsnelsa da mfarvelsa;

gavida is droc, roca sxva kavkasiis erebi Sehyurebdnen sa-

qarTvelos, rogorc Semosavlis wyaros da sadavlo asparezs.

axla yvelam Seigno, rom maTi Tavisufleba da maTi qoneba

uzrunvelyofili iqneba mxolod maSin, roca ruseTis imperi-

alizms gadaeWreba gza kavkasiaSi. am gzis gadaWra SeiZleba

mxolod maSin, roca kavkasiis mTliani fronti; roca kavkasi-

is CrdiloeTiT, Savi zRvidan vidre kaspiis zRvis napiramde,

aRmarTuli iqneba, rogorc erTi kedeli kavkasiis nebisyofi-

sa~ [4, 3].

emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebi Tvlidnen,

rom `...evropis ekonomikuri aRdgenis sakiTxis ganxilvis

dros saqarTvelos sakiTxi da ufro farTod, kavkasiis sakiT-

xi unda srulad gancalkevebulad daisvas ruseTis sakiTxisa-

gan. Tu es pirobebi miRebuli iqneba, saqarTvelo da saerTod

mTeli kavkasia sul axlo momavalSi SeZleben mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSon evropis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Tavisi buneb-

rivi simdidris (marganeci, navTi, abreSumi, matyli, bamba, tye

da sxva) da moxerxebuli saeqsporto pirobebis gamo (Savi

zRvis navsadgurebi, navTsadeni baqo-baTumi)~ [5, 8].

kavkasiis erTianobis ideas gamoexmaura parizSi Seqmnili

`kavkasiis damoukideblobis komiteti~, Tavisi proklamaciiT

_ `brZola kavkasiis TavisuflebisaTvis~, romelSic naTqvamia:

`kavkasiis erebo emzadeT! Cven swrafi nabijiT miveqanebiT

bolSevikuri reJimis damxobisaken. moaxlovebulia ekonomiku-

ri katastrofa, romlis aucilebeli Sedegi iqneba sabWoTa

kavSiris darRveva, vinaidan ar arsebobs arc ekonomikuri da

arc politikuri Zafebi, yofili mefis imperiis sxvadasxva

xalxTa gamaerTianebeli; isini mxolod xiStebiT arian mijaW-

vuli moskovze. Cven ganmartovebulni rodi varT im sabedis-

wero brZolaSi, romelsac vawarmoebT ruseTis imperializmi-

sa da sabWoTa despotiis winaaRmdeg. CvenTanaa ukrainis 40-mi-

lioniani xalxi. CvenTan erTad xeli-xel Cakidebuli miil-

tvis damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebisaken Turqestanis 12

milioniani eri. am metad mniSvnelovan momentSi azerbaijanis,

saqarTvelos da Crdilo kavkasiis demokratiul respublika-

Ta warmomadgenelTagan daarsda kavkasiis damoukideblobis

komiteti. Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom somxeTis moZme eris

warmomadgenelni axalo momavalSi CvenTan erTad gadaWriT

172

SeebrZolebian ruseTis okupacias da TavgamodebiT daicaven

somxeTis damoukidebeli respublikis uflebebs... sabWoTa

kavSiris mier Cagrulo erebo, romelnic TavganwirviT miis-

wrafviT Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaken, SekavSir-

diT da gaerTiandiT! Zirs ruseTis saokupacio Zalaufleba!

gaumarjos kavkasiis damoukidebel demokratiul respublika-

Ta konfederacias!~ [6, 10].

emigraciaSi yofnis pirvelive wlebSi, kavkasiis oTxive sa-

xelmwifos kanonierma warmomadgenelma, 1921 wlis ivnisSi xe-

li moawera saerTo deklaracias, romelic samxedro, sabaJo

da diplomatiur sferoSi kavSiris aucileblobas, aseve, saz-

Rvrebis dacvis savaldebulo arbitraJisTvis gadacemis aRia-

rebda [7, 5]. kavkasiis ekonomikur da politikur kavSirs, emig-

rantebi 1924 wlis saqarTvelos antibolSevikuri ajanyebis

Semdegac, 1924 wlis seqtemberSi, miRebul deklaraciaSic ga-

daWriT uWerdnen mxars. 1924 wlis noemberSi, saqarTvelos,

azerbaijanis da mTielTa respublikis warmomadgenlebma upi-

ratesoba mianiWes konfederacias, rogorc momavalSi kavkasi-

eli xalxis kavSiris iuridiul formas. maT gadawyvites emig-

raciaSi kavkasiis respublikaTa konfederaciis konstituciis

mTavari debulebebis proeqtis Sedgena.

msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebuli kavkasiuri emig-

rantuli politikuri organizaciebidan erT-erTi 1925 wels

varSavaSi Seqmnili gaerTianeba `promeTe~ iyo. es politikuri

moZraoba saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, CrdiloeT kavkasiis, uk-

rainis da Turqestanis emigrantulma organizaciebma daaar-

ses [8, 2]. gaerTianebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda imami

Samilis SviliSvili _ said Samili. is iyo TurqeTis da maxlo-

beli aRmosavleTis qveynebis Crdilo-kavkasiuri diasporis

aRiarebuli lideri da kavkasiis mTielTa saxalxo partiis

erT-erTi iniciatori da xelmZRvaneli.

qarTveli emigrantebi iTvaliswinebdnen im faqts, rode-

sac mefis ruseTis reJimis damxobis Semdeg, amierkavkasia jer

faqtiurad, Semdeg formalurad gamoeyo ruseTs, maSin TavSi

aravis mosvlia TiToeuli eris damoukideblobis gamocxade-

ba, sami eri saerTo xelisuflebis qveS moeqca seimis da mTav-

robis saxiT. Sedga komisia, romelsac kavkasiis federaciis

konstituciis Sedgena daevala da masSi monawileoba mTieleb-

sac unda mieRoT. es saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia xangrZli-

173

vi ar gamodga, igi male daiSala da TiToeulma erma sakuTari

damoukidebloba gamoacxada. SemdegSi maT ara erTxel scades

darRveuli kavSiri aRedginaT, Tumca amaod. qarTveli emig-

rantebi Tvlidnen, rom erTianobis ideis uaryofis gamo, kav-

kasiis saxelmwifoebi istoriul gamocdaze CaiWrnen da saTi-

Taod dakarges damoukidebloba. aRniSnuli qveynebis mesveu-

rebma ver gaiTvaliswines epoqis moTxovnileba, ver gamonaxes

saerTo ena, piriqiT, undobloba, qiSpoba da xSirad aSkara

mtrobac wesad iqca maT Soris.

kavkasiis erTianobis ideas mxars uWerda emigraciaSi,

strasburgSi, moRvawe qarTveli mecnieri mixeil musxeliSvi-

li. 1932 wels saqarTvelos erovnulma centrma, parizSi, `kav-

kasiis konfederaciis paqtis proeqti~ SeimuSava, romelic

kavkasiis oTxive respublikis _ saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azer-

baijanis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis erTi mTliani saxelmwifoeb-

rivi kavSiris iuridiul formebSi Camoyalibebis pirvel cdas

warmoadgenda [9, 474].

am metad mniSvnelovan istoriul dokuments gamoexmaura

emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTveli mecnieri, iuristi profesori

mixeil musxeliSvili, romelic konstituciis proeqtis Sed-

genasa da TiToeuli muxlis ganmarteba-dasabuTebSi aqtiurad

iyo CarTuli. m. musxeliSvilma `kavkasiis konfederaciis paq-

tis proeqts~, emigraciuli presis furclebze, araerTi weri-

li miuZRvna. misi azriT, konfederacia xelSekrulebas efuZ-

neba, federacia _ konstitucias. konfederacia qveynebis ga-

erTianebaa, federacia ki amasTan erTad individebis sazoga-

doebacaa, sadac kanoni dominirebs Zalaze. kavkasiis konfede-

raciis paqtis proeqti 17 muxlisgan Sedgeboda. konfederaci-

is saxsrebi wevr-saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenlebis mier dawese-

buli gadasaxadisgan Sedgeboda. konfederacias ar unda

hyolda sakuTari jari, mxolod mTavari StabiT kmayofilde-

boda. sagareo safrTxis dros, TiToeuli saxelmwifo movale

iqneboda, jaris gansazRvruli raodenoba sakonfederacio xe-

lisuflebis gankargulebaSi gadaeca. gaerTianebul jars,

kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa sabWos mier daniSnuli mTavarsarda-

li uxelmZRvanelebda. konfederaciaSi Sesul saxelmwifoebs

erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg omi ekrZalebodaT. maT Soris warmo-

Sobili yoveli dava sakonfederacio sasamarTlos, an saval-

debulo arbitraJs unda gadaeWra. sakonfederacio sasamar-

174

Tlo 12 wevrisgan Sedgeboda, romelsac parlamenti uvadod

niSnavda, TiToeuli saxelmwifodan sam-sams. sakonfederacio

sasamarTlos dadgenileba konfederaciaSi Sesuli TiToeuli

saxelmwifosTvis savaldebulo iyo. me-15 muxlis mixedviT,

gansakuTrebuli SeTnxmeba unda SemuSavebuliyo: a) fulis ga-

erTianebis; b) rkinigzebis gaerTianebis; g) fosta-telegrafis

da telefons gaerTianebis; d) sawonisa da sazomisaTvis [10, 5].

kavkasiis gaerTianebis ideas m. musxeliSvili did mniSvne-

lobas aniWebda. igi wers: `kavkasiis konfederaciis paqtis

proeqtis SemuSaveba didi movlenaa kavkasiel erTa cxovreba-

Si. es amtkicebs, rom istoriis gakveTilebs tyuilad ar Cauv-

lia da am erTa xelmZRvanelebma Seignes pirdapiri kavSiris

saWiroeba. nuravin ifiqrebs, rom proeqtis mizani miuRweve-

lia praqtikulad, radgan kavkasia dRes sabWoTa batonobis

qveS imyofeba. marTalia, proeqti axlave ZalaSi ver Seva, xo-

lo Cvens winaSe sazogadoebrivi azris friad mniSvnelovani

demonstraciaa; kidev meti, paqtis proeqtis Sedgena Tavidan

agvacdens bevr davas, romelic SesaZlebelia kavkasiis erTa

Tavisuflebis aRdgenis dros Camovardes... Cveni proeqtis

debulebani savsebiT amarTlebs mis saxels, radgan aq arsebi-

Tad saxelmwifoTa konfederaciaa warmodgenili~ [11, 8]. m.

musxeliSvilis ganmartebiT: `konfederacia esaa suverenul

saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso SekavSireba, romelsac dasaxuli

aqvs gansakuTrebuli mizani da aRWurvilia saerTo organoe-

biT~ [10, 6]. paqtis dadebiT, kavkasiis saxelmwifoebi sakuTar

saxelmwifoebriobaze da damoukideblobaze uars ar ambob-

dnen. kavkasiis konfederaciis paqtis pirveli muxli gadaW-

riT acxadebs, rom saxelmwifoebs srulad rCebaT suverenoba.

suverenuli saxelmwifo Tavadaa sakuTari bedis batoni. kon-

federaciaSi Sesul saxelmwifoebs SenarCunebuli aqvT suve-

renoba, kavSiridan gasla maT Tavisuflad SeuZliaT. m. musxe-

liSvilis ganmartebiT: `konfederacia arsdeba gansakuTrebu-

li miznisaTvis. ra aris es mizani? saerTo Tavdacva gareSe

Tavdasxmisagan. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic grZnoben, rom cal-

calke win ver aRudgebian gareSe mters, _ kavSirdebian, rom

erTad moigerion mowinaaRmdege. es paqtSi pirdapir gamoT-

qmuli araa, magram gamomdinareobs im faqtisgan, rom sagareo

saxelo (sagareo saqmeTa gamgebloba) ekuTvnis centralur

organos. mxolod am ukanasknels aqvs miniWebuli konfedera-

175

ciis saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenloba ucxoeTSi _ Sekras kav-

Sirebi da mSvidobianobis xelSekrulobani da gamoacxados

omi. es sami sagani imyofeba centraluri organos srul gam-

geblobaSi, magram arasodes unda daviviwyoT, rom es konfe-

deraciaSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis Tavisufali nebiT xdeba

da srulebiT ar asustebs maT suverenobas... somxeTi, azerba-

ijani, Crdilo kavkasia da saqarTvelo deben xsenebul paqts,

magram ar hkargaven TavianT suverenobas da arc damoukide-

bel saxelmwifoTa Tvisebas. mxolod isini uars amboben suve-

renobis zogierT uflebaze, romelTac gadascemen maT warmo-

madgenel, saerTo organos. es saWiroa uzrunvelsayofad sa-

gareo Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg... yovel konfederacias, ra saxi-

Tac ar unda iyos, axasiaTebs is, rom simtkice aklia, magram

udavoa, rom ganxiluli paqti didi nabijia kavkasiis erebis

erTmaneTTan dasaaxloveblad da igi did samsaxurs gauwevs

maT saerTo keTildReobas~ [12, 7].

m. musxeliSvili ganmartavs: `...rodesac Cveni proeqtis

pirveli muxli acxadebs, rom wevr saxelmwifoebs SenarCune-

buli aqvT TavianTi suverenoba srulad da mTlianad, es imas

ar gulisxmobs, rom maT yvelafris ufleba aqvT, aramed imas

ambobs, rom miuxedavad konfederaciis xelSekrulebisa, am sa-

xelmwifoebs pirdapiri damokidebuleba rCebaT saerTaSoriso

uflebasTan, xolo am ukanasknelis umTavresi principi isaa,

rom xelSekrulebani unda iqnes wmindad daculi da maTi Sec-

vla SeiZleba mxolod erTxmad. kavkasiis konfederaciis wev-

rebi upirvelesad eqvemdebarebian saerTaSoriso uflebis we-

sebs da Semdeg ki konfederaciis kerZo wesebs. es imas niSnavs,

rom maT mdgomareobas gansazRvravs orive es ufleba~ [10, 7].

mixeil musxeliSvili did mniSvnelobas aniWebda kavkasiis

konfederaciaSi Semaval saxelmwifoebs Soris kompetenciis

ganawilebis sakiTxs. igi wers: `kavkasiis konfederaciis paqti

SecdomiT, Cvenis azriT, uaryofs upiratesobiTs kompetenci-

as. paqti fiqrobs, rom arsebobs gamoricxviTi saxelo sakon-

federacio xelisuflebisa da gamoricxviTive kompetencia Se-

maval saxelmwifoebisa. igi ar scnobs amaT Soris saSualos,

sadac orsave xelisuflebas Tanabrad SeeZlo kanonmdebloba.

es naklia, radgan upiratesobiTi kompetencia aadvilebs sa-

konfederacio xelisuflebis gafarToebas, gareSe TviT paq-

tis samZimo gadasinjvisa, gafarToebas TandaTanobiTs, Seum-

176

Cnevels, romelic ar iwvevs amitomac winaaRmdegobas saxel-

mwifoebis mxriT. Tu konfederacias unda arseboba, cxovreba,

unda gaizardos misi uflebani saerTo saWiroebaTa zrdasTan

erTad, xolo Tu yovelTvis, roca dagvWirdeba centralur

xelisuflebis gaZliereba, mogvixda paqtis gadasinjva, es

friad daamZimebs mdgomareobas da gaaZnelebs ganviTarebas...

udidesi nawili saerTaSoriso uflebisa, ekuTvnis sakonfede-

racio xelisuflebas. magram saWiroa aucilebeli gansxvavebis

aRniSvna... pirvel yovlisa, aviRoT omis gamocxadebis ufle-

ba. es ufleba, unda gabedulad iTqvas, kacobriobis samar-

cxvinod jer kidev akrZaluli araa Tanamedrove saerTaSori-

so samarTlis mier. naciaTa ligis paqti srulebiT ar krZa-

lavs mas. brian _ kelogis paqtio? (igulisxmeba safrangeTis

sagareo saqmeTa ministris aristid brianisa da aSS-is saxel-

mwifo mdivan frenk kelogis mier inicirebuli da 1928 wlis

27 agvistos gaformebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba. paq-

tis xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs uari unda eTqvaT omze, ro-

gorc erovnuli politikis gatarebis meTodze, mis wevr sa-

xelmwifoebs yvela saxis uTanxmoeba, mxolod, mSvidobiani

gziT unda gadaewyvitaT _ l. s). _ SeiZleba ikiTxos vinmem. es

paqti akrZalavs oms, rogorc `nacionaluri politikis ia-

raRs? xolo es akrZalva SeiZleba platonuri darCes jer er-

Ti imitom, rom is ar hgulisxmobs sxva sanqcias, Tu ara

msoflios sazogadoebrivi azris gakicxvas, raic sakmarisi

araa... cxadia, kavkasiis konfederacias omis ufleba eqneba am

sazRvrebSi da es miniWebuli aqvs mas gamoricxviTi wesiT. Se-

maval saxelmwifoebs absoluturad akrZaluli aqvT omi sepa-

ratulad, ara Tu erTmaneTs Soris, raic TavisTavad igulis-

xmeba, aramed ucxo saxelmwifoebTanac. Tu rame safrTxea mo-

salodneli, Semaval saxelmwifoebma dauyovnebliv unda acno-

bon es konfederaciis mudmiv samdivnos, romelic maSinve mo-

iwvevs saxelmwifoTa sabWos [13, 6].

1933 wlis maisSi, damoukideblobis aRdgenis 15 wlisTav-

Tan dakavSirebiT, kavkasiis damoukideblobis komitetma kav-

kasiis xalxebisadmi kavkasiis konfederaciis proeqti da mi-

marTva gamoaqveyna. am proeqts maRali Sefaseba misca qar-

Tvelma emigrantma mecnierma mixeil musxeliSvilma.

1934 wlis 14 ivniss belgiis dedaqalaq briuselSi kavkasi-

is konfederaciis paqts xeli moaweres saqarTvelos demokra-

177

tiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordaniam,

saqarTvelis sruluflebianma elCma safrangeTSi akaki Cxen-

kelma, Crdilo kavkasielebma mamed girei sunSim, ibragim Cu-

likma da tausultan Sakmanma, azerbaijanis yofilma sagareo

saqmeTa ministrma, Semdeg azerbaijanis parlamentis Tavmjdo-

marem _ ali mardan beg TofCibaSevma, azerbaijanis erovnuli

sabWos yofilma Tavmjdomarem, im dros erovnuli centris

xelmZRvanelma emin rasul-zadem [14, 33].

kavkasiis konfederaciis paqtSi Camoyalibebuli iyo kon-

federaciis fuZemdebeli principebi, romelic urTierTTa-

nasworobas efuZneboda. kavkasiis xalxebis erovnul-ganmanTa-

visuflebeli brZolis xelmZRvaneli unda yofiliyo sagange-

bod arCeuli kavkasiuri sabWo da misi aRmasrulebeli orga-

no-prezidiumi. paqtSi datovebuli iyo adgili somxeTisaT-

vis, romelmac maSin konfederaciaSi monawileoba ar isurva.

kavkasiis konfederaciis proeqtze, Tavisi kritikuli Se-

niSvnebi gamoaqveyna emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTvelma iuristma

vladimer emuxvarma (1891-1961 ww.). proeqtis saxelwodebasTan

dakavSirebiT v. emuxvari wers: `...proeqts ewodeba konfede-

raciis proeqti. avtorni ganmartebiT werilSi xazs usvamen im

garemoebas, rom isini konfederaciisaken da ara federaciisa-

ken miiltvian. maSasadame, xmaroben cnebas konfederacias Ta-

vis gansakuTrebul, federaciisgan gansxvavebul, mniSvnelo-

biT, magram proeqtidan naTlad sCans, rom mis avtorebs ar

aqvT sakmarisad gaTvaliswinebuli buneba konfederaciisa da

misi gansxvaveba federaciisagan. konfederaciaSi, ise rogorc

federaciaSi, centraluri organos xelSi gadadis esa Tu is

dargi saxelmwifoebrivi politikis, magram im gansxvavebiT,

rom konfederaciaSi es gamoyofili dargi warmoadgens, ro-

gorc sagans konfederaciis politikisas, agreTve, konfede-

ratul erTeulisas. vinaidan yoveli dadgenileba konfedera-

ciisa ZalaSi Sedis mxolod Semdeg imisa, rodesac es dadgeni-

leba iqneba garCeuli da miRebuli konfederaciis Semadgenel

erTeulebis mier, Tanaxmad maTSi arsebul konstituciisa...

Tu vigulisxmebT, rom konstitucia federaciis da federa-

tul erTeulebis demokratiulia, federacia zRudavs suve-

renitets erTeulisas, magram is xeluxleblad stovebs suve-

renitets xalxisas, ukanaskneli mis mier arCeul warmomadgen-

lebis meoxebiT kanonmdeblobs, rogorc Semadgenel erTeul-

178

Si, agreTve, TviT kavSirSidac da kontrols uwevs aRmasru-

lebel organoTa moqmedebas. maSasadame, konfederacia amya-

rebs saxelmwifoTa kooperacias, TanamSromlobas, federacia

ki qmnis saxelmwifoTa saxelmwifos, ze saxelmwifos. SesaZle-

belia kavkasiis erebi daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs konfederaci-

is gziT an federaciis gziT, magram yovel SemTxvevaSi unda

iqnas daculi buneba kavSiris im formisa, romelic iqneba maT

mier Seqmnili. dauSvebelia, erTi formis buneba iqnas meore

formis bunebaSi areuli. proeqti ki, romelzedac Cven gvaqvs

mkiTxvelTan saubari, sCadis swored am Secdomas~ [15, 7]. v.

emuxvari ewinaaRmdegeboda konfederaciaSi federaciis elemen-

tebis Setanas, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebrivi po-

litikis zogierT dargSi eris suvereniteti uqmdeba da demok-

ratiis nacvlad avtokratia myardeba. misi azriT, aseT Secdo-

mas uSvebdnen kavkasiis konfederaciis paqtis proeqtis avto-

rebi. igi wers: `...Tanaxmad proeqtisa, konfederacias ufleba

aqvs omis gamocxadebis, maSasadame ara marto misTvis gamocxa-

debul omis mogvarebis, aramed sxvisTvis omis gamocxadebis. es

ki Tanamedrove sagareo uflebis ZaliT akrZalulia, maSasada-

me paqti, romelic akuTvnebs konfederacias omis uflebas, ver

waredgineba erTa ligas aRsanusxavad da maSasadame, Tanamed-

rove sagareo uflebis gareSe unda darCes...~ [15, 9].

v. emuxvari realobidan gamomdinare, iTvaliswinebda im

faqts, rom kavkasiis erebi komunisturi reJimis mZime uRlis

qvS imyofebodnen, Tumca msoflio istoriis kanonzomierebi-

dan gamomdinare, es reJimi adre Tu gvian damarcxdeboda. aseT

SemTxvevaSi, kavkasiis erebs erTa ligis eqspertebis xelmZRva-

neloba dasWirdebodaT. igi gulisxmobda kavkasiis erTa cxov-

rebis mowesrigebis saqmeSi erTa ligis Carevas ara marto man-

datis formiT, aramed ligis xelmZRvanelobiT da daxmarebiT,

kavkasiis erTa normaluri cxovrebis aRdgenas. igi wers: `...er-

Ta liga daxmarebia ara erT gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil ers. misi

daxmarebiT da xelmZRvanelobiT aRadgina gapartaxebisagan

normaluri cxovreba iseTma kulturulma erma, rogoric aris

avstria; ufro metis masStabiT da metis xniT dasWirdebaT li-

gis daxmareba kulturulad CamorCenil da komunisturi reJi-

mis mier Zalze gapartaxebul kavkasiis erebs...~ [15, 9].

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, erTiani

kavkasiis ideam kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. kavkasi-

179

el xalxTa solidaroba sakmaod did safrTxes warmoadgens

dRevandeli ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis, radgan rusul sao-

kupacio Zalisxmevas seriozul saSiSroebas uqmnis.


1. guram SaraZe, ucxoeTis cis qveS, wigni pirveli, gamomcem-

loba `merani~, Tbilisi, 1991.

2. lela saraliZe, qarTveli emigranti mecnierebi da evro-

pis gaerTianebis idea, JurnalSi: Caucasus journal of social sciences, volume IV, the university of Georgia press, vol. 4, pp. 243-251, Tbilisi, 2011. www.ug.edu.ge

3. Michel Mouskhély, Structures fédérales, Presses d'Europe Troyes, Impr. la Renaissance, Paris, 1964.

4. giorgi gvazava, mTliani kavkasia, gazeTi `mamuliSvili~,

#2, 12, gv. 3, parizi, 1926.

5. gazeTi `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~, #15, parizi, 1922.

6. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio

arqivi, fondi 1864, aRwera 2, saqme #909.





9. lela saraliZe, qarTuli politikuri emigracia da kavka-

siis gaerTianebis idea, (1921-1934 ww.), krebulSi: istorii-

sa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, XIV-XV, ivane java-

xiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti,

gamomcemloba Tsu, Tbilisi, 2016-2017.

10. m. musxeliSvili, konfederaciaSi Sesul saxelmwifoTa su-

verenoba, gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, #76, pari-

zi, 1932.

11. m. musxeliSvili, ramdenime SeniSvna kavkasiis konfedera-

ciis paqtis proeqtisaTvis, gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqar-

Tvelo~, #75, parizi, 1932.

12. m. musxeliSvili, kavkasiis konfederaciis paqti, samSob-

lo, #16, parizi, 1934.

13. m. musxeliSvili, saxeloTa ganawileba, gazeTi `damouki-

debeli saqarTvelo~, #79, parizi, 1932.

180

14. Рамиз Абуталыбов, Мамед Эмин Расулзаде и Кавказская Конфеде-рация, Издательство `Социально-политическая МЫСЛЬ~, Москва, 2011.

15. vladimer emuxvari, kavkasiis konfederaciis paqtisaTvis,

gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, #76, parizi, 1932.

Lela Saralidze Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbili-si State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Insti-tute of History and Ethnology, Senior scien-tist researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Georgian Immigrant Scientist Mikheil Muskhelishvili and the

Idea of the Unity Caucasus

Summary

On the basis of an archival and a press materials, the contribution of the Georgian immigrant scholar Mikheil Musxelishvili, for the Idea of the unity Caucasus is discussed in this article. Mikheil Musxelishvili was born in 1903, 8 july, in a family of a famous eye doctor Vakhtang Musxelishvili. Mikhail Musxelishvili from 1921 october, went to Germany, where he was styding in Getingene and Miukhen university, and then in France _ Lion and Paris universities, where he got higher juridical education. In 1932-1933 he was a lector in Paris university’s highest international research institute. In 1935-1948, he was working as a professor in Cairo’s French school and in Cairo university. In 1948-1964, he became the professor of Strasburg university on a faculty of juridical political sciences, where he worked until he passed away. In 1948-1951, he founded interuniversity federation, where he was a president. From 1954, he was the founder of European university association and he was chosen two times as a general secretary there. In Strasburg Mikhail Musxelishvili created ÙSSA and western countries research center~, which was known as a `Musxeli Center~. He was the award holder of the Àcademic palm~. He founded big collection with famous scientists which are George Kedel, Rober Mosse, Gui Ero, Henry Shambir and others. In his center Mikhail Musxelishvili published two large volume, these volume’s

181

have his introduction. Both of these volumes gained recognition, as in international juridical science world as in press.

On June 10, 1921, representatives of the Caucasian Republics signed a declaration. October-November 1924, in Paris, Azerbaijan, Georgia and the North Caucasus representatives formed Caucasian committee, which should have been organize the struggle for liberation the Caucasus from the Russian Soviet occupation troops. The main condition for the Armenian delegation was the improvement of relations with the Ottoman Empire.

M. Musxelishvili supported the Idea of the unity Caucasus. He actively participated in the creation of the Caucasus Confederation Pact. In 1932, the National Center developed a project of the Caucasus Confederation Pact, that was the first attempt for union all four of the Caucasus Republic of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and the north Caucasus of the legal forms. The main role of the Caucasus Confederation Pact was cooperative of defense and diplomatic of the Caucasus States. In 1932, the project of `the Pact of the Confederation of the Caucasus~ was published on the pages of the Georgian Emigrant newspaper Ìndependent Georgia~, which was developed in Paris, by the Georgian National Center and the Caucasus Independence Committee. Georgian emigrant scientist Mikheil Musxelishvili contributed greatly to the development of this pact. Despite the fact that the Caucasian States were in the throes of the Bolshevik regime, he believed that the idea of unity of the Caucasus was important. According to M. Muskhelishvili, the confederation is based on the agreement, the federation _ the constitution. Confederation is the union of countries, and federation is, also, a community of individuals, where the law dominates the power. On July 14, 1934 a pact signed in Brussel, which was an agreement with the Confederation of the Caucasus. Armenian political emigration has’not joined the Pact of Confederation, which has been a violation of the Idea of unity the Caucasus. The Idea of unity the Caucasus is still relevant today, as the Russian Government continues the struggle against the former republics with the same methods.

After the restoration of Georgia's independence, the Idea of the united Caucasus acquired much greater importance. Caucasian solidarity creates a serious threat for the Russian occupation effort.

182

nato sonRulaSvili




xelobis istoriis da eTnologiis in-


ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli

qarTuli emigraciis moRvaweoba saerTaSoriso

asparezze XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

yvela epoqas Tavisi ideologia gaaCnia da epoqis gamowve-

vebidan gamomdinare xSirad icvleba ideebi da sistemebi. XX

saukunis ideologiebs Soris sabWoTa reJimis mTavari amosa-

vali idea komunizmi erT-erT mZlavr da damkvidrebul for-

mas warmoadgenda, romlis ZiriTadi mizani axali sistemis

daqvemdebarebaSi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis gawevrianeba iyo.

marTalia, es yovelive martivad misaRwev saSualebas ar war-

moadgenda, magram sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi

maqsimalurad cdilobdnen es yvelaferi realobad eqciaT.

ra garemoebebma iqonia gavlena sabWoTa ruseTis mier sa-

qarTvelos dapyrobaze?

1. a) rogorc cnobilia, jer mefis ruseTis da Semdeg sab-

WoTa ruseTis dros xelisufalTa mTavar amosaval mizans

warmoadgenda kavkasiis da maT Soris konkretulad saqarTve-

los sruli damorCileba. mTeli XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi

mefis ruseTi mizanmimarTulad cdilobda sakuTari Zalauf-

lebis ganmtkicebas saqarTveloSi da amisTvis ar erideboda

Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebas. 117 wlis manZilze ruseTma

moaxerxa da sakuTari gavlenis qveS moaqcia qarTuli saxel-

mwifo, romelic daimorCila ara mxolod politikuri, aramed

religiuri, kulturuli kuTxiTac. eklesiis avtokefaliis

gauqmebis Semdeg qarTveli samRvdeloeba xelfexSekruli aR-

moCnda da miuxedavad winaaRmdegobisa, ruseTis xelisufle-

bam qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia rus egzarqosebs Caa-

bara. erTi sityviT, ruseTis xelisuflebam yvela Rones mi-

marTa, raTa qarTuli sazogadoeba erovnuli cnobierebis Se-

sustebiT da saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebiT sakuTari gavle-

nis qveS moeqcia.

183

verc saqarTvelos samwlianma damoukideblobam gamoiRo

Sedegi da mcdelobisda miuxedavad 1921 wlidan ukve sabWoTa

ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ru-

seTis 117 wlis mmarTvelobidan gamomdinare safuZveli ukve

Seqmnili iyo da saqarTvelo kvlav axali problemebis winaSe

aRmoCnda.

b) aqve SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, rogoria saerTaSoriso

viTareba da ras akeTeben dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi sabWoTa

ruseTis agresiis SesaCereblad. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis

naklad unda CaiTvalos is faqti, rom jer kidev 1920 wels

saqarTvelo ar miiRes erTa ligis wevrad. SesaZloa, erTa li-

gaSi miRebas raime qmediTi nabijebi arc mohyoloda saqarTve-

losTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca is faqti, rom dasavleTis saxel-

mwifoebis umravlesoba gulgrilobas iCenda Cveni qveynis mi-

marT am magaliTidanac naTlad gamoCnda.

aqedan gamomdinare, ruseTs gza xsnili hqonda da isic Se-

Cerebas ar apirebda. èvropis Jandarmi~ ukve kavkasiaSi axali

ideologiiT, axali ZalebiT poziciebis ganmtkicebas iwyebs.

qarTveli emigrantebis brZola Tavisuflebis mopovebi-

saTvis grZeldeba emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdegac.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavluri saxelmwifoebis damokide-

buleba saqarTvelos mimarT araerTgvarovania. bunebrivia,

iluzia iqneboda qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebs evro-

pis mxridan absolutur daxmarebaze efiqra, Tumca molodini

Tavidan mainc meti iyo. TiToeuli saxelmwifos amosavali

principi sakuTari qveynis keTildReobaze zrunvaa, Tumca

qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebs cda ar daukliaT maTi

mxridan yuradRebis misapyrobad da daxmarebis mosapoveblad.

bunebrivia, qarTuli politikuri elitis mizani saqarTvelos

damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba iyo, Tumca nel-nela isic

kargad gaacnobieres ra daxmarebis aRmoCenis survili Tu Se-

saZlebloba gaaCnda evropas. bunebrivia, ar iqneboda swori

dasavleTis mimarT zedmetad gadaWarbebuli molodini hqo-

noda qarTul emigracias, miT umetes im fonze, rodesac sa-

erTaSoriso mdgomareoba metismetad daZabuli iyo da TiToe-

uli saxelmwifo sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis far-

glebSi Zalauflebis SenarCunebas cdilobda.

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi radikaluri nabijebis ga-

dadgmas is faqtic abrkolebda, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba

184

naklebad iyo informirebuli saqarTvelos, rogorc saxel-

mwifos Sesaxeb, rasac ganapirobebda, rogorc qarTuli kul-

turuli da politikuri elitis SesaZleblobis nakleboba sa-

erTaSoriso asparezze gaetana saqarTvelos saxeli, agreTve

amas emateboda sabWoTa ruseTis gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba

msoflio sazogadoebis TvalSi saqarTvelo mis Semadgenel

nawilad warmoedgina da daerwmunebina yvela sakuTari moqme-

debebis legitimurobaSi.

istoriis Sefasebis procesSi, bunebrivia aucilebelia

obieqturobis dacva da yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe mov-

lenaTa Seswavla. rodesac sabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos Se-

saxeb vwerT, bunebrivia, rTulia gverdi auaro im tragikul

epizodebs, romelsac adgili hqonda Cveni qveynis istoriaSi

mTeli 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi. obieqturoba moiTxovs iTqvas,

rom sabWoTa reJimma Tavisi uaryofiTi daRi daamCnia saqar-

Tvelos da qarTul sazogadoebas.

mainc ra iyo sabWoTa sistemis mTavari amosavali princi-

pi?

bunebrivia, sabWoTa ruseTis moRvaweoba da saerTaSoriso

asparezze damkvidrebisaTvis brZola mxolod 1921 wlidan ar

dawyebula da am yovelives garkveuli Canasaxi ufro adre ga-

aCnda, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Tavidanve naTlad gamoaCina

Tavisi agresiuli saxe sabWoTa xelisuflebam, jer kidev sab-

WoTa kavSiris Camoyalibebamde. is statusi, rac jer kidev me-

fis ruseTma moipova, rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo sferoSi

mas aZlevda imis saSualebas sakuTari survilis mixedviT

emoqmeda da zogerT SemTxvevaSi sxva saxelmwifoebisTvisac

mieTiTebina ra principiT earseba Tu ganviTarebuliyo.

ratom dauSva aSS-m Tu evropam sabWoTa ruseTis agreso-

ris rolSi gamoCena da damkvidreba?

rTulia calsaxad pasuxis gacema Cvens mier dasmul kiT-

xvaze, Tumca faqti erTia, 1921 wlidan moyolebuli 1991

wlamde sabWoTa xelisufleba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis aSlasa Tu daregulirebaSi.

rodesac aRniSnul sakiTxze vsaubrobT, xazi unda gaesvas

im garemoebas, rom rodesac sabWoTa ruseTi gamodis asparez-

ze aSS gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT ar gamoirCeva, is jer ki-

dev sruliad ar iyo gamosuli jeims monros mier miRebuli

doqtrinis dacvisagan, marTalia aSS-s prezidenti vudro

185

vilsoni aqtiurad cdilobs mimdinare movlenebis dareguli-

rebaSi garkveuli roli iTamaSos, Tumca pirveli msoflio

omis daskvniT etapze CarTva garkveulwilad misi pasiurobis-

ken miuTiTebs. Tumca, albaT ufro savaraudoa, aSS fexs nel-

nela da mtkiced ikidebda. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi krizi-

suli iyo, rogorc evropisTvis, romelsac pirveli msoflio

omi axali gadatanili hqonda mTeli simwvaviT, agreTve aSS-

Tvis, sadac ekonomikuri krizisi mZlavrobda.

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo meore msoflio

omi da msofliosTvis komunizmze ufro saSiSi mteri faSis-

turi germania aRmoCnda. am yovelivem ki sabWoTa sistemis ki-

dev ufro met ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTve-

loSi masStabur gamosvlebs adgili ar hqonia, qarTul emig-

racias ar Seuwyvetia brZola saqarTvelos saxelis saerTaSo-

riso asparezze gatanisaTvis da mxardamWerebis mopovebisaT-

vis.

saqarTvelos saxelis saerTaSoriso asparezze gatanis am-

saxvelia simon mdivnis werilebi varSavidan noe Jordaniasa

da akaki Cxenkelisadmi da andria guguSvilis werilebi lon-

donidan agreTve akaki Cxenkelisadmi. 1930 wlis 5 seqtembris

simon mdivnis gzavnilSi saubaria Semdeg sakiTxebze: àmJamad

aq Cvens mdgomareobas fesvebi magari aqvs, Tumca rogorc yo-

velgvar mcenares xan didi sicxe da xan gamudmebuli wvima

awuxebs, ise Cven mdgomareobas aqvs Tavisi Rrubliani dReebi

da xan qariSxalis cud gavlenas ganicdis. vin aris damnaSave?

Cemi azriT, orive mxare, meti wili Cvenia.

1. Cveni megobrebi SiSoben, rom saqarTvelos social-de-

mokratia internacionalis da ruseTis socialisturi partie-

bis zegavleniT ruseTis orientacias ar dabruneboda. vin uw-

yobda am SiSs xels? Cveni opozicia, dauridebeli dava Cven

mokavSireebTan, veragoba zogierTi Cveni mokavSireebisa da

ruseTis socialisturi presis ieriSebi social-demokratiis

winaaRmdeg da amisda mixedviT SesaZlebloba ruseTis demok-

ratiasTan SeTanxmebisa damoukideblobis daTmobiT.

Cveni megobrebi moklebuli arian Cven Jurnal-gazeTebs

Tvalyuri adevnon. ar yavT sando da qarTuli enis mcodne pi-

ri. yovelgvar Cven nawer masalas isini agroveben an Cveni

opozicionerebis SemweobiT an kidev drogamoSvebiT rusul

186

gazeTebis saSualebiT. Cven Tavad erTxelac ar mogviwodebia

Targmani im masalisa, romelic Cven Jurnal-gazeTebSi ibeWde-

ba da exeba internacionalSi da rusul socialistur da de-

mokratiul partiebTan qarTuli social-demokratiuli par-

tiis brZolas~ [1, 3].

1934 wlis 9 martis londonidan gagzavnili andria guguS-

vilis werilSi aRniSnulia: `pirvel yovlisa, unda iTqvas,

rom aq, londonSi da miT umetes inglisSi saerTod, sazoga-

doebrivi azri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb srulebiT ar arsebobs.

saWiroa, maSasadame sazogadoebrivi azris damuSaveba.

sazogadoebrivi azris dasamuSaveblad aucileblad saWi-

roa wesis an sazogadoebis daarseba.

saWiroa daarsdes ori seriozuli sazogadoeba, mniSvne-

lovan pirTa xelmZRvanelobiT, romelTa garSemo Zalas Semo-

ikreben proqarTuli da pro kavkasiuri elementebi.

erTi unda iqnes wminda literaturul-istoriuli sazoga-

doeba da meore _ wminda politikuri.

literaturul-istoriuli sazogadoebis mizani iqneba ga-

acnos ingliss saqarTvelos istoria, literatura, kultura,

erTi sityviT mTeli misi sayuradRebo warsuli; misi Rirseba-

ni da Rirebuleba, rogorc erisa da saxelmwifosi.

politikuri sazogadoebis mizani ki _ brZolaa Cveni eris

uflebaTa aRdgenisaTvis.

politikuri muSaoba rom savsebiT nayofieri iqnes saWi-

roa misi mtkice niadagze mtkice mizniT dayeneba da vinaidan

eseni aq Cven srulebiT ar gvicnoben, ar ician ra araferi

Cveni erovnul-kulturuli Rirsebisa da moTxovnilebisa.

aseT politikur muSaobas win unda uZRodes kulturuli mu-

Saoba, sazogadoebrivi azris damzadeba.

mizanSewonilobisaTvis saWiroa pirvelad literaturul-

istoriuli sazogadoeba daarsdes da mxolod Semdeg, rode-

sac es sazogadoeba fexs moidgams _ da amas ar unda moundes

6-12 Tvis meti _ amave sazogadoebis wevrTa mier da iniciati-

viT politikuri sazogadoeba. politikuri sazogadoebis da-

arseba dResac SeiZleba, rasakvirvelia, magram niadagis mo-

samzadeblad amasac dasWirdeba kulturuli muSaoba, saqar-

Tvelos vinaobis axsna da sazogadoebrivi azris, vTqvaT, aR-

zrda. amitom ufro mizanSewonili iqneba am ori miznis gan-

calkeveba.

187

ori erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli sazogadoebis daarseba

kidev imitom aris kargi, rom bevria xalxi, romelic politi-

kur sazogadoebaSi ar Caewereba, magram kulturul sazoga-

doebaSi Caewereboda. kulturul sazogadoebaSi saqarTve-

losTan ukve kargad gacnobili wevri, ra Tqma unda, drois

ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos politikaSic dainteresdeba, amna-

irad bolos igic gaxdeba Cveni politikuri TanamgrZnobi~ [2,

9-10].

XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi parizSi daarsda `Tavisufal

qarTvelTa kavSiri~, romelsac Semdegi gegma gaaCnda: `Tavisu-

fal qarTvelTa kavSirs ara aqvs araviTari partiuli, jgu-

furi xasiaTi: e. i. is miznad ar isaxavs eris Sinagan politi-

kur da socialur wyobis sakiTxebs surs:

1. misces saSualeba gaerTianebul muSaobisa yovel

ltolvil qarTvels, romelic erovnul simaRleze dadgeba

da saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis sakiTxs mTavar miznad dai-

saxavs.

2. ruseTis mier dapyrobil erTa ltolvilebis ojaxSi

Sesvla da gaerTianebul ZaliT erovnul uflebebis mopoveba.

3. saqarTvelos sakiTxis damuSaveba da dasma yovel im Za-

lebis da saxelmwifoebis winaSe, romlebic win gadaudgnen, an

gadaudgebian ruseTis wiTel imperializms.

4. droisa da pirobebis SerCeviT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb me-

morandumebis SemuSaveba da wardgena ama Tu im qveynis ofici-

alur uwyebaTa, organizaciaTa, pasuxismgeb pirovnebaTa wina-

Se da saerTaSoriso dawesebulebaTa mimarT.

5. ucxoel mwerloba-presa-radio-sinemasTan mudmivi kav-

Siri da maTi saSualebiT erovnuli sakiTxis gaSuqeba.

6. erovnuli Sinaarsis moxsenebebiT gamosvla rogorc

qarTul, ise ucxo sazogadoebaSi da saerTod kulturul mu-

Saobis warmoeba [rogorc: samSoblo sinamdvilis Seswavla,

axalgazrdobis movla da misi erovnuli momzadeba da sxva.].

7. mudmivi kavSiris Seqmna da ganzraxul muSaobaSi Cabma

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gadaxvewil qarTvel ltolvilebisa.

8. saxifaTo movlenebis SemTxvevaSi: emigraciaze zrunva

misi fizikur da moralur gadarCenis mizniT~ [3].

evropaSi Camoyalibebuli promeTeuli moZraobis mTavari

amosavali principi 1937-1938 wlebSi Semdegi iyo: `promeTeu-

li moZraobis saerTo fronti aris nacionaluri xasiaTis, ra-

188

ica aerTebs yvela Cagrul erebs. ideologiuri platforma

aris damarRveveli da gamTiSveli elementi. verc erTi eri da

misi organizacia Tavze ver moaxvevs meore ers reJims, es

aris TviTeuli ganmaTavisuflebeli eris saSinao saqme. Cveni

Semwe da Tanamgzavria yvela im sferoebSi, vinc ebrZvis ruse-

Tis mTlianobas da iTxovs Cagrul erTa ganTavisuflebas, mi-

uxedavad am sferoebis ideologiisa da reJimisa. kavkasiis

konfederaciuli sabWo agebulia ara marto nacionalur er-

Tobaze, aramed amasTanave ideologiur erTobazedac, rac

iyo miRebuli kavkasiis pirvel konfederaciaze 1935 wels da

gamoqveynebulia~ [4, 3].

akaki Cxenkelis monacemebiT 1946 wlisTvis qarTvel emig-

rantTa raodenoba sazRvargareT ase gamoiyureboda: 1. saf-

rangeTSi _ 1500; 2. germaniaSi _ 500; 3. italiaSi _ 300; 4. in-

glisSi _ 100; 5. belgiaSi _ 70; 6. saberZneTSi _ 35; 7. ispaniaSi

_ 50; 8. TurqeTSi _ 20; 9. iranSi _ (TeiranSi _ 100) _ 300; man-

juriaSi (xarbini) _ 5000; sul: 7. 475; arian gafantulad

ltolvilni skandinaviaSi, SahaiSi da sxvagan~ [5, 2].

emigraciaSi wasvlis periodidan moyolebuli qarTuli

politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi yovelnairad cdilob-

dnen dasavleTis dainteresebas saqarTveloTi, mis gacnobas

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSe, misi saWiroebis gamokve-

Tas da misi geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis wina planze wamowe-

vas. aRniSnulis saWiroeba metad didi iyo, radgan dasavluri

saxelmwifoebis warmodgena saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi pir-

vel rigSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier miwodebuli informaciidan

gamomdinareobda, es ukanaskneli ki bunebrivia yvela Rones

xmarobda sakuTari legitimurobis dasamtkiceblad.

qarTveli emigraciis warmomadgenlebs Soris mimoweridan

naTlad irkveva maTi aqtiuroba saqarTvelos rogorc saxel-

mwifos gasacnobad saerTaSoriso asparezze, ris saWiroebac

namdvilad aucilebeli iyo, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSne

sabWoTa ruseTi maqsimalurad cdilobda sakuTari uflebebis

samarTlianobis damtkicebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi araswori in-

formaciis miwodebasac ki ar erideboda dasavluri saxelmwi-

foebisadmi. es pirvel rigSi ukavSirdeboda im faqts, rom sa-

erTaSoriso sazogadoeba daerwmunebina mis mier ganxorcie-

lebuli qmedebebis saWiroebaSi kavkasiasTan da kerZod, sa-

qarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.

189

ra meTodebs mimarTavda qarTuli politikuri emigracia

aRniSnuli mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad?

rogorc saarqivo masalebi, emigrantuli presa mowmobs,

qarTuli politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi aqtiurad

cdilobdnen sakuTari uflebebis legitimacias, saqarTvelos

saxelis saerTaSoriso asparezze gatanas, dasavleli politi-

kosebis da ara marto, darwmunebas saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis aucileblobaSi. es procesi gansakuTrebuli gamomxat-

velobiT gamoirCeoda XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mimdinare sa-

erTaSoriso konferenciebze, Tumca aRniSnuli qmedeba arc

Semdgomi wlebis ganmavlobaSi Senelebula.

marTalia, qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebs Soris

arsebobda garkveuli gansxvaveba politikur msoflmxedvelo-

bas Soris, Tumca mizani erTi iyo: dasavluri sazogadoebis

darwmuneba maTi saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mosapoveblad.



arqivi, f. 1831, aRw. 2, saqme #170.




arqivi, f. 1831, aRw. 2 saqme #294.





190

Nato Songhulashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, scientist-researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Georgian Emigration in the International Relations

(30s of the XX century)

Summary

There are many scientific works dedicated to the Soviet system in the Georgian and foreign historiography, and accordingly there occur various positions and attitudes. Hence, it is difficult and at the same time necessary to view the issues related to this period from a different angle and carry out new, objective research, find comprehensive answers to various questions, which still necessitate investigation.

The events, which had place in the period of 1921-1991, have often become the objects of scientific research and there is immense specialist literature in this regard. However, the time transforms the attitudes towards the facts, evaluation trends also change, and in a concrete period, it becomes necessary to reconsider and reveal the tabooed facts of history. The ideological survivals of the Soviet system still affect the mentality of the part of the post-Soviet society. This situation is favored by unilateral coverage of the information and the ignorance of definite historical sources by the wide circles of the society. The monographs of the Soviet times are mainly subjective and correspond to the standards of the ideology of the epoch.

191

SoTa vadaWkoria

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, iva-

ne javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis






ganaxlebuli erovnuli sabWos Seqmnis mcdeloba

da qarTuli emigracia (1951-1955 ww.)

qarTuli emigraciisaTvis saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis sa-

kiTxis saocnebo sagnad gadaqcevis miuxedavad, maT praqti-

kul saqmianobaSi urTierTdapirispireba zeaRmatebul safe-

xurs aRwevda. politikuri partiebis liderTa Sexedulebebi

da gegmebi saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi, ur-

TierTgamomricxav Sexedulebebs Seicavda. emigraciis SigniT

aseTi dapirispireba pragmatuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas

da saerTo saqmis win wawevas uSlida xels. 1922-1940 wlebSi

mimdinare dapirispirebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis mware gamoc-

dilebis miuxedavad, 50-iani wlebis qarTul emigraciaSi es

mavne `virusi~ isev amoqmedda. arada, TaobaTa cvlis Sedegad,

qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis sivrceSi Seqmnili vakumiT

warmoqmnili xarvezis amovseba, erTiani samoqmedo gegmis Se-

muSavebas da xeli-xelCakidebuli formiT moqmedebas moiT-

xovda. qarTuli emigraciis ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebs

kargad axsovdaT evropis qveynebis liderTa dapirebebis Se-

usrulebloba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki evropeli liderebi qar-

Tveli emigrantebis saqmianobaSi politikur qaoss dainaxavda,

es faqtori maTTvis, qarTuli emigraciisadmi indiferentuli

damokidebulebis xelCasaWidi gasaRebi gaxdeboda. am mxriv,

uaRresad sayuradRebo Sexedulebaa gamoTqmuli `yofili erov-

nuli mTavrobis amocanebis Sesaxeb~ 1954 wels daweril doku-

mentSi. masSi gamafrTxilebeli formiT iyo miTiTebuli: 1) war-

sulis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, garedan didi daxmarebis

miReba qarTuli emigraciisadmi gamoricxuli iyo. saukeTeso

politikur megobrebs evropis qveynis liderebi xSirad uyu-

radRebod tovebdnen da mizezad or faqtors asaxelebdnen: a)

192

mouclelobas da b) TavianTi qveynis saqmeebiT gadatvirTvas; 2)

aucilebloba moiTxovda: a) umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebSi qarTu-

li emigraciis erTsulovnebas; b) erTiani avtoritetuli mako-

ordinirebeli organos Seqmnas, romelic memkvidreobiT miRe-

buli yvela saqmeebis gaZRolis pasuxismgeblobas aiRebda. imav-

droulad, angariSs gauwevda im qveynis administraciis intere-

sebs, sadac qarTuli emigracia imyofeboda; 3) emigranti amom-

rCevlebis safuZvelze Seqmnili axali organizaciis da misi aR-

masrulebeli komitetis Semadgenlobis arCevis iseTi procedu-

ra unda damkvidrebuliyo, romelic xelmZRvanelobaSi emigra-

ciis axali Taobis warmomadgenlebis Seyvanas Seuwyobda xels.

saWiroebisamebr mTeli saqmianobis gadaxalisebas moaxdenda da

rac mTavaria, 4) emigraciis gaxangrZlivebis SemTxvevaSi, aRniS-

nuli organos saqmeebis Taobidan-Taobisadmi gadacema Seufer-

xeblad ganxorcieldeboda. aseTi saprogramo debulebebis miu-

xedavad, TviT qarTuli social-demokratiis rigebSi gaTiSu-

loba da urTierTdapirispireba SenarCunebuli iqna. es faqti,

gadamdeb senad SeiZleba qceuliyo im TaobisaTvis, romelzedac

qarTuli emigraciis liderebi dawyebuli saqmis bolomde miyva-

nis imeds amyarebda. arada, arsebuli situacia dasaxuli miznis

damuxruWebis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgenda.

oficialuri dokumentebis mixedviT, qarTuli emigraciis

samTavrobo frTis warmomadgenlebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis

mowinaaRmdege yvela ZalebTan TanamSromlobis da erTiani sa-

moqmedo programis SemuSavebis survils gamoTqvamdnen. amiT

qarTvelTa erovnul miswrafebebs TanaugrZnobda. am fonze

Tuki ganvixilavT social-demokratiuli partiis SigniT ar-

sebul dapirispirebas, igi veranair kritikas ver uZlebs. 1951

wlis monacemebiT, emigraciaSi myofi social-demokratiuli

partia or nawilad iyo gaxleCili. es faqti emigraciis rigeb-

Si antisabWouri saqmianobis erT-erT Semaferxebel barierad

SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli. miTumetes, qveynis okupaciis Semdeg

qarTvelTa interesebisaTvis mebrZoli Zalis evropis poli-

tikur sivrceSi erTmaneTTan opoziciis ampluaSi yofna, maTi

diskreditaciisTvis xelSemwyob pirobebs qmnida. meore mxriv,

arsebuli realoba emigraciis qarTvel social-demokratias

antisabWouri saqmianobis da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis lideris funqcias akargvinebda. es saSiSroeba ima-

ve social-demokratiuli partiis liderebisgan droulad iq-

193

na aRqmuli da Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamosworebas Seecad-

nen. dasaxul mizans emsaxureboda social-demokratiuli par-

tiis orive mimdinareobis liderTa iniciativiT parizSi mow-

veuli TaTbiri (1951 wlis ivlis-agvisto). am RonisZiebas es-

wrebodnen: parizis social-demokratiuli organizaciidan

gr. urataZe da k. gvarjalaZe; parizis gaerTianebuli soci-

al-demokratiuli organizaciidan n. cincaZe da r. arseniZe.

TaTbirze ori sakiTxi iqna ganxiluli: 1) erovnul-ganma-

Tavisuflebeli muSaobis ZiriTadi principebi, romliTac or-

ganizacias samomavlod unda exelmZRvanela da 2) erovnuli

politikuri centris wesdebis proeqti. saoqmo Canawerebidan

irkveva, rom pirveli sakiTxis ganxilvisas TaTbiris monawi-

leebma sruli mxardaWera gamoucxada im politikur kurss,

romelic aSS-is da sxva demokratiuli qveynebis xelisufalT

hqondaT aRebuli erebisa da adamianTa uflebrivi mdgomare-

obis dasacavad sabWoTa komunisturi tiraniis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad. amis Sesaxeb imave dokumentSi garkveviT aris

miTiTebuli: òrive mxare Tanaxmani arian, rom ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli muSaobis procesSi... davukavSirdeT... yvela demokra-

tiul Zalebs moskovis mier daCagruli erebisas da TviT rusi

xalxis im demokrtiul dajgufebebs, romelnic udaod scno-

ben qarTveli xalxis uflebas TviT ganagon Tavisi bedi da

saerTod yvela erebisaTvis aRiareben TviTgamorkvevis ufle-

bas urezervod~. aseTi poziciis oficialurad gacxadebidan

gamomdinare, imave TaTbiris monawileni valdebulni iyvnen

dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcielebeli safexuris mosamzadebe-

li pirobebis Seqmnazedac ezrunaT. TaTbiris stenografiuli

Canawerebidan irkveva, rom am RonisZiebis monawileTa ZiriTa-

di yuradReba qarTuli emigraciis politikuri centris nayo-

fieri muSaobis aucileblobaze da mis samomavlo Sedegebze

iqna gadatanili. aqedan gamomdinare, centris agebulebis Sesa-

xeb miRebuli SeTanxmebis Sedegad, centris daniSnuleba da misi

Semadgenloba Semdegi formiT ganisazRvra: a) axladSeqmnil

centrs Tavis Tavze unda aeRo sazRvargareT gaweuli saqmiano-

bis mTeli pasuxismgebloba. daecva erToblivi muSaobisa da

mTlianobis principi. yovelmxriv ezruna paralelizmis asaci-

leblad; b) centris Semadgenloba politikuri partiebisa da

dajgufebebis warmomadgenlebis bazaze unda dakompleqtebu-

liyo. misi Sevseba im calkeuli pirovnebebiT momxdariyo, ro-

194

melTa saqmianoba centrisTvis sasargeblo iqneboda. imave TaT-

birze erToblivad miRebul gancxadebaSi aRniSnuli iqna: `TaT-

biri imeds gamoTqvams, rom politikuri centris muSaobaSi

orive dajgufeba Seecdeba winaswari molaparakebiT saerTo

krebaze erTi azriT gamovides~. am valdebulebebs xelmoweriT

adasturebdnen: gr. urataZe, k. gvarjalaZe, r. arseniZe da n. cin-

caZe [1, 7].

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miuxedavad, qarTuli emigraci-

is social-demokratiuli partiis politikur ZalTa gaerTiane-

ba SeuZlebeli gaxda. amis Sesaxeb s. asaTiani Tavis publikaciaSi

_ `dRevandeli mdgomareoba da Cveni sakiTxi~ gulistkiviliT

werda, rom qarTul `patara Zalebs bevri ar SeuZlia ra, magram

is ris gakeTebac SeuZlia da ver akeTebs, erTi-meoresTan Seu-

TanxmeblobiT, amas arc Cveni eri da arc misi istoria arasodes

ar gvapatiebs. WeSmaritad kargia, rom saqarTvelos bedi mxo-

lod emigraciaze ar aris damokidebuli, Torem is didi xnidan

daRupuli iqneboda. saqarTvelos xSirad hqonia Tavisi istori-

is gaswvriv mware epizodebi, magram Tavisi gmiruli brZoliT,

gonieri drois Sesaferi politikis warmoebiT isev fexze dam-

dgara da Tavis istoria gaugrZelebia. imedi unda viqonioT, rom

is dRevandel tragediasac gauZlebs! magram vai, Cvens sir-

cxvils! gana Rirsi viqnebiT patriotisa da TavisuflebisTvis

mebrZolis saxelis, Tu Cveni wvlili ar mivitaneT mis sakurTxe-

velze?~ [2, 13-14].

Cems mier motanili am amonaweris mixedviT: a) erovnul-gan-

maTavisuflebeli moZraobis organizaciis saqmis win wawevis

mizniT, qarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis politikuri

Zalebis liderTa konsesusamde misvla da principul sakiTxeb-

ze SeTanxmeba politikurma ambiciurobam CaSala; b) maTi aseTi

qmedeba saerTo saqmisadmi zianis motanis elementebs Seicavda

da saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis sakurTxevelze,

emigraciis social-demokratiuli partiis wvlilis mitanas

aferxebda. aqedan gamomdinare, werilis avtoris daskvna, rom

momavali Taoba da istoria qarTul politikur emigracias aseT

qmedebas ar apatiebda _ simarTlis marcvals Seicavda. dokumen-

tur masalaze dayrdnobiT safuZvlianad unda iqnas Seswavli-

li da mkiTxvelisadmi dasabuTebuli formiT miwodebuli: vin

uSlida xels qarTuli emigraciis `politikurad namsxvrevi~

Zalebis da maT Soris orad gaxleCili social-demokratiuli

195

partiis gaerTianebas, saerTaSoriso arenaze antisabWouri

programiT erToblivad gamosvlas.

emigraciis qarTvelTa erTianobis sakiTxi imdenad aqtua-

luri iyo, rom im periodis emigrantul Jurnal-gazeTebSi am

problematikasTan mimarTebaSi Sesabamisi publikaciebi ibeW-

deboda. am mxriv, Cemi yuradReba miiqcia à. giaZ-is~ fsevdo-

nimiT gamoqveynebulma werilma _ `mudam Tavsatexi sakiTxi~.

masSi garkveviT iyo miTiTebuli: 1) bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg

brZolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb erTiani Tvalsazrisis miuxe-

davad, qarTuli emigracia politikurad daqsaqsuli rCeboda

da dasaxuli miznis safexurebrivad aRmasvlis gamoZebnas ver

axerxebda; 2) Tavisufali azrovnebisa da gansxvavebuli poli-

tikuri Sexedulebebis miuxedavad, dapyrobili qveynis emig-

raciis praqtikul saqmianobas pragmatizmis saxe unda mieRo.

politikur daqsaqsulobasa da urTierTdapirispirebaSi ar

gadazrdiliyo. saqarTvelos sinamdvilis yofidan gamomdina-

re, qarTvelTa saxelmwifos aRdgenamde TiToeuli maTganis

politikuri da ideologiuri SexedulebebiT moqmedeba, po-

litikuri sibrZnis uaryofiT, cdomilebisken gadadgmuli na-

bijiT ar gamovleniliyo.

zemoaRniSnuli SegonebiTi fonis SeqmniT, imave statiis

avtori qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebs savsebiT kanon-

zomierad Seaxsenebda: àq ucxoeTSi ar sjobs, rom viTom po-

litikur brZolas, romelic kerZo SuRlzea agebuli vidre

qarTveli eris interesebis dacvaze, Tavi davaneboT da erTad

darazmulni saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi ga-

verTiandeT?~ sakiTxis aseTi formiT dasma im etapze savsebiT

kanonzomieri iyo. miTumetes, sabWoTa imperiis winaaRmdeg

brZola da am imperiaSi Semavali damonebuli erebis gamosar-

Clebis politikur kurss, im etapze aSS-i edga saTaveSi. es

unikaluri politikuri momenti qarTul emigracias maqsima-

lurad unda gamoeyenebina, Tuki maT rigebSi politikuri sib-

rZne jer kidev amoSanTuli ar iyo. es garemoeba hqonda mxed-

velobaSi imave statiis avtors, roca qarTuli emigraciis mi-

samarTiT werda: `31 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos sakiTxi

ase garkveviT arasodes ar dasmula, rogorc dRes... Zalaune-

burad mTeli progresuli kacobrioba Cveni mokavSirea. yvela

Tavisufali erebis bedi ki damokidebulia Crdilo amerikis

SeerTebul Statebze, romelic saTaveSi udgas bolSevikuri

196

monobis winaaRmdeg brZolas. da es amerika, romelsac damou-

kidebeli saqarTvelo arasodes ucvnia, dRes ocdaaTi wlis

damonebul Cvens qveyanas Tavisi sagareo saqmeTa ministris

piriT Tanadgomas ucxadebs da TavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi

daxmarebas hpirdeba. es aucileblad didi istoriuli movle-

naa qarTveli erisaTvis~ [3, 12].

aseT pirobebSi qarTuli emigraciis movaleobas Seadgen-

da, TavianTi saqmianobisaTvis, ukidures SemTxvevaSi garegnu-

lad erTianobis moCvenebiTi forma mieca. samwuxarod, piradi

ambiciebiT erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ise iyvnen dapirispirebul-

ni, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, moCvenebiTi erTianobis Teat-

raluri scenaris gaTamaSebis unaric dakarguli hqondaT.

imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qarTuli politikuri emig-

racia ucxoelTa TvalSi qarTveli eris `miniaturul gansaxi-

erebas~ warmoadgenda, maSin maTi Sida politikuri dapirispi-

reba danaSaulebriv formebSi aRiqmeboda. am sakiTxTan mimar-

TebaSi Jurnal `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~-Si dabeWdil publika-

ciaSi `Cveni gaTiSulobis mizezi~ g. wereTeli xazgasmiT wer-

da: qarTuli politikuri emigraciis daniSnulebas warmoad-

gens èmsaxuros da xeli Seuwyos qarTveli xalxis keTildRe-

obas, xelidan gamostacos saqarTvelo kremlis tiranias da

is Tavisufal xalxTa saerTo ojaxSi Seiyvanos viT Tanaswori

TanasworTa Soris... ar arsebobs Cvens Soris iseTi politiku-

ri dajgufeba, romelic kategoriulad ar moiTxovdes saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobas, misi mitacebuli Tavisuflebis aR-

dgenas. yvelani Tanaxmani varT, rom sabWoTa reJimis damxobis

gareSe SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba... da mainc

ar moxerxda saerTo erovnuli sruli frontis Seqmna, mTeli

Cveni Zalebis erT kalapotSi miSveba~. dokumenturi masaliT

dasturdeba, rom g. wereTliseuli es pozicia simarTles See-

sabameba da gancalkevebisken swrafvis im politikur simaxin-

jeze miuTiTebda, romelic qarTul emigraciaSi iyo damkvid-

rebuli, da rac mTavaria, saerTo miznis miRwevaSi xelSemSle-

li faqtoris funqcias asrulebda.

qarTuli emigraciis SigniT Seqmnili umZimesi situaciis

Sesaxeb zemoT motanili faqtebisa da emigraciis saqmianobis

ganvlili istoriis zogadi analizidan gamomdinare, imave sta-

tiaSi g.wereTeli garkveviT miuTiTebda: `ra dasamalia, rom

uTanxmoeba ara principul-ideologiuri xasiaTisa iyo, aramed

197

piraduli, zogierT moxuc politikur moRvaweTa piradi SuR-

liT gamowveuli. kerZo angariSebi, piradi ambiciebi da urTier-

TSoris kinklaoba pirvelobisaTvis _ es Cveni istoriuli mteri

mogvdevs aq emigraciaSi da mosvenebas ar gvaZlevs. gana sxvanai-

rad SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom erovnuli mTavroba, rome-

lic qarTveli xalxis neba-surviliT iyo arCeuli, romelic sa-

mi wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda eris bed-iRbals da sami

aTeuli welia dauRalavad ibrZvis eris SebRaluli uflebis

aRsadgenad, romelic erTaderTi erovnuli institutia sakmao

avtoritetiT rom sargeblobs, rogorc ucxoel megobrebTan,

ise TviT qarTvelTa Soris, gagveriya Cvengan da umaTod gvewar-

moebia ganmaTavisuflebeli omi?!... Tu vinmes gulwrfelad gaer-

Tianeba undoda da... dabrmavebuli ar iyo piradi ambiciebiT, es

gaerTianeba mxolod... erovnuli mTavrobis irgvliv SeiZlebo-

da da ara umisod an mis winaaRmdeg?!

Caeyara ra safuZveli emigraciis orad gaTiSvas, imTaviTve

iqna daSvebuli Secdoma Tu danaSauli. xolo Semdegi Sexla- Se-

moxla bunebrivi Sedegia da amitom... bevrs ar akvirvebs. urTi-

erT dapirispirebis pirobebSi ra gasakviria Tu `centristebs~

mTavrobis da `sabWos~ politikuri xazi ar moewonebaT da mis

winaaRmdeg sityvierad Tu werilobiT gailaSqreben... am gamo-

laSqrebebs xSirad uloRikoba axasiaTebs da... saqmes scildebi-

an~.

Cems mier motanil am vrcel amonawerSi, qarTuli emigraci-

is politikuri ambiciebiT Sepyrobili dajgufebebis liderTa

sruli anatomiaa warmodgenili. garkveviTaa miTiTebuli maTi

moqmedebis alogikurobis da saerTo saqmisadmi nebsiT Tu uneb-

lied Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb. avtoriseuli es pozicia

savsebiT marTebulia im sakiTxSiac, roca emigraciaSi myofi

mTavrobis garSemo, politikuri Zalebis gaerTianebis aucileb-

lobaze miuTiTebda. misi es Sexeduleba XX saukunis 50-iani

wlebSi saerTaSoriso arenaze antisabWouri kursis aRmasvlis

politikuri procesebis analizs efuZneboda da rac mTavaria,

masSi qarTuli emigraciis aqtiurad CarTvis mizanSewonilebas

iTvaliswinebda. igi warmatebuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gaxde-

boda, Tuki qarTuli emigracia politikurad erT muStad Seik-

vroda da saerTaSoriso antisabWour Zalebs, konsesusze da-

fuZnebuli erTiani samoqmedo programiT warudgeboda. Tuki

amas ver SeZlebda, ufrosi Taobis 32 wliani Tavdadebuli anti-

198

sabWouri saqmianobis istoriis ganulebas moaxdenda. es sapasu-

xismgeblo misia emigraciis axali Taobis umetesobas kargad

hqonda gacnobierebuli da ufrosi Taobis SemorCenil gamob-

rZmedil politikur moRvaweebTan erTad emigraciis politiku-

ri Zalebis konsolidaciisaTvis TavgamodebiT ibrZodnen. aye-

nebdnen sakiTxs samSoblos ganTavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli Za-

lebis erT politikur organizaciaSi gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. mi-

Tumetes, im etapze antikomunisturi qarTuli dajgufebebis

erT organizaciaSi gaerTianebisaTvis politikuri da fsiqo-

logiuri pirobebi xelsayreli iyo. Tundac im elementaruli

mizezis gamo, rom antisabWour moZraobas aSS-is xelisufalni

edga saTaveSi. am fonze Tuki SevafasebT qarTul emigraciaSi

Seqmnil situacias, qarTuli Zalebis daqsaqsul da `gaTiTo-

kacebul~ qmedebas, qarTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobisadmi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeris mo-

povebis TvalsazrisiT, igi uaryofiTi Sedegebis momtani Se-

iZleba yofiliyo. aRniSnul safrTxe, parizis qarTuli poli-

tikuri organizaciis wevrTa erT nawils kargad hqonda gac-

nobierebuli da Seqmnili rTuli situaciidan gamosvlis gze-

bis ZiebaSi imyofeboda. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul pirvel

qmediT nabijs, 1951 wlis 28 ianvars q. parizSi mowveuli qar-

Tuli politikuri emigraciis sazogado kreba warmoadgenda.

misi monawileni, mTavrobisa da erovnuli sabWos urTierTo-

bis Sesabamisi wesdebiT daregulirebis aucileblobas isaxav-

da miznad. pirvelive sxdomaze miRebuli 7 punqtiani wesdebis

ganxilvis dros, gansakuTrebuli dapirispireba dokumentis

me-7 muxlma gamoiwvia. igi mTavrobisa da erovnuli sabWos

damokidebulebas exeboda. ramdenadac aRniSnul sakiTxze ver

SeTanxmdnen, misi saboloo redaqtireba Sesabamis komisias mi-

andves. ak.Cxenkelis winadadebiT, imave krebam Semdegi formu-

lireba miiRo: `Sedgenili iqnes erovnuli sabWos Sida orga-

nizaciuli wyobis da samoqmedo gegmis debulebebi, romelSi-

dac unda Candes saqarTvelos mTavrobis aSkara survili da

garantiebi mTavrobis qarTul sabWosTan politikuri pasu-

xismgeblobis gaziarebis~.

es formulireba zogad xasiaTs atarebda da erovnuli cen-

tris Semadgenlobis dakompleqtebis principebs ar asaxavda. aR-

niSnuli garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli s. saRiraSvilis mxri-

dan erovnuli centris SeqmnasTan mimarTebaSi gamoTqmuli Se-

199

niSvnebi. misi mtkicebiT, axladSeqmnili organoSi provinciebi-

dan da sxva qveynebSi gabneuli emigranti qarTveli politikose-

bic unda SeeyvanaT. aseT sawyisebze dafuZnebul erovnul

centrs mudmivi kontaqtebi unda hqonoda mTavrobasTan, xolo

am ukanasknels mTeli pasuxismgebloba Tavis _ Tavze aeRo. es im

SemTxvevaSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, Tuki qarTuli emigraciis

politikuri dajgufebebi winaswari SeTanxmebebis Sedegad er-

Tiani centraluri organos Seqmnas SeZlebdnen. aRniSnuli sa-

kiTxis Sesaxeb gamarTul diskusiaSi monawile qarTveli poli-

tikosebis (ak. Cxenkeli, p. sarjvelaZe, gr. urataZe, m. gobeCia,

r.arseniZe, e. gegeWkori, n. uruSaZe, k. gvarjalaZe, v. asaTiani, s.

saRiraSvili, n. cincaZe) mxridan gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebis

gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze, imave krebam Semdegi Sinaarsis

dadgenileba miiRo: `1) Seqmnili iqnas erTi qarTuli centri,

romelSidac warmodgenili iqnebian mTeli qarTuli politiku-

ri Zalebi (es centri TanamSromlobs ucxoeTSi myof erovnul

qarTul mTavrobasTan); 2) kreba ar scnobs 1949 wlis 7 noembers

qarTvelebis erTi nawilis mier Sedgenil egreT wodebul `po-

litikur centrs ucxoeTSi~ da mis arsebobas erovnuli inte-

resdebisaTvis mavned aRiarebs; 3) krebas sasargeblod miaCnia

arCeuli iqnas komisia, romelic izrunebs erTi qarTuli cen-

tris Sesaqmnelad~.

aseTi organos Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, demokratiuli respub-

likis aRsadgenad gaweuli misi saqmianoba, evropis qveynebSi

mxolod agitacia-propagandiT unda Semofargluliyo. rac See-

xeba saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobisadmi damokidebule-

bas, igi valdebuli iqneboda am organosTan mWidrod eTanam-

Sromla da erToblivi ZalebiT emoqmedaT dasaxuli miznis mi-

saRwevad. Tu ra kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi gax-

deboda SesaZlebeli gacxadebuli miznebisa da amocanis Sesru-

leba, amis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo winadadebebs Seicavs `yofili

erovnuli mTavrobis amocanebis Sesaxeb~ Sedgenili dokumenti.

masSi motanili ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegi formiT SeiZleba

Camoyalibdes: 1) organizacia, ramdenadac eris ganTavisuflebi-

saTvis iyo mowodebuli, misi centraluri organos konpenten-

ciis gansakuTrebulobidan gamomdinare, TiToeul wevrs gan-

sazRvrul CarCoSi unda emoqmeda. organizaciaSi yoveli pirov-

nebis Sesvla an misi wevris TviTneburad gamosvla, gzad mimava-

li kacis mdgomareobas ar unda damgavneboda; 2) axladSeqmnili

200

erTiani qarTuli centris mizans, saqarTvelos formaluri an

iuridiuli statutis da qarTveli xalxis mier aRebuli xazis

Secvla ar warmoadgenda. mas damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi

damxmare funqcia unda Seesrulebina. emigraciis mier arCeuli

es organo, Tavisi saqmianobis SedegebiT pasuxismgebeli iqnebo-

da mxolod emigraciis da ara qarTveli xalxis winaSe; 3) saqar-

Tvelos emigraciuli mTavroba, qarTuli erovnuli sabWos Seq-

mnas jer kidev n. Jordanias sicocxleSive miiCnevda mizanSewo-

nilad. paralelurad, misi aRmasrulebeli organos wevrTa cva-

lebadobasac aucileblobad Tvlida. aseTi RonisZieba, qarTve-

li xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisadmi perma-

nentuli xasiaTis micemaze da erovnuli Tavisuflebis droSis

Taobidan-Taobaze esTapetis saxiT gadacemaze iyo gaTvlili; 4)

erovnuli sbWos ZiriTadi debulebebi srulebiT akmayofileb-

da centraluri organosTvis saWiro moTxovnilebebs da xels

uwyobda qarTuli politikuri emigraciis ZiriTadi nawilis ga-

erTianebas. miTumetes: a) am organizaciis wesdeba, organizacia-

Si muSaobis farTo asparezs uqmnida qarTuli emigraciis axal

Taobas; b) organizaciis Seqmnis nebarTva, safrangeTis Sesabami-

si uwyebis mier iyo gacemuli; g) organizaciasTan SeTanxmebul

muSaobas, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavroba sasargeblod mi-

iCnevda; d) erovnuli mTavrobisa da erovnuli sabWos funqciebi

mkacrad unda yofiliyo gamijnuli da misi aRreva dauSvebneli

iyo; e)sazRvargareTis organizaciebisa da ucxoeTis oficialu-

ri wreebis mxridan, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobisadmi

angariSis gaweva, damfuZnebeli krebis mandatiT mTavrobis aR-

Wurvis faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli. aseTi damokidebulebis

gagrZeleba, qarTuli politikuri emigraciis konsolidaciaze,

axladarCeuli orgaizaciisa da mTavrobis qmediTunarianobaze

iqneboda damokidebuli; 5) qarTuli emigraciis centraluri

organo, yoveldRiuri administraciuli saqmeebiT unda yofi-

liyo dakavebuli da erovnuli mTavrobis saqmianobis memkvid-

ris funqcia Seesrulebina. mas unda uzrunveleyo emigraciis

didi nawilis gaerTianeba da erovnuli sabWos arCevnebSi aqtiu-

ri monawileoba. rac Seexeba qarTvel emigrantTa mier arCeul

da ndobiT aRWurvil sabWos, igi aRmasrulebel organos niSnav-

da. aqve iyo warmodgenili emigraciis mxridan erovnuli sabWos

arCevis ganmsazRvreli specifiuri principebi.

xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom qarTuli politikuri emigra-

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ciis bazaze axali organos Seqmnis aucileblobis dasmas, da-

debiTad Sexvda saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis warmo-

madgenelebi. amis dadasturebas, parizSi gamarTuli erovnu-

li sabWos yrilobaze (1952 wlis 4 noemberi) saqarTvelos

mTavrobis oficialuri gancxadeba warmoadgens. mTel rig

mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan erTad masSi garkveviT iyo miTiTe-

buli mosalodneli sirTuleebis Sesaxeb. am dokumentis Sem-

dgenlebi, Sekrebis monawileebs erTxel kidev Seaxsenebda,

emigraciis politikuri Zalebis gaerTianebis da gaaTkecebu-

li muSaobis aucileblobas. àmisTvis Cven siamovnebiT vege-

bebiT saerTo organos daarsebas ucxoeTSi da vimedovnebT,

rom igi Tavis irgvliv Semoikrebs mTels politikur cocxal

emigracias da rom imaTac, vinc dRes aq aris warmodgenili,

male Tqvens winaSe vixilavT. dRevandeli Tqveni mravalric-

xovani da mravalferovani yriloba Tavdebia imis, rom amieri-

dan qarTveli emigraciis farTo wreebi, romelTa gaerTiane-

bas Cven mudam vcdilobT erTsulovnad imuSaveben saqarTve-

los ganTavisuflebis saqmezed~ [4, 6].

saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis optimizmiT dat-

virTuli es gancxadeba, gansakuTrebuli ambiciurobisa da

daqsaqsulobis `mourCeneli virusisgan,~ qarTvelTa gansa-

kurneblad gamousadegari aRmoCnda. es realoba dokumenturi

masaliTac dasturdeba, romlis Sesaxeb naSromis Sesabamis

adgilze meqneba saubari. rac Seexeba axal organos _ èrov-

nul sabWos,~ misi arCevis SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi funqcia unda

yofiliyo: a) qarTuli politikuri emigraciis gaerTianeba da

meTauroba; b) saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli

moZraobis aRorZinebisadmi xelSewyoba-daxmareba. am miznis

gansaxorcieleblad axal Taobas, erovnuli droSa, ufrosi

Taobis SemorCenil warmomadgenlebTan erTad unda etarebina.

am faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli emigraciuli mTavrobis Tav-

mjdomaris k. kandelakis mxridan, erovnuli sabWos Semadgen-

lobis gafarToebis aucileblobis dasma. am iniciativam gan-

sakuTrebuli kmayofileba gamoiwvia saqarTvelos damouki-

deblobis aRdgenis amerikuli sabWos xelmZRvanelobaSi. amis

Sesaxeb, imave sabWos Tavmjdomaris vaxtang abaSiZis da sabWos

mdivanis givi kobaxiZis mier, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTav-

robis Tavmjdomaris konstantine kandelakisadmi 1954 wlis

12 noembers niu-iorkidan gamogzavnil werilSi xazgasmiTaa

202

miTiTebuli. ramdenadac es dokumenti Tavisi SinaarsiTa da

paTosiT gansakuTrebuli Rirebulebis matarebelia, mkiTxvel

sazogadoebas mis srul teqsts SevTavazeb. `didad pativcemu-

lo batono konstantine! ama wlis 31 oqtombers qalaq niu

iorkSi moxda kreba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis

amerikuli sabWos gamgeobisa, romelzedac sagangebod mowveu-

li iyo batoni ilia goldmani. batonma goldmanma gagvacno

Tqveni evropaSi mogzaurobis STabeWdilebani da gansakuTre-

biT Seexo qarTuli politikuri organizaciebis muSaobas ev-

ropaSi. man metad maRali Sefaseba misca saqarTvelos kanoni-

eri mTavrobis muSaobas ucxoeTSi da aRniSna, rom Tqven gan-

zraxuli gaqvT qarTuli erovnuli sabWos gafarToeba, masSi

axali wevrebisa da axal organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis Sey-

vana, raTa amiT zemoxsenebuli organizaciis wina da misi mu-

Saoba ufro gaizardos da gafarTovdes. Zalian kargi iqnebo-

da agreTve, Tu aqtiur saqmianobas dauaxlovebdiT cnobil

politikur moRvaweebs, romelTac saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobis dros oficialuri da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobani

eWiraT. maTi saxelebi da maTi daxmareba aucilebelia Cveni

brZolisTvis saqarTvelos dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg!

dasasruls, batono Tavmjdomarev, gamovTqvamT Cvens did

sixaruls da mivesalmebiT mTelis SegnebiT da grZnobiT

Tqvens gadawyvetilebas miRebuls Tavis droze, CaudgeT sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobas saTaveSi im ori didi danakargis Sem-

deg, romelic saqarTvelos emigraciam gansvenebuli noe Jor-

danias da evgeni gegeWkoris gardacvalebiT ganicada! gisur-

vebT warmatebas da imedi iqonieT Cveni mxardaWerisa Tqvens

saqmianobaSi!~

rogorc vxedavT, es werili saqarTvelos emigraciuli

mTavrobis axali Tavmjdomaris k. kandelakisadmi ara marto

pativiscemas Seicavda, aramed misi avtorebi mxardaWeras ga-

moTqvamdnen im swori gadawyvetilebis mimarT, romelic

erovnuli sabWos gafarToebas _ axali wevrebiT Sevsebas iT-

valiswinebda. am mimarTulebiT pragmatuli xasiaTis RonisZi-

ebebis gatareba, qarTuli emigraciis politikuri Zalebis

konsolidaciis realur saSualebad iyo gamocxadebuli. ima-

sac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom im periodSi qarTveli eri um-

Zimes mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, emigraciis mxridan mcireo-

deni, Tundac moraluri xasiaTis mxardaWera, udides fsiqo-

203

logiur simtkices Sematebda. amis gakeTeba mas Semdeg gaxde-

boda SesaZlebeli, roca qarTuli emigraciis politikuri

speqtri erT organizaciaSi gaerTiandeboda da konsesusze

dafuZnebul samoqmedo gegmas miiRebda. am sakiTxTan dakavSi-

rebiT Jurnal `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~-Si dabeWdil publika-

ciaSi àRmasrulebeli komitetis politikuri Sedegebi~ g. ke-

reseliZe werda: `qarTvelTa emigraciaSi erovnuli sabWos

idea warmoiSva. savsebiT gaviziare es mSvenieri azri, radgan

igi mimaCnda erTaderT saSualebad qarTvelTa gaerTianebisa,

rac aucilebelia sagareo politikis nayofierad warmoebi-

saTvis. am sabWos bevri mteri aRmouCnda... Rrmada mrwams, ro-

ca Seneldeba pirveli `Soki~, vnebaTa Relva adgils dauTmobs

ufro saR, ufro damSvidebul msjelobas da sworad gagebul

erovnul politikas... sabWos da... misi komitetis arsebobis

azri da mizani erTaderTia: saqarTvelos suverenul saxel-

mwifos ganTavisufleba ucxo okupaciisagan. aRmasrulebeli

komitetis movaleoba iyo da aris TviTon gamonaxos gezi da

saSualebani am naTeli miznis gansaxorcieleblad~ [2, 8]. am

amonaweridan kargad Cans, qarTuli politikuri emigraciis

warmomadgenelTa erTi nawilis dadebiTi damokidebuleba

erovnuli sabWosa da misi aRmasrulebeli komitetis mimarT.

maTi roli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlo-

bis xelSewyobis saqmeSi. meore mxriv, aRniSnul organoTa Seq-

mnis mowinaaRmdegeTa Sesaxebacaa miniSnebuli. xazgasmiT unda

iTqvas, rom is politikuri Zalebi, romlebic erovnuli sabWos

gafarToebuli formiT arsebobas da misi aRmasrulebeli komi-

tetis saqmianobas miuReblad Tvlidnen, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos aRdgenis ideiis mkvlelis funqcias asrulebdnen. meore

mxriv, saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

xelSemsleli safexuris gamyarebas uwyobdnen xels. am SemTxve-

vaSi, erTic da meorec, sabWoTa ruseTis interesebs Seesatyvise-

boda.

Cemi poziciis aseTi formiT gamoTqmis SesaZleblobas,

qarTvel emigrantTa erovnuli sabWos wesdeba iZleva. es do-

kumenti 5 Tavisagan Sedgeba. pirvel da meore muxlebSi gar-

kveviTaa gawerili aRniSnuli organos, misi aRmasrulebeli

komitetis daniSnuleba. konkretulad, Tu ra sapasuxismgeb-

lo misiis Sesrulebas isaxavda miznad qarTuli erovnuli

sabWo, amis sailustraciod Sesabamis amonawers movitan dasa-

204

xelebuli dokumentidan. Ì. qarTuli erovnuli sabWo aris

centraluri organo saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ-

raobisa ucxoeTSi; II. qarTuli erovnuli sabWo miznad isaxavs

imuSaos saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis aRdgeni-

saTvis. kerZod: a) gaaerTianos da xelmZRvaneloba gauwios

ucxoeTSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis moqmed qar-

Tul Zalebs da organizaciebs; b) gaswios saTanado propagan-

da ucxoeTis sazogadoebriv wreebSi; g) gaacnos saqarTvelos

sakiTxi da misi axlandeli mdgomareoba sxvadasxva qveynis pa-

suxismgebel pirebs da organizaciebs, raTa saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis mxari daeWiraT, roca maT wina-

Se es sakiTxi dadgeboda; d) gamosces beWdviTi organo, wigne-

bi da sainformacio furclebi qarTul da ucxo enebze;

e) saqmiani damokidebuleba Tu kavSiri daiWiron yvela im or-

ganizaciebTan da im erebis warmomadgenlebTan romelnic:

1) udaod scnoben qarTveli eris suverenul uflebas da

mxars dauWeren saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ganTavisuflebas;

2) aRiareben saerTod erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas ure-

zervod; 3) ibrZvian sabWoTa ruseTis mier damyarebuli reJi-

mis winaaRmdeg; 4) iZiebs nivTier saSualebebs Tavis daniSnu-

lebis gansaxorcieleblad~. rac Seexeba am dokumentis III, IV

da V Tavebs, igi erovnuli sabWosa da misi aRmasrulebeli ko-

mitetis organizaciis struqturas, muSaobis ganawess da Se-

madgenlobis specifikas gansazRvravda.

zemoT motanili faqtebidan gamomdinare Tuki ganvixilavT

aRniSnuli organos arsebobisa da misi funqcionierbis mowina-

aRmdegeTa qmedebebs, rbilad rom vTqva, igi gaumarTleblad un-

da CaiTvalos. meore mxriv, erovnuli sabWosa da aRmasrulebe-

li komitetis winaaRmdeg maTi mxridan galaSqreba, zemoaRniS-

nuli wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Rirebulebebisadmi, qarTuli

emigraciis daniSnulebis miznebisa da amocanebisadmi uaris

Tqmas da sabWouri imperiuli politikisadmi Semgueblobas niS-

navda.

Cems mier gamoTqmuli es mkacri Sexeduleba, erovnuli sab-

Wosa da misi aRmasrulebeli komitetisadmi wesdebiT miniWebu-

li uflebebis, opoziciis mxridan ignorirebiT aris ganpirobe-

buli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs maTi politikuri Sexedulebebis mxo-

lod kavkasiis regioniT Semofargvla da rac mTavaria, samxre-

Tis _ Turquli orientacia. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

205

Jurn. `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~-Si dabeWdil publikaciaSi `mi-

moxilva~, r. arseniZe guliswyromiT werda: `Cveni mokritike-

ni... kavkasiis farglebs ver gascilebian da imis iqeTac Tu

midis Cveni interesebi _ es aqamde ver gamourkveviaT. raT

zRudaven ase kategoriulad kavkasiis erTa saerTo ganTavi-

suflebiT Cveni damoukideblobis da gamagrebis sakiTxs?~

dasmul kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, igive r. arseniZe opoziciis

warmomadgenlebs Seaxsenebda, rom `msoflio ZalTa Zlevamo-

sili msvlelobis gareSe, verc totalitaruli diqtaturis-

gan vixsniT Tavs da verc damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofas

SevZlebT. exla gekiTxebiT _ es formula kavkasiiT Semofar-

gluli imitom xom ar gaqvT erTaderT panaciaT wamoyenebu-

li, rom igi bamatis memkvidre kantemiris `kavkazi~-s erTmTa-

var da arsebiT qva-kuTxeds warmoadgens misi samxreTisken mi-

marTuli orientaciisa! samwuxaro iqneboda, rom qarTvel

moRvaweebSi dRes kidev aRmoCeniliyo aseTi ideologebi da...

orientaciis matarebelni~.

qarTuli emigraciis rigebSi winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri

orientaciiT Seqmnili urTulesi mdgomareoba, kirilovis iga-

varakis `gmirebis~ _ `qariylapia, gedi, kibo,~ mdgomareobaSi aye-

nebda qarTuli emigraciis politikur speqtrs. bunebrivia, is

saerTo qarTuli satkivari, romelic qveynis suverenitetis aR-

dgenas ukavSirdeboda, adgilidan ar iZvroda. piriqiT, maTi qme-

deba, dasaxuli miznis sawinaaRmdego politikur aminds qmnida.

imis sanacvlod, rom erTmaneTTan saerTo ena gamoeZebnaT, qar-

Tvel emigrantTa `politikuri namsxvrevebis~ erT muStad Sek-

vra moexdinaT da konsesusze dafuZnebuli gegmiT gamosuliy-

vnen Tundac evropis qveynebis liderTa winaSe, SeuZlebeli aR-

moCnda. maTi yoveli nabiji, erTmaneTisadmi `politikurad kri-

WaSi~ dgomiT vlindeboda da saerTo saqmisadmi xelSeSliT

mTavrdeboda. ase moiqca qarTuli emigraciis erTi nawili

1951 wlis 20 oqtombers, erovnuli sabWos yrilobis gaxsnas-

Tan mimarTebaSi. rogorc cnobilia, am forumze 40 qveynidan

iyo wardgenili qarTveli emigrantebis delegatebi. opozici-

is erTma jgufma `parizis centris~ saxeliT, am RonisZiebis

sawinaaRmdegod sagangebo dokumenti gaavrcela saTauriT _

`parizis qarTvelTa protesti~. rac Seexeba imave `centris~

saxeliT gavrcelebul meore dokuments, igi `komunikes~ sa-

xelwodebiT iyo dasaTaurebuli. orive `dokumenti~ `parizis

206

centrma~ kantemiris Jurnal `kavkazSi~ 1951 wlis noemberSi

(# 4-5) dabeWda. es organo bamatis `kavkazi~-s gagrZelebas

warmoadgenda da igi rusul, Turqul da inglisur enebze ga-

modioda. zemoaRniSnul `dokumentebSi~ social- demokratii-

sa da erovnuli sabWos lanZRva- gineba zeaRmatebul formeb-

Si iyo warmodgenili. am qmedebiT, opoziciam `daTvuri~ samsa-

xuri gauwia qarTul saqmes. man qarTuli emigraciis `Sida

samzareulo~ da `politikuri aJiotaJis~ gareSe mosagvarebe-

li sakiTxi, saerTaSoriso arenaze gaitana. opoziciis am qme-

debis Sesaxeb Jurn. `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~-Si dabeWdil pub-

likaciaSi `mimoxilva~, r. arseniZe momxdar faqts Semdegi sa-

xis Sefasebas aZlevda: `CvenSi Sinauri davis sakiTxi ucxoe-

Tis, da isic arasasurvelad ganwyobili presis sajijgnad

aris gadaqceuli. rac unda giTxraT pirveli magaliTia qar-

Tuli emigraciis istoriaSi. xolo cnoba gadacemulia cal-

mxrivad da damaxinjebulad. aseTi ujiSo saqcielis pirveli

magaliTis micema SeeZloT mxolod iseT `gulSematkivarT~

qarTuli erTianobisa, romelnic am axirebul `centrSi~ arian

mokalaTebulni! Zalauneburad ibadeba kiTxva, rad miurbenies

es `sasixarulo~ ambavi Cveni Sinauri ganxeTqilebisa mainc da

mainc bamatiseul organos? vis interesebs uweven amiT samsa-

xurs?... am `TaTrul~ orientaciis gazeTSi ratom ver gamoi-

Cines meti TavdaWeriloba? imitom xom ara, rom mis mimarTu-

lebas ufro enaTesavebian da qarTveli da frangi mkiTxvelis

magier, kantemiris winaSe damsaxureba ufro sasargeblo saq-

med miaCniaT? da amgvarad miviReT qarTuli ambavi rusulaT

dawerili, TaTrul gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli, _ qarTvelebisave

winaaRmdeg saprotestoT~ [2, 19].

Znelia imis Tqma, acnobierebda Tu ara opoziciis warmo-

madgenlebi zemoaRniSnul mcdar nabijs, romelic saqarTve-

los emigraciuli mTavrobisa da erovnuli sabWos diskredi-

taciaze iyo gaTvlili. roca sakiTxi aseTi formiT ismeba,

aucileblobas warmoadgens garkveviT iTqvas Tu vin iyo am

jgufis liderebi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas iqcevs 1951 wlis 28 ianvars qalaq parizSi

SOVIETES DE SAVANTES-is erT-erT darbazSi mowveuli

qarTuli emigraciis politikuri organizaciebis wevrTa sa-

zogado krebis stenografiuli angariSi. am dokumentidan ir-

kveva, rom aRniSnuli krebis msjelobis erT-erT sakiTxs

207

r. gabaSvilis mier calke Sedgenili `qarTuli erovnuli po-

litikuri centris~ (r. gabaSvili _ Tavmjdomare, iv. zurabiS-

vili, al. manveliSvili, baqraZe) deklaracia warmoadgenda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom r. gabaSvilis es jgufi krebaze miwveu-

li ar iyo, am RonisZiebaSi monawileoba mainc miiRo da krebis

prezidiums saprotesto gancxadeba gadasca.

r. gabaSvilis jgufis gamTiSvelur saqmianobasTan mimarTe-

baSi, krebaze mkacri SefasebiT r. arseniZe gamovida. misi samar-

Tliani mtkicebiT, emigraciis centri unda yofiliyo erTi da

ara ori da qarTveli emigraciis gaTiSvis xelSemwyobi. mimdina-

re politikuri procesebis gaTvaliswinebis fonze, man princi-

pulad daayena sakiTxi emigraciis erovnuli Zalebis gaerTiane-

bis da gaTiSulobis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. imave sakiTxs n. cin-

caZec Seexo. r. gabaSvilis mier Seqmnili `centris~ arseboba,

rogorc politikuri aqti, man miuRebelad gamoacxada [5, 8].

Jurn. `mebrZoli saqarTvelo~-Si dabeWdil gr.urataZis publi-

kaciaSi _ èrovnuli fronti,~ r. gabaSvilis erovnuli fronti-

dan 1926 wels TviTneburad gasvlaze da qarTuli emigraciis er-

Tianobis daSlis mcdelobazea saubari. im periodSi r. gabaSvi-

lis mxridan sawadelis vermiRweva, e. TayaiSvilis damsaxureba

iyo. misi iniciativiT moxda erovnul-demokratiuli partiis

krebis dauyovnebliv mowveva da miRebuli dadgenilebiT, r. ga-

baSvilis qmedebis dagmoba. aseTi marcxis miuxedavad, politi-

kuri ambiciebiT Sepyrobili, Casafrebuli monadiris ampluaSi

imyofeboda da xelsayreli situaciis SeqmnisTanave mis gamoye-

nebas maqsimalurad cdilobda. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, qar-

Tuli emigraciis rigebSi TaobaTa cvlis procesiT Seqmnili

garTulebebis gamoyenebas r. gabaSvilma amjeradac Seecada.

mxedvelobaSi maqvs: a)saerTo centris statutis SemmuSavebeli

komisiis SemadgenlobaSi erovnul-demokratebis 4 warmomadge-

nelis Seyvana; 2) iv. zurabiSvilis dajgufebis mier Seqmnili

`kavSiri~, romelmac 1950 wlis 31 dekembers, saaxalwlo miloc-

vasTan erTad, qarTul sazogadoebas axali organizaciis Seqmna

auwya. `Tanaxmad Cveni kavSiris ukanaskneli sazogado krebis er-

Txmad gadawyvetilebisa _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ daarsda

`qarTuli politikuri centri ucxoeTSi~. imave dokumentis mi-

xedviT, centris Tavmjdomared r. gabaSvili airCies. amiT misi

politikuri ambiciebi iqna dakmayofilebuli. momxdar faqtTan

mimarTebaSi, gr. uartaZis imave publikaciaSi vkiTxulobT:

208

èmigraciis umravlesobam maSinve igrZno gabaSvil-zurabiSvi-

lis mier gadadgmuli nabijis saSiSroeba da rom igi SeeCerebia...

1951 wlis 28 ianvris krebaze erTxmad dahgmo aseTi ganxeTqile-

bis Semotana qarTul emigraciaSi, ararsebulad gamoacxada

TviTneburad Seqmnili `centri~ da daadgina aerCia axali, sadac

Tavs moiyrida yvela erovnuli Zalebi~. imave 28 ianvris krebam

safuZvlianad ganixila r. gabaSvilis jgufis mier Seqmnili da

gamoqveynebuli deklaracia. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gansakuT-

rebul yuradRebas e. gegeWkoris gamosvla iqcevs. stenografiu-

li angariSidan irkveva, rom man yovelgvari moridebis gareSe

pirdapir mimarTa r. gabaSvils da mis jgufs: `moxucebuloba

gvaZlevs Cven or priveligias: erTi gamocdilebas da meore Cven

karieras ar veZebT. ukve axalgazrdobaSi Cvenma karieram miaR-

wia Tavis apogeas. amitom Cveni Tqma Tqvendami mxolod simar-

Tlis beWeds atarebs. rodesac sakiTxi Cveni fizikuri gadarCe-

nisa sdgas, Tqven awarmoebT brZolas noe Jordanias winaaRmdeg

da gangeb iviwyebT stalins. es aris politika ara erovnuli,

aramed piradi grZnobebisa da yvelaze umciresi politika... Tu

Tqveni saqcieli karg moqmedebad migaCniaT, didi moTxovnile-

bis xalxi ar yofilxarT... emigraciis saRmrTo valia yavdes po-

litikuri centri, rom mTavrobis movaleobas xeli Seuwyos~. es

vrceli amonaweri, r. gabaSvilisa da misi jgufis politikuri

ambiciebis oficialurad mxilebis saukeTeso dadasturebas

warmoadgens. maT gadametebul tendenciurobas, social-demok-

ratiis liderebisadmi saocari zizRi gansazRvravda. igi iseT

formebSi gadadioda, rom saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis

damangrevelis erT-erTi aqtiuri warmomadgenelis i. stalinis

saxeli, xSirad mexsierebis aredan gaurbodaT. isini arc sabWo-

Ta imperias moixseniebdnen augad. amasTan dakavSirebiT Jurn.

`mebrZoli saqarTvelo~-Si dabeWdil publikaciaSi r. araseniZe

werda: `pirvel yovlisa TvalSi gecemaT, rom `deklaracia~ ga-

urbis sabWoTa kavSiris xsenebas, komunisturi xelisuflebis

dasaxelebas, TiTqos es msoflio ubedurebis wyaro arc ki arse-

bobdes~. am fonze igive `deklaracia~ ignorirebas ukeTebda ev-

ropasa da aSS-i mimdinare antibolSevikur moZraobas. r. gabaS-

vilisa da misi jgufis aseTi kursi, r. arseniZes damRupvelad

miaCnda. misi mtkicebiT, sabWoTa ruseTis imperiisgan Tavis daR-

wevis realur SesaZleblobebs kavkasiis erebis gaerTianeba ver

Seqmnida. maT mxolod damxmare funqciis Sesruleba SeeZlo. ga-

209

damwyveti sityva evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sab-

WoTa ruseTisadmi erTobliv dapirispirebaSi unda gamovleni-

liyo. bamat-kantemiris mimdevari politikuri jgufebisadmi

ndoba da maTze dayrdnoba, mimdinare politikuri procesebis

analizis safuZvelze r. arseniZes dauSveblad miaCnda. yoveli-

ve zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, igi daaskvnida: ès `centri~ mi-

uRebelia da ubadruki Tavisi programiT, politikuri mrwam-

siT, ideuri da organizaciuli wesiT, ise rogorc miuRebelia

Tavisi SemadgenlobiT, radgan garda erTi partiisa, Seicavs mxo-

lod upasuxismgeblo kerZo pirT, romelnic aravis ar warmoad-

genen. es aris `centri~ ara erTobis, aramed gaTiSvis, darRvevis

da ganxeTqilebis~ [2, 22].

rogorc dokumentebidan irkveva, aRniSnuli `centris~

xelmZRvaneloba kidev ufro `Sors wavida~. misma liderebma,

emigraciuli mTavrobis arseboba miuReblad miiCnies da buneb-

rivia, Semadgenlobis ganaxlebis procesTan mimarTebaSiac uar-

yofiTi damokidebuleba gamoavlines. am sakiTxTan dakavSire-

biT, qarTuli politikuri emigraciis 1951 wlis 18 ianvris kre-

baze sarjvelaZe xazgasmiT miuTiTebda: `b-n gabaSvils ufleba

ar hqonda calke centri Seedgina da qarTuli mTavrobisaTvis

omi gamoecxadebina. Cvens momentSi mTavroba rom ar gvyavdes,

saamiso simbolo unda SevqmnaT da arsebulis winaaRmdeg brZo-

la danaSaulia~ [5, 6].

aseTi mkacri poziciidan gamomdinare, r. gabaSvilis jgufis

erT-erTi warmomadgeneli v.asaTiani iZulebuli gaxda, imave

sxdomaze oficialuri gancxadeba gaekeTebina, rom r.gabaSvilis

mxardamWerTa mimarT gamoTqmuli braldebebi, TiTqos araswor

informacias emyareboda da mTeli jgufi mTavrobis mimarT lo-

ialurad iyo ganwyobili. aseTi poziciis oficialurad gamoT-

qma, imave krebaze Seqmnili politikuri koniunqturiT iyo gan-

pirobebuli. miTumetes, krebis monawile qarTuli politikuri

emigraciis warmomadgenlebi, r. gabaSvilis `centrTan~ mimarTe-

baSi negatur damokidebulebas aSkarad avlenda. am fonze, imave

krebis monawileTa umravlesobas, qarTvel emigrantTa erTiani

politikuri centrisa da saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis

SenarCuneba pirvelxarisxovan amocanad miaCnda. analogiur

pozicias icavda organizacia `TeTri giorgis~ wevrebi. amis

dadasturebas, imave organizaciis xelmZRvanelis m. wereTe-

lis mier 1951 wlis 26 noembers parizidan konstantine gamsa-

210

xurdiasadmi saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili vrceli `gancxadeba~

_ `saqarTvelo uwinares yovlisa~ warmoadgens. masSi motani-

li ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegi formiT SeiZleba Camoyalib-

des: 1) saqarTvelos okupaciis Sedegad emigraciaSi wasulma

mTavrobam, dampyrobels ukompromiso brZola gamoucxada da

Rirseulad atara erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli droSa. saer-

TaSoriso forumebze maqsimalurad ibrZola erovnuli sa-

xelmwifos aRdgenisa da Tavisuflebis misaRwevad, saerTaSo-

riso osganizaciebisgan da evropis qveynebisgan mxardaWeris

mosapoveblad; 2) ucxoeTSi myofi qarTuli emigracia, kanoni-

eri mTavrobis meTaurobiT maqsimalurad ibrZoda saqarTve-

los gasanTavisufleblad yvela im saSualebebiT, romelic

samSoblos gareT myofT gaaCndaT im etapze. dasaxuli miznis

_ qveynis damoukideblobis mopovebas, saqarTvelos mTavro-

bis mesveurni sabWoTa imperiis Cagruli erebis politikuri

emigraciebis liderebTan mWidro kavSiriTa da erTiani samoq-

medo gegmis SemuSavebiT cdilobdnen; 3) emigraciaSi myofi

saqarTvelos kanonieri mTavrobis gasauqmeblad, nebismieri

nabijis gadadgmas, m. wereTeli danaSaulad miiCnevda. `mTav-

roba mTavrobad unda darCes _ `saqarTvelos kanonier mTav-

robad~ da misi `yofil mTavrobad~ an revoluciur komite-

tad gadaqceva... Cveni politikuri droSis dacemas niSnavs~.

Tuki es ganxorcieldeboda, aRniSnuli qmedeba, sabWoTa ru-

seTis xelisufalTa interesebis CarCoSi Cajdeboda; 4) erov-

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis droSis romelime poli-

tikuri jgufisadmi gadacemas, werilis avtori saqveyno mniS-

vnelobis xasiaTs dakargvad acxadebda. kanonieri mTavrobis

mier am droSis tareba da politikuri brZolis gagrZeleba,

saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs Seesatyviseboda; 5) `TeTri

giorgis~ xelmZRvaneloba uars ambobda yvela im politikur

organizaciebTan da jgufebTan TanamSromlobaze, romlebic,

a)saqarTvelos politikuri emigraciis kanonieri mTavrobis

winaaRmdeg moqmedebda da b)dokumentSi gamoTqmul ZiriTad

debulebebs ar iziarebda [6, 2- 3].

`TeTri giorgis~ wevrTa zemoaRniSnuli gancxadebidan

Cems mier motanili Sexedulebebi imis dadasturebaa, rom es

organizacia qarTuli politikuri emigraciis erTianobasTan

erTad, mxars kanonieri mTavrobis SenarCunebasac uWerda.

imavdroulad, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gag-

211

rZeleba misi meTaurobiT miaCnda mizanSewonilad. am SemTxve-

vaSi sakiTxi sworad iyo dasmuli da igi legitimaciis faq-

tors efuZneboda. TaobaTa cvlam, qarTuli politikuri

emigraciis winaSe warmoqmnili problema, SedarebiT gansxvave-

bul WrilSi daayena. mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTvelos mTav-

robis Sevsebis kanonzomiereba. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yu-

radRebas ak. papavas mier k. kandelakisadmi 1954 wlis 7 agvis-

tos miwerili werili iqcevs. igi Semdeg ZiriTad debulebebs

Seicavs: 1) qveynis okupaciis Semdeg, saqarTvelos damfuZne-

beli krebis mandatiT aRWurvili mTavrobis Tundac nawilob-

rivi ganaxlebis SesaZlebloba, n. Jordanias SeeZlo. misi re-

komendaciiT unda momxdariyo mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi ram-

denime pirovnebis Seyvana. am proceduris Sedegad, saqarTve-

los emigrciul mTavrobas, e.gegeWkoris gardacvalebis Sem-

deg or wevrze meti eyoleboda da garkveuli formiT samar-

Tlebriv CarCoSiac Cajdeboda; 2) samarTlebrivad, qarTuli

politikuri emigraciisTvis gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba, ka-

nonier mTavrobas gaaCnda da ara romelime jgufisgan Seqmnil

surogat `mTavrobas~. miTumetes, igi yovelgvari legitimaci-

is elementebs iqneboda moklebuli da n.Jordanias xelmZRva-

nelobiT arsebuli mTavrobisTvis miniWebuli uflebebiT ver

isargeblebda. es marTebuli pozicia, qarTul emigracias bo-

lomde unda SeenarCunebina, Tundac im elementaruli mizezis

gamo, rom maTi Semdgomi muSaoba erisa da istoriis winaSe yo-

filiyo gamarTlebuli; 3) emigraciaSi myofi qarTuli poli-

tikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebisgan mTavrobis axali wev-

rebiT Sevsebis dasma, imave werilis avtors miuReblad miaC-

nda, radgan am wesiT Sevsebuli mTavroba, interpartiuli ko-

mitetis saxes miiRebda da istoriul-samarTlebrivi CarCos

miRma aRmoCndeboda.

sakiTxis aseTi formiT dasma imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli,

rom qarTuli politikuri emigraciis saqmianobas saqarTve-

los pirveli respublikis kanonieri mTavroba xelmZRvane-

lobda. am mZime tvirTs igi manam atarebda, sanam misi wevrebi

fizikurad arsebobda. Seqmnili umZimesi politikuri situaci-

idan da mTavrobis wevrTa cvlis bunebrivi procesidan gamomdi-

nare, qarTuli emigraciis erTianobis momxreTa winaSe princi-

pulad daisva sakiTxi: dasaxuli miznisTvis Sesaferisi saqmia-

nobis gasagrZeleblad, xelmZRvanelobis iseTi forma SeenarCu-

212

nebinaT, qarTuli politikuri emigracia, erovnul-ganmaTavi-

suflebeli moZraobis `relsebidan~ ar amovardniliyo. am sa-

kiTxTan mimarTebaSi garkveuli pasuxi da Sesabamisi miTiTebebia

mocemuli `yofili erovnuli mTavrobis amocanebis Sesaxeb~

1954 wels Sedgenil dokumentSi. masSi xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli:

1) emigraciuli mTavroba, romelic saqarTvelos suverenitetis

aRdgenas isaxavda miznad, misi warmatebuli saqmianobis garkve-

uli formiT Seferxeba, TaobaTa fizikurad cvlam ganapiroba.

mTavrobaSi darCenili erTi kacic ki ar gaqcevia dakisrebul sa-

pasuxismgeblo movaleobas. saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisTvis

brZolas Seswires mTeli Segenebul cxovreba; 2) nivTieri da fi-

zikuri mdgomareobis vakumis Seqmnis gamo, maTi mxridan Cafiq-

rebuli saqmisadmi maRal doneze gaZRola SeuZlebeli xdeboda.

damfuZnebeli krebis mandatiT aRWurvili erovnuli mTavroba,

n.Jordanias gardacvalebis Semdeg faqtiurad aRar arsebobda.

rac Seexeba darCenil sam wevrs, isini gamodiodnen rogorc

erovnuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi da ara erovnuli mTav-

roba. e. gegeWkoris gardacvalebis Semdeg mdgomareobis ukidu-

resad gauaresebam, qarTuli politikuri emigraciis erT muS-

tad Sekvra da konsesusze dafuZnebuli samoqmedo gegmis Semu-

Saveba aucilebeli gaxada. sakiTxis aseTi formiT dayenebis miu-

xedavad, am dokumentidan ar Cana Tu ra donis kompromisi iqne-

boda saWiro, rom qarTuli emigraciis daqsaqsuli jgufebi kon-

sesusamde misuliyo da erToblivi ZalebiT `xvalindeli dRis~

samoqmedo gegma SeemuSavebinaT. Cems mier mikvleuli saarqivo

masalebi gansakuTrebul saprogramo mimarTulebas ar iZleva.

am problemas mxolod nawilobrivad exmianeba saqarTvelos

social-demokrtiuli partiis parizis organizaciis komite-

tis 1954 wlis deklaracia. masSi motanili ZiriTadi debule-

bebi, erovnul mTavrobas erTaderT kanonier medroSed da

suverenobis gamomxatvelad aRiarebda. aqedan gamomdinare,

misadmi morCilebas aucileblobad miiCnevda. imavdroulad,

yuradRebas social-demokratiuli partiis erTianobaze da

mis Zlier organizaciad gadaqcevaze akeTebda. aRniSnulis

gaTvaliswinebis fonze ganixilavda: 1) danarCen politikur

partiebTan da yvela daCagrul erebTan, gansakuTrebiT kavka-

siis erebTan molaparakebis sakiTxs; 2) saerTo frontis Seq-

mnas, sabWoTa ruseTisadmi dapirispirebas; 3) dasaxuli miznis

_ erovnuli saxelmwifos aRdgenisTvis brZolas. problemis

213

aseTi formiT im etapze dasma, saerTaSoriso politikuri si-

tuaciis cvalebadobas efuZneboda da misi gamoyeneba maqsima-

lurad unda momxdariyo. mxedvelobaSi maqvs evropis qveyne-

bis sabWoTa ruseTisadmi damokidebulebis safexurebrivad

cvlis procesis mimdinareoba. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT,

k. gvarjalaZis mier 1953 wels saqarTveloSi gagzavnil we-

rilSi vkiTxulobT: `dRevandeli saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis

mixedviT, Cven aqaur muSaobas exla eZleva gansakuTrebuli

xasiaTi. am 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis saxelmwifoebis

mmarTveli wreebi Tu sazogadoebrivi azri sabWoTa ruseTis

sakiTxiT naklebad iyvnen dainteresebulni da rac aq xdebo-

da, viTomc is maT ar exebodaT. xSirad am saxelmwifoTa sab-

WoebTan damokidebuleba, moskovis mTavrobas kidevac amag-

rebda da mis tiranias axangrZlivebda. sabWoTa ruseTidan

gadmoxvewil emigracias... naklebi yuradReba eqceoda da is

Sesaferisi TanagrZnobiT ar sargeblobda. saWiro gaxda... zo-

gi TvalsaCino movlenebi, rom evropa... mimxdariyo da gaego,

rom sabWoTa ruseTs miznad aqvs dasaxuli evropis Tavisufa-

li qveynebis sazRvrebis gadalaxva da msoflioSi gegemonis

dominantis damyareba. dRes imperialisturi sabWoTa ruseTis

winaaRmdeg Tavdasacavad iaraRdeba da irazmeba mTeli evro-

pa, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs amerikis demokratia~. am amona-

werSi motanili Tvalsazrisi, simarTles Seesabameba. doku-

menturi masaliT dadasturebulia, rom dasavleT evropis

mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebis liderebis mxridan, sabWoTa ru-

seTisadmi gamocxadebuli `politikuri arSiyobis~ Sedegebi,

qarTul emigracias mZimed daujda. istoriis ganvlili pro-

cesebis analizs emyareboda k. gvarjalaZis kritikuli damo-

kidebuleba evropis qveynebisadmi. aseTi poziciis mqone qar-

Tuli delegaciis liderebis evropisken Semobruneba da maT-

dami daxmarebis imedad yofna, amerikelTa komitetis damsaxu-

rebas warmoadgenda. miTumetes, aRniSnuli komiteti bolSe-

vizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas edga saTaveSi. am faqtoris gaTva-

liswinebidan gamomdinare, qarTuli emigraciis liderebma er-

Txel kidev scades evropis qveynebis saqarTvelos sasikeTod

gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi maTi yuradRebis centrSi 1950 we-

lis ianvarSi daarsebuli àRmosavleT centraluri evropis

seqcia evropuli moZraobisa~ moeqca. rogorc cnobilia, es

seqcia imave saxelwodebis komisiad gadakeTda da mis Semad-

214

genlobaSi cxra saxelmwifos devnili saxelisuflebo warmo-

madgenlebi Sevidnen. kerZod: Cexoslovakiis, poloneTis, un-

greTis, iugoslaviis, bulgareTis, rumineTis, latviis da es-

toneTis. am organizaciis moqmedebis areali poloneTsa da

baltiis saxelmwifoTa aRmosavleTis sazRvrebTan mTavrde-

boda. aRniSnuli komisiis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgenda: 1)

aRmosavleT evropis aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobis da ekonomi-

kuri aRorZinebis iseTi safuZvlis SemuSaveba, romelic zemo-

aRniSnuli qveynebis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg, maT aRorZinebas

Seuwyobda xels; 2) dasavleT evropaSi politikuri propagan-

dis gaweva am qveynebis ganTavisuflebis sasargeblod; 3)

strasburgSi Sekrebili èvropis saTaTbiros~ mier daarsebu-

li `specialuri komitetis~ mxridan, zemoaRniSnuli qveynebis

interesebisaTvis meti yuradRebis miqceva da masze mzrunve-

lobis gaZliereba. es komiteti èvropis saTaTbiros~ wevre-

bisgan, evropis parlamentarebisgan Sedgeboda. igi sruliad

evropis mTlianobis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad.

èvropis sabWosTan~ realuri TanamSromlobis SesaZleb-

lobas, aRniSnuli `specialuri komiteti~ iZleoda. igi muSa-

obda `ltolviTa centralur da aRmosavleT evropis komisi-

asTan~. imave komisiis wevrTa iniciativiT mowveulma londo-

nis konferenciam (1950 wlis 21-24 ianvari) ori ZiriTadi sa-

kiTxis gadawyvetas Seecada: 1) evropis Cagruli erebisTvis

politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis winaswari progra-

mis SemuSavebas. maTi ganTavisuflebis sawyisi safexuridanve

dauyovnebliv unda momxdariyo misi amoqmedeba; 2) dasavleT

evropis politikur wreebSi, evropis erebis damonebul mdgo-

mareobaSi datovebis SeuZleblobis azris damkvidrebas. am

arealSi ukrainelebi, belorusebi da qarTvelebi ver mox-

vdnen. amitom, maTi ZalisxmeviT, londonSi paralelur reJim-

Si daCagruli erebis axali komiteti Seqmnes da mimdinare

konferenciisadmi TavianTi damokidebuleba sajarod gaaxmo-

vanes. mxedvelobaSi maqvs Sesabamisi rezoluciis miReba, ro-

melic londonis konferenciis Tavmjdomares oficialurad

gadasces.

dokumenturi masaliT dasturdeba: evropis sabWo, rome-

lic evropis qveynebis parlamentarebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli,

qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenlebma saqarTvelos sakiTxiT

maTi daintereseba scades. Tu ra samuSaoebi iqna gaweuli am mi-

215

marTulebiT, amis Sesaxeb saintereso informacias Seicavs san-

dros mier Tomasadmi 1955 wlis 13 maisiT daTariRebuli werili.

am dokumentidan irkveva: 1) stambolSi mimdinare evropis sab-

Wos komisiis sesiis sxdomaze miwveuli `ltolvilTa damxmare

komitetis~ sateliti qveynebis (poloneTi, CexeTi, ungreTi, ru-

mineTi, iugodlavia, belgia, albaneTi) warmomadgenlebTan er-

Tad qarTvelebic iRebda monawileobas. komisiis Tavmjdomaris

karl vistradis rekomendaciiT, qarTulma mxarem sxdomis mona-

wileebs saqarTvelos okupaciisa da saerTaSoriso samarTleb-

rivi mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi gaacno; 2) imave

sxdomaze, qarTuli emigraciis warmomadgenelma, dasabuTebuli

formiT saqarTvelosTvis sateliti qveynebis statusis miniWe-

bis sakiTxi daayena; 3) karl vistradim qarTvelebs saqarTvelos

sakiTxis komisiis sxdomaze ganxilvis da evrosabWosadmi moxse-

nebis saxiT wardgenis piroba misca. aRniSnuli faqtebidan ga-

momdinare, werilis avtori saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomad-

genels Seaxsenebda: a) strasburgSi saqarTvelos sakiTxi ofici-

alur doneze daeyenebina; b) maqsimalurad cdiliyo, saqarTve-

los warmomadgenlebTan èvrosabWos~ iseTive urTierToba

hqonoda, rogoric sateliti qveynebis erovnul centrebTan; 4)

dasaxuli miznis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi, sruli SesaZlebloba Se-

iqmneboda, rom sateliti qveynebis materialuri daxmarebis

nusxaSi èvrosabWos~ saqarTveloc Seeyvana. am mimarTulebiT

gaweuli warmatebuli muSaobis Sesaxebaa saubari imave sandros

mier k. kandelakisadmi 1955 wlis 29 maiss gagzavnil werilSi.

masSi xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli evrosabWos komisiasTan urTier-

Tobis safexurebrivad gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb. èvrosabWos sa-

gangebo komisiasTan pirdapiri kavSiri avawyveT, ukeT rom

vTqvaT, mis samdivnosTan... Cvenma komitetma daadgina mimarTos

komisias, raTa saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba daSvebuli da

cnobili iqnes satelitebTan Tanabrad. Sesaferisi memorandumi

amis Sesaxeb gaigzavneba am dReebSi... aqve gigzavni zogierT do-

kumentebs, romelic miviReT komisiis samdivnodan~.

Sesabamisi dokumentebis miukvlevlobidan gamomdinare,

SeuZlebeli xdeba, dadgindes, gagzavnili iqna Tu ara daniS-

nulebisamebr zemoaRniSnuli memorandumi da imave komisiis

wevrebis mxridan ra reagireba gakeTda. erTi ram dabejiTe-

biT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli emigraciis samTavrobo

warmomadgenlebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen, evrosabWosgan

216

saqarTvelos sateliti qveynis statusi mieRo. amis dasadas-

tureblad k. kandelakis mier n. cincaZisadmi gagzavnili we-

rili (1955 wlis 1 ivnisi) gamodgeba. am sakiTxs exeba safran-

geTSi myofi qarTvel mxedarTa kavSiris saxeliT al. kinwu-

raSvilis mier k. gvarjalaZisadmi gagzavnili werilic (1955

wlis 4 ivnisi). am dokumentSi garkveviTaa miTiTebuli, rom

evrosabWoSi daniSnuli unda yofiliyo qarTvelTa sagangebo

delegacia, romlis xelmZRvaneli prof. mixeil musxeliSvili

iqneboda. `misi azriT, da me am azrs savsebiT viziareb _ wers

al. kinwuraSvili _ es delegacia unda Sedgebodes qarTvel

emigraciaSi myofi yvela politikuri elementebisgan. amisda

mixedviT Cven SevadgeneT am delegaciis mandatis proeqti,

romelsac gigzavni am werilTan erTad. rodesac es delega-

cia iqneba Semdgari, is daswers memorandums Cveni saerTaSo-

riso uflebebis Sesaxeb da inaxulebs yvela ucxoel politi-

kur moRvaweebs, romelTac SeuZliaT am saqmeSi dagvexmaron~

[7, 15-16]. imave k. kandelakis mier sandrosadmi gagzavnil sa-

pasuxo werilSi (1955 wlis 18 maisi), strasburgSi Casvla da

komisiis wevrebTan Sexvedra aucileblobadaa miCneuli. iqve

isicaa aRniSnuli, rom am sapasuxismgeblo da friad saWiro

misiis Sesruleba, finansebis uqonlobis gamo, SeuZlebeli

xdeboda.

im dokumenturi masalebis mixedviT, romelic Cem mier

iqna mopovebuli, qarTuli samTavrobio emigracia umZimes

ekonomikur pirobebSi imyofeboda da maT mier ganxorciele-

buli nebismieri samuSao enTuziazmze iyo dafuZnebuli. miu-

xedavad amisa, qarTuli emigraciis liderebi Zalasa da ener-

gias ar zogavdnen, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis yuradRebis

epicentrSi rom moxvedriliyvnen. mdgomareobas evropis qvey-

nebis mier Seqmnili organizaciebis muSaobis Taviseburebebi

arTulebda. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi mxridan raime gansakuT-

rebuli daxmarebis realuri imedi im etapze ar Canda.

amrigad, 1) XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, qarTuli

politikuri emigraciis Sida dapirispirebam umaRles safexurs

miaRwia. piradi ambiciebiT gadatvirTulma qarTulma emigraci-

am garegnulad moCvenebiTi erTianobis SenarCuneba ver SeZlo.

qarTuli emigraciis saRad moazrovne axali Taobis warmo-

madgenlebis mxridan qarTuli politikuri Zalebis mTavrobis

garSemo gaerTianebis mcdeloba ufrosi Taobis antisabWouri

217

brZolis 32 wlian gamocdilebas efuZneboda. am SemarTebas ame-

rikuli komitetis Tanadgoma ganapirobebda.

2) qarTuli politikuri emigraciis krebaze (1951 wlis 28

ianvari) `yofili erovnuli mTavrobis amocanebis Sesaxeb~ miRe-

buli dokumenti, erTiani qarTuli centris Seqmnas, mTavrobisa

da erovnuli sabWos urTierTobis daregulirebas isaxavda miz-

nad. erovnuli sabWos parizis yrilobaze (1952 wlis 4 noembri)

miRebuli dadgenileba _ erovnuli sabWos gafarToebis Sesaxeb,

qarTuli emigraciuli politikuri jgufebis gaerTianebas da

qarTuli saqmis warmatebulad gaZRolas iTvaliswinebda. am

ideis mowinaaRmdege Zalebma, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos aRdge-

nis mkvlelis funqcia Seasrules da, nebsiT Tu uneblied, sab-

WoTa ruseTis interesebis moemsaxurnen.

3) `parizis centris~ jgufis (xelmZRvanelebi: r. gabaSvili,

iv. zurabiSvili) mier Jurnal `kavkazSi~ dabeWdili `memoran-

dumi~ qarTuli emigraciis samTavrobo da erovnuli sabWos

mxardamWeri politikuri Zalebis evropis masStabiT diskredi-

tacias iTvaliswinebda. erovnuli sabWos yrilobis (1951 wlis

20 oqtombri. 40 qveynidan eswreboda qarTveli delegatebi) mier

miRebuli dadgenilebiT, am jgufis saqmianoba qarTvelTa poli-

tikuri droSis dacemis da sabWoTa ruseTis interesebis gatare-

bis mcdelobad gamocxadda. qarTuli emigraciis samTavrobo na-

wilis Zalisxmeva, èvrosabWos~ yuradRebis centrSi moqceuli-

yo da sateliti qveynis statuti mieRo, uSedego aRmoCnda. qar-

Tuli mxare evropis mxridan isev zurgSeqcevas da dauxmareb-

lobas ganicdida.



arqivi, f. 2117, aRw. 1, saqme 412.

2. Jurn. `mebrZoli sqarTvelo~, # 2, 1952.

3. Jurn. `mebrZoli sqarTvelo~, # 3, 1953.







218



Shota Vadachkoria Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Ivane Ja-vakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane

Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethno-logy, Chief scientist of the Departament of Modern and Contemporary History

The Georgian Political Emigration and an Attempt to Create a Renewed National Council (1951-1955)

Summary

On the basis of the documentary material in the article it is shown that: 1) In the early 1950s internal confrontation of Georgian political emigration reached the highest level. The Georgian immigration overwhelmed by personal ambitions failed to maintain the seeming unity. The attempts of the judicious new generation of Georgian emigration to unite around the government of Georgian political forces based on the old generation’s 32-year experience of anti-Soviet struggle. This was supported by the American Committee; 2) The document "On the Tasks of the Former National Government" adopted at the meeting of Georgian political emigration (28 January, 1951) aimed to create a united Georgian center, regulate the relations between the government and National Council. The resolution adopted by the National Council at Paris Congress (4 November, 1952) on the expansion of the National Council envisaged unification of Georgian immigrant political groups and successful management of the Georgian affairs. The opponents of this idea played the role of a murderer in the restoration of Georgian state, and willfully or unwillingly served the interests of Soviet Russia; 3) The `Memorandum~ published in journal `Kavkaz~ by the 'Paris Center' (headed by: R. Gabashvili, I. Zurabishvili) featured discrediting the political forces supporting Georgian emigration government and national council throughout Europe. The resolution adopted by the National Council (20 October, 1951 attended by Georgian delegates from 40 countries) announced the activities of this group as an attempt to drop the Georgian political flag and to pursue interests of Soviet Russia.

219

zurab kvetenaZe istoriis doqtori, saqarTve-

los teqnikuri universitetis profesori

ruseTis geopolitikis ramdenime aspeqti

vladimer putinis mmarTvelobis periodSi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTi urTules viTareba-

Si aRmoCnda, rogorc politikuri, ise socialur-ekonomikuri da rac mTavaria, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT. erT dros Zle-

vamosili komunisturi imperia, romelic lamis naxevar plane-

tas akontrolebda xuxulasaviT daiSala. SemTxveviTi sulac ar iyo, rom ruseTis prezidentma vladimer putinma ssrk-s daS-

las `XX mTavari geopolitikuri katastrofa~ uwoda. samar-

Tlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, sabWoTa kavSiri rusi adamianisaT-

vis, miuxedavad misi masStabisa, arasodes gamxdara nacionalu-

ri siamayis wyaro. TviT sabWoTa simboloebis mimarTac ki saSu-

alo rus individs ar hqonda iseTi mowiweba da pativiscema, ro-

gorc wminda rusuli erovnuli simboloebisadmi, Tumca rea-

lurad isic rusuli iyo, mis saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda da am ide-

ologiiT hqonda mas kontrolze ayvanili msoflios uzarmaza-

ri sivrce. aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, ruseTma XX s-is 90-iani wlebis miwuruls mainc gadalaxa fsiqologiuri barieri da sabolood darwmunda, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSla istori-

uli kanonzomiereba iyo. darwmunda imaSi, rom komunizmis mSe-nebloba sruli utopiuri idea iyo, dasavleTTan dasapirispi-

reblad igi aRar gamodgeboda. axal realobaze geopolitikuri gadawyoba ki advili ar iyo. ruseTs axali ideologia sWirde-

boda, romelic mas daarwmunebda, rom marcxi atlantikur sam-yarosTan logikuri, magram droebiTi movlena iyo.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da teqtonikurma cvlilebebma ev-raziul sivrceSi warmoSva geopolitikuri vakuumi, romlis masStabebi amerikelma politikosma da moazrovnem zbignev bJe-zinskim geopolitikaSi `didi Savi xvrelis~ Seqmnas Seadara. mi-si azriT, aseTi vakuumis Sevsebis aucileblad Seecdeboda Ci-neTis saxalxo respublika, romelic 1990-ani wlebidan ekonomi-

220

kuri da politikuri aRmavlobis gzaze idga da dRemde ganag-rZobs masStabur winsvlas [8, 21].

mao Zedunis gardacvalebis Semdeg CineTis xelisuflebis sa-TaveSi movida udidesi politkosi da ekonomisti den siaopini, romelmac Zireuli reformebis gatareba daiwyo qveyanaSi, moiwvia ucxoeli ekonomistebi, romelTac am sferoSi sakmaod didi ga-mocdileba hqondaT, male Sedegebic sagrZnobi gaxda da libera-

lurma ekonomikurma reformebma CineTi did gzaze gamoiyvana. amgvari reformebis gatarebis Tavi sabWoTa kavSiris arsebo-

bis bolo wlebSi moberebul sabWoTa elitas ar hqonda. maT saRi azrovnebis natamalic ki ar gaaCndaT. rac Seexeba mixeil gorba-

Covs, mas Cveni azriT, aseve araferi aqvs saerTo den siaopinTan, radgan sabWoTa kavSiris demokratizacia imTaviTve SeuZlebeli iyo, miTumetes, rom gorbaCovma den siaopinisgan gansxvavebiT sab-WoTa kavSiris konstituciidan me-6 muxli amoiRo, romlis Tanax-

madac sabWoTa kavSiris warmmarTveli Zala iyo komusituri par-

tia. anu den siopinma kompartiis diqtatura SeuTavsa liberalur ekonomikur reformebs, gorbaCovma da sabWoTa kavSiris politi-

kurma xelmZRvanelobam erTpartiuli sistema gaauqma. Sedegic ma-le dadga. sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala. misi daSla savsebiT kanonzo-

mieri movlena gaxldaT. Cven ar SevudgebiT imis mtkicebas, ra mox-

deboda gorbaCovs rom partiuli diqtatura daetovebina, radgan alternatiuli istoriis warmodgena Cvens mizans ar Seadgens, mag-ram rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gadagvarebul sabWoTa elitas amis arc survili da arc Tavi ar hqonda da es exeba sakuTriv `peres-

troikis~ epoqasac [7, 227]. saWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, misi memkvidre ruseTi da-

adga liberaluri ekonomikuri reformebis gzas, magram elci-

nis ruseTi sruliad sxva realobaSi aRmoCnda da am reformebma sruli kraxi ganicada. esec kanonzomier movlenad migvaCnia, radgan ruseTi Tavisi geopolitikuri da geocivilizaciuri kuTvnilebiT yovelTvis aqtiur sagareo politikaze iyo da aris orientirebuli da mas mxolod ekonomikur reformebze koncentrireba ar SeeZlo. ruseTi aSkarad xedavda, rom natos aRmosavleTiT gafarToebas igi seriozul winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda, arada erT-erTi mZlavri impulsi, romelmac ruseTs Si-dapolitikuri konsensusisaken ubiZga, natos aRmosavleTiT ga-farToebis sakiTxi iyo. ruseTSi es aRiqves da dResac aRiqva-

221

men, rogorc safrTxes Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis mxridan. natoeli partniorebi ki ruseTis politikur xelmZRvanelobas yovelTvis arwmunebdnen, rom demokratiuli garemo ruseTis irgvliv mas araTu safrTxes ar Seuqmnida, piriqiT sasurvelic iqneboda misi dasavleTTan integraciisa da ganviTarebis kuT-

xiT. magram sWirdeboda an bunebrivi iqneboda amgvari ganviTa-

reba ruseTisaTvis? am kiTxvaze dRemde ar arsebobs calsaxa pa-suxi. natom da ruseTma erTmaneTs aRuTqves politikuri pasu-

xismgebloba maT momaval urTierTobebze. es pasuxismgebloba daedo kidec safuZvlad nato-ruseTis sabWos Seqmnas 1997 wlis 27 maiss. am periodSi ruseTs sakuTar teritoriazec Seeqmna problemebi, roca CeCneTma damoukidebloba gamoacxada, rasac Semdeg ori omi mohyva. ruseTis federaciis sazRvrebi, cxadia, gansxvavdeba sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebisagan. ruseTi Tavis ge-opolitikur danakargebs mtkivneulad ganicdis. iq kargad es-miT, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg ruseTi faqtiurad naxe-var planetas akontrolebda, magram demokratiul samyarosTan damarcxebis Semdeg misi gavlenis areali sagrZnoblad SeizRu-

da. CeCneTis omma ki naTlad aCvena, rom ryevebi sakuTriv ruse-

Tis federaciaSi realuri iyo. amas ki arc ruseTis politikuri elita da arc sazogadoeba ar dauSvebda da arc dauSva. upirve-

les yovlisa ki qveyanas Wirdeboda imis analizi, Tu ram gamoiw-

via esoden masStaburi marcxi da aucilebeli xdeboda axali ge-opolitikuri koncefcia, romelic am kiTxvebs pasuxs gascemda. vfiqrobT, rusi geopolitikosis aleqsandre duginis geopoli-

tikuri xedva amis naTeli magaliTia. Cven Sors varT im azrisa-

gan, rom vladimer putinis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Sem-deg duginis yvela formula zustad iqna gaziarebuli, magram erTi ram cxadia: duginis naSromebis paralelurad ruseTSi kardinalurad icvleba viTareba.

duginis geopolitikur analizs, cxadia, imperialisturi da zogjer qsenofobiuri elferi dahkravs, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi igi iZleva siRrmiseul mecnierul analizs ruseTis civilizaci-

uri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb da aanalizebs im faqts, Tu ratomaa Se-uZlebeli dasavluri tipis demokratia ruseTSi. magaliTad, Tu ratom ar warmoiSva Tavis droze ruseTSi eri-saxelmwifo dasav-

leTis msgavsad, uaRresad did yuradRebas imsaxurebs [3, 36]. mas-Si warmodgenili debulebebi, Cveni azriT, sworia.

222

ruseTis federaciis axali lideris vladimer putinis xe-lisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala. qveynis evroatlantikuri, Talasokratiuli kursi evraziul Telulokratiulma Secvala. putinis yvela nabiji evraziuli geopolitikuri suliT iyo nakarnaxevi. es mimarTu-

leba ganviTarebul da ganmtkicebul iqna misi reformebiT, ro-

melic arsebiTad cvlida gorbaCovis da elcinis periodidan dawyebul sagareopolitikur, ideologiur da geopolitikur kurss. vfiqrobT putinis reformebs didi geopolitikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. Tanamedrove rusul da nawilobriv dasav-

lur geopolitikur azrSi ZiriTadad Tanxmdebian imaze, rom putinis dros moxda:

1. 90-iani wlebis kursis, romelic rusi politikuri eq-spertebis mier ganixileba, rogorc ruseTis desuverenizaciii-

sa da garedan faqtobrivi mmarTvelobis SemoRebis, kritika da Tanamedrove ruseTis suverenitetis, rogorc umaRlesi Rire-

bulebis Tanamedrove gamoxatulebis damkvidreba. 2. ruseTis Seryeuli teritoriuli mTlianobis ganmtki-

ceba da dacva mTeli rigi, maT Soris, mkacri samxedro saSuale-

bebiT CeCneTSi da mTel Crdilo kavkasiaSi misi poziciebis gaZ-liereba, 7 federalur olqSi gageba `suverenitetis~ likvida-

cia sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, separatizmis aRkveTis mizniT, ga-dasvla federaciis subieqtebis meTaurebis daniSvnis sitemaze, arCeviTobis nacvlad (es zoma miRebul iqna beslanSi tragiku-

li movlenebis Semdeg, roca teroristebis xelSi mZevlebi sko-

lis bavSvebi aRmoCndnen) aqve vityviT imasac, rom antitero-

ristul operacias aq mravali bavSvis sicocxle emsxverpla. 3. gandevna SedarebiT odiozuri oligarqebisa sazRvarga-

reT, romelTac mTeli Zalaufleba epyraT xelSi 90-ian wlebSi (b. berezovski, v. gusinski, l. nevzlini da a. S.) da devna Cadeni-

li danaSaulebisaTvis m. xodorkovski, p. lebedevi da a. S. naci-

onalizacia SedarebiT msxvili nedleulis monopolistebis da iZuleba danarCeni oligarqebis, romelTac unda ecnoT axla-

darCeuli kursis legitimuroba saxelmwifos mier dadgenili wesebiT ruseTis suverenitetis ganmtkicebaze.

4. Ria da daufaravi dialogis warmoeba aSS-sa da dasav-

leTTan aSS-s hegemoniisa da erTpolaruli msoflios ormagi standartebis miuRebloba, mravalpolarulobisa da yvela Za-

223

lasTan TanamSromlobis sasargeblod (ZiriTadad, kontinen-

tur evropasTan), romlebic dainteresebulni iqnebodnen ame-rikuli hegemoniis dauSveblobiT. es cxadia, rusuli tradici-

uli formula iyo, romelic iTvaliswinebda atlantistur blokSi ganxeTqilebis Setanas.

5. informaciuli politikis Secvla ZiriTad nacionalur masobrivi informaciis saSualebebze, romlebic adre aSuqeb-

dnen TavianTi oligarqi mmarTvelebis Sexedulebebs, xolo ami-eridan TavianTi saqmianoba saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisaTvis unda SeexamebinaT.

6. ruseTis istoriisadmi nihilisturi damokidebulebi-

dan Semobruneba, rac iTvaliswinebda dasavluri liberalur-demokratiuli midgomebis ukritikod miRebis dauSveblobas da pativiscemas ruseTisaTvis mniSvnelovani movlenebisa da figu-

rebis mimarT (kerZod dafuZnda erovnuli erTianobis dRe 4 no-

embers, litveli da poloneli okupantebisagan saxalxo laS-

qris mier moskovis ganTavisuflebis pativsacemad). 7. integraciuli procesebis mxardaWera postsabWoTa siv-

rceSi da dsT-s qveynebSi ruseTis moqmedebis gaaqtiureba, ase-ve Camoyalibeba Tu gamococxleba integraciuli struqture-

bisa _ iseTi rogoricaa èvraziis ekonomikuri TanamSromlo-

ba~, èrTiani ekonomikuri sivrce~ da a. S. 8. partiuli cxovrebis normalizacia oligarqiuli

struqturebisaTvis politikuri lobirebis akrZalvis xarjze, romliTac isini TavianT kerZo da korporaciul interesebs icavdnen da amaSi iyenebdnen saparlamento partiebs.

9. konsolidirebuli saxelmwifoebrivi politikis SemuSa-

veba energoresursebiT vaWrobis sferoSi, romelmac ruseTi mZlavr energetikul saxelmwifod aqcia, romelsac saSualeba aqvs gavlena moaxdinos ekonomikur procesebze evropisa da aziis mezobel regionebze. gazisa da navTobis molsadenebze dafuZnebuli sqemebi, romelic dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTisa-

ken miemarTeba naTel gamoxatulebad iqca axali ruseTis ener-

getikul politikaSi. amgvari geopolitika klasikuri geopo-

litikis ZiriTad, Zalovan xazs imeorebs axal doneze [4, 460]. am reformebs, cxadia, hyavda mowinaaRmdegeebic. eseni um-

Tavresad iyvnen gorbaCovisa da elcinis epoqis prodasavluri moRvaweebi, romelTac bevri rusi politikuri mkvlevari Ta-

224

lasokratiis (sazRvao imperiis) gavlenis agentebad moixseni-

ebs, romelTac gaaCniaT mkveTrad gamoxatuli liberalur-de-

mokrtaiuli msoflmxedveloba da globaluri kapitalisturi tendenciebi. putinis kursze amgvar winaaRmdegobas avlendnen memarjvene opoziciuri partiebi (ìabloko~, `pravoe delo~). yvela ultraliberalur, proamerikul partiebs da moZraobebs ruseTSi afinansebda, rogorc rusi geopolitikosebi fiqro-

ben, aSS da dasavluri fondebi. mizani putinis kursidan gadax-

veva iyo. rogorc dugini fiqrobs, am mizans emsaxureboda fe-

radi revoluciebic, romlebic dasavleTis mier finansdeboda. es iyo narinjisferi revolucia ukrainaSi, vadrebis revolu-

cia saqarTveloSi, titebis revolucia yirgizeTSi, areulobe-

bi moldovaSi da a. S. putini da misi politika iqca geopolitikuri, socialuri

da msoflmxedvelobrivi tendenciebis gamoxatulebad, rome-

lic mTlianobaSi exameboda saxmeleTo civilizaciisa da ruse-

Tis geopolitikuri istoriis ZiriTad principebsa da mimarTu-

lebebs. Tu gorbaCovisa da elcinis sistema srul winaaRmdego-

baSi modioda rusuli Zalis polusTan, putinis politikam pi-riqiT, aRadgina tradiciuli rusuli istoriis msvleloba da daabruna igi Cveulebriv kontinentur, Telulokratiul orbi-

taSi. amitomac putinTan erTpolaruli msoflios formirebis process Sexvda Zlieri winaRoba. ruseTma _ evraziam axali pre-

tenzia ganacxada mniSvnelovani msoflio Zalis polusze, rome-

lic evro-atlantizms upirispirdeboda. Cven Sors varT im azrisagan, rom amgvari Teoria srulad

Seesabameba rusi xalxis erovnul interesebs, magram erTi ram cxadia, ruseTi warmoadgens bunebriv moTamaSes saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, misi adgili iqaa sadac is aris, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, rusuli Tevzi Sesabamis zRvebsa da mdinareebSi ipoveba da misi politikis araprognozirebuloba saqmis arsSi arasiR-

rmiseul xedvad migvaCnia. swored am faqtoris gaTvaliswineba iyo saWiro ruseTTan

urTierTobebis dros, rac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ver-

cerTma xelisuflebam ver SeZlo saqarTveloSi. dRes Znelia imis Tqma, putinma gaiazra Tu ara rusi geopo-

litikosis aleqsandre duginis koncefcia, Tu duginma Seqmna Tavisi Teoriuli proeqti putinis politikis gaTvaliswinebiT,

225

(Tumca putinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde mTeli rigi naSrome-

bi hqonda dugins gamoqveynebuli) erTi ram cxadia, duginis de-

bulebebis ocdaaT procentamde putinma sisruleSi moiyvana. ruseTis Tanamedrove geopolitikis Sefasebisas gverds ver

avuvliT iseT mniSvnelovan movlenas, rogoricaa 2007 wlis 10 Tebervals ruseTis prezidentis vladimer putinis gamosvla miunxenis konferenciaze. man mkacrad gaakritika erTpolaru-

li msoflios formirebis mcdeloba da Seexo mis negatiur mxa-reebs. aseve Seexo globaluri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. miunxe-

nis konferenciaze ruseTis prezidentma saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSi, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, axali furceli gadaSala. bevri politikuri eqsperti mas axali `civi omis~ dasawyisadac ki miiCnevs. bevric fiqrobda, rom es mxolod `Sida samzareu-

los~ dasaSoSmineblad warmoTqmuli sityva iyo. erTi ram dRes ukve cxadia: am sityvas putinma saqme moayola, ramac naTeli ga-xada, rom es mxolod Sida auditoriisaTvis gankuTvnili òr-

Tqlis gamoSveba~ ki ar iyo, aramed msoflio axali geopoliti-

kuri dapirispirebis dasawyisi [1, 67]. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros ruseTis

federaciam moaxdina e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ okupacia, xolo amis Semdeg e. w. `samxreT oseTi~ da àfxazeTi~ damoukidebel saxel-

mwifoebad aRiara. amiT man gaimeora e. w. `kosovos precendenti~. 2014 wels ki ukrainaSi momxdari sisxliani revoluciisa da

prorusuli prezidentis viqtor ianukoviCis damxobis Semdeg, moaxdina yirimis aneqsia da sisxliani konfliqti gaaCaRa aRmo-

savleT ukrainaSi. amis gamo dRes ruseTisaTvis dasavleTs da gansakuTrebiT aSS-s ekonomikuri sanqciebi aqvs dawesebuli. mi-uxedavad amisa, ruseTi evrazionistuli geopolitikuri kur-

sidan gadaxvevas jerjerobiT ar apirebs. vfiqrobT, amgvari kursi ruseTis bunebriv ganviTarebas Se-

esabameba, xelovnuri ki swored gorbaCovisa da elcinis mimar-

Tuleba iyo. Cven gvesmis, rom am mimarTulebam swored saqar-

Tvelos Seuqmna teritoriuli mTlianobis problemebi, magram imdroindel arcerT qarTul politikur elitas ar aRmoaCnda politikuri sibrZne, romelic urTules geopolitikur winaaR-

mdegobebSi saqarTvelos samSvidobo gzaze gaiyvanda da am problemebs aaridebda.

226


1. i. toroSeliZe, putinis sagareo politika, Tbilisi, 2008. 2. J. Bugajski, Cold Peace-Russia’s New Imperialism, Praga, 2004. 3. a. dugini, geopolitikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1998. 4. А. Дугин, Геополитика Россий, Москва, 2014. 5. А. Дугин, Четвёртый Путь, Москва, 2014. 6. Н. А. Нартов, Геополитика Москва, 1999. 7. z. kvetenaZe, ruseTis roli da adgili globalur geopoli-

tikaSi, krebulSi: àxali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~,

#2 (6), 2009. 8. z. abaSiZe, dangreuli kedlis CrdilSi, Tbilisi, 2012.

Zurab Kvetenadze Doctor of History, Professor of Georgian Technical University

Several Aspects of Russian Geopolitics During the Period of Vladimir Putin’s Governance

Summary

After the end of the "Cold War" and the collapse of the Soviet Union,,

because of its great geopolitical losses Russia turned out to be in the most difficult situation from political, economic, and psychological point of view.

Russia with its internal political base and foreign orientation chose Pro-Western course. Thus the formation of civil society had begun, but the liberal Western course suffered during the Yeltsin's presidency in the 90s of the 20th century.

We think this was a natural phenomenon, as the next president, Vladimir Putin, saw in Eurasian course the only way to strengthen the state. Putin's Eurasian geopolitical course has being continued till now. The most important was Russian President's speech. on February 10, 2007 at the Munich Conference as it included the great audience.

227

gela saiTiZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbi-

lisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis





mecnier-TanamSromeli, profesori

pirveli msofio omi da `saqarTvelos damkomis~

evropuli gamocema — `qarTuli gazeTi~

mimdinare wels pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebidan asi

weli sruldeba. es iyo manamde arnaxuli masStabis omi, rome-

lic 1914 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo da TiTqmis oTxnaxevari weli

grZeldeboda. omi, romelmac 10 milioze meti adamianis si-

cocxle Seiwira, xolo 25 milinamde adamiani ki daWra da daa-

saxiCra. materialurma zaralma 58 milion oqros maneTs miaR-

wia. omis dasrulebisaTvis masSi msoflios 33 didi da patara

saxelmwifo monawileobda, romelTagan 48 milioni antantis

qveynebis, xolo 25 milionze maTi maT mowinaaRmdegeTa mxares

ibrZoda. omi, romlisTvisac karga xniT adre mimdinareobda

samzadisi, mis iniciatorebs sawaRmarTo amocanebis gadawve-

tisaTvis ki ar surdaT, aramed sxvisi teritoriebis mitace-

bisa da simdidreTa xelSi Cagdebis saSualebad esaxebodaT.

aqedan gamomdinare, yvela qveynis xelisuflebas konkretuli

mizani amoZravebda. maTi SeTanxmebebi da kavSirebic am prin-

cipebze iyo damyarebuli. ase dadgnen erTmaneTis pirispir

or banakad gayofili evropis saxelmwifoebi, romlis erT

mxares germania, avstria-ungreTi da misi mokavSireebi, xolo

meoreze antantis blokSi gaerTianebuli qveynebi _ inglisi,

safrangeTi, ruseTi da maTi mxardamWerebi iyvnen. axla saWi-

ro iyo sababi, raTa praqtikuli qmedebebi daewyoT da isic

gamoCnda... es moxda 1914 wlis 23 ivliss, roca saraevoSi av-

striis taxtis memkvidre hercogi franc-ferdinandi mokles.

28 ivliss avstria-ungreTma omi gamoucxada serbeTs, romel-

mac daxmarebisaTvis ruseTis mTavrobas mimarTa. meore dRes

ruseTma sayovelTao mobilizacia moaxdina, magram germaniam

228

daaswro da 1 agvistos omi gamoucxada ruseTs, 3 agvistos ki

safrangeTs, xolo 4 agvistos inglisma daZra Tavisi jarebi

germaniis winaaRmdeg [17, 474].

aqedan moyolebuli, omis mimdinareobisas kidev araerTi

saidumlo SeTanxmeba da xelSekruleba iqna dadebuli sxva-

dasxva saxelmwifoTa Soris. maTgan aRsaniSnavia 1914 wlis 2

agvistos germaniasa da osmaleTs Soris dadebuli saidumlo

SeTanxmeba da sxv. 2 noembers ruseTma omi gamoucxada osma-

leTs, 3 noembers ki saomari moqmedebebi daiwyo amierkavkasi-

aSi. ase aRmoCnda saqarTvelo frontis wina xazze... samxreTis

sazRvrebis dacva omis dawyebis pirveli dReebidanve ruseTis

caristuli xelisuflebis sazrunavad iqca. albaT, amiTac

iyo ganpirobebuli 1914 wlis noembris bolos imperator ni-

koloz II-is TbilisSi Camosvla da mTels kavkasiaSi samxedro-

politikuri viTarebis adgilze gacnoba. amas male regionSi

mniSvnelovani sakadro cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba mohyva:

avadmyofi voroncov-daSkovis nacvlad kavkasiaSi mefisnac-

vlad da frontis sardlad, mefis biZa, didi mTavari niko-

loz nikolozis Ze romanovi dainiSna. xolo ufro adre, sa-

qarTvelos egzarqosad episkopos aleqsi molCanovis adgilze

mTavarepiskoposi pitirim oknovi iqna dadgenili, romelic

1915 wlis dasasrulamde ganagebda iveriis eklesiis saqmeebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom TbilisSi myofi imperatori piradad

Sexvda aqauri mosaxleobis maRali wodebis warmomadgenlebs,

maT Soris qarTveli Tavad-aznaurobis rCeul nawils marSal

konstantine afxazis xelmZRvanelobiT. Tavisi Tanamdebobri-

vi mdgomareobis gamo k. afxazs samjer mieca SesaZlebloba

sityviT miemarTa imperatorisaTvis. pirvelad es moxda Tbi-

lisis rkinigzis sadguris darbazSi daxvedris dros, Semdeg

mecisnacvlis sasaxleSi samxedro da samoqalaqo warmomadgen-

lebTan audenciisas da bolos _ ekaterine sarajiSvilis sax-

lSi (dRevandeli maCablis q. #13) gaSlil sufrasTan, sadac

man imperators jixvis rqisgan damzadebuli uzarmazari mo-

vercxlili yanwi miarTva qarTuli warweriT da qarTveli Ta-

vad-aznaurobisa da qarTveli xalxis saxeliT piroba misca,

rom mterze gamarjvebis surviliT gamsWvalulni bolomde

ibrZolebdnen...

rogorc erTi imdroindeli wyaro iuwyeba, xelmwife impe-

rators unebebia da sapasuxod iq damswreTaTvis miumarTavs:

229

`mxurvaled gmadlobT guliTadi daxvedrisaTvis da guliTa

vsvam tfilisis Tavad-aznaurobis sadRegrZelos, batonebo~

[8, 30-31].

aqve SeiZleba isic gavixsenoT, rom I msoflio omis wlebSi

patara saqarTvelodan, anu imdroindeli administraciuli

dayofiT _ Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebidan, baTum-yar-

sis olqebidan da soxumis okrugidan _ 400.000-ze meti adamia-

ni iyo mobilizebuli, maTgan 200.000-ze meti ki uSualod

brZolis velze Rvrida sisxls... gansakuTrebuli Tavganwir-

vis magaliTebs aCvenebdnen is qarTvelebi, romlebsac uSua-

lod mSobliuri miwa-wylis dacva uxdebodaT.

yovelive es istoriuli faqtia da simarTles veravin ga-

eqceva, Tanac maSin, roca saqme, pirdapiri gagebiT, sakuTari

keris, sakuTari miwis dacvas exeboda, magram es rodis niSnav-

da ruseTis interesebisaTvis Tavganwirvas sakuTaris daviwye-

bis xarjze. eris mowinave nawilisaTvis, misi politikuri

elitisaTvis, upirvelesi safiqrali da sazrunavi is iyo, Tu

rogori SedegiT damTavrdeboda es arnaxuli sisxlisRvra am

oromtrialSi misdauneburad moxvedrili Cveni samSoblosaT-

vis.

qarTvel xalxs saukunovani gamocdileba ukve kargad

hqonda gasigrZeganebuli da dajamebuli, Tu ra saSinelebani

moetana misTvis samokavSireod da samoyvrod mowveul rusis

xelisuflebas; TvalnaTliv xedavda imasac, rom arc axali sa-

ukunis dasawyisidan isaxeboda raime saimedo perspeqtivebi

qveynis politikuri avtonomiisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadi-

debeli eklesiis avtokefaliis dasabruneblad. saubedurod,

cocxalTa Soris aRar iyvnen eris momavalze mofiqrali

upirvelesi moTaveni _ didi ilia da misi mimdevrebi. aRarc

politikur partiaTa Soris Canda erovnuli interesebis dam-

cveli angariSgasawevi Zala... erTaderT imedad sazRvargareT

Seqmnili `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~ kiafobda,

romelic, marTalia, mSobliur niadags mowyvetili iyo, mag-

ram Tavisi sakuTari beWduri organoebis meSveobiT, mainc

axerxebda Tavisufali azris miwodebas mSobeli xalxisaTvis,

rac upirvelesad ruseTis klanWebisagan Tavis daRweviTa da

damoukideblobis mopovebiT unda damTavrebuliyo. jer ki-

dev 1913 wlis ianvarSi, petre surgulaZis redaqtorobiT q.

JenevaSi gamosuli Jurnali `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ Tavis

230

furclebze dastambuli yoveli masaliT am ideis ganxorcie-

lebas isaxavda miznad.

Jurnalis redaqciis azriT, qarTveli eri istoriuli pi-

robebis gamo udides gansacdelis winaSe idga da mas daSla-

gaqroba moeloda. amitom èrovnuli TviTarsebobis dacvi-

saTvis gegmis drouli SemuSaveba da mis gansaxorcieleblad

mTeli Semoqmedi saqarTvelos Tavis moyra iyo saWiro. es ki

SesaZlebels gaxdida gareSe da Sinauri mtrebis Semotevebis

mogeriebas da eris politikri damoukideblobis mopovebas

[18, 21-22].

JurnalSi vrclad iyo saubari imazec, Tu ra moutana

Cvens qveyanas asi wlis manZilze erTmorwmune ruseTTan Seer-

Teba-dakavSirebam; rom erTmorwmuneobaze aqcentireba Cveu-

lebrivi fraza iyo, radgan èrTmorwmune ruseTma~ yvela

mterze meti ziani mogvayena; rom simarTlisagan Sors iyo

isic, TiTqos rusis biurokratia gvaxrCobda, Torem rusis

xalxi did gulmowyalebas iCenda Cvens mimarT... `tyuilia,

TiTqos mxolod rusis biurokratia iyos rusis politikis ma-

tarebeli. rusis politikas hqmnis rusi eri Tavis mTavrobis

xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic mimarTulia centralizmis, sxva

erTa dacemisa da gaTqvefisaken; rom rusis demokratiis mesi-

anizmi mxolod erTgvari filenjis qari iyo qarTul politi-

kur azrovnebaSi, rac mis monur grZnobas kvebavda da aTaxsi-

rebda. amitom saWiro iyo brZola, Torem sabolood sulsac

ki wagvarTmeven~-o [18, 23-24].

uaRresad Tanadroulad JRerda JurnalSi dastambuli es

sityvebic: `barbarosuli, despoturi ruseTi cudis mets ras

aswavlis sxvas, aba ra aqvs mas politikaSi garda daCagvrisa,

dawvisa da darbevisa. es mudam SimSilobis, sibnelisa da maT-

raxis qveyanaa. mas SiSiT Sehyurebs demokratiuli evropa, ar

mogvedaos, ar wagvlekoso... arc qarTveli eri ar daiRupebo-

da uruseTod, Tu igi Tavis mdidar erovnul kulturas gaa-

poxierebda kacobriobis saukeTeso miRwevebiT da amaRldebo-

da mTeli kacobriobis TvalSi~ [18, 5-6].

cota mogvianebiT Jurnali imazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas,

Tu ratom surda qarTvel xalxs Tavisi qveynis damoukideb-

loba da ruseTis koloniuri uRlis gadagdeba... `barbarosul

majlajunas mTeli Cveni samSoblo erT did satusaRod uqce-

via, sadac suli gvexuTeba, gasaqani ara gvaqvs... ruseTis ci-

231

xe, Tvaluwvdeneli misi gayinuli samflobelo, saukeTeso

qarTvelTa sisxliT irwyveba...~, amitom ar SeiZleba imasTan

Segueba, `Tu rogor gvarTmeven saukuTar miwa-wyals, enas,

adaT-wesebs, zne-Cveulebebs, rogor gvaviwyeben sakuTar is-

torias...~; xolo am mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevisaTvis saWi-

ro iyo gvqonoda: Cveni samarTali, Cveni eklesia, Cveni saku-

Tari sazogado dawesebulebani qarTulis eniTa da qarTvel-

Ta sulTagan SeTanxmebuli~ [18, 9-10].

Jurnali gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda muslimi

qarTvelebisadmi da maTi istoriuli sacxovrisisadmi ro-

gorc osmaleTis, ise ruseTis damokidebulebas... osmalebi

sarwmunoebagamocvlil qarTvelobas mudam arwmunebdnen, rom

gulidan amoeglijaT yovelive qarTuli: ena, zne-Cveuleba,

erovnuli grZnoba da SeeZulebinaT qristiani Tanamoazreni,

anu isini, romlebTanac erTad saukuneTa manZilze saqarTve-

los istorias qmnidnen... zogjer mizansac ki aRwevdnen da ga-

mahmadianebuli qarTvelobis Sida vilaeTebSi gadasaxlebas

axerxebdnen; amaSi xelSewyobas arc ruseTis xelisufleba

erideboda, radgan qarTvelTa nasaxlarebze Semdeg sxva to-

mis xalxTa Camosaxlebas axdenda... Jurnalis redaqcia saTana-

do reagirebis gareSe ar tovebda imasac, Tu ra xrikebs mi-

marTavdnen qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis dasaZabavad da

sajarod acxadebda: afxazeTi saqarTvelos nawilia da rusis

xelisuflebam `rogori jojoxeTuri manqanebic ar unda ixma-

ros erovnulad afxazeTis misgan CamosaSoreblad, mizans ma-

inc ver miaRwevs, radgan afxazebi Cveni monaTesaveni arian

eniTa da kulturiT da es teritoriac saqarTvelos politi-

kuri sxeulis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens~-o [18, 12].

Jurnali `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~, romlis bolo, meoTxe

nomeri 1914 wlis aprilSi gamovida, agrZelebda saubars sa-

qarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebis aucileb-

lobaze da aRniSnavda: `qarTvel ers autaneli politikuri

pirobebis wyalobiT teritoriebs arTmeven, mas aTaswlobiT

dasaxlebuli miwa-wylidan erekebian, javaxeTi da samcxe ru-

sis mTavrobam somxebiT aavso, amgvarsave politikas eweva ba-

Tumisa da soxumis olqebSic da ara-Tu awmyoSi sCagraven mas

aramed momavlis imedis mospobasac scdiloben~-o [20, 18].

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde gansakuTrebuli aqtiu-

ri moqmedebebi daiwyo sazRvargareT daarsebulma `saqarTve-

232

los damoukideblobis komitetma~, romlis mier gakeTebul

saqmeTa Sesaxeb mogvianebiT mix. wereTeli werda: `rodesac

gansvenebuli petre surgulaZe JenevaSi gadasaxlda saqarTve-

loTgan, iq daaarses man, leo kereseliZem, misma Zmam giorgim

da maTma megobarma `separatistTa jgufi qarTvelTa~, romlis

organo iyo `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~. am jgufma da misma

organom moamzades qarTuli azri momaval did saqmeTa gasa-

gebad am did omSi samoqmedoT... am `jgufis~ saxeliT daiWira

leom germanelebTan saqme 1914 wlis omis gamocxadebisTanave:

jer berlinSi germanelebTan da mere stambolSi TurqebTan

dasva pirobani, romelTa ZaliTac qarTvelebs jari unda Se-

edginaT osmaleTis teritoriazed da ebrZolaT TurqebTan

da germanelebTan erTad ruseTis winaaRmdeg, xolo Tu ga-

marjveba ruseTis mtrebs darCebodaT, saqarTvelos damouki-

debloba unda yofiliyo cnobili gamarjvebulTagan im saz-

RvrebSi, romelSic samahmadiano saqarTveloc Sedioda. male

giorgi maCabelic da mec, romelTac agreTve saqme gvqonda

dawyebuli iq germanelebTan, SevuerTdiT stambolSi p. sur-

gulaZes, leos, mis mis Zmas giorgis, n. maRalaSvils da

sxvebs~ [15, 43-44].

am molaparakebebis Sedegad miRebuli SeTanxmebis praqti-

kulad ganxorcielebis saqmeSi aqtiur rols TamaSobdnen _

germaniis generaluri Stabis politikuri seqciis ufrosi

mrCeveli rudolf nadilni, `legaciis mdivani~ oto giunter

fon vezendonki, feldmarSali fon der golici, grafi Su-

lenburgi, generali fon kressenSteini, generali fon kresi

da sxvebi.

swored maTi rCeviT da daxmarebiT `saqarTvelos damou-

kideblobis komitets~, romelSic zemoTdasaxelebul qarTve-

lebs garda meliton qarcivaZe, zia-beg abaSiZe, Salva vardiZe

da sxvebi Seuyvania, ufleba miuRia, SeekribaT is qarTvelebi,

romlebic omis dawyebis mizeziT CarCenilni iyvnen germaniaSi

da euwyebinaT maTTvis, rom yvela isini ganTavisuflebulni

iqnebodnen maSinve, roca saqarTvelos damoukideblobis nia-

dagze dgomis survils ganacxadebda da mis gansaxorcieleb-

lad ibrZolebda.

am SeTanxmebis Sedegi iyo is, rom TurqeTSi qarTvelTagan

da kavkasiis xalxTa warmomadgenlebisagan Seqmnil qarTul

legions germania afinansebda, xolo saerTo xelmZRvanelobas

233

grafi Sulenburgi da leo kereseliZe uwevdnen... farTo xasi-

aTi mieca omis dros tyved Cavardnil qarTvelTa Soris

erovnuli damoukideblobis ideis propagandas, raSic udides

rols asrulebda axlad daarsebuli gazeTi `qarTuli gaze-

Ti~. igi orkvireuli gamocema iyo, romelic 1916-1918 wlebSi

berlinSi ibeWdeboda. redaqciis saqmianobas warmarTavdnen

Zmebi leo da giorgi kereseliZeebi, nestor maRalaSvili da

sxvebi. gazeTis sul 58 nomeri gamovida, maTgan 18 _ 1916

wels, 22 _ 1917-Si, xolo 18 _ 1918-Si. saqarTveloSi gazeTis

kompleqtebi (Tumca arasruli) daculia saqarTvelos parla-

mentis erovnul da Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis samecniero biblioTekebSi. marTalia,

CvenSi gazeTis Semotana da gavrceleba did siZneleebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli, magram mas èvropaSi aTasobiT qarTveli mkiT-

xveli hyavda, romlebic, ZiriTadad, TavianT sayvarel samSob-

los daSorebulni da mowyvetilni, qarTveli tyveebi iyvnen.

gazeTi saSualebas aZlevda yvela maTgans TavianTi azri gamo-

eTqva sxvadasxva maTTvis saintereso sakiTxze...~ [29, 1].

gazeTis mizani da amocanebi gacxadebuli iyo pirveli

nomris saredaqcio werilSi, romelSic naTqvami iyo: `germani-

aSi da avstriaSi bevri qarTveli tyvea. umetesma maTganma

qarTulis meti arc erTi ena ar icis... enis ucodinarobis ga-

mo ar SeuZlianT Tvalyuri adevnon qarTul cxovrebas; arc

iq gamomaval Jurnal-gazeTebs aqvT saSualeba Cvens tyveebs

miawodon maTi samSoblos ambebi. amitom Cven gadavwyviteT

qarTul enaze gamovceT perioduli gazeTi da SeZlebisdagva-

rad vemsaxuroT qarTvel tyveTa interesebs~ [1, 1-2].

danapirebis Sesabamisad, miuxedavad mZime samxedro-poli-

tikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebisa, `qarTuli gazeTis~ redaq-

cia axerxebda, Tavisi mkiTxvelebisaTvis sakmaod farTo in-

formacia miewodebina. maT Soris, sxvadasxva frontebze mim-

dinare sabrZolo operaciebze, zogierT saerTaSoriso Sex-

vedraze miRebul dokumentTa mniSvnelobaze; daWril-daxo-

cil, gardacvlil, Tu tyvedCavardnil qarTvel mebrZolTa

Sesaxeb; gamoCenil moRvaweTa damokidebulebaze, mimdinare

omze, omis Semdgom msoflios mowyobaze da sxv. gazeTSi kva-

lificiuri masalebia dabeWdili ara marto qarTvelTadmi

rusTa damokidebulebaze, aramed am mpyrobeli eris daundob-

lobebze imperiaSi Semavali sxva xalxebis mimarTac da a. S.

234

am rigis masalaTa ricxvs ganekuvneba q. stokholmidan

aSS-is prezidentis _ vudro uilsonis saxelze gagzavnili

`ruseTis Cagrul erTa ligis mowodeba~, romelsac fineTis,

litvis, latviis, poloneTis, ukrainis, ebraelebis da musli-

mebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, qarTveli xalxis saxeliT,

xels awers mixako wereTelic.

qarTveli eris Sesaxeb `mowodebaSi~ aRniSnulia: `Cven,

qarTvelebi, udidesi, uZvelesi da ukulturosnesi qristiani

eri kavkasiisa, saerTaSoriso traqtatebiT nebayoflobiT Se-

vuerTdiT ruseTs. am ukanasknelma ki es xelmowerili traq-

tatebi daarRvia. mospo CvenSi mefoba da samefo saxli, mospo

damoukidebloba eklesiisa, romelic mexuTe saukunidan avto-

kefaluri iyo; mospo yvela qarTuli erovnuli dawesebuleba.

rusis mTavrobam gasZarcva qarTveli glexi da misgan warTme-

uli miwebi russa da sxva ucxo tomis glexebs dauriga. 1905-

1907 wlebSi rusebma Cveni qveyana kvlav sulerTianad gaanad-

gures; omis gamocxadebisTanave saukeTeso qarTveloba omSi

warekes, xolo qarTvel mahmadianTa provincia, aWara, sruli-

ad umizezod mTlad gaanadgures. mSieri, titveli da saso-

warkveTili 50.000-mde aWareli iZulebuli gaxades samSoblo

daetovebina da Savi bedis amara ucxoeTSi gadaxvewiliyvnen~

[18, 5].

iqve, ukrainelebic xazgasmiT miuTiTebdnen im xvedrze,

rac ruseTis daundobeli moqmedebebis Sedegad hqondaT Tavs

damtydari da sxvebTan erTad moiTxovdnen: `gviSveleT, dag-

vicaviT srulis mospobisagan!~-o.

`Cven, ukrainelebs, ruseTma wagvarTva aRTqmuli avtono-

mia, mogvispo damoukidebloba eklesiisa, ganaZeva ena 30 mili-

oni xalxisa sazogadoebriv cxovrebidan da skolebidan~. omis

gamocxadebisTanave mospes Cveni kulturuli dawesebulebani

da pressa. rodesac rusebi galiciasa da bukovinas Semoesiv-

nen, maSin kidev ufro naTlad davinaxeT, rom ruseTs swadia

Cveni eris mospoba. yovelsave, rasac ki ukrainuli elferi

edva, dauwyes sastiki devna, daatusaRes auarebeli xalxi da

myisve Seudgnen mTeli eris garusebas; Tanac ki rusis mTav-

roba usircxvilod gaiZaxoda _ galiciis ganmaTavisuflebel-

ni varTo! [18].

vidre `mowodebis~ teqsts gamoaqveynebda, manamde `qarTu-

lma gazeTma~ Tavis mkiTxvelebs sakmaod vrceli da saintere-

235

so werili miawoda avstriis parlamentSi ukrainel deputat-

Ta jgufis Tavmjdomaris, doqtor konst. levitskisa, rome-

lic imdenad exmianeba uknainasTan da saqarTvelosTan ruse-

Tis dRevandel urTierTobas, rom mas odnav SemoklebiT aqve

warvudgen dRevandel mkiTxvel sazogadoebas:

`batono redaqtoro! _ werda doqtori konst. levitski.

maqvs pativi gTxovoT, keTilineboT da patara adgili damiT-

moT Tqvens pativcemul gazeTSi, raTa saSualeba momeces na-

Telvyo ukraineli eris mdgomareoba am omSi.

aRmosavleT galiciis, Crdilo-dasavleTi bukovinisa da

CrdiloeTi hungreTisa oTxi milion orasi aTasi (4.200.000)

ukraineliT aris dasaxlebuli; 30 milioni (30.000.000) ukrai-

neli ruseTis sxvadasxva guberniebSi scxovrobs. maT Soris _

xolmsis, podolis, vilnos, xersonis, kievis, Cernigovis, pol-

tavis, xarkovis, ekaterinoslavlis, tavridisa da yubanis gu-

berniebi mTlianad, xolo besarabiis, grodnos, minskis, kur-

skis, voroneJis, donis, stavropolis da sxva guberniebi nawi-

lobriv arian dasaxlebulni ukrainelebiT. eseni arian mcire-

rusebi (malorusebi). es saxeli maT ruseTis mTavrobam moax-

via Tavs XVII-XVIII saukuneSi, xolo avstro-ungreTSi mcxovreb

ukrainelebs maTve ruTerebi uwodes XVIII saukuneSi. axla isi-

ni ukrainasa da ukrainelebs uwodeben Tavis Tavs _ 85.000

oTxkuTxi kilometris farTobis mqone sakuTar qveyanaSi.

ukrainelebi srulebiTac ar warmoadgendnen rusis xalxis

(egreTwodebuli velikorusebis) erT Stos. es eri (e. i. ukra-

inelebi, an rogorc rusebi eZaxian maT _ malorusebi), iseve

gansxvavdebian rusebisagan, rogorc polonelebi, an bulgare-

lebi. ukrainelebi ekuTvnian sul sxva anTropologiur ras-

sas, vidre rusebi da maT eTnologiur cxovrebas, maTi mSveni-

eri xalxuri poeziiTa da xelovnebiT araferi saerTo ar aqvs

rusebis cxovrebasTan.

ukrainelTa ena srulebiT ar aris erTi dialeqtTagani

rusuli enisa, igi misgan ufro gansxvavdeba, vidre Cexuri po-

lonurisagan. erTaderTi oficialuri enis, ruseTis gaugeb-

robis gamo, ruseTis ukrainuli provinciebis skolebSi, wera-

kiTxvis ucodinarTa ricxvi gasaocaria. podolis guberniaSi

wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa ricxvi 80%-mde iTvleba, xolo uk-

rainis danarCen nawilebSi es procenti 72-dan 83%-mde aris.

am ricxvis Semdeg saWiro ar aris mivmarToT filologiis

236

avtoritetebis azrs, an sanqt-peterburgis samecniero akade-

miis 1905 wlis dadgenilebas, romelnic adastureben, rom ru-

suli da ukrainuli ori sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan damouki-

debeli enaa. saWiro ar aris imis gaxsenebac, rom ukrainelTa

literatura Tavisi simdidriT da mravalferovnebiT arc

erTs slavianur enis literaturas ar CamorCeba.

gadavideT istoriaze...

man gasTxara gardauvali ufskruli ukrainelTa da rusTa

Soris. aRmosavleTis slavianebi ukve IX saukuneSi iyofian or

umTavres jgufad: samxreTis jgufi, romlisganac gamovidnen

ukrainelebi da CrdiloeTis jgufi, romlis finuri TaTrebis

rasasTan Serevis Semdeg warmosdga Tanamedrove rusis xeliT.

IX s-Si urainelTa Soris dnepris napirze aRmocenda mZlavri

saxelmwifo, romlis centri iyo vaWrobiT mdidari qalaqi ki-

evi. am kievis saxelmwifom daimorCila CrdiloeTis jgufi da

uwoda saxelad `rusi~, iseve rogorc dampyrobelma germane-

lebma dapyrobil ers uwodes `frangebi~. amas mohyva winaaR-

mdegoba samxreT da CrdiloeT samTavroTa Soris. samxreTis

samTavroebi, romelTa centrebi iyvnen kievi da haliCi (aRmo-

savleT galicia), dasustdnen monRolTa SemosevebiT XI sau-

kuneSi da daemorCilnen litva-poloneTis batonobas. Crdi-

loeTis samTavroboebi, romlebic vladimirisa da moskovis

garSemo ikribebodnen da TaTrebis moxarkeebad iTvlebodnen,

TandaTan gaizardnen da gadaiqcnen moskovis imperiad, ro-

melsac petre didis dros ewoda saxelad ruseTis imperia.

maSasadame, cxadia, rom ruseTis pretenziebi ukrainaze

iseTive samarTliania, rogori samarTlianic iqneboda germa-

niis pretenziebi frangebze, an frangebisa germanelebze.

safrangeTi da germania Seadgendnen ganuyofel nawilebs

Sarlemanis frangTa imperiis iseve, rogorc rusebi da ukrai-

nelebi erT dros SeerTebulni iyvnen kievis mTavar vladimer

didis skiptris qveS. magram ruseTi emyareba cru-xmovanobas

Zveli saxelmwifos saxelisas, acxadebs Tavis Tavs Zveli kie-

vis qveynis memkvidred da XIV s-dan iwyebs `Segrovebas~ `ruse-

bis~ qveynebisas.

ukrainelebma XVI da XVII saukuneebSi Seqmnes mebrZoli mi-

liciebi zaporoJiel yazaxebsa da 1648 wels isini icavdnen

TavianT Tavisuflebas polonelebisagan. yovelis mxridan Se-

wuxebuli ukrainis norCi saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda kavSi-

237

ri eZia Tavis Tanamorwmune rusebTan da ecno Tavis Tavi va-

salur saxelmwifod (1654 wlis pereiaslavis SeerTeba); magram

ruseTma uRalata Tavias nametnavad gulubryvilo mezoblebs:

man gahyo ukraina Tavisa da poloneTs Soris, gaauqma ruseTi-

saganve dapirebuli ukrainis avtonomia, gaarusa ukrainis ek-

lesia (uwin avtokefaluri) da daiwyo omi ukrainelTa enis,

zne-Cveulebebis, literaturis da kulturis mosaspobad.

poloneTis gayofis Semdeg ukrainis Cagvra ufro izrde-

ba; uniaturi (ukrainelTa Soris Zalian gavrcelebuli iyo

uniaturi sarwmunoeba e. i. berZnuli, magram papis ufrosobis

aRmsarebeli _ SeniSvna g. kereseliZis) sarwmunoeba, romel-

sac iziarebda aRmosavleT ukrainis mcxovrebTa didi nawili,

savsebiT iqna akrZaluli da 1876 wels gamovida rusis xelmwi-

fis ùkazi~ (brZaneba), romelic hkrZalavda beWdvas ukrai-

nelTa enaze. es iyo ukanono, ZalmomreobiTi, umagaliTo zo-

ma, romelic 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi sastikad sCagravda ukrai-

nel ers.

axla rusis qveynebis Semkrebni movidnen aRmosavleT ga-

liciaSi mis `gasaTavisufleblad~. rusebi galiciis mcxovreb-

lebisgan, rogorc `ganmaTavisufleblebi~ ise ki ar iqnen mi-

Rebulni, aramed mxolod zogierTi rusofilisagan, romel-

Tac rusis maneTis wyalobiT daikmayofiles piradi survile-

bi. galiciis ukrainelebisaTvis rusebis mier maT qveyanaSi Ses-

vla iyo ganTavisufleba... oRond maTi erovnuli da politiku-

ri cxovrebisagan. maT erovnebas rusebisagan sikvdiliT dasja

aqvs misjili (xazgasma Cemia _ g. s.).

avstriis mTavrobam galiciis ukrainelebs mianiWa igive

uflebani, rac avstriis sxva erebs, magram sinamdvileSi isini

(ukrainelebi) iCagrebodnen da saSualeba ar hqondaT Tavis

ganTavisuflebisa polonelebisagan, romlebsac meti gavlena

hqondaT galiciaSi. miuxedavad amisa, ukrainelebma miaRwies

Tavisi eniT esargeblaT administraciaSi, eklesiaSi, skolebsa

da universitetSi, riTac bevris gakeTeba moaswres TavianTi

eris gonebrivi, erovnuli TviTSegnebis da ekonomiuri win-

svlis mxriv.

galiciaSi rusebis SemoWram erTbaSad daangria mravali

wlis namuSevari: akrZalul iqna ukrainuli ena _ administra-

ciaSi, skolebsa da eklesiaSi. amasTanave rusebma akrZales

yvela ukrainuli gazeTi, daangries ukrainuli biblioTekebi,

238

kerZo pirebsac ki waarTves ukrainulad dabeWdili wignebi,

ruseTSi gaitanes erovnuli muzeumebis koleqciebi. akrZales

ukrainelTa yvela kavSiri da sazogadoeba, xolo aseulobiT

pativcemuli galicieli ukraineli cimbirSi gaasaxles.

uniaturi eklesia, romelsac yoveli galicieli ukraine-

li ekuTvnis, ager ukve or saukuneze metia (galiciaSi pirve-

li msoflio omis win TiTqmis arc erTi marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesia ar iyo), romelic gaxda ukrainelTa erovnul eklesiad,

axalis sisastikiT iqmna devnili. am eklesiis Tavi arqiel-

mitropoliti, grafi andria sceptiski, gadasaxlebul iqmna

kurskSi, Sida ruseTSi; didZali samRvdeloebac gadaasaxles

da soflis mcxovrebni damaSvrulni da daSinebulni, ruseTi-

sagan Camoyvanili mRvdlebisagan ZaldatanebiT, muqariT da

dapirebebiT iqvnen gadanaTlulni marTlmadideblad.

uniatur, e. i. kaTolikur eklesiebSi, vilonis marTlmadi-

debel episkopos evlogis, ganTqmul prozelitebis Semqmne-

lis brZanebiT da misi magaliTis mixedviT, daiwyo marTlma-

didebelTa wesiT wirva-locva. daiwyes uniaturuli eklesiis

marTlmadideblad gadakeTeba im tyuili mizeziT, viTomc uk-

rainuli eklesiebi am samasi wlis winad marTlmadidebels

ekuTvnodnen da amitom isev mas unda daubrundneno.

TviT mkiTxvelma gansajos, Tu marTlmadideblobis Semo-

Reba, saeklesio slavianur-rusuli wirva, ukrainelebisaTvis

gaugebar rusul enaze qadageba da RmerTTan deda-enaze baa-

sis aRkrZalva, niSnavs dabrunebas winaparTa sarwmunoebisad-

mi~ [19].

aRniSnul werilisadmi TandarTul komentarSi g. kerese-

liZe werda: `Cven es werili mTlianad moviyvaneT imitom, rom

metad sayuradRebod migvaCnia qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

es werili cxadad gviCvenebs rusis yofaqcevis xasiaTs,

misi politikis saxes.

gana igive da metic ar gadaitana Cvenma erma? daCagruli

didi xnis Seuwyveteli brZoliT Tavis sarwmunoebis, enis da

maTze aRmocenebuli kulturis dasacvelad?... magram qar-

Tvelma erma sZlia warmoudgenel gasaWirs, gaamagra qristi-

nuli principebi, gamoarkvia Tavisi sakuTari erovnuli fizi-

onomia, Seqmna Tavisi istoria da kultura erovnul sarwmu-

noebaze ganmtkicebuli...~ [19].

`Zlevamosilma islamma veraferi daaklo patara saqarTve-

239

los. qarTveli eris simtkicem gadaarCina qarTveloba da misi

kultura, sarwmunoeba xangrZlivs, Seuwyvetels gansacdels...

magram, rac ver daaklo mas mebrZolma mterma, is Seusrula

èrTmorwmune~ ruseTma iseve, rogorc ukrainaSi, ruseTma

isargebla Cvenis xangrZliv brZolaSi daRliT, motyuebiT da

ficis gatexiT gvigdo xelSi, mogvispo damoukidebeli ekle-

sia da gagvibatona `rusuli eklesia~... TandaTan, xan ZaliT

da motyuebiT, xan satanuri xrikebiT, gaxrwna qarTveli eri,

daaSora erimeores saqarTvelos nawilebi da cal-calke dai-

morCila, gaanadgura isini.

Cven gvaqvs imedi, rom Cveni eri ar momkvdara, rom masSi

kidev Rvivis sicocxlis Zala... yoveli Segnebuli qarTvelis

uwinaresi movaleobaa gahkafos gza da aCvenos ers gamosava-

li~ [19].

ukrainis sakiTxze saubars SemdegSic araerTxel ubrunde-

ba `qarTuli gazeTi~ da arc Tu iSviaTad Tavis mkiTxvelebs

acnobs evropis presaSi dastambul masalebs. samagaliTod mo-

vitanT gazeT `la reviu ukraienn~-Si gamoqveynebuli werilis

erT nawyvets: `rusis mTavroba mudam scdilobda, daexrCo

ukrainis politikuri pirovneba da konstituciuri avtono-

mia. ukrainul enas sikvdili miusajes. ukrainelTa enaze didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi aRkrZalul iyo wignebis beWdva, warmodge-

nebis gamarTva, moxsenebebi. 1863 wlis Semdeg, rodesac ru-

seTma ukrainuli ena akrZala, ukrainuli literaturis mSve-

neba, poeti SevCenko da istorikosi kostomarovi, TavianT

moqmedebas ganagrZoben ruseTis sazRvrebs miRma _ galiciasa

da lembergSi. iq dabeWdili wignebis Setana akrZaluli iyo

ruseTis sazRvrebSi, sadac misi mTavroba Seuwynarebel brZo-

las ganagrZobda ukrainelTa enisa da erovnebis winaaRmdeg,

rac ganapirobebda ukrainelTa daumorCileblobas ruseTis

biurokratiuli reJimisadmi~ [21, 7].

`qarTul gazeTs~ aseve sainteresod miaCnia _ italiur ga-

zeT ìl resto del karlinis~ mosazreba rusTa da ukrainel-

Ta gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb da SesaZleblobas aZlevs qar-

Tvel mkiTxvels gaecnos mas:

`ruseTis imperiis im nawilebSi, sadac rusebi da ukraine-

lebi scxovroben sxva erebis Seurevlad, aSkarad SeamCnevT

ukrainelTa tanisa da saxis silamazis upiratesobas. ukrai-

nelTa qali dasaCuqrebulia gamometyvelebis sinaziT, Tvale-

240

bisa da xmis sitkboTi. maTi sinaze metad aRemateboda rusis

qalisas... ukraineli qali bevrad ufro sufTad da mowyobi-

lad inaxavs Tavis Rarib saxls (ojaxs), vidre rusis qali. yve-

lafris ganxilvis Semdeg ueWveli xdeba, rom ukrainelebi

bevrad ufro maRla sdganan rusebze bunebrivi Wkua-gonebiT,

iumoris grZnobiT da bunebrivi gemovnebiT...~ [11, 7].

iqve qarTuli gamocemis redaqcia kidev erTxel xazgasmiT

aRniSnavs, Tu riT iyo ganpirobebuli amgvar faqtebze yurad-

Rebis gamaxvileba:

`Cven gazeTSi ukve gamovTqviT is azri, rom saWiroa Cvenma

xalxma, rac SeiZleba ukeT gaicnos ukrainelebi, radgan bevri

gvaqvs saerTo interesi da ueWvelia, erTad mogvindeba muSa-

oba. amitom xandaxan moviyvanT xolme cnobebs am eris Sesaxeb~

[11, 7].

`qarTul gazeTSi~ gamoqveynebul masalaTagan ara mxolod

im dros, aramed dResac gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas iZens

didi qarTveli mecnierisa da mamuliSvilis mix. wereTlis

publikaciebi. maT Soris gamorCeulia misi gamosvla q. loza-

naSi, 1916 wlis ivlisSi gamarTul erTa mesame kongresis mo-

nawileTa winaSe:

`Cven Zlier bevri tanjva gamogvivlia da amitomac ar

gviyvars bevri laparaki, _ aRniSnavda igi, magram exla, rode-

sac Cvens Tvalwin xdeba mTels qveyanaze didi politikuri

cvlileba, migvaCnia saWirod, xma avimaRloT da davicvaT Cve-

ni kanonieri uflebani... gvinda mTels kacobriobas vacnoT

rusis mTavrobis veragoba da Ralati qarTveli eris mimarT.

rusis mTavrobam erT saukuneze metia, rac qarTvel ers ahxa-

da yovelive ufleba da awama igi, winaaRmdeg yovelive samar-

Tlisa da samarTlianobisa... Tu saerTaSoriso samarTali da

saerTaSoriso zneoba ar gamqralan, Tu samarTlisa da zneo-

bis Segneba erTa Soris ar aRkveTilan, maSin Cvenca gvaqvs uf-

leba vekuTvnodeT kacobriobas da mis winaSe samarTali veZi-

oT.

rusis imperatorebma da maTma mTavrobam daarRvies is

xelSekrulebani, romelnic maT saerTaSoriso samarTlis Ta-

naxmad saqarTvelosTan hqondaT dadebuli; fexqveS gasTeles

maTive danapirebi da mospes is garantiebi, romelnic maT

aRuTqves qarTvel ers TavianT manifestebSi...~

`1796 wels gardaicvala ekaterine da ruseTis taxtze avi-

241

da imperatori pavle I da aqedan daiwyo gadareuli politika

am Seryeuli da avadmyofi xelmwifisa. man ukan daabruna ja-

rebi, romlebic sparseTSi ibrZodnen. `qarTuli sakiTxi~ mas

avadmyofobad gadaeqca da ar asvenebda. man brZaneba gasca Se-

eqmnaT `federatiuli saxelmwifo saqarTvelos samTavroTa-

gan~, romelic masze unda yofiliyo damokidebuli, radganac

igi am samTavroTa umaRlesi batoni~ iyo.

1798 wels gardaicvala erekle mefe da saqarTvelos tax-

tze avida misi Svili giorgi XII, romelsac `mamisagan arc dip-

lomatiuri da arc samxedro niWi ar gamohyolia~.

imperatorma pavlem SeimuSava axali proeqti saqarTve-

losTan kavSirisa da gagzavna igi saqarTveloSi. am proeqtis

ratifikacia unda momxdariyo imis Semdeg, rac qarTvelebi

mas miiRebdnen da misi elCebic peterburgs dabrundebodnen.

magram sanam rusis elCebi Tbiliss miaRwevdnen, giorgi XII

gardaicvala (1800 wlis 23 dekembers). misma memkvidrem Ta-

vad-aznaurobasTan da samRvdeloebasTan erTad ganixila pav-

le I proeqti, zogierTi Casworebebic Seitana masSi da gaag-

zavna ukan _ peterburgs. axla ki pavle I-s veRar Causwres

cocxals... ase, rom proeqtis ratificireba ar momxdara da

mas araviTari iuridiuli Zala da saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba

ar SeuZenia. Tumca man, pavlem, moaswro da 1800 wlis 11 ian-

vars TviTneburad gamosca specialuri manifesti `saqarTve-

lo ruseTTan SeerTebuli qveyana ariso~... ès xelmwife suliT

avadmyofi iyo da xSirad ambobda: `me is msurs, igi hqmnan, rac

me msurso~. maSasadame misi manifesti giJis nebis nayofi iyo!

Tumca giJi mamis es aqti aRiara da daamtkica aleqsandre I-ma

1800 wlis manifestiT~ _ daaskvnida mix. wereTeli [28, 6-7].

ase, rom saqarTvelo ruseTisagan dapyrobili qveyana ar

yofila, xolo visac ase hgoniaT, maT ar ician arc kavkasiis

geografia, arc misi eTnografia da arc misi istoria~, rom

`saqarTvelos uWiravs amierkavkasiis dasavleTi da centra-

luri nawili _ guberniebi Tbilisisa da quTaisisa, baTumis,

soxumisa da naxevari yarsis da zaqaTalis olqebisa. es iyo is

miwa, romelzedac ganviTarda saqarTvelo mis ori aTasi wlis

istoriis ganmavlobaSi... da dResac amave adgilze adgia qar-

Tvel ers rusis monobis uReli~ [26, 2-3].

`qarTul gazeTSi~ araerTi saintereso masalaa dabeWdili

frontis xazTan axlo mdebare aWaris Sesaxeb, romlis qarTve-

242

li mosaxleoba TviTmyrobluri xelisuflebis mier muslima-

nuri sarwmunoebisa gamo arasaimedod iyo miCneuli da aiZu-

lebdnen mas, TavianTi sacxovrisi mietovebinaT. maT miwebze

ki rusebTan erTad, sxva erTa warmomadgenlebs asaxlebdnen.

aseTi usamarTlobis gamo ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda qarTve-

li marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba. zogjer isic xdeboda, rom

osmaleTSi gaxiznul aWarlebs ukan dabrunebis uflebas ki

aZlevdnen, magram TavianT nafuZvarze cxovrebis gagrZelebis

SesaZleblobas _ ara. Tu ratom xdeboda ase, saubaria ruse-

Tis dumis deputatis, akaki Cxenkelis gamosvlaSi, romelic

`qarTul gazeTSia~ dabeWdili: èxlandeli mefisnacvali (gu-

lisxmobda n. romanovs _ g. s.), momxrea aWarlebi TavianT mi-

wa-walze dabrundnen. magram is ki ar kmara, rom maT mxolod

saSualeba eZlevaT dabrunebisa. saWiroa, mTavrobam sastiki

gankarguleba moaxdinos, raTa aWarlebi TavianT adgilebs da-

ubrundnen. jer kidev graf voroncov-daSkovis dros scdi-

lobdnen aWarlebisaTvis adgilebi CamoerTmiaT da ucxoTaT-

vis gadaecaT. amgvari cda dResac aris: hyidian aWarelTa mi-

wa-wyalze mosul WirnaxulT da maT miwebsac ucxoelebs ija-

riT aZleven. aWaraSi 80 sofeli xuTi aTas cxraas samocda-

ToTxmet maneTad da samocdaxuT kapikad (5.974 man. 65 kap.)

ijariT gasces. amgvari politika did aRelvebas iwvevs qar-

TvelTa Soris, miuxedavad politikuri mimarTulebisa. cen-

zura qarTvelTa guliswyromas ar uSvebs, aWaris Sesaxeb de-

putatTa sityvebs iWeren.

aWarelTa miwebis gadacema somxebis xelSi iwvevs aRSfo-

Tebas ara marto qarTvel sazogadoebaSi, aramed TviT somxis

demokratiul presaSic. aWarelTa miwebs rom somxebi epatro-

nebian, es garemoeba kavkasiaSi iseT mdgomareobas hqmnis, rom

mSvidobiani cxovreba SeuZlebeli xdeba.

aWaris miwebs mxolod ijariT rom aZleven, oficialuri

wyaroebiT SemiZlia dagimtkicoT, rom erTma ministTaganma

ukve amoirCia TavisTvis samasi (300) desetina miwa da unda Ta-

vis saxelze daimtkicos~ (memarcxeneebidan aRSfoTebis xma)

[25, 8].

`qarTuli gazeTis~ mTavari publicisti, romelic Tavis

nawerebs `k...~-s inicialiT awerda xels, leo kereseliZis um-

crosi Zma, me-40-e nomridan amave gazeTis redaqtori, giorgi

kereseliZe iyo. igi erT-erT werilSi, roca qarTuli eklesi-

243

is avtokefaliis, damoukideblobis Sesaxeb amaxvilebda yu-

radRebas, aRniSnavda: `marto eklesia ki ar eRupeba qarTvel

ers, aramed mTeli misi arseboba aris gansacelSi.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs eklesiis damoukideblobas, mis

normalur yofas, rogorc yoveli erisaTvis, agreTve qarTve-

li erisaTvis, magram Tu TviT eris arseboba gansacdelSia,

marto eklesiis aRorZineba veras uSvelis.

ra unda gviSvelos marto eklesiam, Tu danarCeni yoveli

dargi Cveni erovnuli sicocxlisa mudam gansacdelSi iqneba

da mudam agoniaSi viqnebiT?

metyvian: eklesiis Tavisufleba erTi im wamalTagania, ro-

melic Cvens avadmyof mdgomareobis gamokeTebas Seuwyobs

xelso.

ki, magram es wamali arafer sargeblobas ar mogvitans, Tu

mTeli organizmi ar movaSoreT im pirobebs, romelnic Sxama-

ven mTels organizms da umzadeben mas sikvdils, anu rodesac

mTel organizms uqadis gaxrwna, maSin erTi nawilis wamloba

unayofoa....

Cven rom Cveni saxelmwifo xelidan ar gagveSva, Cveni ek-

lesiac Tavisufali iqneboda.

Cven sakmarisad vicnobT rusis politikas. dRes rom raime

dagviTmos, xval isev wagvarTmevs, Tu amis SesaZlebloba eqne-

ba. saWiroa am SesaZleblobis mospoba... amis wamali aris er-

TaderTi: `saqarTvelos sve-bedi Cahbardes qarTvel ers~.

metyvian: rusis saxelmwifo xom ufro Zalovania da mudam

SeeZleba ZaliT mogvispos saxelmwifoo...

saxelmwifos, ra gind patara iyves igi, aqvs iseTi saSua-

lebebi, roliTac SeuZlia gaumklavdes Tavisze didsa da Za-

lovan saxelmwifos da daicvas Tavis interesebi. es aris saga-

reo politika, romlis warmoeba marto damoukidebel ers Se-

uZlia~ [15, 4].

gazeTis momdevno nomerSi, g. kereseliZe saintereso mo-

sazrebas ayalibebda qarTveli eris samomavlo aRorZineba-

ganviTarebisa da ganmtkicebis gzebze da aRniSnavda, rom am

saqmeSi xelSemSlel faqtorad ar unda qceuliyo sarwmunoeb-

rivi gansxvavebuloba an, romelime kuTxisaTvis privilegire-

bis miniWeba.

èris aRorZineba, ganviTareba da ganmtkiceba SesaZlebe-

lia mxolod eris SekavSirebiT da erTsulovnebiT. erTsu-

244

lovneba ki SeiZleba mxolod maSin, rodesac sabolood da

Rrmad SevignebT, rom qarTveli eri aris ganuyofeli, rom

qarTvelobis monopoliaze arc erTs mis nawils ara aqvs uf-

leba; rom yoveli qarTveli, ra eklesiasac ginda ekuTvnodes

igi, aris qarTveli da aqvs igive ufleba Cvens warsulze, ro-

goric danarCen qarTvelebs; rom qarTvel ers aqvs sxvadas-

xvanairi sarwmunoeba; rom qarTveli eris miwa-wyalze yovel

sarwmunoebas da sjuls aqvs Tanaswori ufleba; rom qarTve-

li eris erTi nawili Rrma pativs scems meore nawilis sar-

wmunoebasa da sjuls; rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs qarTve-

li eris erTi sarwmunoeba an sjuli, romelsac hqondes misi

meore nawilis meore sarwmunoebaze meti ufleba. anu unda

gvaxsovdes, rom qarTvel ers aqvs uflebiT Tanaswori ramde-

nime sarwmunoeba da sjuli~ [28, 2].

mogvianebiT, roca gareSe da Sinauri mtrebi, did Zalis-

xmevas iCendnen deda-samSoblosagan aWaris CamosaSoreblad,

SesaZlebelia `qarTuli gazeTisa~ da misi redaqtoris am sit-

yvebmac iqonia gavlena, baTumSi gamarTulma mahmadian qar-

TvelTa yrilobam Tavis gadawvetilebaSi rom Caswera: `baTu-

mis olqis muslimanTa warmomadgenlebi, ricxviT asi kaci,

RvTisa da qveynis winaSe vacxadebT, rom olqis mkvidrni, sar-

wmunoebiT muslimanebi, istoriiT, sisxliT da xorciT, kul-

turiT da adaTebiT varT muslimani qarTvelebi da terito-

riulad da ekonomiurad yovelTvis Cveni mxare dedasamSob-

los _ saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda~ (1919 wlis

31 agvisto).

aRniSnuli dadgenileba ecnoba saqarTvelos respublikis

mTavrobas TbilisSi da sazavo konferenciis monawileebs pa-

rizSi.


1. Jurnali `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~, 1913-1914 wlebis kom-

pleqtebi.

2. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, 1916-1918 wlebis kompleqtebi.

3. kiRuraZe g., narkvevebi I msoflio omis momzadebis isto-

riidan, Tbilisi, 1960.

4. kobaxiZe g., I msoflio omis drois moqmedi `saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis komiteti~, mokle istoria, berlini, 1954.

245

5. grZeliZe r., saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli

komiteti (1914-1918), Tbilisi, 1995.

6. saiTiZe gela, petre surgulaZis sagamomcemlo-publicis-

turi da sazogadoebriv-politikuri moRvaweoba, Tbilisi,

2009.

7. saiTiZe gela, Jurnali `klde~ (1912-1915), Tbilisi, 2003.

8. saiTiZe gela, `swamda sasmSoblos aRorZineba (generali

konstantine afxazi), Tbilisi, 1997.

9. salia kalistrate, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komi-

teti I msoflio omis dros (masalebi istoriisaTvis), Jur-

nalSi: `bedi qarTlisa~, parizi, 1962.

10. svaniZe mix., erovnuli legioni osmaleTSi I msoflio omis

dros. gazeTi `samSoblo~ #7-10, 1992.

11. surgulaZe a., surgulaZe k., qarTuli legioni TurqeTSi,

baTumi, 1994.

12. surgulaZe p., saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli sa-

xelmwifo, stamboli, 1918.

13. tabaRua i., saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebis istori-

idan, Tbilisi, 1994.

14. SaraZe giorgi, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis

erovpuli centri JenevaSi da politikuri brZola saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2006.

15. SaraZe guram, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis isto-

ria. t. I, Tbilisi, 2001.

16. janeliZe o., qarTuli emigrantuli presis istoriidan

(Jurnali `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~), krebulSi: `saisto-

rio Studiebi~, I, Tbilisi, 2000.

17. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia (qse), t. I, Tbilisi, 1975.

18. Jurnali `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~, #1, 1913.



21. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #1, 28 marti, 1916.

22. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #5, 1 ivnisi, 1916.

23. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #6, 15 ivnisi, 1916.

24. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #11, 1 ivlisi, 1916.

25. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #12, 16 seqtemberi, 1916.

26. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #13, 1 noemberi, 1916.

27. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #16, 15 noemberi, 1916.

28. gazeTi `qarTuli gazeTi~, #25, 1 aprili, 1917.

246

Gela Saitidze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Java-khishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Ja-vakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnolo-gy, Chief Scientist of the Department of Mo-dern and Contemporary History, professor

World War I and `Georgian Gazette~, European Edition of the Committee for Independence of Georgia

Summary

In World War I two blocks of countries: the Entente (the UK, Franca, Russia and their allies) on the one hand and Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and their supporters on the other stood face to face. It should be said that in its final phase the unprecedented scale warfare involved 33 large and small states that lost over 10M people, with the number of wounded exceeding 25M. The war cost the humanity 58M gold manats.

The toll Georgia, a Russian colony at the time paid was no smaller: over 200 000 Georgians were on the battlefield and the country’s south-western regions were aflame.

A group of prominent Georgians inside and outside the country were thinking about the results the war could have for their nation, namely whether it could slip out of Russia’s control. In this respect the Committee for Georgia’s Independence established abroad had a somewhat freer hand than the other organizations pursuing the similar goal. Even before the war, through its `Free Georgia~ magazine and the `Georgian Gazette~ that came out during the war, the Committee tried to inform the Georgians how to go on with their struggle for political autonomy and who could be their potential supporters. The Committee viewed care for thousands of the Georgian prisoners of war (POW), most of whom could not speak a foreign language, as its top priority.

Those are the issues the paper deals with.

247

giorgi xecuriani magistranti, saqarTvelos uni-

versiteti, samarTalmcodneo-

bis fakulteti

teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi saqarTvelos

konstituciaSi

teritoria (laT. Teritorium – olqi, teritoria) yoveli sa-xelmwifos arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli elementia. es gaxlavT im saxmeleTo, sazRvao, Tu sahaero sivrceTa erToblioba, romel-

zec vrceldeba saxelmwifo suvereniteti [16, 149]. rogorc wesi, teritoriebi dayofilia imgvar erTeulebad, rom maqsimalurad iyos uzrunvelyofili xelisuflebis funqcionireba, daculi iyos qveynis mTlianoba. mxedvelobaSi maqvs centralur da adgi-

lobriv organoebs Soris damyarebuli samarTlebrivi kavSiris forma da uflebamosilebaTa harmoniuli dabalanseba, rac sabo-

lood gansazRvravs saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis tips. es Tematika imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom mis mowesrigebas xSirad konstituciebis mTeli rigi normebi eZRvneba.

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos uzenaes kanonSi xsenebuli sakiTxi droebiT regulaciis gareSea datovebuli. saubaria, saqarTve-

los konstituciis meSvide muxlis mesame punqtze, romlis mi-xedviTac, saqarTvelos teritoriuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyo-

ba ganisazRvreba konstituciuri kanoniT uflebamosilebaTa ga-mijvnis principis safuZvelze qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqar-

Tvelos iurisdiqciis srulad aRdgenis Semdeg. kanonmdeblis am-gvar gadawyvetilebas mTeli rigi istoriul-politikuri winapi-robebi udevs safuZvlad, romlis ganxilvac, saWiroa naSromis miznebidan gamomdinare.

jer kidev 1918 wlis 26 maisidan moyolebuli axlad Seqmnili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisaTvis erT-erT mTavar sakiTxs konstituciis SemuSaveba warmoadgenda. droebiTi parla-

mentis, erovnuli sabWos mier saarCevno kanonis miRebis Semdeg, 1919 wlis 14-16 Tebervals saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Ca-tarda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, romelSic umravlesoba so-

248

cial-demokratiulma partiam moipova. damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miRebul iqna saqarTvelos pirveli kon-

stitucia. es gaxldaT im droisaTvis erT-erTi progresuli kon-

stitucia, romelmac faqtobrivad mxolod 4 dRe imuSava, radgan 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals ruseTis me-11 armiis mier moxda saqarTve-

los demokratiuli respublikis okupacia. daiwyo 70 wliani sab-Wouri periodi. mogvianebiT, 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi Ca-tarda referendumi, sadac amomrCevelTa 90,3 %-ma xma misca saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobas. 1991 wlis 9 aprils uzenaesma sabWom 12 saaTsa da 30 wuTze erTxmad miiRo gadawyvetileba damoukideb-

lobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb [6, 272, 279, 291; 5, 153-155, 160-161, 172-176]. am faqtidan daaxloebiT 4 wlis Semdeg 1995 wlis 24 agvistos mii-Res saqarTvelos axali konstitucia. saxelmwifo teritoria ga-nisazRvra 1991 wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis dRe), Tumca samwuxarod, uzenaesi kanonis miRebisas teri-

toriuli konfliqtebis gamo, afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia aRar vrceldeboda. Sesa-bamisad, saxelmwifos danawevrebuli teritoria ar SeiZleboda gamxdariyo da arc gamxdara konstituciuri regulaciis sagani [7, 6]. swored amitom, kanonmdebelma saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis formis gansazRvra qveynis mTel teritoriaze iuris-

diqciis srulad aRdgenis Semdgom gadawyvita [17, 147]. teritoriuli mowyobis formebi. Tanamedrove samyaroSi sa-

xelmwifos rolis gazrdam, centralur xelisuflebas iseTi fuqciebi Semata, rom, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda yvela dakisrebuli amocanis erTdroulad gadaWra. saWiro gaxda cen-

traluri organoebis gantvirTva uflebmosilebebis adgilob-

rivi organoebisTvis miniWebis an delegirebis gziT, radgan praqtikasa da samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi gabatonebuli azris Tanaxmad, adgilobrivi organoebi lokalur problemebs ukeT umklavdebian [8, 93].

saxelisuflebo Zalauflebis gadanawilebis Taviseburebe-

bis mixedviT samarTlebriv literaturaSi gamoyofen teritori-

uli mowyobis sam ZiriTad formas: unitarizms, federalizmsa da regionalizms [9, 113]. mokled ganvixilav TiToeulis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs.

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unitaruli (laT. Unos – erTi) modeli erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli teritoriuli organizaciis tipia. sxva saxelmwi-

fo mowyobis1 vertikalur formebTan SedarebiT, igi yvelaze

martivad miiCneva, radgan unitaruli saxelmwifos teritoria iyofa administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebad, romlis far-

glebSic xorcieldeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba [16, 150]. es sakmaod progresuli organizaciaa, vinaidan centraluri or-

ganoebisTvis Zalze gamartivebulia gadawyvetilebis miRebis me-qanizmi, centris xelSi koncentrirebulia saxelmwifos sruli resursebi. es ki xels uwyobs ekonomikur, kulturul ganviTare-

bas. qveynis mTel teritoriaze moqmedebs erTiani samarTlis, sa-erTo sasamarTloebisa da sabiujeto sistema [10, 147].

administraciuli erTeuli stuqturuli, organizaciuli da mmarTvelobiTi kompetenciis farglebis mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos centralizebuli, SedarebiT decentralizebuli, decentrali-

zebuli. centralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifos teritoriul

erTeulebs zevidan qveviT yvela doneze marTavs centris mier daniSnuli mmarTveli an mmarTvelobiTi organo. rogorc wesi aseT dros teritorias saerTod ar gaaCnia avtonomiurobis ele-

menti, radgan Zalze Zlieria centraluri xelisuflebis gavle-

na adgilobriv organoze. zogi mkvlevris azriT, es aris erT-er-

Ti arademokratiuli forma, radgan xelisuflebis Zalaufleba ZiriTadad centris xelSia koncentrirebuli [16, 111-114].

SedarebiT decentralizebuli unitarizmis dros centris mi-er daniSnul moxeleebTan erTad, paralelurad, arsebobs arCeviTi organoebic (rogorc wesi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba); Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivad arCeuli organos kompetencia, rig SemTxvevebSi, Zalze dabalia da farTo uflebamosilebebiT cen-

tris mier daniSnuli moxeleebi sargebloben [16, 114-115]. radikalurad gansxvavebuladaa saqme decentralizebuli

unitarizmis SemTxvevaSi. am dros administraciul-teritoriuli

1 saxelmwifo teritoriuli mowyofis formas zogjer saxelmwifo mowyobis formadac moixsenieben xolme, es identuri Sinaarsis matare-

beli terminebia.

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erTeulebi yvela doneze mTlianad imarTeba adgilobrivi orga-

noebis arCevnebSi arCeuli pirebis meSveobiT, xolo decentrali-

zaciis maRali xarisxis pirobebSi centrisa da adgilobrivi orga-

noebis kompetenciebi gamijnulia normatiul doneze [10, 150]. unitaruli saxelmwifo erTiania, mis teritoriaze ar gax-

lavT arc regionebi da arc federaciis subieqtebi, Tumca savse-biT SesaZlebelia garkveul teritorias mieniWos farTo avtono-

mia. Tavad terminis _ àvtonomia~, etimologiuri mniSvnelobidan, rom vimsjeloT, es gaxlavT teritoriuli erTeulis SesaZleb-

loba gaaCndes sakuTari (auto) wesebi (nomos). teritoriuli avto-

nomia gulisxmobs, saxelmwifos gansazRvruli teritoriuli er-

TeulisTvis istoriuli, kulturuli, Tu mkvidri mosaxleobis specifiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxva administraci-

ul-teritoriul erTeulTan SedarebiT farTo statusis miniWe-bas [16, 152-153]. Sesabamisad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, unitarul sa-xelmwifoSi arsebobdes erTi an ramdenime gansxvavebuli kompe-

tenciebiT aRWurvili avtonomia, romelic upiratesi uflebamo-

silebebiT isargeblebs yvela sxva danarCen administraciul-te-

ritoriul erTeulebTan SedarebiT. federaciuli (laT. Federare – gaerTianeba, kavSiris ganmtki-

ceba; Federatio – gaerTianeba, kavSiri) saxelmwifo unitarulisgan gansxvavebiT metad demokratiul teritoriul-politikur or-

ganizaciis formad miiCneva. misi demokratiuloba iqidan gamom-

dinareobs, rom igi ZiriTadad decentralizaciis princips emya-reba [11, 117]. federalizmis samSoblod aSS iTvleba. swored aq

Camoyalibda pirvelad federaciuli saxelmwifo sakonstitu-

cio doneze [12, 48]. saxelmwifo mowoyobis es modeli, tradici-

ulad, teritoriuli (aSS, germania, avstria) an erovnuli (bel-

gia, eTiopia, ruseTi) niSniT iqmneba. misi teritoria, unitaru-

lisgan gansxvavebiT, erTiani ar gaxlavT da igi Sedgeba qvazisa-

xelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis, federaciis subieqtebisgan [10, 152-154]. am ukanasknelis qvazisaxelmwifoebrivi buneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom TiToeul federaciis subieqts aqvs sakuTari konstitucia, mTavroba, parlamenti, sakuTari sasamarTlo da samarTlis sistema, droSa, himni da a. S. [13, 118]. erTgvarad, es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom federaciaSi Semavali teritoriuli

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erTeulebi arian ara saxelmwifos Semadgeneli nawilebi, aramed erTi saerTo saxelmwifos damaarsebeli subieqtebi, romlebic saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdegac inarCuneben adgilobriv Zala-

uflebas (Tumca maT ar aqvT secesiis ufleba, anu ar SeuZliaT federaciisgan calmxrivad gamoyofa). isini TavianT saqmianobaSi arian damoukidebelni da ar eqvemdebarebian centraluri xeli-

suflebis administraciis kontrols; es ar niSnavs imas, rom centrs saerTod ar gaaCnia federaciis subieqtze zegavlenis moxdenis saSualeba. federalizmis pirobebSi yovelTvis arse-

bobs xelisuflebis ori done: saerTo federaciuli da federa-

ciis subieqtis xelisufleba. maTi kompetenciis gamijvnis miuxe-

davad, federaciis subieqti mainc ormagi zegavlenis obieqtia. kerZod, masze erTdroulad vrceldeba adgilobrivi da centra-

luri kanonmdebloba. swored sakanonmdeblo sistemis uzrun-

velyofis mizniT federaciul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs orpala-

tiani parlamenti. federaciis subieqtebis warmomadgenlebi Se-dian parlamentis specialur organoSi – senatSi (zeda palata). senatis gadawyvetilebebi sakanonmdeblo TvalsazrisiT imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia gansazRvros qvey-nis politikur-samarTlebrivi perspeqtivebi [9, 118-122].

regionalizmi pirvelad espaneTsa da italiaSi aRmocenda. teritoriuli mowyobis es forma unitarulisgan warmoiSva, Tumca mogvianebiT igi mkacrad decentralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifos farglebsac ki gascda. amasTan, igi federalizmis-

ganac gansxvavdeba mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebiT [9, 123]. regiona-

lizmi miiCneva, erTgvar hibridul modelad, romelic unitaru-

li da federaciuli saxelmwifos niSnebis matarebelia. saxel-

mwifos yvela teritoriul erTeuls, regions, miniWebuli aqvs avtonomia (unitarul saxelmwifoSi SesaZloa arsebobdes ramde-

nime avtonomiuri erTeuli). regioni SesaZloa asimetriuli bu-

nebis iyos, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom savsebiT dasaSvebia zog te-

ritoriul erTeuls avtonomiis gansxvavebuli xarisxi gaaCndes [10, 160-163]. federaciis subieqtis msgavsad regioni aRWurvilia sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT, mas gaaCnia sa-kuTari Semosavlis wyaro, adgilobrivi sagadasaxado sistema, Tumca mTel saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs erTiani sasamarTlo siste-

252

ma. unitarizmis msgavsad adgilobriv teritoriul erTeuls ar gaaCnia sakuTari konstitucia da rogorc wesi qveynis uzenaesi kanoni Tavad iTvaliswinebs regionebis uflebamosilebaTa nus-

xas, rac erTgvarad kompetenciis gamijvnas utoldeba. amasTan, teritoriul erTeuls unda gaaCndes sakuTari statuti, wesde-

ba, romlis miRebisas igi damoukidebelia. statuti ganamtkicebs regionis avtonomiasa da sakanonmdeblo struqturis institu-

cionalur-samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. aRsaniSnavia, regionis kidev erTi Tviseba, romelic damaxasiaTebeli araa arc federaciis subieqtebisa, da miTumetes, arc unitaruli saxelmwifos teri-

toriul-administraciuli erTeulisaTvis. TiToeul regions aqvs ufleba gansazRvruli wesiTa da formiT monawileoba mii-Ros saerTaSoriso organizaciebis saqmianobasa da sxva saerTa-

Soriso urTierTobebSi. regionis es ufleba SeuzRudav ufle-

bad iTvleba [7, 68-72]. sakanonmdeblo TvalsazrisiT regionalu-

ri saxelmwifo Sedgeba orpalatiani parlamentisgan, Tumca fe-

deralizmTan SedarebiT, zeda palata ufro naklebi uflebamo-

silebebiT sargeblobs da mas ar SeuZlia arsebiTi zegavlena mo-

axdios qveynis politikur-samarTlebriv bedze. saxelmwifom Se-saZloa miiRos CarCo kanoni, romlis detalurad regulireba, adgilobriv doneze, regionis kompetenciaa. funqciuri Tval-

sazrisiT regionalizmi federalizmTan ufro axlos dgas, Tum-

ca regionze vrceldeba administraciuli kontroli, rac yov-

lad miuRebelia federalizmisTvis. regionSi xorcieldeba ad-

gilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, romelic lokaluri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mogvarebas uzrunvelyofs [9, 124-125].

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis forma. rogorc vax-sene, obieqturi mizezebis gamo, kanonmdebelma droebiT Tavi aarida saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis formis konsti-

tuciaSi miTiTebas, Tumca sakanonmdeblo normebis safuZvel-

ze mainc SesaZlebelia qveynis saxelmwifo mowyobis tipis gan-sazRvra. am mxriv aranakleb mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos uze-

naesi kanonis pirveli muxlis pirveli punqtis pirvelive wina-dadeba, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo. es Zalian saintereso normaa, radgan rogorc wesi unitaruli saxelmwifoebis kon-

253

stituciebSi teritoriuli mowyobis forma mieTiTeba pirda-

pir sityviT ùnitaruli~ an terminiT èrTiani da ganuyofe-

li~. Sesabamisad, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom zogierTi mecnieris azriT, saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis pirveli muxli sa-xelmwifos unitarul wyobas usvams xazs [9, 129]. gamoTqmul mosazrebas veTanxmebi da vTvli, rom miuxedavad saxelmwifo mowyobis sakiTxis Riad datovebisa

1, zemoT naxsenebi Canaweri, erTgvarad, saxelmwifoSi funqciurad moqmed unitarizmze miuTiTebs (miTumetes, rom msgavsi Sinaaris termins araerTi unitaruli qveynis konstituciebSi vxvdebiT, magaliTad: ru-

mineTi, CexeTi, xorvatia da sxva [19, 279; 443; 496]). marTlac, saqarTvelos teritoriaze ar arsebobs arc qvazisaxelmwifo-

ebrivi warmonaqmnebi da arc mkacrad decentralizebuli re-

gionebi, aramed igi dayofilia teritoriul-administraciul erTeulad, romelTagan sams, danarCenebTan SedarebiT, farTo avtonomia gaaCnia. ufro konkretulad, saxelmwifos terito-

riuli dayofa ase gamoiyureba: gansxvavebuli statusiT arse-

bobs aWaris avtonomiuri respublika, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika, xolo cxinvalis regionis adgilas Seqmnilia droebiTi teritoriuli erTeuli (TiToeul maTganze sauba-

ri meqneba qvemoT). qveynis danarCeni nawilebi dReisaTvis ga-erTianebulia cxra mxared: mcxeTa-mTianeTi, Sida qarTli,

qvemo qarTli, kaxeTi, samcxe-javaxeTi, imereTi, raWa-leCxumi

da qvemo svaneTi, guria, samagrelo-zemo svaneTi. teritoriu-

li danawilebis am doneze (e. w. zeda doneze; regionaluri do-

ne) 2010 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebis Semdeg mmarTvelobas axorcieleben aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenle-

bi _ rwmunebul-gubernatorebi. isini Tanamdebobaze iniSnebi-an mTavrobis mier da maTi uflebamosilebaTa wre sakmaod farToa, magaliTad: mTavrobis davalebiT saqarTvelos sami-nistroebis teritoriuli organoebis saqmianobisa da adgi-

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis calkeuli RonisZiebis ganxorcielebisTvis kontrolis gaweva, saTaTbiro xmis uf-

lebiT mTavrobis sxdomebSi monawileobis miReba, uflebamo-

1 igulisxmeba saqarTvelos konstituciis meSvide muxlis mesame punqti.

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silebis farglebSi samarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocema da sxva. centris xelSi Zalauflebis didi koncentraciis Sedegad, re-

gionuli mmarTveloba mTlianad centralizebulia. es faqti

erTgvar disbalanss qmnis, radgan am doneze ar arsebobs Zala-

uflebis gamawonasworebeli sxva saSualeba [9, 130-131]. sru-

liad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs SedarebiT dabal te-

ritoriul doneze, kerZod, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel orga-

noebSi, sadac ukve naTlad SeimCneva adgilobrivi Zalaufle-

bis maRali decentralizaciis tendencia. adgilobrivi TviT-

mmarTveloba aris TviTmmarTvel erTeulSi registrirebul saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa ufleba da SesaZlebloba, maT mier arCeuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis meSveo-

biT, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze gadawyviton adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi. TviTmmarTveli erTeu-

li aris municipaliteti. municipaliteti dasaxlebaa (TviT-

mmarTveli qalaqi), romelsac aqvs administraciuli sazRvre-

bi, an dasaxlebaTa erToblioba (TviTmmarTveli Temi), romel-

sac gaaCnia administraciuli sazRvrebi da administraciuli centri. municipalitets hyavs arCeviTi warmomadgenlobiTi da aRmasrulebeli organoebi (romlebic formirdeba adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleobis mier arCevnebis gziT), registrirebuli mosaxleoba, aqvs sakuTari qoneba, biujeti, Semosavlebi. muni-

cipaliteti damoukidebeli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pi-ria [1, Tavi mecxre; 2, muxli me-2]. aRsaniSnavia, rom TviTmmar-

Tveli erTeuli sargeblobs sakmaod farTo sakuTari ufle-

bamosilebebiT [2, muxli me-16]. igi centraluri xelisufle-

bisgan damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs, aseve sargeb-

lobs e. w. narCeni uflebebiT. rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi arsebobs municipaluri sis-

temis sqema, sadac Camoyalibebulia TviTmmarTvelobis fuZem-

debluri principebi da centraluri xelisuflebisgan organu-

li kanoniT gamijnuli kompetencia, rac metad uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Cau-

revlobas, demokratiuli faseulobebis amaRlebas, Zalaufleba-

Ta dabalansebasa da decentralizacias [18, 212-217]. rac Seexeba saqarTvelis teritoriaze arsebul avtonomi-

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ebs, mimaCnia, rom saWiroa maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebu-

rebebis cal-calke ganxilva. aWaris avtonomiuri respublika. rogorc a. demetraSvili

Tavis naSromSi aRniSnavs, aWaris avtonomiur respublikas sak-maod ekleqturi statusi aqvs da mis msgavs teritoriul er-

Teuls sazRvargareTis qveynebi, faqtobrivad, ar icnoben [14, 119-120]. 2017 wels Zaladakargulad gamocxadda konstituci-

uri kanoni àWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesa-xeb~ da amave wels mis sanacvlod amoqmedda konstituciuri kanoni àWaris avtonomiuri respublikis Sesaxeb~. am normati-

uli aqtis meore muxlis mixedviT aWaris avtonomiuri respub-

likis gansakuTrebul uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba: aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis kanonebisa da sxva normatiuli aq-tebis miReba, mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosileba-saqmia-nobis wesisa da sabiujeto politikis gansazRvra da ganxor-

cieleba, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis biujetis kanonis miReba da misi Sesrulebis kontroli, balansze arsebuli qo-

nebis, miwis, tyisa da wylis resursebis marTva-gankargva, aseve sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmva, ganviTareba, mniSvnelovani saavtomobilo gzebisa da sxva infrastruqturis marTva, av-tonomiuri respublikis saganmanaTleblo, samecniero, Semoq-

medebiTi da sportuli dawesebulebebis Seqmna, marTva, mxar-

daWera, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis jildoebisa da sapa-tio wodebebis dadgena, miniWeba, saarqivo samsaxuris marTva. gansakuTrebuli uflebebis wre arc ise farToa; wina konsti-

tuciur kanonTan SedarebiT, axali – ufro SezRudul ufle-

bamosilebebs gvTavazobs. amasTan, e. w. narCeni uflebebis gan-xorcieleba centris kompetenciaa. aWaris avtonomiuri res-

publikas gaaCnia sakuTari konstitucia (organuli kanoni), romelic unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos konstitucias, aseve aqvs sakuTari droSa da gerbi (isini unda Seicavdes sa-qarTvelos droSisa da gerbis elementebs). mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT aWaris avtonomiur respublikas gaaCnia umaR-

lesi sabWo da mTavroba. umaRlesi sabWo aris aWaris avtono-

miuri respublikis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organo, ro-

melic aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis uflebamosilebebis

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farglebSi axorcielebs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobasa da kanon-

mdeblobiT gansazRvrul sxva uflebamosilebebs, akontro-

lebs aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobas. misi formi-

reba xdeba adgilobrivad registrirebuli mosaxleobis, sa-qarTvelos moqalaqeebis mier sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pir-

dapiri arCevnebis safuZvelze faruli kenWisyriT gziT (arau-

metes 21 deputati airCeva 4 wlis vadiT). mTavroba aris aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi

aRmasrulebeli organo, romelic warmodgenilia mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis ministre-

bisagan. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdo-

maris kandidaturas da mTavrobis Tavmjdomareobis kandidatis mier dasaxelebul ministrebis kandidaturebs saqarTvelos prezidenti warudgens umaRles sabWos, romelic amtkiebs maT Tanamdebobaze sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesobis mxardaWe-

riT [3, muxlebi: me-2, me-3, me-4]. am SemTxvevaSi, marTalia Tav-

mjdomares uSualod umaRlesi sabWo amtkicebs, magram mimaCnia, rom mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris wardgenis uflebis saqarTvelos prezidentisTvis miniWebiT, aSkarad igrZnoba centraluri xe-lisuflebis gavlena aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles Tanamdebobis pirze. es ki rasakvirvelia, miuTiTebs, rom xsene-bul teritoriul erTeulSi, miuxedavad misi gansxvavebuli statusisa, mainc vawydebiT dabali decentralizaciis xarisxs.

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika. saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis mesame muxlis meoTxe punqtis mixedviT afxazeTis avto-

nomiuri respublikis statusi unda ganisazRvros saqarTve-

los konstituciuri kanoniT – afxazeTis avtonomiuri respub-

likis statusis Sesaxeb. Tumca am ukanasknelis ar arsebobis pi-robebSi moqmedebs 1978 wlis afxazeTis konstitucia [17, 160], romelic Seesabameba saqarTvelos moqmed konstitucias. afxa-

zeTi aris saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi myofi avtonomiuri er-

Teuli. mas gaaCnia sakuTari umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi or-

gano – afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWo da aRmasrulebeli organo – afxazeTis mTavroba, romlis Tavmjdomarec aris afxazeTis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri. am ukanasknels Tanamdebobaze niS-navs da aTavisuflebs umaRlesi sabWo saqarTvelos preziden-

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tis TanxmobiT. afxazeTSi moqmedebs saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema, aseve prokurorebi iniSnebian saqarTvelos mTavari prokuroris mier. afxazeTis konstitucia ar Seicavs gansakuT-

rebuli uflebamosilebebis CamonaTvals, isini adgilobrivi gamgeobis sakiTxebs damoukideblad wyveten, Tumca teqstSi moxseniebulia, ZiriTadad, ori sakuTari ufleba: biujetisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. aWaris avtonomi-

uri respublikis msgavsad afxazeTsac sakmaod ekleqturi sta-

tusi gaaCnia. mas ver miviCnevT verc qvazisaxelmwifoebriv war-

monaqmnad, radgan avtonomiis Zalze dabali xarisxi gaaCnia (mi-uxedavad imisa rom afxazeTs aqvs sakuTari konstitucia da sa-xelmwifo simboloebi) da verc decentralizebuli mmarTve-

lobis subieqtad, radgan uflebamosilebaTa ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT igi uSualod eqvemdebareba centralur xeli-

suflebas. am faqtors ki garkveuli bundovaneba Seaqvs afxaze-

Tis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriuli statusis gansaz-

Rvrisas; Tumca es problema, rasakvirvelia droebiTia da igi aucileblad mogvardeba qveynis mTel teritoriaze iurisdiq-

ciis aRdgenis Semdgom [14, 125-126]. cxinvalis regionis (e. w. `samxreT-oseTis~) teritoriaze

Seqmnili droebiTi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli. 2007 wlis 13 aprils saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni

– `yofili samxreT-oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis mSvi-dobiani mogvarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~. kanoni gansazRvravs yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri ol-

qis teritoriaze droebiTi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ganxor-

cielebis formasa da wess am teritoriaze saqarTvelos iuris-

diqciis srul aRdgenamde. kanonmdeblis mizania xeli Seuwyos konfliqtis mSvidobian mogvarebas, cxinvalis regionis teri-

toriaze konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas, adgilobrivi mo-

saxleobisa Tu eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis dacvas, maTi interesebis uzrunvelyofas, yofili samxreT ose-

Tis avtonomiuri olqisTvis avtonomiuri statusis gansaz-

Rvrisa da demokratiuli arCevnebis CatarebisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnas. am kanoniT teritoriul erTeulze mmarTve-

lobas axorcielebs droebiTi administraciul-teritoriuli

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erTeulis administracia, romlis ZiriTadi funqciebia: saxel-

mwifo mmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba delegirebuli uflebamo-

silebis farglebSi, yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri ol-

qisTvis avtonomiuri statusis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT molaparakebebis warmoeba, kompetenciis farglebSi saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo organoebTan TanamSromloba, saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis mizniT Sesabamisi gegmebisa da proeqtebis SemuSaveba da maTi momzade-

bis procesSi adgilobrivi sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrun-

velyofa, samSvidobo procesebisa da molaparakebebis dasaCqa-

reblad sxva aucilebeli RonisZiebebisTvis xelis Sewyoba, yo-

fili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze mcxov-

rebTa Soris urTierTndobis ganmtkicebisTvis xelis Sewyoba, saerTaSoriso, humanitaruli proeqtebis Sesrulebis koordi-

nacia, adgilobrivi infrastruqturis reabilitaciis xelSew-

yoba da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gansazRvruli sxva ufle-

bamosilebebis ganxorcieleba [4, 1-4-e muxlebi]. literaturaSi gamoTqmuli azris Tanaxmad, droebiTi administraciul-teri-

toriuli erTeuli warmoadgens saxelmwifos mier decentra-

lizaciis gamovlinebas [14, 126]. qveynis es nawili, samwuxarod, 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg ruseTis federaciis jarebis mier okupirebulia da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uflebamo-

sileba am teritoriaze droebiT SeCerebulia.

saqarTvelos strategia, ruseTis federaciis mier okupi-

rebuli afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis/e. w. samxreT ose-

Tis mimarT, gamoricxavs samxedro gziT konfliqtis gadawyve-

tas da gulisxmobs mSvidobiani, diplomatiuri gzebiT sruli

deokupaciis miRwevas, am teritoriebisa da mosaxleobis rein-

tegracias saqarTvelos konstituciur sivrceSi [20]. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis samomavlo perspeqti-

va. literaturaSi saqarTvelo ganxilulia, rogorc decentra-

lizebuli asimetriuli unitaruli saxelmwifo [14, 119]. am mxriv mimaCnia, rom Cveni saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis modeli Seicavs SedarebiT decentralizebuli formis niSneb-sac, radgan miuxedavad adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis farTo avtonomiisa da normatiul doneze miniWebuli kompetenciisa, regionuli mmarTveloba zeda doneze mTlianad centralize-

259

bulia, vinaidan rwmunebul-gubernatorebs Tanamdebobaze niS-navs saqarTvelos mTavroba. Sesabamisad, am models ver ganvixi-lavT klasikur decentralizebul unitarizmad, sadac adminis-

traciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi yvela doneze mTlianad imarTeba adgilobrivi organoebis arCevnebSi arCeuli pirebis meSveobiT (Tumca zogad tendencias saqarTveloSi decentra-

lizaciisken aqvs gezi aRebuli). radikalurad gansxvavebulia sakiTxi teritoriuli mowyobis asimetriulobasTan dakavSire-

biT. am mxriv, yvelaferi naTelia, radgan saxezea sami gansxvave-buli statusis matarebeli teritoriuli erTeuli, Tumca sa-momavlod es viTareba didi varaudiT Seicvleba. mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlis pirvel punqti, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo-

ebis formirebis Semdeg saqarTvelos parlamentis Semadgenlo-

baSi iqneba ori palata: respublikis sabWo da senati. rogorc vxedavT, mocemulma normam orpalatiani (bikameraluri) parla-

mentis SeqmnisTvis ori winapirobis aucileblobas gausva xazi: 1) adgilobrivi TviTmmaTvelobis formireba – unda iTqvas, rom nebismieri demokratiuli saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovania, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba damoukideblad, efeqtu-

rad, gamarTulad funqcionirebdes. saqarTveloSi es procesi Teoriul da praqtikul doneze didi xania dawyebulia. dRei-

saTvis Cven gvaqvs calkeuli konstituciuri fuZemdebluri normebi da organuli kanoni, romelic am sakiTxs aregulirebs. 2) qveynis mTel teritoriaze iurisdiqciis aRdgena, rac realu-

rad saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da okupirebuli teritoriebis dabrunebis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli [7, 202-203].

dReisaTvis, teritoriuli erTeulebis miswrafeba decen-

tralizaciisken imdenad didia, rom faqtobrivad normatiul donezea gaTvaliswinebuli maTi qvazisaxelmwifoebriv warmo-

naqmnad an farTo decentralizaciis mqone regionad Camoyali-

bebis sakiTxi. saxelmwifoSi orpalatiani parlamentis funqci-

onireba swored aRniSnuli subieqtebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSia

SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis formis gan-sazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT, federalizmma samecniero-samar-

260

Tlebriv literaturaSi didi mxardaWera daimsaxura. zogi mec-

nieris azriT, es aris saukeTeso gza saqarTveloSi eTnikuri problemebis gadasaWrelad. amas emateba e. w. bodernis doku-

menti – `kompetenciaTa gamijvnis pirobebi Tbilissa da soxums Soris~, romelic iTvaliswinebs suverenuli afxazeTis mierTe-

bas federaluri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze [9, 138]. miuxedavad amisa, Cemi piradi pozicia regionalizmis momxreebis sasargeb-

lod ixreba. jer erTi konstituciis pirveli muxlis daTqma erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb gamoricxavs fede-

ralizms. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, aseve, mTlianad unda gauqmdes regionuli mmarTveloba arsebuli formiT, radgan federa-

lizmi ar icnobs administraciuli zedamxedvelobis insti-

tuts (Tumca, am mxriv, cvlilebebi gardauvalia regionalizmis pirobebSic, radgan dReisaTvis regionuli mmarTveloba mTli-

anad centralizebulia). amasTan, sruliad veTanxmebi o. melqa-

Zisa da g. TevdoraSvilis naSromSi moyvanil Sexedulebas, rom-

lis mixedviTac federaluri teritoriuli mowyobis organiza-

cia sazogadoebisgan sagangebo fsiqologiur damokidebuleba-

sa da aRqmas moiTxovs, romlis ar arseboba aSkarad TvalSi sa-cemia araTu socialur, aramed politikur donezec; Tanac jer ar ganxorcielebula saxelmwifos sruli decentralizacia da regionuli mowyobis evropuli modelebi bolomde ar aris Ses-wavlili [7, 216]. amave dros, saqarTvelos geografiuli mdeba-

reobisa da politikur-strategiuli mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT mezobeli qveynebis Ria da faruli interesebi saqarTve-

los calkeuli teritoriebis mimarT sakmaod maRalia. saxel-

mwifos teritoriis federaciis subieqtebad danawilebam SesaZ-loa waaxalisos mezobeli qveynebis mxridan separatistuli propaganda. aseT pirobebSi SesaZloa qveyana danawevrebamdec ki mivides. amitom vTvli, rom ltolva federalizmisken naad-

revia saqarTvelosTvis. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis samomavlo perspeqti-

vebze saubrisas Tavs ver avaridebT qveynis asimetriul bune-

basTan dakavSirebul Temas. sakiTxi exeba saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis 37-e muxlis pirvel punqts, romlis mixedviTac senati unda Sedgebodes afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi, aWaris

261

avtonomiur respublikaSi da saqarTvelos sxva teritoriul erTeulebSi arCeuli wevrebisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis mier daniSnuli 5 wevrisgan. yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia Semdeg daTqmaze: àfxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi, aWaris avto-

nomiur respublikaSi da saqarTvelos sxva teritoriul erTeu-

lebSi...~ rogorc vxedavT, am normaSi teritoriuli erTeulebi arasrulad aris CamoTvlili, es ki mecnierTa nawilis Tvalsaz-

risiT imaze miuTiTebs, rom samomavlod saxelmwifos terito-

riuli mowyoba asimetriuli iqneba da CamoTvlil teritoriul erTeulebs sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro farTo uflebamosileba eqnebaT miniWebuli. amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni qveynis teritoriuli mowyobis faqtorebs, albaTobis maRali xaris-

xiT gardauvalia qveynis samomavlo asimetriuli mowyoba [7, 202-217].

daskvna. saqarTvelos konstitucia konkretulad ar gan-

sazRvravs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mowyobis tips. ZiriTadi kanonis SemuSavebisas, im periodSi arsebuli Sida politikuri problemebis gamo, qveynis teritoria ar gamxdara mowesrigebis sagani. miuxedavad amisa, sakanonmdeblo normebis sistemuri analizis safuZvelze mainc SesaZlebelia qveynis saxelmwifo mowyobis tipis gansazRvra.

faqtia, rom dReisaTvis garkveul dabrkolebebs qmnis qvey-nis teritoriuli mowyobis formis ar arseboba. es problema samomavlod aucileblad gadaiWreba. kanonmdebels saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo mowyobis tipis gansazRvrisas, arCevanis gake-Teba federalizmsa da regionalizms Soris mouwevs. aRniSnuli daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels iZleva saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis 37-e muxlis pirveli punqti, romlis mixedviTac saqarTve-

los mTel teritoriaze Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnisa da adgi-

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebis Semdeg sa-qarTvelos parlamentis SemadgenlobaSi iqneba ori palata: respublikis sabWo da senati. Tanamedrove praqtikisa da samec-

niero doqtrinaSi gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad orpa-

latiani parlamenti saxelmwifoSi qvazisaxelmwifoebrivi war-

monaqmebis an farTo decentralizaciis mqone regionebis arse-

bobis SemTxvevaSi funqcionirebs. qveynis geopolitikuri mde-

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bareobis gamo, samomavlod Zalze frTxilad da gonivrulad unda movekidoT saxelmwifo mowyobis formis gansazRvris sa-kiTxs, swored amitom naSromSi Sefasebuli, Sejamebulia regi-

onalizmisa da federalizmis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi.


1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, wyaro: https://www.matsne.gov.ge /ka/ document/view/30346?publication=35

2. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi, wyaro: https://www.matsne.gov.ge/document/view/2244429?publication=39

3. saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis Sesaxeb, wyaro: https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/ document/view/3811829?publication=0

4. saqarTvelos kanoni yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur ol-

qSi konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis saTanado piro-

bebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, wyaro: https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka /document/view/24280?publication=1

5. d. WumburiZe, v. kiknaZe, x. qoqraSvili, l. saraliZe, saqarTvelo ruseTis urTierToba XVIII-XXI saukuneebSi (samecniero lite-

raturisa da dokumentebis mixedviT), wigni II, Tbilisi, 2016. 6. m. sanaZe, T. beraZe, Sesavali saqarTvelos istoriaSi, Tbili-

si, 2015. 7. o. melqaZe, g. TevdoraSvili, regionalizmi saxelmwifos te-

ritoriuli organizaciis forma, Tbilisi, 2003. 8. g. xubua, federalizmi, rogorc normatiuli principi da po-

litikuri wesrigi, Tbilisi, 2000. 9. d. gegenava, b. qanTaria, l. canava, T. TevzaZe, z. maWaraZe, p.

javaxiSvili, T. erqvania, T. papaSvili, saqarTvelos sakon-

stitucio samarTali, mesame gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015. 10. o. melqaZe, konstitucionalizmi, Tbilisi, 2008. 11. o. melqaZe, konstitucionalizmi, Teoriuli sakiTxebi, baTu-

mi, 2003. 12. g. gogiaSvili, SedarebiTi federalizmi, Tbilisi, 2000. 13. a. demetraSvili, i. kobaxiZe, konstituciuri samarTali, Tbi-

lisi, 2010.

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14. a. demetraSvili, i. kobaxiZe, konstituciuri samarTali, Tbi-

lisi, 2008. 15. p. kakte, f. Selen-sukramaniani, konstituciuri samarTali, g.

kalatoziSvilis Targmani, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012.

16. v. gonaSvili, q. eremaZe, g. TevdoraSvili, g. kaxiani, g. kveren-

CxilaZe, n. WiRlaZe, Sesavali sakonstitucio samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2016.

17. v. gonaSvili, q. eremaZe, g. TevdoraSvili, g. kaxiani, g. kveren-

CxilaZe, n. WiRlaZe, Sesavali sakonstitucio samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2017.

18. o. melqaZe, z. ezugbaia, municipaluri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2002.

19. T. aleqsiZe, a. demetraSvili, g. inauri, q. mesxiSvili, T. uk-

leba, v. xaburZania, z. jibRaSvili, l. wulaia, n. xunZayiSvili, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis konstituciebi, wigni I, Tbili-

si, 2005. 20. saqarTvelos mTavroba, saxelmwifo strategia okupirebu-

li teritoriebis mimarT, wyaro: gov.ge/files/224_31227_ 132584_SMR-Strategy.ge.pdf

Giorgi Khetsuriani Student on master’s degree course, University of Georgia, School of Law

The Issue of Territorial Arrangement in the Constitution of Georgia

Summary

The constitution of Georgia does not specifically define the type of the state arrangement of Georgia. Due to internal political problems during the development of the basic law, the territory of the country did not become the subject of arrangement. Nevertheless, based on the systematic analysis of legislative norms, it is still possible to determine the type of state arrangement of the country.

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The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the problems of Georgia's territorial arrangement, the ways of solving them and evaluating future prospects.

Actually, the issue of non-existence of territorial arrangement of the country, creates certain obstacles. This problem will definitely be solved in the future. While determining the type of Georgia’s state arrangement, the legislator will have to make a choice between federalism and regionalism. The basis for making this conclusion is the paragraph 1 of Article 37 of the Constitution of Georgia, which states that after the formation of relevant conditions and formation of local self-government bodies throughout the territory of Georgia, the Parliament of Georgia shall be composed of two chambers: the Council of the Republic and the Senate. According to the modern practice and scientific doctrine, two-chamber Parliament functions in case of the state-oriented or broad decentralized regions in the state. Due to the country’s geopolitical location, in the future we should consider very carefully and wisely the issue of determining the form of state arrangement. That is why this work evaluates and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of regionalism and federalism, the expected results.

In addition to the above-mentioned issues, the article discusses the main specifications of the state arrangement models- unitarism, federalism and regionalism, the peculiarities of governance of the territorial-administrative units of Georgia on regional as well as local self-government levels. The quality and authority of Adjara and the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia and the so-called Autonomous District of South Ossetia are separately evaluated.

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sofio andRulaZe

istoriis doqtori

afxazeTis saeklesio sakiTxi msoflio

globalur politikur procesebSi

geostrategiulad mniSvnelovan kavkasiis regionSi gareSe Zalis mier marTuli eTnokonfliqtebi ukiduresi formiT af-

xazeTSi gamovlinda. aRniSnuli konfliqtebi, sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg, Seuqcevad procesad iqca da Tavisi gavlena sa-eklesio sferozec moaxdina. dRevandeli afxazeTis problema-

turi saeklesio sakiTxi globaluri saerTaSoriso politikis nawilad iqca da igi sami adgilobrivi avtokefaluri marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis – konstantinopolis, ruseTisa da saqarTve-

los eklesiebis interesTa gadakveTis fonze ganixileba. 2008 wlis agvistos omisa da ruseTis federaciis mier afxa-

zeTis, rogorc damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifos cno-

bis Semdeg, iq moRvawe samRvdeloeba e. w. afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefaliis mosapoveblad gaaqtiurda. 2009 wlis 15 seqtem-

bers, saeparqio sabWos riggareSe sxdomam saqarTvelos eklesi-

is cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta da e. w. afxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis biWvinTisa da soxumis eparqiis Seqmna gamoacxada [1]. amasTan, daigzavna Sesabamisi mi-marTvebi yvela adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan e. w. afxazeTis eklesiis àRdgenis~ Taobaze.

zemoaRniSnulis sapasuxod saqarTvelos kaTolikos-pat-

riarqma ilia meorem ganacxada, rom e. w. afxazeTis eklesiis da-

moukidebeli eklesiis statusze saubari seriozulad arc unda ganxiluliyo, vinaidan, maT ar hqondaT deda-eklesiisagan da-

moukideblobis moTxovnis gamocxadebis ufleba [1]. moskovis sapatriarqos oficialuri pozicia, 2009 wlis 24

oqtombers, sagareo eklesiaTaSorisi urTierTobebis ganyofi-

lebis Tavmjdomarem, mTavarepiskoposma ilarionmac (alfeevi) daadastura da xazgasmiT aRniSna: `politikuri sazRvrebis

266

cvlilebis miuxedavad, Cven Zveleburad vTvliT afxazeTs sa-qarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonikur teritoriad. magram vxedavT, rom de-faqto saqarTvelos eklesias iq moRva-

weoba ar SeuZlia: arc erT qarTvel episkoposs da mRvdelmsa-

xurs ara aqvs SesaZlebloba Cavides afxazeTSi da morwmuneebi sulierad daapuros. amitom, Cven unda davexmaroT iq kanoniku-

rad xeldasxmul afxaz mRvdelmsaxurebs ganaxorcielon sam-wyemso movaleoba. Cven unda davexmaroT maT, moipovon Tundac droebiTi kanonikuri statusi~ [1].

zemoaRniSnuli darRvevebis sapasuxod, 2010 wlis 21 dekem-

bers, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wminda sinodis gadawyvetilebiT, cxum-afxazeTis eparqia uwmindesma da uneta-

resma, ilia II-m Caibara. am aqtiT, xazi gaesva imas, rom afxazeTis eklesia, iseve rogorc afxazeTi, saqarTvelos organuli nawi-lia da iq arsebuli saeklesio xurorTmoZRvruli taZrebis sa-marTalmemkvidresac Sesabamisad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebe-

li eklesia warmoadgens. saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodis es gadawyvetileba winmswrebi aRmoCnda afxazeTis saeklesio cxovrebaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisa. 2011 wlidan, iq axali moZraoba daiwyo. kerZod, separatistuli afxazeTis marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis nacionalisturad ganwyobili sasuliero pirebis erTi jgufi, doroTe dbaris, andria amparisa da daviT sarsanias uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT, daupirispirda afxazeTSi moqmed prorusulad ganwyobil rus da afxaz sasuliero pirebs besarion aplias uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT, rac ganxeTqilebad Seiracxa.

2011 wlis 15 maiss, afxazeTis eparqiis momavlis gansaz-

Rvris mizniT, axal aTonSi, svimon kananelis saxelobis monas-

terSi, arqimandrit doroTe dbarisa1 da mRvdel-monazon an-

dria amparis organizebiT, e. w. `saeklesio-saxalxo kreba~ gai-marTa, romelsac 1500-ze meti adamiani eswreboda, maT Soris TviTgamocxadebuli afxazeTis respublikis parlamentisa da

1 2011 wlis aprilSi, krebis mowvevamde, mRvdel-monazoni do-

roTe dbari, konstantinopolis eklesiis mitropolitis mier ayvanil iqna arqimandritis xarisxSi [politrus.com. 2013/22/05]

267

sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi. krebis mona-

wileTa gadawyvetilebiT, `saerTo-saxalxo krebas~ afxazeTis eklesiis umaRlesi mmarTveli organos statusi mieniWa. Seiqmna àfxazeTis wminda samitropolito~ da masTan arsebuli mmar-

Tveli sabWo 12 kacis SemadgenlobiT. xsenebulma krebam airCia mmarTveli sabWos Tavmjdomare da saepiskoposo kandidati – arqimandriti doroTe (dbari). mogvianebiT, kerZod 2013 wlis 4 ivniss, TviTgamocxadebuli afxazeTis respublikis de-faqto xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT, àfxazeTis wminda samitropoli-

to~ iuridiulad daregistrirda. imave wlis 19 ivniss, samitro-

polito sabWos sxdomaze gadawyda axali aTonis monastris – rogorc iuridiuli piris likvidacia. monasteri funqcionere-

bas agrZelebs `wminda samitropolitos~ struqturuli qveda-

nayofis saxiT [1]. e. w. `saerTo-saxalxo krebam~ TvalsaCino gaxada bevrad uf-

ro adre dawyebuli daZabuloba besarion aplias prorusuli orientaciis samRvdeloebasa da mis mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris. amasTan, axali `moTamaSe~ Semoiyvana afxazeTis politikuri da saeklesio problemebis irgvliv gaCaRebul globalur sarbi-

elze konstantinopolis sapatriarqos saxiT. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos pozicia am movlenasTan dakav-

SirebiT, Teologiis doqtorma saeklesio samarTalSi, mRvdel-

ma aleqsi qSutaSvilma ganmarta da ganacxada, rom xsenebuli krebis monacemebi saeklesio kanonikis moTxovnebs ar Seesabame-ba da is ar SeiZleba iwodos saeklesiod. amasTanave, mRvdel-mo-

nazoni doroTe dbari da mRvdelmonazoni andria ampari ruse-

Tis sapatriarqos adiResa da maikopis eparqiis mRvdelmsaxurni arian, xolo ber-diakoni daviT sarsania – saqarTvelos sapat-

riarqos mcxeTa-Tbilisis eparqiis msaxurebidan dayenebuli sa-suliero piri. Sesabamisad, afxazeTSi maT mier Sesrulebuli nebismieri saeklesio saqmianoba arakanonikuria da moklebulia Zalas [3].

ruseTis eklesiis adiReisa da maikopis episkoposma tixonma, ganxeTqilebis Semtan sasuliero pirebs: doroTe dbars da an-dria ampars sami wlis vadiT aukrZala mRvdelmoqmedeba. sapa-suxod, doroTe dbarma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom axali aTonis

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`wminda samitropolitos~ aRanairi kavSiri ar hqonda ruseTis eklesiasTan, miTumetes arc saqarTvelos eklesiasTan; amasTan, vidre sabolood ar gadawydeboda episkoposis kurTxevis sa-kiTxi afxazeTSi, RvTismsaxurebisas moixsenebdnen msoflio patriarqs – barTlomeos I, rogorc pirvel patriarqs msoflio marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa [4].

TviTgamocxadebuli àfxazeTis wminda samitropolitos~ sabWos mdivnis – germane marSanis erT-erTi interviudan cxadad Cans, rom monastris binadarT surT TviTmmarTvelobis miRweva da darwmunebulni arian, rom swored epikoposis ararsebobam ga-moiwvia afxazi samRvdeloebis gaxleCa. igi usafuZvlod miiCnevs ruseTis eklesiis winadadebas imis Taobaze, rom kanonikurad af-

xazeTi darCes saqarTvelos eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi, adminis-

traciul sakiTxebSi ki ruseTis eklesias daeqvemdebaros [5]. TviTgamocxadebuli `wminda samitropolitos~ wevrebi aseve

acxadebdnen, rom ruseTis eklesia, patriarq kirilis xelmZRva-

nelobiT, saqarTvelos eklesiis sasargeblod moqmedebs mxo-

lod imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos eklesia rusi samRvdeloebis interesebs warmoadgens ukrainaSi. kanonikurad araRiarebuli ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesia XX saukunis dasawyisidan cdilobs damoukideblobis miRwevas. ruseTis eklesiis xisti po-

litikis gamo, konstantinopolTan dialogi vera da ver mogvar-

da. amgvarad, gandgomili samRvdeloebis azriT, afxazeTi kvlav rCeba `saazrovno monetad~ geopolitikur omSi. `...politikuri gagebiT, afxazeTis eklesia – es ankesia, romliTac saqarTvelo afxazeTs iWers. Tu ruseTis eklesia afxazeTis eklesiis damou-

kideblobas aRiarebs, Cvenc vcnobT ukrainis avtokefalias – ac-

xadeben saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveurebi. afxazeTi am situaci-

is mZevalia... sadRac, Cvenze Zalian zemoT unda mogvardes Cveni damoukideblobis sakiTxi. Cven ki movuwodebT Cvens afxaz sam-wysos, raTa ar Secvalon damokidebuleba rusi morwmuneebisa da samRvdeloebis mimarT, imitom, rom patriarqebi modian da midi-

an, xalxi ki rCeba~ – acxadebs germane marSani [5]. e. w. afxazeTis eklesiis `wminda samitropolitos~ wevrebis

pirveli Sexvedra konstantinopolis patriarq barTlomeos I-Tan 2012 wlis 9 ianvars Sedga. saqarTvelos eklesiis SekiTxvis

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pasuxad, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mdivanma, arqiman-

dritma barTlomeosma (samarisi) ganacxada, rom afxazeTis wminda samitropolitos sabWos wevrebis: doroTe dbaris, an-dria amparisa da daviT sarsanias konstantinopolis patriar-

qTan Sexvedra araoficialuri xasiaTisa iyo da rom, audiencia Sesdga afxazeTis delegaciis araerTgzis Txovnis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT. amasTan, man kidev erTxel daadastura afxazeTis saqar-

Tvelos eklesiisadmi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi [6]. rogorc cnobilia, dekanozi besarion aplia, biWvinTisa da

soxumis eparqiis mmarTvelis movaleobis Semsrulebeli da so-

xumis xarebis saxelobis sakaTedro taZris winamZRvari, afxa-

zeTSi ruseTis eklesiis interesebis Tavgamodebuli damcve-

lia. igi brals sdebs doroTe dbars da andria ampars saeklesio kanonebis uxeS darRvevasa da daumorCileblobaSi da xazs us-

vams im garemoebas, rom gandgomili RvTismsaxurebi misi gver-

dis avliT moqmedeben: `...maT ara mxolod Cemi guliswyroma da-

imsaxures, aramed konfliqtSi arian marTlmadidebel eklesi-

asTan~ – acxadebs TviTon saqarTvelos eklesiasTan konfliq-

tSi myofi, saqarTvelos eklesiis ierarqebis mier xeldasxmuli mRvdelmsaxuri da ruseTis eklesiasTan SeerTeba-Serwymis survils daufaravad amJRavnebs: `...Cven gvyavs amJamad episko-

posi – is moskovis patriarqi kirilia, gana es cotaa? mas gasao-

cari siyvaruli aqvs Cveni xalxis mimarT, Tanac icis Cveni damo-

kidebuleba saqarTvelosTan, romelTanac arasodes davakavSi-

rebT Cvens momavals...~ [5]. ruseTis eklesiis sagareo kavSirurTierTobebis ganyofile-

bis mdivani, dekanozi igori (iakimCuki), romelsac aseve miaCnia, rom ganxeTqilebaSi myofi RvTismsaxurebis mier msoflio patri-

arqisadmi mimarTva mmarTveli episkoposis gareSe, misi gverdis av-liT, arakoreqtulia, acxadebs: `...rusuli eklesia mravali welia yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom afxazeTis saeklesio sakiTxi dainteresebul mxareTa dialogis reJimSi gadawydes da momaval-

Sic gaagrZelebs am Zalisxmevas~. es `Zalisxmeva~ rom afxazeTSi ruseTis eklesiis interesebis da gavlenis zrdis saqmes emsaxure-

ba, naTlad ikveTeba mis Semdeg komentarSic: àxali aTonis monas-

teri, romelic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis federaciis

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mier, biujetidan gamoyofili ramodenime aTeuli milioni rub-

liT finansdeboda da romelic Tavidanve ruseTis aSenebulia, an-tirusuli moRvaweobis keradaa qceuli. gana es SesaZlebelia? – kiTxulobs aRSfoTebiT da problemis afxazeTis saero xelisuf-

lebasTan gadamisamarTebaze miuTiTebs [5]. TviTgamocxadebuli mitropoliis mdivani, germane marSani

aRiarebs, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli eklesia-monas-

trebis remontisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxebi, jer kidev mosko-

vis yofili meris – iuri luJkovis dros gamoiyofoda dedaqa-

laqis biujetidan. Tanxebs restavraciisaTvis gamoyofda ro-

gorc ruseTis federacia, ise afxazeTis mTavroba. afxazeTis samRvdeloeba ar uaryofs, rom axali aTonis monasteri yvela-

saTvis mimzidvelia, gansakuTrebiT ucxo qveynebisaTvis, ris gamoc, monasters yovelwliurad orasze meti avtobusi stum-

robs [2]. gaizarda sastumroebis ricxvic. moskovis sapatriar-

qosa da axli aTonis monasters Soris ganxeTqilebis gamo, 2012 wlidan, ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevls urCevdnen Tavi SeekavebinaT monastris molocvisagan. ruseTis federaci-

is medea saSualebebis mier aqtiurad vrceldeboda garkveuli SezRudvebi da akrZalvebi axali aTonis monasterTan mimarTe-

baSi, sadac xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli ruseTis eklesiidan axali aTonis monastris skandaluri gasvlis Sesaxeb da miuTiTeb-

dnen, rom am dapirispirebiT saxeze iyo saerTaSoriso masStabis politikuri konfliqti [9]. rusuli mxaris warmomadgenlebi acxadeben, rom afxazebs undaT ganagrZon cxovreba ruseTis federaciis xarjze, magram ar dauSvan kontroli afxazeTis respublikaze. amisTvis, adgilobrivi politikosebis nawili ruseT-TurqeTis winaaRmdegobebiT TamaSobs. ratom saxel-

dobr ruseT-TurqeTis? – imitom, rom TurqeTi ara mxolod msoflio patriarqis – barTlomeos I-is rezidenciis adgilsam-

yofelia, romelic konkurencias uwevs ruseTis eklesiis meTa-

urs – kirils, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris marTlmadidebel ekle-

siebze gavlenis mopovebaSi, aramed, es aris qveyana, romelic cdilobs osmaleTis imperiis arealis aRdgena-gafarToebas, maT Soris kavkasiaSic. kavkasiaSi am mizans `mohajirebis~ (adiRe-Cer-

qezi emigrantebis STamomavlebis daxmarebiT miaRwevs [5].

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2013 wlis maisSi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos delegacia, ka-Tolikos-patriarq ilia II-is xelmZRvanelobiT, milanis ediq-

tis 1700 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulSi monawileobis misaRebad, stambulSi gaemgzavra. msoflio patrirqTan Sexved-

risas saqarTvelos sapatriarqom mkafio moTxovna gaaJRera ka-nonikuri saeklesio sazRvrebis ucvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT [7]. aRniSnuli Sexvedris Semdeg, 23 maiss, kaTolikos-patriar-

qma ilia II-m sajarod ganacxada, rom konstantinipolis patri-

arqma kvlavac aRiara saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis iurisdiqcia afxazeTSi. ufro metic, barTlomeos I-ma mzad-

yofna gamoxata megzuroba gaewia misTvis afxazeTSi. `...Cven yve-la Rones vixmarT imisaTvis, rom qarTveli RvTismsaxurebi Ca-vidnen afxazeTSi. me biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis mitropoli-

ti var da mec unda Cavide iq situaciis dasamSvideblad~ – aR-

niSna saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma da dasZina, rom am vi-zits barTlomeos I-Tan erTad Seasrulebda. anonsirebuli vi-zitis farglebSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma qorepi-

koposis wardgenis sakiTxzec imsjela, romelic adgilobrivi afxazi mRvdelmsaxurebidan airCeoda. protopresviterma gi-

orgi zviadaZem telearx TV9-s ganumarta, rom qorepiskoposis daniSvna saqarTvelos eklesias met saSualebas miscemda imi-saTvis, rom mTeli sisruliT ganexorcielebina Tavisi iuris-

diqcia afxazeTis eparqiaSi [7]. `nezavisimaia gazetas~ korespondenti kritikulad SeniSnav-

da, rom saqarTveloSi politikuri gundis warmomadgenlebi sa-suliero pirebis gancxadebebs aqtiurad adevneben Tvalyurs, magram sajarod distancirebas axdenen ilia II-is afxazeTSi Se-saZlo vizitis mzadebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. samagierod, saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi ara erTxel gamovida saja-

rod separatistebis winaaRmdeg Rrmad politikuri gancxadebe-

biT rogorc 90-ian wlebSi, ise amJamadac. man Ria weriliT mi-marTa ruseTis federaciis prezidents v. putins, sadac is rusi mesazRvreebis mier samxreT oseTis sazRvarze mavTulxlarTe-

bis agebas aprotestebda [7]. qarTuli mxaris gancxadebas Tbilissa da konstantinopols

Soris SesaZlo SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb, myisieri reaqcia moyva soxu-

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midan. besarion apliam imave 2013 wlis 24 maiss ganacxada, rom ilia II-is afxazeTSi vizitze saubaric ki zedmetia: `...isini Tavs uflebas aZleven gaakeTon politikuri xasiaTis gancxadebebi da amtkiceben, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawilia... romelime patriarqis viziti afxazeTSi, mowvevis gareSe, iqneba es ilia II Tu barTlomeos I, kanonikurad arakoreqtulia da mo-

rig provokacias warmoadgens am ierarqebis mxridan... madloba RmerTs, rom arsebobs moskovis patriarqi. rogorc gansvenebu-

li, ise moqmedi _ gvexmareba ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi da Cven yvela sakiTxs moskovis patriarqTan gadavwyvetT~ – aR-

niSna man `nezavisimaia gazetasTan~ saubarSi. vfiqrobT, rom aq komentaris gakeTebac zedmetia, radgan besarion aplia aSkarad da Riad saubrobs e. w. afxazeTis eklesiis ara damoukidebloba-

ze, aramed ruseTis eklesiasTan SeerTebaze [7]. Tavis mxriv, ganxeTqilebaSi myofma e. w. afxazeTis `wminda

samitropolitos~ xelmZRvanelma doroTe dbarma, konstanti-

nopolisa da saqarTvelos patriarqebis Sexvedris Sedegebis Sesaxeb saubrisas ganacxada, rom qarTveli sasuliero ierarqe-

bi sasurvels realurad warmoaCenen. daviT sarsanias, aseve `wminda samitropolitos~ warmomadgenels, romelic nominalu-

rad saqarTvelos eklesiis wevria, miaCnia, rom upirvelesad au-

cilebelia afxazeTis eklesiis statusis gansazRvra da aRiare-

ba imisa, rom afxazeTi ar aris saqarTvelos eklesiis nawili da Semdeg episkoposis xeldasxma [7]. `...moskovis sapatriarqo ara-

sodes da aranair viTarebaSi ar gadawyvets episkoposis xeldas-

xmas da afxazeTis eklesiis damoukideblobis sakiTxs~ _ ganu-

marta `nezavisimaia gazetas~ korespondents arqimandritma do-

roTe dbarma – `moskovis sapatriarqos aqvs mxolod erTi vari-

anti, romelic 2011 wlis ivnisSi, pirvelad gaaJRera CvenTan Sexvedris dros mitropolitma ilarionma. maSin, me da iRumeni andria ampari moskovis sapatriarqoSi gamogviZaxes CvenTvis RvTismsaxurebis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT... saubrisas wamo-

iWra afxazeTis eklesiis momavali statusis gansazRvris sakiT-

xi da man e. w. ormagi iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb migviTiTa: de-iure afxazeTi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiis Semadgenlo-

baSi unda darCes, de-faqto ki droebiT gadaeces ruseTis mar-

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Tlmadidebel eklesias, CrdiloeT saberZneTis magaliTis msgavsad, romelic konstantinopolis sapatriarqos Semadgen-

lobaSia, magram, droebiT, misi mmarTveloba eladis marTlma-

didebel eklesias aqvs gadacemuli. nebismieri gadawyvetileba saeklesio-administraciuli mmarTvelobis sakiTxSi am teri-

toriaze, maT Soris episkoposis xeldaxma, ori eklesiis urTi-

erTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze miiReba. magram, aq orive mxares berZnebia... xolo Cven SemTxvevaSi yvela sakiTxi ruseTisa da saqarTvelos eklesiebs Soris unda gadawydes, afxazi xalxis nebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe~ – aRniSna doroTe dbarma da das-

Zina, rom afxazeTi arasodes wavidoda aseT SeTanxmebaze [7]. 2013 wlis 24 maiss, soxumSi gamarTul ruseT-afxazeTis meo-

re humanitarul forumze, TviTgamocxadebuli afxazeTis res-

publikis prezidentma al. anqvabma gancxadeba gaakeTa imis Sesa-xeb, rom afxaz sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobda alternatiuli az-

ri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis momavlis Sesaxeb – mas unda moe-

povebina avtokefalia. misi aRsruleba ki moskovis sapatriar-

qos unda eTava. sakiTxis gansakuTrebuli aucileblobidan ga-momdinare, aseve momwifebuli iyo azri afxazi episkoposis xel-

dasxmisa da saeklesio krizisis gadalaxvis Sesaxeb. amasTan, ka-tegoriulad uaryo SesaZlo kavSiris aRdgena saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris SeTanxmebaze [7].

afxazeTSi Seqmnili viTareba xels uwyobs sazogadoebis or nawilad gaxleCas, radgan axalgazrda afxazi sasuliero pirebis jgufi iribad upirispirdeba ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiis politikas afxazeTSi. 2013 wlis 16 agvistos, `Вестник Кавказа~-s korespondentTan saubarSi, qarTvelma istorikosma giorgi anCa-baZem ganacxada, rom e. w. afxazeTis eklesiaSi axalgazrda RvTismsaxurebi, romlebic prorusuli orientaciis besarion aplias da mis Tanamoazreebs daupirispirdnen, kargad xedaven, rom moskovis sapatriarqosagan araferi gamorCebaT. isini cdi-

loben afxazeTis eklesiis konstantinopolis wiaRSi damkvidre-

bas... doroTe dbari da misi Tanamoazreebi orientirebulni ari-

an msoflio patriarqze, Tavisi arsiT ki es niSnavs ruseTis mar-

Tlmadidebeli eklesiisagan gasvlas. maTTvis yvelaze mTavaria afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiareba. magram, kiTxvaze, Tu

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romelia am ori poziciidan saqarTvelosaTvis xelsayreli, ra Tqma unda konstantinopolze orientacia [8].

politologi giorgi nodias mosazrebiT, saqarTvelo brZnulad moiqceva, Tu ar Caereva konfliqtSi da Riad ar gamo-

amJRavnebs am sakiTxSi Tavis pozicias. `Tu afxazebi namdvilad ar eTanxmebian imas, rom iyvnen marionetebi moskovisaTvis da undaT, garkveuli damoukidebeli roli iTamaSon, es saqarTve-

losTvis umjobesi iqneba~ – ganacxada man [8]. `Вестник Кавказа~-is mTavar redaqtors aleqsi vlasovs miaC-

nia, rom konstantinopolis mcdeloba afxazeTis eklesiis av-tokefaliis sakiTxis mosagvareblad arasulier miznebs emsaxu-

reba. afxazeTSi, sadac avtokefaliisaTvis brZolis centrs xelmZRvanelobs konstantinopolTan dakavSirebuli sasulie-

ro pirebi, srulebiT ar gamoxatavs afxazi xalxis nebas. afxa-

zeTis èvropuli veqtori~ pirdapir ukavSirdeba konstantino-

polis sapatriarqos gavlenis sferos gafarTovebas. àm proce-

sis wyalobiT, berZnuli gavlena dRes sakmaod igrZnoba albane-

Tis, koreisa da estoneTis sasuliero erovnul organizacieb-

ze. ise, rom, bunebrivia, rasac perspeqtivaSi afxazeTi miiRebs konstantinopolis patriarqisagan – esaa berZeni episkoposis daqvemdebarebaSi yofna~ – aRniSnavs igi [8]. `konstantinopolis ideis~ mowinaaRmdegeni miuTiTeben konstantinopolis sapatri-

arqos gaurkvevel mdgomareobas, romelic TiTqos aSS-s Tanxe-

biT arsebobs da rom am Tanxebis warmomavlobac bundovania. zogi mosazrebiT, es Tanxebi aSS-s berZnuli diasporidan mom-

dinareobs. sxva wyaroebiT ki, berZnul diasporas aSS-Si kon-

stantinopolis gareSec bevri probleba aqvs. Tu rogori pozicia aqvs sakuTriv saqarTvelos xelisuf-

lebis opoziciur frTas, kerZod `nacionaluri moZraobis~ wam-yvan figurebs aRniSnul sakiTxze, naTlad ikveTeba `saqinfor-

mis~ 2015 wlis 22 agvistos publikaciaSi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom 2013 wlis ivlisSi, saqarTvelos eqsprezidentma mixeil saakaS-vilma saidumlo TaTbiri gamarTa nacmoZraobis wamyvan wevreb-

Tan: prezidentis uSiSroebis sabWos yofil mdivanTan – giga bokeriasTan da saparlamento umciresobis wevrTan, preziden-

tobis yofil kandidatTan – daviT baqraZesTan. ganxilvis saga-

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ni iyo bolo dros afxazeTis eklesiaSi ganviTarebuli proce-

sebi, kerZod, m. doroTes (dbari) da m. daviTis (sarsania) moRva-

weoba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis iurisdiqciidan oficialurad gasvlis Taobaze, konstantinopolis patriarqis uSualo mxardaWeriTa da àfxazeTis avtokefaluri eklesiis~ SeqmniT. `saodumlo TaTbiris~ monwileebi im daskvnamde mivid-

nen, rom afxazeTis eklesiaSi arsebuli situacia, rac gulis-

xmobs konstantinopolis patriarqis mier afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebas, saboloo SedegiT Seesabameba qar-

Tuli saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelTa interesebs qveynis gaerTia-

nebis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, daisaxa RonisZiebe-

bi aRniSnuli procesis faruli mxardaWerisaTvis. Sexvedraze mixeil saakaSvilma gaaJRera vaSingtonis sainformacio wyaros cnoba imis Taobaze, rom gavleniani amerikeli respublikeli senatorebi dainteresebulni iyvnen afxazeTis eklesiis avto-

kefaliis procesis formirebiT. am process, natos struqture-

bis meSveobiT, ankaris mxardaWera eqneba. es ukanaskneli ki fa-

rulad akontrolebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqos [10]. àv-tokefalia marTlmadidebeli afxazeTisaTvis~ proeqtis rea-

lizacia savsebiT Seesabameba aSS da dasavleT evropis koncef-

cias, romelic mimarTulia ruseTis gavlenis gavrcelebis blokirebisaken evraziaSi da am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis poziciebis Sesasusteblad afxazeTSi. amisTvis aSS saxelmwifo saqmeTa sam-saxurebs daevalaT sistematiurad gaaSuqon saeklesio situa-

cia afxazeTSi aSS-saTvis xelsayrel konteqstSi. konstantino-

polis patriarqi tradiciulad iTvleba marTlmadidebeli sam-yaros eklesiebis rigSi rogorc – `pirveli TanasworTa Soris~ (sapatio pirveli). amitom, konstantinopols aqvs formaluri ufleba icnos afxazeTis eklesiis `damoukidebloba~, saqarTve-

los, ruseTis da sxva marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis winaaRmde-

gobis miuxedavad. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos interesebs, am mxriv mas araferi emuqreba – saeklesio damoukideblobas afxazebi sinamdvileSi ar miiReben, radgan, konstantinopolis sapatri-

arqo simboluri statusis mqone saeklesio instituts warmo-

adgens (pirvelobis TvalsazrisiT). aq mTavaria sxva ram – kon-

stantinopolis sapatriarqo TurqeTis iurisdiqciaSi imyofe-

ba, e. i. natos gavlenis sferoSi, yvela misgan gamomdinare po-

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litikuri, finansur-ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis niuansebis gaTvaliswinebiT [10]. amerikeli senatorebi Crdilo atlanti-

kuri aliansis xelmaZRvanelobasTan erTad, Tavisi wevris – TurqeTis daxmarebiT, gardauval zemoqmedebas moaxdenden konstantinopolis patriarqze im mimarTulebiT, rom man Tavi-

si kontrolis qveS myof episkoposis da sxva RvTismsaxurebis daxmarebiT afxazeTis eklesia saqarTvelos eklesiis wiaRSi daabrunos. amasTanave, araa gamoricxuli afxazeTis eklesiis saqarTvelos eklesiasTan SeerTeba farTo avtonomiis saxiT. es ki afxazeTisaTvis `damtkbari abebi~ iqneba. yovelive qarTveli xalxisaTvis pirveli sargebeli iqneba natoSi Sesvlis sanac-

vlod, rasac male qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena mohyveba. amisTvis saWiroa yovelmxriv waaxalison afxazi mRvdelmsaxurebis miswrafebebi, raTa gamovidnen moskovis gav-lenisagan da mxari dauWiron afxazi eqstremistebis im dajgufe-

bas, romlebic am proeqtis politikur realizacias uzrunvel-

yofs – aseTia `saidumlo TaTbiris~ monawileTa logika [10]. `saqinformis~ analitikosebi miiCneven, rom saakaSvilisa da

misi gundis mizani – mxari dauWiron afxaz sasuliero pirTa miswrafebas, ganpirobebulia ara saqarTvelos eklesiis erTia-

nobisa da saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis surviliT, aramed vaSingtonis pirdapiri miTiTebiT, romlis strategiul amocanas warmoadgens ruseTis gavlenis Sesusteba postsabWoTa sivrceSi da marTlmadideblobaSi ganxeTqilebis Sesatanad [10].

okupirebul afxazeTTan ruseTis federaciis mier 2014 wlis 24 noembers e. w. samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebas win uswrebda 2014 wlis 13 agvistos afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuf-

lebasa da ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba. `РИА Новости~-is korespondentis cnobiT, moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarq kirilsa da axlad arCeul de-faqto prezidents – raul xarjinbas Soris, afxazeTis rTuli saeklesio sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, SeTanxmeba daido. amis Se-saxeb moskovis sapatriarqos pressamsaxuris ufrosma, diakvan-

ma aleqsim (volkovi) ganacxada: `ruseTis eklesia aRiarebs af-

xazeTs saqarTvelos eklesiis kanonikur teritoriad, magram,

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amasTan erTad, yvelafers akeTebs afxazeTis saeklesio cxov-

rebis normalizaciisa da misi kanonikuri mowyobisaTvis~ [11]. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m ruseTis fe-

deraciasa da okupirebul afxazeTs Soris gaformebul 2014 wlis 24 noembris xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb ganacxada, rom es xel-

Sekruleba saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris arsebul isedac rTul politikur situacias kidev ufro gaamwvavebs [9].

`startegiuli kvlevebis kavkasiuri centris~ xelmZRvane-

lis, mamuka areSiZis TqmiT, ruseTis sapatriarqo afxazeTis eparqiis damoukideblobas ver aRiarebs. es Zalian rTulia, radgan msoflio saeklesio kanoni iseT normas ar icnobs, rom marto erTma eklesiam aRiaros avtokefalia. Tumca, Tuki ruse-

Tis sapatriarqo amas mainc gaakeTebs, saqarTvelos sapatriar-

qos SeuZlia kontrRonisZiebaze wavides da ukrainis eklesiis av-tokefalia aRiaros, rac aseve ukanono iqneba, magram iqneba pasu-

xi da amdenad, miaCnia, rom moskovi am nabijze ar wava. mamuka are-

SiZe aseve aRniSnavs, rom gamoricxulia saqarTvelo ruseTs da-

Tanxmdes episkoposebis Tundac droebiT kurTxevaze [12]. `...ruseTma Cven gareSe, calmxrivad Tu daiwyo episkopose-

bis xeldasxma afxazeTSi, es yvelasTvis cudi iqneba~ – acxadebs religiis sakiTxTa saagentos mrCeveli, Teologi levan abaSiZe – àm episkoposebs ar cnobs ruseTis eklesiis garda aravin da es mraval problemas warmoSobs marTlmadidebel eklesiebs So-

ris... Tu gvinda, rom afxazeTSi procesebi ukontrolod ar wa-rimarTos, Cveni mxridan garkveuli kompromisebia saWiro~ [12]. levan abaSiZe kompromisad, pirvel rigSi, moiazrebs afxazeTSi droebiT, msoflio patriarqis mier nakurTxi episkoposis Ses-vlas, iqamde, sanam saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba ar aRdgeba. am nabijiT, berZnebi daabalanseben afxazeTSi rusul gavlenas, afxazeTis eklesiis statusze ki yovelgvari saubari zedmetad miaCnia.

zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebze saqarTvelos sapatriarqom sagan-gebo gancxadeba gaavrcela, sadac xazgasmulia, rom afxazeTis sasuliero pirTa Soris arsebuli orive dapirispirebuli mxa-ris pozicia miuRebelia da sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba msoflio eklesiebis mier aRiarebul kanonebs. mas ver daarRvevs verc

278

konstantinopolis, da verc ruseTis sapatriarqo. gancxadebaSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos eklesiam araerTxel daa-

fiqsira mzaoba, rom misi moZRvrebi Cavidnen afxazeTSi da aRav-

linon msaxureba. afxazeTSi Sesvlas iTxovs saqarTvelos kaTo-

likos-patriarqic, Tumca adgilobrivi `xelisuflebis~ winaaR-

mdegobis gamo jer-jerobiT es ver xorcieldeba. ruseTisa da msoflio sapatriarqoebs, politikuri wonis mixedviT, SeeZ-

loT gamoeCinaT keTili neba da afxazeTSi Cveni patriarqis Cas-vlisaTvis xeli SeewyoT, magram, arc erTma eklesiam es keTili neba ar gamoiCina [12]. Tumca, amis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos kaToli-

kos-patriarqs sityvieri mxardaWera gamoucxada rogorc kon-

stantinopolis, ise ruseTis patriarqma. radio `Tavisuflebis~ 2015 wlis 21 agvistos cnobiT, saqar-

Tvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II evrointegraciis mxarda-

WerT gamovida da oficialuri arxebis saSualebiT ganacxada, rom ruseTisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiebis So-

ris rTuli problemebi arsebobs [13]. radio `Tavisuflebam~ xa-zi gausva im garemoebas, rom saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriar-

qma pirvelad aRiara sajarod ruseTisa da saqarTvelos ekle-

siebs Soris daZabuloba, rac umTavresad afxazeTis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gamoixata. es gancxadeba gaakeTa man avstriis pre-

zident hain fiSerTan Sexvedrisas. saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi acxadeben, rom ruseTis eklesia formalurad aRiarebs afxa-

zeTs saqarTvelos eklesiis iurusdiqciaSi, magram es aRiareba srulebiT ar Seesabameba ruseTis eklesiis mir gadadgmul rea-

lur nabijebs da poziciebs afxazeTis saeklesio sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi [13].

msoflio winasaeklesio krebam ver gadawyvita zogadad av-tokefaliis miniWebis wesi da ver dasaxa TviTgamocxadebuli respublikebis eklesiaTa problemebis gadaWris gzebi. rogorc wesi, aseT pirobebSi, gaTvaliwinebuli unda iqnas sayovelTao saeklesio kanonmdebloba, magram faqtia, rom TviTgamocxade-

buli respublikebis eklesiebi ar iTvaliswineben kanonis moT-

xovnas da ar emorCilebian deda-eklesiebs, radgan maT zurgs umagrebs gare saeklesio faqtori. profesori qeTevan pavliaS-

vili miiCnevs, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi azrTa siWrelem Se-

279

saZloa procesebi umarTavi gaxados da eklesiaTa dapirispire-

ba did sqizmamde miiyvanos miT ufro, rom msoflio sapatriar-

qos mcdelobebi bizantiuri pentarqiis – `xuTi mTavari~ ekle-

siis ideis ganxorcielebaze mwvave reaqcias iwvevs ruseTis sa-suliero ierarqiaSi, vinaidan `mTavar eklesiaTa~ ricxvSi ar moiazreba ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia [14].

rogorc cnobilia, kunZul kretaze gamarTul saerTo mar-

Tlmadidebel krebas ar eswreboda arc saqarTvelos da arc ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia. bolo periodSi ki mar-

Tlmadidebeli eklesiis samyaroSi yvelaze didi rezonansi uk-

rainis eklesiis avtokefaliasTan dakavSirebulma sakiTxma mo-

axdina. ukrainis prezidentma petro poroSenkom da umaRlesma radam konstantinopolis patriarqs barTlomeos I-s ukrainis erTiani avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis SeqmnaSi daxmarebis da ruseTis eklesiisagan gamoyofis moTxovniT mi-marTa a/ w aprilis TveSi. 24 saqtembers ki msoflio patriarqma ganacxada, rom ukraina avtokefalias miiRebs, radgan es misi uflebaa. garda amisa, wminda sinodma gaauqma 1686 wels miRebu-

li dokumenti, romlis safuZvelzec kievis mitropolia ruse-

Tis sapatriarqos daeqvemdebara. aRsaniSnavia, rom 998 wlidan 1686 wlamde ukrainis eklesia konstantinopols eqvemdebarebo-

da. moskovis sapatriarqom q. minskSi gamarTul 15 oqtombris sxdomaze miiRo gadawyvetileba sruliad Sewyvitos evqaristu-

li kavSiri konstantinopolis dedaeklesiasTan. mitropolitma ilarionma (alfeevi) msoflio sapatriarqosTan mimarTebaSi ix-mara termini èresi~ [15]. es faqti aSkara safrTxis maniSnebelia marTlmadidebluri samyaros erTianobis SenarCunebis Tval-

sazrisiT. besarion aplia msoflio patriarqis gadawyvetilebas ukra-

inis avtokefaliis miniWebis Sesaxeb ugunur da amerikelebisa da evropelebis mier inspirirebuls uwodebs. `Cven, afxazebi, kirilze vsaubrobT rogorc did batonze, mamasa da qarTuli agresiisagan damcvelze~ – acxadebs e. w. afxazeTis eklesiis prorusuli orientaciis meTauri [16]. Tavis mxriv, e. w. afxaze-

Tis `wminda samitropolito~, romelsac hyavs mravalricxovani mrevli da aqvs sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera, kvlav emijneba be-

280

sarion aplias pozicias da imedis TvaliT Sehyurebs konstan-

tinopolis sapatriarqos Semdgomi nabijebis msvlelobas. aq ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT talemaosis mTavarepiskoposis iobis

(geCa) mier 2018 wlis 9 oqtombris wminda sinodis sesiaze gake-Tebul moxsenebas saTauriT – àvtokefaliis gamocxadebis an aRdgenis mizezebi me-20 da 21-e saukuneebSi~, sadac is calsaxad ganmartavs wminda da didi krebis mowvevis saWiroebas ara mxo-

lod àvtokefaliis miniWebis gzis~ misaRebad, aramed aseve im calkeul mizezTa gadasawyvetad da gansasazRvrad, romelic avtokefaliis aRdgenas da miniWebas exeba: `SeuZlebeli iqneba misi mosagvarebeli gzis povna marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ori-

aTaswlovani istoriis, kanonikuri tradiciis miTiTebaTa, maT-

ze dayrdnobisa da msoflio sapatriarqosaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li rolisa da kanonikuri prerogativebis gareSe~ – vkiTxu-

lobT mis moxsenebaSi [16]. amrigad, afxazeTis saeklesio sakiTxi Tanamedrove etapze,

romelic urTulesi politikuri realiebis fonze mimdinare-

obs, Tavisi SinaarsiT didi xania gascda wminda saeklesio prob-

lemaTa da sakiTxTa CarCoebs da misi saboloo gadawyveta moma-

valSi organulad daukavSirdeba politikuri procesebis dina-

mikas. konkretul SemTxvevaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania sakuT-

riv msoflio sapatriarqos gawonasworebuli da principuli midgoma marTlmadideblur saeklesio kanonikasTan mimarTeba-

Si. rogorc wesi, politikuri interesebi da ZalTa Tanafardo-

ba qveynebs Soris mudmivad cvalebadi procesia, saeklesio ka-nonebi da misi ganuxreli dacvis aucilebloba ki – ucvleli.

saukuneebis manZilze, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesia saeklesio kanonebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli erTgule-

biT gamoirCeoda da misi erTianoba yovelTvis saxelmwifoebri-

vi simtkicis winapiroba iyo. swored am istoriuli gamocdile-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia kvlav gaxdeba saqarTvelos erovnuli sxeulidan droebiT Ca-moSorebuli ZirZveli teritoriebis mierTebis safuZveli.

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1. Православная Церковь в Абхазии (или Пицунский Католикосат). wyaro: https://ru.wikipedia.org

2. Новый Афон откололся от РПЦ, фев. 2014 г. wyaro: http:/lazarev.ru/news/41-2013.

3. mRvdeli aleqsi qSutaSvili – Teologiis doqtori saekle-

sio samarTalSi, afxazi separatist-avtokefalistebis mier gadadgmuli nabijebis kanonikuri Sefaseba, 5 marti, 2013 w. wyaro: http://www.orthodox.ge

4. Что случилось в Новом Афоне, 22.07.2013 wyaro: https://lazarev.ru/ news/41-2013-09-09-13-07-08/1431-2014-02-20-06-43-25.html

5. Осада Константинороля – Как поссорились русская, грузинская и абхазская церквы, 20 сент. 2013г. wyaro: http://lenta.ru/articles /2013/09/20/abhaz

6. Константинорольский Патриархат: «Абхазская церковь входит в юрисдикцию Грузинской Православной Церкви», https://rusk.ru/ newsdata.php?idar=52609

7. Афхазию делят три Церкви, Н.Г. Зависимая газета, 05.06.2013 wya-ro: http://www.ng.ru/ng-religii/2013.06.05/4-abhazia.html

8. Georgian political elite afraid of escalation of Russian-Turkish conflict, wyaro: http://www.vestikavkaza.ru

9. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore ruseTsa da okupirebul afxazeTs Soris gaformebul e. w. xelSekruleba-

ze gancxadebas avrcelebs. 03.12.2014 wyaro: http://saqinform.ge 10. Президент Саакашвили и рукаводство `Нацдвижения~ тайно под-

держивают создание `Абхазской автокефальной Церкви~ с подачи Патриарха Константинопольского! wyaro: saqinform.ge/ 22/08/2015

11. http://ria.ru/religion/2014.08.29. 12. http:// resonancedaily.com 13. svoboda.org./conten 14. qeTevan pavliaSvili, e. w. afxazeTis eklesia – `troas cxe-

ni~ – saerTaSoriso saeklesio polotikaSi, wyaro: http://patriarchate.ge/geo/e-w-afxazetis-eklesia-troas

15. https://www.palamacentre.com/2018/05/05 16. https://reginfo.ge

282

Sophio Andguladze Doctor of History

Aphkhazian Ecclesiastic Issue in the World Global Political Processes

Summary

At the modern stage Aphkhazian ecclesiastical issue is ongoing on the background of the hardest political realities. In essence it has already gone beyond the scope of saint ecclesiastic problems and issues and in the future its final decision will be connected to the dynamics of political processes. In this concrete case, a balanced and principal approach of world patriarchate towards the orthodox ecclesiastic law is vital. As a rule, the political interests and the balance of power between the countries are constantly changing process, the ecclesiastical laws and the need to keep it inevitable is unchanged.

For centuries, the Georgian Orthodox Church was distinguished with special devotion to the ecclesiastical laws and its unity was always a precondition for state strength. Considering this historic experience, the Georgian Orthodox Church will again become the basis for joining temporarily separated territories from the national body of Georgia.

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gia gelaSvili istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-





si istoriis ganyofilebis ufrosi


iulius klaprotis cnobebi dasavleT

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

ruseTis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiam 1804 wels

moiwvia cnobili germaneli mecnieri _ lingvisti-orienta-

listi iulius klaproti (1783-1835).

1807 wels klaproti miavlines kavkasiaSi, raTa Caetarebi-

na filologiuri, eTnografiuli da istoriuli kvleva. kav-

kasiaSi is imyofeboda mTeli 1808 wlis manZilze, saidanac eq-

vsi Tve dahyo saqarTveloSi. kavkasiasa da saqarTvelos klap-

rotma uZRvna ramdenime sqeltaniani naSromi, romelTagan am-

jerad Cven gamoviyeneT erTi; saxeldobr `kaspiisa da Sav

zRvebs Soris mdebare rusuli provinciebis aRwera~

("Beschreibnung der Russischen Provinzen zwischen dem Kaspischen und Schwarzen Meere", Berlin, 1814). am naSromSi CvenTvis yuradsaRe-

bia is Tavebi, romlebic exeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxare-

Ta aRweras. es cnobebi daculia wignis Semdeg gverdebze:

qarTuli miwebi (igulisxmeba qarTli _ g. g.) _ gv. 31-60; kaxe-

Ti _ gv. 60-69; imereTi _ gv. 70-83; samegrelo _ gv. 84-90; gu-

ria _ gv. 91-94; afxazeTi _ gv. 100-103.

amas garda mimoxiluli aqvs ruseT-sparseTis urTierTo-

bebi da ruseTis winsvla kavkasiisken XIV-XV saaukuneebidan

XIX saukunemde (gv. 3-30); aqvea CarTuli saqarTvelos ambebic

(gv. 14-23). avtori calke Tavebad exeba agreTve ganjis saxa-

nos, yarabaxs anu SuSas, lekebs. naSroms erTvis klaprotise-

uli ruka, sakmaod maRal doneze Sedgenili.

amjerad Cven warmovadgineT wignis im Tavebis (IV-VII) Targma-

ni, romlebic exeba imereTs, samegrelos, guriasa da afxazeTs.

284

imereTi

es qveyanac qarTvelebiTaa (georgielebiT) dasaxlebuli

da mdebareobs qarTlis dasavleTiT, romlisganac qediT ga-

moiyofa. igi esazRvreba axalcixes, gurias, samegrelosa da

kavkasions. is, marTalia, georgiasaviT (qarTli _ g. g.) [1] kav-

kasiis qedis kalTebzea (ganStoebebze) ganlagebuli, magram

niadagi da hava misgan Zalze gansxvavebuli aqvs. mTebi ufro

maRalia; amitom havac ufro civia, xolo zogierTi kulture-

bisTvis sakmaod civic. bevr dablobs aklia qaris garkveuli

mimarTulebiT qrolva da wylis gamdinareba, ris gamoc ufro

talaxiani, sveli niadagi da nestiani haeri safrTxes uqmnis

moSenebas da gansakuTrebiT adamianis da pirutyvis ganviTa-

rebas.. saerTYod imereTs sxva qarTul mxareebTan SedarebiT

naklebi gaveranebis kvali ar gaaCnia da imaTsaviT nakleb ga-

Senebuli da arasakmaod dasaxlebulia. Tumca qarTlTan da

kaxeTTan SedarebiT ufro dasaxlebuli: ukanaskneli aRweris

mixedviT,1905 wels, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli ojaxebis ricxvi

13.000-s Seadgenda, maSin roca oTxjer masze vrceli qarTlis

(georgiis) qveyana, Tu gamovricxavT somxeTis sazRvrebTan

mcxovreb TaTrul provinciebs, mxolod 25.000 ojaxs iTvlis.

hava imereTSi zomieria, niadagi uaRresad nayofieri; ise

rom igi zarmac mosaxleobas yovelgvar nayofs gadaWarbebiT

aZlevs. mdinareebi TevziTaa mdidari, xolo raWis mTebSi ux-

vadaa liToni (budobebi), romlebic gamouyenebelia. aq ara-

ferze fiqroben, garda imisa, rom Tavisi cxovreba uSfoTve-

lad gaataron da moWarbebiT hqondeT saWmel-sasmeli; ar

zrunaven STamomavlobaze, rom Seuqmnan ufro mowyobili

cxovreba, vidre SeCveuli arian. imereTSi, iseve rogorc sa-

megreloSi, puris magier xmaroben Roms (Svriis saxeobaa), ra-

sac sqel fafad xarSaven. ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare raWaSi

ki _ siminds da Cveulebriv Svrias. yoveli saxis nadiri

gvxvdeba qveyanaSi; aseve xoxobic Sinaurad grZnobs Tavs.

mTebSi uxvad moipoveba mSvenieri saSeni xe-tye da xexili. va-

zi yovelgvari movlis gareSe izrdeba, rogorc samegreloSi;

ase, rom qveyana waagavs did venaxs. imerul Rvinos bevri

msgavseba aqvs kaxurTan da Seudareblad ukeTesia imaze, rac

tfilisis garSemo da qarTlSi mohyavT. aseve bevrad jobs

donurs, yizlarisas da yirimuls, sadac didi jafa ixarjeba

285

maT mosavlelad. sainteresoa (yuradsaRebia) Semdegi faqti: mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli ena mTlad gancalkevebiT dgas

da arcerT cnobil enas ar emsgavseba, mainc sityva Rvino mra-

val evropul enas exmaureba, maSin, roca yvela mezobel enaze

sul gansxvavebuli terminiT aRiniSneba. rionisa da mtkvris

orive napirze velurad gavrcelebuli vazis warmoudgeneli

siuxve gafiqrebinebs, rom es mSvenieri sasmeli, ise rogorc mi-

si saxelwodeba, aqedan unda iyos evropaSi Setanili [2].

imerlebi ar arian megrelebiviT mTlad Raribebi da mis-

deven miwaTmoqmedebas. cota rom iSovon, yovelwliurad ram-

denime aTasi midis georgiaSi, metwilad tfilisSi, sadac dge-

bian mosamsaxureebad (mojamagired), an mzidavebad. isini arian

namdvili qarTvelebi da marTlmadidebeli qristianebi da

laparakoben maTi mezobeli qarTlisgan Zalze mcired gan-

sxvavebul dialeqtze. yvela cnobil xalxebs Soris gamoirCe-

vian fexiT mosiaruleobiT; arcTu iSviaTad, zogierTi dReSi

18-dan 20 germanul mils gadis.

maTi qveynis produqtebidan erTia Zalze yuradsaRebi,

romelic imsaxurebs bunebis mkvlevarTa mxriv gamokvlevas.

es aris veluri Taflis erTi saxeoba, romelsac adgilobri-

vebi qva-Tafls uwodeben, radgan is marTlac mTlad mkvrivia,

msxvrevadi da srulebiT araa webovani. mas aqvs sasiamovno da

aromatuli gemo da moipoveba kldeTa napralebSi. Tafli da

cvili qmnian masas da simagriT Saqaryinuls emsgavsebian. na-

texebi Cveulebriv TeTria, xolo moZvelebisas yviTldeba da

didxans inaxeba; imerlebi mas jibiT atareben. amas garda ki-

dev gvxvdeba sxva saxeobac mwvane Taflisa, romelic Zalze

maTrobelaa, rac ukve Zveli kolxebisTvis iyo cnobili [3].

imereTs, romelic gamoyofilia danarCeni qarTuli qvey-

nebidan, sxvadasxva dros sakuTari mefeebi ganagebdnen. uka-

naskneli dinastia iwyeba vaxtangisgan, erTiani saqarTvelos

mefis _ aleqsandres [4] vaJisgan, romelmac 1424 wels qveyana

Tavis vaJebs dauyo. imereTSi gabatonebuli iyo lenuri sis-

tema da Tavadebi, romlebic mefis vasalebi iyvnen, TavianT

samflobeloebSi aravis ar abarebdnen angariSs. mosaxleoba

nawilobriv mefis monebi iyvnen, nawilobriv Tavadebis ymebi;

es ukanasknelni yvelaze mravalricxovanni arian. didebulTa

Sekreba qmnida sabWos, romlis Tanxmobis gareSe mefes ar Se-

eZlo raime mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba.

286

mefis Semosavali Zalze mcire iyo da damokidebuli iyo

garkveul garemoebebze. is Seadgenda wliurad 30-dan 50.000

vercxlis maneTamde (rasac gamosyidviT iRebda). mZime fasebi

(nixrebi) tvirTad awva xalxs, xolo mis salaros amdidrebda. me-

fe solomon I-is droidan monebiT vaWroba mezobel xalxebTan

aikrZala; es is mefea, romelmac gadaigdo TurqTa uReli, mi-

marTa ruseTis kars da st.-peterburgSi elCoba gagzavna [5]. mis

xsovnas axlac wmindad inaxavs xalxi, radgan man bolo mouRo

Sinaur SfoTs, daicva qveyana mtris Tavdasxmebisgan da sikvdi-

liT dasjis muqariT akrZala tyveTa syidva. amaod cdilobda

porta, rom es mbrZanebeli kvlav Tavis interesebisTvis gamoe-

yenebina; igi darCa ruseTis erTguli. misi gardacvalebis Sem-

deg taxtze avida misi qvisli (Tu siZe, an colis Zma) daviTi [7],

magram georgiis mefe ereklem, ufro ukeT, misma meuRlem dare-

janma (dariam), romelsac surda Tavisi SviliSvili exila imere-

Tis taxtze, gagzavna razmebi, romelTac gamoiwvies areuloba;

daviTi, romelic eqvsi weli marTavda, gaagdes da 1793 wels so-

lomon II [8] dasves mis adgilas. daviTi, rogorc gaqceuli, ram-

denime weli aqeT-iqiT daexeteboda da bolos axalcixeSi garda-

icvala. misi vaJi konstantine [9], taxtis kanonieri memkvidre

savsebiT axalgazrda Caagdes cixeSi, xolo misi deda ana maTes

asuli (maTveevna) gaaZeves qveynidan. igi 1802 wels st.peterbur-

gSi Cavida da sTxova imperators [10] eSuamdgomla vaJis ganTa-

visuflebisaTvis, rac kidec Sesrulda; igi Cavida st.-peter-

burgSi 1803 wels Tavad lioniZis [11] TanxlebiT, romelic mefe

solomon II-m gamogzavna, raTa imperators igi Tavis vasalebis

ricxvSi Caericxa. solomon II-m 1804 wels [12] miiRo erTgulebis

fici; misma udidebulesobam imperatorma mas uboZa sigeli, rom-

liTac is da misi memkvidre imereTis kanonier mflobelebad

aRiara da daumtkica yvela privilegiebi (garda uflebisa sik-

vdil-sicocxleze). magram solomoni ar darCa erTguli da ai-

Zula rusebi mas mtrulad moqceodnen. 1809 wels is daiWires,

tfilisSi waiyvanes da mkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS hyavdaT. pa-

timrobisas man Tavi moiavadmyofa da erTxans loginSi Cawva. er-

Tgulma msaxurma saRamoJams misca Tavisi tansacmeli, riTic is

gaepara darajebs tfilisis karamde, sadac mas winaswar SeTan-

xmebuli imereli Tavadebi ucdidnen, romlebmac is axalcixeSi

TurqebTan gaaqcies. darCenilma msaxurma Tavisi batonis sawol-

Si mrgvali baliSi Cado, romelsac misi tansacmeli da qudi daa-

287

xura, xolo TviTon gaipara, radgan darajebma daubrkoleblad

gaatares. meore dRes berZnul eklesiaSi didi dResaswauli iyo;

amitom diliT maRali samRvdeloeba movida patimar mefesTan,

raTa Cveulebisamebr esurvebinaT misTvis bedniereba da eambo-

rebinaT saxarebaze. radgan egonaT, rom mas eZina, sawols miuax-

lovdnen Cumi mokrZalebiT; magram, raoden didi iyo maTi gao-

ceba, roca aRmoaCines mefis gardasaxva (metamorfoza). _ mas

Semdeg imereTi mTlianad rusul provinciad iqca da jarebma

daikaves.

imereTis mTavari mdinarea rioni, anu Zvelebis fazisi,

romelsac danarCenebi erTvian. is saTaves iRebs maRali Tov-

liani mwvervalis ialbuzis aRmosavleTiT da mTel qveyanas

kveTs, gamohyofs samegrelos guriisgan da foTTan erTvis

Sav zRvas. am mdinares ar SeiZleba didi vuwodoT; quTaisTan

zafxulSi mxolod orasi nabijis siganisaa. sxvadasxva adgi-

lebSi is gansxvavebuli siRrmisaa, araTanabari siswrafis, mu-

dam mRvrie wyliT da sanaosnod nakleb mosaxerxebeli. napi-

rebi mTaSi Cveulebriv kldovania, barSi ki metwilad ori sa-

Jeni simaRlis da Tixiani. radgan am mdinaris wyals mravlad

ereva miwa, misi dineba karga did manZilze Cans zRvaSi misi

SerTvis adgilidan. rioni Zalze mdidaria TevziT; macxov-

reblebi gansakuTrebiT iWeren oraguls da TarTs; am ukanas-

knelis qviriTisgan amzadeben bevr xizilalas.

qveynis dedaqalaqi quTaisi Zevs rionis marjvena napirze

da amJamad Zalze dangreulia. iq gvxvdeba ramdenime aseuli

somxuri ojaxi, romelTac xelT aqvT vaWrobis saqme; maTgan

isini, romlebic raWaSi, oseTSi da yabardoSi megobroben,

mozdokamde midian. maTi gza gadis onze, Rebze da Wioraze

dugoramde, xolo iqidan mdinare uruxis gayolebiT yabardos

gavliT mozdokamde.

imereTi dayofilia ramdenime msxvil da wvril mxared

(distriqtad), romelTac umeteswilad saxelebi aqvT im Tava-

duri gvarebidan, romelTac isini ekuTvnodnen. saxelgan-

Tqmuli gelaTis monasteri Zevs okribis mxareSi; igi aRmar-

Tulia kirqvian kldeze, romelic alag-alag miwiTaa dafaru-

li. galavani, romelic moicavs jvris tipis eklesias da or

ufro momcros, garSemowerilobiT 500 nabijia. mTavari ekle-

siis Sida kedlebze jerac gvxvdeba wmindanTa da mefeTa su-

raTebi qarTuli warwerebiT.

288

gelaTi aris imereTis patriarqisa da kaTolikosis saj-

domi. monastris midamoebSi xSirad gvxvdeba Zalze mtkice da

Savi gagati, romelic ruseTSi cnobilia Savi qarvis saxeliT;

misgan amzadeben Rilebs, marjans da sxva nivTebs. _ xoni war-

moadgens did sabazro adgils mdinare kuxaze. aq 200 ojaxia;

mdebareobs vakis mxareSi. aq rezidencia aqvs imereTis mTava-

repiskoposs. yovel paraskevs iq imarTeba didi bazroba, sa-

dac Tavs iyrian dugorebi, basianebi, megrelebi da guriis

macxovreblebi.

didi mxare raWa moicavs imereTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis

nawils da CrdiloeTidan isazRvreba Tovliani qediT. igi

mdebareobs rionis zemo dinebis orive mxareze; yvela aqauri

nakaduli (mdinare) erTvis am mdinares. radganac raWa Zalze

mTagoriania, amitom mwvervalebze ganlagebuli soflebi Ra-

ribia da umniSvnelo; dabla mdebareni ki ukeT gamoiyurebian.

pureulidan aq mohyavT xorbali, qeri, Svria da simindi. uwe-

ras qvemoT rionze bevri Rvino mohyavT. mas wuraven xis saw-

naxelebSi (gobebSi) da inaxaven miwaSi Caflul did qvevrebSi.

aseve sakmaod kargad modis xili da bostneuli, iseve ro-

gorc sxvadasxva nayofebi. mesaqonleoba raWaSi Zalze umniS-

vneloa, radgan hyavT cota cxenebi da msxvilfexa saqoneli;

araviTari kameCebi da saxedrebi, aseve arc cxvrebi da Txebi.

samagierod mravladaa Rorebi da qaTmebi. amzadeben blomad

cudi xarisxis yvels, karaqs ki ara. gareuli cxovelebidan

gansakuTrebiT gvxvdeba kurdReli, mgeli, daTvi da maCvi;

dablobSi _ iremi da Sveli; maRal mTebSi _ arCvi da mTis Txa

(jixvi?).

mosaxleoba qarTvelebia, romelTac Serevian somxebi da

ebraelebi. am mxareSi iTvlian 5.000 ojaxs. soflebi mTebSi

mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli, dablobSi ki gaSlilad da saxlebi

xSirad yanebiTaa gayofili. Cveulebriv TiToeuls, qarTlis

msgavsad, aqvs erTi an ramdenime galavniani sasroli koSki.

erTi ojaxis sacxovrebeli saxli didia; mTaSi dawnuli da Se-

lesili wnelis kedlebiT, dablobSi ki magari ficrebiT. igi

Sedgeba erTi oTaxisgan, romlis SuagulSic iatakze aris ke-

ria (cecxlis adgili). erTi ganyofileba, zogjer mxolod Ze-

lebisgan, gankuTvnilia saqonlisTvis. xorbleuls inaxaven

oTaxSi dawnul da TixiT Selesil kalaTebSi; ase rom oTaxi

imav dros aris sacxovrebeli, samzareulo, Tavla da sawyobi.

289

oni, an rogorc imerlebi amboben on, aris sofeli simag-

riT da raWis umniSvnelovanesi punqti. igi Zevs rionis mar-

cxena napirze, zed mTis didi mdinaris jejos SesarTavTan.

macxovreblebi imerlebia, somxebi da ebraelebi. bolo ori

vaWrobs rkinis nivTebiT wesidan, bambis qsovilebiT georgii-

dan da mariliTa da SvriiT; aqeT sayidlebisTvis modian ose-

bi dvaleTidan, dugorebi da svanebi. kaTolike somxebis gamo

aq imyofeboda kapucinelTa misia, magram amJamad wasulebi

arian [13]. sofel uwerasTan aris mJave wyaroebi da rkinisSem-

cveli wylebi, romelTac avadmyofebi didi sargebliT iyene-

ben. raWis mxaris ukiduresi aRmosavleTis sofelia wedisi.

igi mdebareobs Rrma xeobaSi, mdinare jejosgan sam versze. aq

texen uxeS wiTel rkinaqvas; samjeradi gadadnobis Semdeg mi-

Rebuli rkinisgan amzadeben nalebs, namglebs, najaxebs, guT-

nis saxniss, jaWvebs da qvabebs, rasac kaxeTs, aseve osebsa da

basianebs ucvlian pirutyvze, xorbalze da sxva saqonelze.

imereTs ekuTvnis agreTve osuri mxare dvaleTi [14], ro-

melic mdinare jejos orive mxares, kavkasiis Tovliani qedis

samxreTiT mdebareobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom is emorCilebo-

da raWis mmarTvels (erisTavs _ g. g.), roca misi samflobe-

loebi mefis xelSi gadavida, esec mas daemorCila. is veluria

da unayofo.

samegrelo

es qveyana Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdinare enguriT gamoyo-

filia afxazeTisgan. samxreT-dasavleTiT mas Savi zRva ek-

vris, samxreTiT rioni, romelic mas guriisgan hyofs, xolo

aRmosavleTiT imereTTan sazRvravs cxeniswyali. am mxaris

mosaxleoba Tumca aseve qarTul modgmas miekuTvneba, magram

laparakobs Zalian gansxvavebulsa da adgilobriv dialeqtze.

Tavis Tavs uwodeben kacaria-s, rac warmosdgeba sityvisagan

kacaro, vaci. maTs garda aq cxovroben somxebi, TaTrebi da

ebraelebi. uwin qveyana emorCileboda qarTlis mefeebs, sanam

me-16 saukunis bolos erTma Tavadma (mTavarma) CiqvanTa gva-

ridan damoukidebloba ar gamoacxada da miiRo dadianis ti-

tuli, rac yvela mis memkvidres (momdevnos) SenarCunebuli

aqvs. aqedan momdinare, qarTuli enis wesiT qveyanasac sadadi-

ano (niSnavs dadianis kuTvnils) ewodeba. gabatonebuli reli-

290

gia aris qarTul-berZnuli; samegrelos, leCxumsa da odiSs

hyavT sakuTari mTavarepiskoposebi, romelTa eparqiebsac es

provinciebi warmoadgenen. miuxedavad imisa, rom imereTis ka-

Tolikosis xelqveiTebs warmoadgenen, amjerad damoukideb-

lebi arian. RvTismsaxureba warmoebs sufTa qarTul enaze,

miuxedavad imisa, rom qveynis ena Zalze gansxvavdeba misgan;

daaxloebiT ise, rogorc daniuri germanulisgan [15].

qveyana TurqTa Semosevebisa da tyveTa syidvisgan Zalze

ganadgurda da gaukacrielda. amJamad is ruseTis qveSevrdo-

mobaSia da SeiZleba daisvenos [16]. Raribuli sacxovrebeli

saxlebiT, mTeli cxovrebis wesiT da agreTve tansacmeliT

megrelebi SesamCnevad ar gansxvavdebian imerlebisagan. sameg-

reloSi, an saerTod dadianis kuTvnil yvela samflobeloeb-

Si iTvlian 14.000 ojaxs.

mosaxleoba Sedgeba sami klasisgan (fenisgan). saxeldobr,

esenia _ Tavadebi, sakur-ebi anu aznaurebi da ubraloebi, ro-

melTac moniali-s eZaxian. didebul (warCinebul) Tavadebs

hqviaT jinaska, xolo ufro mcireT _ jinandi. mxolod pirve-

lebs SeuZliaT iyolion samsaxurSi Tavadebis meore nawili.

mcire Tavadebs emsaxurebian aznaurebi da glexebi (ubraloe-

bi). sam fenas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba arafers SeuZlia

Secvalos da arasodes SeuZlia aznaurs an glexs Tavisi wo-

debidan (rac dabadebiT aqvs) aRzevdes.. sakurebi emsaxurebi-

an Tavadebs da mas mudam Tan axlavan; dahyvebian cxeniT mog-

zaurobasa da omis dros. moniali gamoiyenebian garkveuli sa-

muSaoebisaTvis, ezidebian xe-tyes (SeSas?), Tan mihyvebian fe-

xiT da mgzavrobisas zurgiT gadaaqvT warCinebulTa bargi.

radgan monialebi maTi ymebi arian, amitom unda uxadon natu-

riT _ marcvleuliT da saqonliT _ da TavianT saxlebSi

umaspinZlon batonebis mier gamogzavnil stumrebs.

dadians piradad ar aqvs gansazRvruli rezidencia [17],

aramed Tavis TavadebTan da aznaurebTan erTad gadadis erTi

adgilidan meoreze da imden xans rCeba, sanam hyofniT sanova-

ge, qaTmebi da Rvino. rogorc ki es SeiWmeba, is agrZelebs

gzas. amdenad is Zalze did tvirTad awevs Tavis qveSevrdo-

mebs. mis karze iseTi siRaribea gamefebuli, rom mogzaurs,

romelic ramdenime wlis ukan iq iyo, xSirad arc erTxel ar

SeeZlo ori taleris Rirebulebis Turquli oqros fuli

gdaecvala.

291

Tavadebisa da aznaurTa mxriv Cagvrisagan xalxi iseTi Ra-

ribia, rom Cveulebriv Casacmelad aqvs mxolod erTi mosaxve-

vi, romelic qamridan koWamde aRwevs. warCinebulebs ki acviaT

ucxouri qsovilebis samosi. tyavis qamarze, romelic mdidru-

ladaa movercxlili, xmlisa da xanjlis garda dakiduli aqvT

samogzaurod saWiro sxvadasxva nivTebi, rogoricaa salesi,

kvesi da a.S. maT perangebs xSirad qvemoT arSiebi aqvT, yelze

ki oqroTi naqargi. zamTarSi samegreloSi atareben viwro tya-

vis samoss, xolo mogzaurobisas yovelTvis qeCis mosasxams (na-

badi _ g. g.), rac mTel kavkasiaSia gavrcelebuli.

puris magivrobas macxovreblebs uwevs aseve Romi, anu

sqlad moxarSuli Svriis fafa. xorcs isini wvaven Samfureb-

ze. didi wveulebisas mTeli xari da Rori SemoaqvT. yurZeni,

wabli, leRvi, bnroweuli da sxva xili izrdeba yoveli gar-

jis gareSe Zalze didi odenobiT; amitom macxovrebelTa mci-

re sibejiTiT SeiZleboda es patara qveyana gadaqceuliyo

erT-erT ubednieresad msoflioSi. mxolod mcire miwaTmoq-

medeba asazrdoebs mcxovrebT, romliTac Tavadebi TurqebTan

vaWroben.

samegrelo dayofilia or did mxared. esenia odiSi_rio-

nis marjvena napiris gayolebiT zRvamde da leCxumi, romelic

esazRvreba imereTs, svaneTs da afxazeTs. miuxedavad imisa,

rom Turquli cixe foTi (es amJamad rusTa xelSia) [18] rio-

nis marcxena mxarezea, mainc odiSs ekuTvnoda, iseve rogorc

patara qalaqi anaklia meku-enguris SesarTavTan. odiSis nawi-

li rionze mravali wyaldidobis gamo Waobiania. leCxumis ha-

va sasiamovno da janmrTelia. niadagi nayofieria, xolo mTebi

dafarulia mSvenieri saSeni xe-tyiT da nayofiani xeebiT. sa-

vaWro gemebs SeuZliaT mxolod or versze miuaxlovdnen

foTs, magram didi brtyeli xomaldebi Sedian rionSi da auy-

vebian zeviT yvirilas SesarTavamde _ imereTis dedaqalaq qu-

Taisidan sami saaTis savalze daSorebiT. rodesac 1804 wels

ruseTma samegrelos napirebze gadmosxa razmebi da aRali

satransporto gemebiT, aRmoaCines axali navsayudeli ori

mdinaris xofis da civi-s SesarTavebTan [19], romlebic aq yu-

res qmnian da sadac SeiZleba 50 gemis dateva da romlis Se-

sasvleli mxolod unda gaiwmindos.

TurqeTTan omis dros 1772 da 1773 wlebSi samegrelos

mmarTvelma mTavarma kacia dadianma graf totlebens [20] gau-

292

wia mniSvnelovani samsaxuri; amitomac misi samflobelo ime-

reTis msgavsad sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebisas ganTavisuf-

lda portas valdebulebisgan[21] _ mieca axalgazrda gogo-

biWebi mZevlebad. maT miiRes agreTve sruli religiuri Tavi-

sufleba da orive nawilSi gamocxaddnen damoukideblad. amis

gamo ruseTi darCa yovelgvari kavSiris gareSe samegrelos-

Tan. kacia dadiani imereTis mefes solomon I-s SeebrZola

leCxumis provinciis gamo, rac gaagrZela misma vaJma giorgi

dadianmac. 1803 wels solomon II-m mihbaZa mamas imereTis mar-

TvaSi da iaraRiT daipyro leCxumi. sasowarkveTilma giorgi

dadianma mimarTa ruseTs, sTxova isic Tavis vasalTa siaSi Se-

etana da erTgulebis fici daudo. amasTanave man gadasca qve-

Sevrdomobis aqti, rac gaformda 1804 wlis 4 ivliss. amis

Semdeg man da misma memkvidreebma miiRes upiratesoba, Tavisi

qveynis kanonebi ewarmoebinaT da maTSi monawileoba mieRoT;

amasTan sikvdiliT dasja samudamod iqna gauqmebuli [22].

guria

guria mdebareobs qvemo rionis samxreTiT Sav zRvaze. aR-

mosavleTiT esazRvreba Turqul provincia axalcixes. Tavisi

samxreTi mdebareobis gamo is ufro vakea da moicavs rionis

ganier dablobs da samxreTi mTiswineTis nawils. niadagi mi-

waTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobisaTvis nayofieria da xelsay-

reli; hava janmrTelia. magram qveyana TurqTa mxriv xSiri Za-

ladobis gamo, romlebic itacebdnen adamianebsa da saqonels

da samosaxloebs anadgurebdnen, Zalze gaCanagebulia, gaukac-

rielebuli da mouSenebeli. amasve uwyobda xels is TamaSi,

romelsac eweodnen Turqebi adgilobriv mmarTvelebTan, ro-

melTac Tavdasxmebisas gadaayenebdnen. unda iTqvas, rom arcaa

didi imedi mdgomareobis gamokeTebisa. Zveli kulturis Sesa-

xeb miuTiTeben soflebisa da sasaxleebis xSiri nangrevebi.

am qveynis mosaxleoba iTvlis 6.000 ojaxs (komls). yvela-

ze mravalricxovania qarTuli mosaxleoba; isini laparakoben

qarTul dialeqtze, romelsac Sereuli aqvs bevri ucxo sit-

yva, gansakuTrebiT TaTruli. qarTvelebs Soris Casaxlebuli

arian aseve somxebi, TaTrebi, ebraelebi da kavkasielebi. sac-

xovrebeli, tansacmeli, Cvevebi, cxovrebis wesi da saqmianoba

(xelosnoba) aq mTlianad qarTulia.

293

gabatonebuli religia qarTul-berZnulia. qveyanas hyavs

ori episkoposi _ Semoqmedidan da jumaTidan, romelTac re-

zidencia aqvT amave saxelis monastrebSi. isini aRiareben ime-

reTis kaTolikosis uzenaesobas, romelsac maT eparqiebSi

zogi qonebidan garkveuli gadasaxadi ekuTvnis (miaqvs). mag-

ram, radgan TurqTa Tavdasxmis dros tyved wayvanisgan Tav-

daxsnis saSualebad islamis aRiarebaa, amitom naxevarze meti

macxovreblebi gamahmadiandnen [23].

guria ekuTvnoda Zvel kolxeTs, Tumca damokidebuli iyo

iberiaze. magram am qveynis mefeTa Zlierebis SesustebiTa da

TurqTa gauTavebeli TavdasxmebiT isargebla erTma dide-

bulma, daisakuTra es provincia da xelisufleba Tavis mem-

kvidreebs daumkvidra. TurqTa mfarvelobiT flobda es gva-

ri qveyanas, sanam bolos solomon I-ma misi erTi nawili kvlav

Tavis xelisuflebas ar dauqvemdebara da mTavari ar daxarka

[24]. guriis mflobeli atarebs gurielis tituls da aris

marTlmadidebeli (berZeni qristiani).. mas Semdeg, rac rusebi

mis siaxloves momZlavrdnen, manac, misi mezoblebis msgavsad,

rusTa mfarveloba aRiara [25].

rionis SesarTavTan mdebare qalaqi da cixe foTi, rome-

lic sul ramdenime wlis winaT waarTves rusebma Turqebs [26],

uwin xan gurias ekuTvnoda, xan megrul mxare odiSs. is umniS-

vneloa da Turqebi eZaxian kala faS-s, rac niSnavs fazis-qa-

laqs. mis samxreTiT mdebareobs didi-cixe usafrTxo navsad-

guriT. guriis mTavari punqtia baTumi [27], romelsac aqvs

kargi navsadguri, Zevs Woroxis SesarTavTan da axlac Tur-

qTa xelSia.

afxazeTi

esaa patara zoli (landSafti) Sav zRvaze samegrelos da-

savleTiT da ukavia kavkasionis samxreTi ferdebi zRvis pir-

dapir. abazebi, romelTaganac miiRo am qveyanam saxeli, mxo-

lod am napirze ki ar cxovroben, aramed gafantul jgufebad

(gvarebad) kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT, yubanis marcxena Senaka-

debze da zemo yubans, kumasa da malkas Soris. Tavis Tavs isi-

ni uwodeben afsnes, xolo qarTvelebi eZaxian abazi anu afxa-

zi. mTiani qedis samxreT mxareze anu Cveulebriv afxazeTSi

[28], Savi zRvispira dablobebze cxovroben ubuxis, SaSis, ib-

294

zif-is, kubixan-is, araTxovas-is, bah-is da nalkufi majavi-s

modgmebi. maT ar hyavT Tavadebi (mTavrebi) [29], magram vinc

maTSi kargad darbis da yaCaRobs, Tvlian gansakuTrebul pi-

rovnebad da mas emorCilebian. aqeTa mxaris abazebis winaaR-

mdeg isini xSirad awyoben yaCaRur Tavdasxmebs fexiT. maTi

ricxvi ucnobia, magram yubanze mcxovrebi maTi naTesavebis

mixedviT esenic imdeni arian, ramdenic isini. yvela am gva-

rebs (Stoebs) aqvT meRvineoba, gansakuTrebiT ubux-s, romel-

Tac mohyavT bevri da kargi Rvino. xilic bevria maTTan, ro-

gorc magaliTad vaSli, alubali, qliavi, atami, kakali da

wabli, rac yvelgan velurad izrdeba. maTTan mniSvnelovania

mefutkreoba. samegrelos msgavsad, aqac gvxvdeba veluri qva-

Tafli, rasac wyalSi adnoben (xsnian) da svamen. gansakuTre-

biT bevria afxazeTSi bza, romelsac warmoudgeneli sisqe da

simaRle aqvs; igi warmoadgens did savaWro sagans da gaaqvT

konstantinopolsa da triestSi.

soxumi, Cveulebriv soxum-kala, iyo afxazeTis mTavari

punqti da TurqTa cixe [30], saidanac Savi zRvis mTel sanapi-

roze tamansa da samegrelos Soris batonobdnen. aq Camodian

dasavleT kavkasiis yvela macxovreblebi, raTa gacvalon Ta-

visi nadavli, tyveebi da produqtebi Turqul saqonelze. am-

Jamad am cixes rusebi floben [31].

abazebi kavkasiaSi iseve Zvelebi arian, rogorc Cerqezebi

da vfiqrob Tavisi Zveli samSoblo, Savi zRvis sanapiro da

qedis dasavleTi nawili arasdros miutovebiaT. Zvelad isini

romaelebma daimorCiles da Tavs uwodebdnen qristianebis da

romaelebis Zvel megobrebs. Semdeg isini lazebs daemorCilen

da marTavda maT ori adgilobrivi mTavari. adreul xanaSi es

barbarosebi pativs scemdnen Walebs da tyeebs da Tavisi

umecrebis gamo xeebs RmerTebad Tvlidnen. magram 550 wels

imperatorma iustinianem [32] isini gaaqristiana, aaSena maT

qveyanaSi RvTismSoblis saxelobis taZari da gagzavna iq sasu-

liero pirebi, romlebic Seudgnen RvTismsaxurebas. amis Sem-

deg qveyana xan qarTvelebs (georgias), xan sparselebs da ro-

maelebs ekavaT. bolos moeqca TurqTa batonobaSi. aqedan mo-

yolebuli mosaxleobam qristianoba TiTqmis mTlianad dakar-

ga (daiviwya); mxolod Zveli dangreuli eklesiebi miuTiTeben

qristianobis odindel gavrcelebaze.

295

mcire komentarebi:

[1] germaneli mogzaurebi xmaroben terminebs `georgien~-s

da `georgia~-s, romelTac sxvadasxva konteqstSi gan-

sxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvT: am terminebiT aRniSnaven

`qarTls~, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (=qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefos), xan saerTod `saqarTvelos~. Tumca amave dros

calke asaxeleben qarTls, kaxeTs, imereTs, samegrelos,

gurias, afxazeTs. amdenad terminis Sesatyvisi teqstis

SinaarsiTaa ioli dasadgeni.

[2] klaprotis azriT sasmeli (=Rvino) da misi saxelwodeba

aqedan unda iyos evropaSi Setanili. e. i. dRevandeli

gagebiTac `saqarTveloa Rvinis samSoblo~.

[3] esaa e. w. ielnaWami Tafli, romelsac miuTiTeben Zveli

berZeni avtorebi.

[4] aleqsandre I didi, konstantines Ze, erTiani saqarTve-

los mefe 1412-1442 wlebSi. misi ufrosi vaJi pirveli

colis dulanduxtisgan _ vaxtangi dasva mefed 1442

wels, TviTon ki abrahamis saxeliT berad Sedga mcxeTa-

Si. vaxtangi gardaicvala 1446 wels. Semdeg mefobs misi

Zma giorgi VIII 1446-1466 wlebSi.

[5] solomonma 1768 wels ruseTSi elCad gagzavna maqsime

quTaTeli imperatorisgan mfarvelobis TxovniT da os-

maleTTan ruseTis omis SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis aRTqmiT.

[6] 1759 wels solomonis iniciativiT mowveul iqna saekle-

sio kreba, romelmac daadgina tyveTa syidvis akrZalva.

[7] solomon I-is Semdeg imereTSi 1784 wels gamefda misi bi-

ZaSvili daviT giorgis Ze, igive daviT II; 1789 igi axal-

cixeSi gaiqca. gardaicvala 1795 wels.

[8] solomon II, igive daviT arCilis Ze,iyo erekle II-is Svi-

liSvili (qaliSvilis elenes mxridan) da solomon I-is

Zmis Svili, mefobda 1789-1810 wlebSi. igi jer kidev so-

lomon I-ma aRiara 1783 wels taxtis memkvidred.

[9] konstantine daviT II-is vaJi, 1791 wels mamam is erTgu-

lebaze dasaficeblad gaugzavna solomon II-s, romelmac

is muxuris cixeSi gamoketa.

[10] ruseTis imperatoria aleqsandre I (1801-1825).

[11] solomon lioniZe _ XVIII s-is II naxevrisa da XIX s-is dam-

degis gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe, didi patrioti,

296

iveriis mefe-mTavarTa traqtatis iniciatori 1790 wels.

iyo erekles karis mdivani, Semdeg imereTis samefos

mdivanbegi.

[12] cicianovis mmarTvelobisas 1804 wlis 20.IV-s rusTa ja-

ri SeiWra imereTSi da xalxs ruseTis erTgulebaze afi-

cebda. solomonmac miiRo erTgulebis fici.

[13] kapucinelTa yofna saqarTveloSi sabolood baron ro-

zenis mTavarmarTeblobis dros aikrZala.

[14] XVIII s-is 30-iani wlebidan osur axalSenebs ukve ekavaT

dvaleTi.

[15] Sdr. giuldenStedtis cnobebi samegrelos Sesaxeb (gi-

uldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. I, Tbilisi,

1962, gv. 319-321).

[16] 1803 wels cicianovs ukve hqonda Sedgenili dadianTan

samfarvelo traqtati da erTgulebis ficic CamoarTva.

2.X-s dadianma aqts xeli moawera, rasac oficialuri xa-

siaTi mieca dekemberSi. samegrelos samTavrom TviTmar-

Tveloba SeinarCuna.

[17] amas klaproti xsnis mTavris gauTavebeli gadaadgile-

biT Tavis samflobeloSi, Torem dadianis rezidencia

iyo zugdidi.

[18] mas Semdeg, rac malTayvasTan gaanadgures osmalTa ja-

ri, gurulma moxaliseebma aiRes foTi 1809 wlis 15 no-

embers.

[19] 1804 wlis oqtomberSi rusuli gemebi ver Sevidnen foT-

Si da razmebi gadmosxes md. xobis SesarTavTan yulevSi

(redut-kaleSi).

[20] generali totlebeni, ekaterine II-s mier saqarTveloSi

erekle-solomonTan 1770 wels gamogzavnili samxedro

korpusis sardali.

[21] igulisxmeba 1774 wels dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis saza-

vo xelSekruleba, romliTac damTavrda ruseT-Turqe-

Tis 1768-1774 wlebis omi.

[22] ix. koment. [16].

[23] Sdr. giuldenStedtis cnobebs guriis Sesaxeb (ix. `gi-

uldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi~, t. I, Tbili-

si, 1962, gv. 311-313).

[24] 1756 wels solomonma mamia gurieli gaaZeva guriidan.

1771-1784 wlebSi guria imereTis mefes morCilebda.

297

[25] 1804 wels guria (qaixosro gurieli) imereTis samefos-

Tan erTad mfarvelobaSi miRebulad gamoacxada rusul-

ma mTavrobam. 1810 wlis april-ivnisSi gurieli miiRes

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi; igi inarCunebda saSinao SezRu-

dul TviTmarTvelobas.

[26] ix. koment. [18]; general simonoviCs foTi ukve aRebuli

daxvda.

[27] guriam baTumi da misi mxare 1703 wels dakarga. solo-

mon I-is cda baTumis dabrunebisa uSedegod damTavrda.

[28] aq Cans, Tu sad yofila afxazTa (abazebis_afsneTa) sac-

xovrisi.

[29] es nawili, romelTac `beladebi~ hyavT, ar arian qarTve-

lebi, arian afsnebi. qarTvelebi (SeiZleba gamahmadiane-

bulebic) ZiriTadad arian SarvaSiZeTa samTavro gvaris

qveSevrdomebi.

[30] 1710 wels Turqebma afxazeTi daikaves da mosaxleobis

zeda fenas mahmadianoba miaRebines. aseve kodorsa da

engurs Soris Camosaxlebul àfxazebSi~ (afsneebSi) da-

iwyo mahmadianobis gavrceleba. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi

osmalTa garnizoni mxolod soxumis cixeSi idga, rom-

lis garnizonsac ZiriTadad gamahmadianebuli afxazebi

Seadgendnen.

[31] jer kidev 1803 wels SarvaSiZem (qeleS-beg) farulad iT-

xova ruseTis mfarveloba. 1810 wlis 10 ivliss rusTa

jarma aiRo soxumis cixe. 1810 wlis oqtomberSi giorgi

(safar-beg) SarvaSiZem soxumSi ruseTis erTgulebaze

daifica.

[32] iustiniane_bizantiis imperatori 527-565 wlebSi. mis

dros (532 wlis `saukuno zaviT~ iranTan) dasavleT sa-

qarTvelo bizantielTa suverenitetis qveS moeqca.

298

Gia Gelashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior-scientist researcher of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History

Julius Klaproth about West-Georgian Provinces

Summary

Julius Klaproth (1783-1835) a wellknown German linguist-ethnologist-

geographer-historian traveled in Kaukasus and Georgia in 1807-1808. In 1814 Klaproth published his work _ `Description of Russian Provinces situated between Caspian and Black Seas~. The material about Mingrelia, Imerethia, Guria and Abkhazia is given on pages 70-103 of this work. In the following article We give the Georgian translation and comments to the Klaproth's material. Author describes political-social-economic situation of these provinces, their population, religiousness, climate, fertile soil etc.

299

lela miqiaSvili




xelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-


ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-Tanam-

Sromeli

lixaurisa da Semoqmedis saepiskoposo taZris

aRwera frederik diubua de monperes

`mogzaurobaSi~

frederik diubua de monperes `mogzaurobis~ (Frederic Dubois de Monpereux, Voyage autour du Caucase chez les Therkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Georgie, en Armenie et en Crimee, t. I-VI, Paris, 1839-1843) mesame tomi Seicavs saintereso masalas guri-

is Sesaxeb. maT Soris erT-erTi Tavi eZRvneba lixaurisa da

Semoqmedis RirsSesaniSnaobaTa aRweras. statiaSi warmodgeni-

lia aRniSnuli masala saTanado komentarebis TanxlebiT.

* * * lixauri. rainegsisa da giuldenStedtis mier xotbaSes-

xmuli es qveyana rom menaxa, ramdenime eqskursia Cavatare.

Tavdapirvelad gadavwyvite menaxa lixauri, romelic aWaris

mTebis mimarTulebiT 8 versze, siRrmeSi mdebareobs. gadave-

diT bJuJze [1] da lamaz da mdidar xeobas avuyeviT. igi fet-

visa da simindis yanebiT da vazebmiSvebuli xeebiT iyo dafa-

ruli. aq moedineboda uamravi patara Rele, romlebic aWis-

wyalSi [2] Caedinebian. aseTi reliefis mqone mxares, misi siga-

nidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ewodos dablobi.

aq winaT mowyobili iyo karantini, romelic dRes, axali

wesdebis Tanaxmad, gauqmebulia.

lixauris xeobis samxreTiT aRmarTulia guriis mTebi,

romelTa ZiriTadi Txemebic TovliT aris dafaruli. maT

momrgvalebuli forma aqvT da Sefenilni arian tyeebiT; mxo-

lod erTi mwvervali, lixauris samxreT-dasavleTiT, gamoir-

Ceva Tavisi piramidiseburi formiT. es aris didi, porfiri-

tuli klde, romelic am mxareSi ajarkis (Adjarka) saxeliT

aris cnobili [...].

300

7-8 versis Semdeg gamovediT tyidan, sadac Sav Txmelebze

vazi ise iyo miSvebuli, rogorc es am mxarisaTvis aris dama-

xasiaTebeli. sofeli lixauri mTel sigrZe-siganeze aseTi va-

zebmiSvebuli xeebiT aris dafaruli. avediT porfiritul,

izolirebul Txemze, guriis mTebis qedis ZirSi. ferdobebi

tyiT iyo Sefenili da am simwvaneSi ikveTeboda lixauris cixe

[3], romelic mxolod erTi, Tlili qviT mSvenivrad nagebi, Za-

lian Zveli koSkisagan Sedgeboda; SesaZloa, es romelime ber-

Znuli koSki iyo, SemdgomSi ki igi odnav aumaRlebiaT da uS-

nod miuSenebiaT maRali galavani, romelsac datanebuli

hqonda saTofurebi. es galavani cixis zRudes qmnida da

koSks orive mxridan ketavda. cixis erTaderTi Sesasvleli

iyo miwis donidan 15 futze aRmarTuli kari, sadac adamiane-

bi asaRebi kibiT adiodnen.

galavniT SemozRudul Zalian viwro farTobze cixis me-

patrones xis oTxi patara qoxi hqonda aSenebuli, sadac Tvi-

Ton cxovrobda da Cvenc iqve migviRo.

saRamo galavnis qongurebze seirnobaSi gavatare da

vtkbebodi Cem win gadaSlili Tvaluwvdeneli da ulamazesi

xediT. lixauri magonebda Satobrians da itoms [4], romelic

mesenis xeobebSi amwvanebuli yvavilnaris msgavsad aris aR-

marTuli. me ozurgeTis xedis mxolod nawilis asaxva mova-

xerxe da radgan mas didi simaRlidan vuyurebdi, SevZeli misi

farTod da detalurad aRqma. modiT, mzis Casvlisas erTad

daveyrdnoT erT-erT naxevrad Camongreul saTofurs; Tuki

SeZlebT, warmosaxviT gadaavleT Tvali am peizaJis mTel

usasrulobas da mTeli guria Tqvens fexqveS gadaiSleba. Zne-

li gasarCevia, sad aris tye da sad _ xexilis baRebi, sadac

maRlari venaxia gaSenebuli, mis qveS ki ubralo saxlebia Ca-

maluli. CrdiloeTiT dabali mTagrexilia, romelic gurias

fazisis auzisgan gamohyofs; zemoT ki _ erTianad gadaTeTre-

buli kavkasionis qedi, Tavisi StoqedebiT afxazeTidan moyo-

lebuli vidre raWis mTebamde. yvela mwvervali, maT Soris _

yvelaze dabalic ki, buniobis wvimebis Semdeg TovliT ifare-

ba; magram am mwvervalebs Soris namdvili myinvarebia mxolod

ialbuzi da ori piramida _ svaneTis mTa Tu fasis mTa [...].

mze dasavleTiT iwureba _ kolxeTis zRvis ukan, romelic

mbrwyinav bariers qmnis; dablobi ki bindiT ifareba... axla

gaxedeT kavkasionis Tovliani mwvervalebis vardisfrad mo-

301

kaSkaSe Suqs; SexedeT, rogor TandaTan qrebian dabali qedebi

da bolos rCeba mxolod kolosaluri ialbuzi, romlis kaSka-

Sa wveri ukve bindgadakruli mwvervalebis zemoTaa. oh, Cemo

mamulo! ramdenjer minaxavs Cveni tbebis napirebi, monblani

[5], romelic iseve, rogorc ialbuzi, SuqurasaviT anaTebda,

roca iungfrau, altelsi, foliera [6] Crdilsa da mdumareba-

Si Sedian.

lixaurSi mzis amosvlamde wamovdeqiT da Cvens adgils

davubrundiT. gariJraJi msubuqad edeba guriis mTebs Semoq-

medis zemoT. male bumberazis mwvervali naTdeba, iseve ro-

gorc svaneTis ori piramida. nel-nela febosic [7] keTil ine-

bebs da CamobrZandeba raWis Soreul da mbrwyinav mwvervaleb-

ze; Suqi jadosnurad gadadis mwvervalidan mwvervalze, xevi-

dan xevze da didi xnis manZilze wyvdiadiT mosili afxazeTis

mwvervalebic naTdebian... bolos sinaTlis RmerTi keTiline-

bebs da Cvenamdec CamoaRwevs: misi sxivebi moedeba Txmelebisa

da xurmis xeebis momrgvalebul kenweroebs burusiT mocul

dablobze, romelic TiTqos daserilia tbebiTa da tborebiT.

lixauris mTa Sefenilia broweulis xeebiT, venaxiT, leR-

vis xeebiTa da grZel Reroebze Camokidebuli Savi, wagrZele-

buli nayofis mqone dafnis mtevnebiT (sic.). erTaderTi mniSvnelovani ram, rac cixesimagreSi vnaxe,

gaxldaT brinjaos zarbazani, romelic koSkis Tavze qvemexis

xis sadgamze idga. Cemo mSveniero qveyanav _ safrangeTo! ga-

dasaxlebuli b-n c. pouris werilebTan erTad me aq Seni he-

raldikuri SroSanic vipove; netav ra mizans emsaxureboda mi-

si Camotana senisa Tu luaras napirebidan Soreuli guriis

erT-erTi senioris feodaluri cixis koSkSi?

sakmaod Rrma Wa, romelic kldeSia amokveTili, cixes sa-

Wiro raodenobis wyliT amaragebs.

Semoqmedi, saepiskoposo rezidencia. 6 oqtomberi. lixau-

ridan Semoqmedamde 10 verss angariSoben; ar vici, rogor

axerxeben manZilis gansazRvras gzis napirze Camwkrivebul,

SemoRobil kar-midamoebs Soris. aq SeuZlebelia marto sia-

ruli, radgan yvela mimarTulebiT erTmaneTze gadajvaredi-

nebul gzeze aucileblad daikargebiT. didi Saragzebi ki aq

srulebiT ar aris. lixaurSive gadavediT aWiswyalze, misgan

xuTi versis moSorebiT ki _ agidayvaze [8], xolo im mTis ax-

los, romlis wverzec monasteria, bJuJis marcxena napirs gav-

302

yeviT. iSviaTia mxare, sadac amdeni mdinare moedineba. Cem mi-

er axlaxan CamoTvlili mdinareebis garda, yovel fexis na-

bijze gvxvdeboda patar-patara nakadulebi, romlebic Semod-

gomis wvimebis dros mniSvnelovnad diddebian. wyali Zalian

gamWvirvale iyo, ramac mafiqrebina, rom qedis am nawilSi ar

iyo iuruli periodis fiqali; amasTanave, me versad vnaxe misi

kvali porfiritisa da granitis natexebs Soris, riTac savsea

wyaroebis kalapoti.

Semoqmedi [9] Zvelad gamagrebuli monasteri iyo, iseve

rogorc yvela sxva monasteri am mxareSi da, rogorc wesi,

mtrisa Tu megobris xeliT isic xSirad nadgurdeboda. garda

amisa, igi rusebmac daangries SeiaraRebuli amboxebisa da 16

wlis Wabukis mier polkovnik puzirevskis [10] mkvlelobis

Semdeg.

dangreuli cixis centrSi SemorCenilia mxolod Semoqme-

dis saepiskoposos Zveli eklesia, romelsac mTeli guria eq-

vemdebareba.

es mniSvnelovani Zegli erTmaneTis gverdiT ganlagebuli

ori navisagan Sedgeba; maT Soris ufro momcro da, amave

dros, ufro Zveli _ ganaTebulia rvawaxnaga gumbaTiT; inte-

rieris kedlebi aguriT aris amoyvanili, garedan ki mopirke-

Tebulia mocisfro porfiritis didi kvadrebiT, romlebic

JamTasvlisagan erTianad arian daWmuli, rac nagebobas siZve-

lis iers aZlevs. aqaurma kankelma gamaoca mooqruli spilen-

Zis gamosaxulebaTa simravliT: reliefurad Sesrulebul ga-

mosaxulebebs hqondaT qarTuli warwerebi da amSvenebdaT

mcire zomis, bizantiur stilSi gadawyvetili figuruli mi-

nanqrebi, zustad iseTive, rogorc gelaTSi iyo. am minanqre-

bis warwerebi berZnulia, Tumca zogierT maTganze gairCeva

uxeSad gamoyvanili qarTuli warwerebic.

es eklesia guriis mTavrebisaTvis igivea, rac sen-deni [11]

frangebisaTvis. aq ganlagebuli maT saflavebs yuTebis Tu

sarkofagebis forma aqvT da Sida mxares filebiT arian amo-

gebulni; maTi sigrZe 7 futia, sigane ki _ 3 da eklesiis iata-

kis donidan maTi simaRle erTnaxevar futs aRwevs. TiToeuli

maTgani gadaxurulia sami an oTxi filiT. Turqebis gaxSire-

buli Semosevebis dros yvela es saflavi gaixsna da gaiZar-

cva; aqa-iq aklia filebic da maTi udidebulesobebis naxev-

rad damsxvreuli Zvlebi uwesrigod mimofantulan da saco-

303

davad elian gankiTxvis dRes, iseve rogorc potocki de bud-

zanovi _ galiciaSi [12]; ramdenime Tavis qala ki aSmorebul

iatakze samarcxvinod aris dayrili...

ufro didi da, amasTanave _ ufro axali eklesia rogorc

Sida, ise gareTa mxridan Tlili qviT aris naSeni. lamazad

mogebuli, TeTri marmarilosagan uxeSad awyobili iataki

morTulia cisferi lentebiT, iseve, rogorc yirimis Zveli

berZnuli eklesiebis kolonebi. fasadis sarkmeli axalcixis

Zveli eklesiisa da sxva mravali Zveli monastris sarkmelebis

msgavs stilSia Sesrulebuli. Sesasvleli morTulia uamravi

ornamentiT, misi zeda nawili ki Sesrulebulia sxmuliT;

gverdiT moTavsebulia marmarilos firfita (amokveTili)

qarTuli warweriT:

`qriste, yovladZliero, Seiwyale afxazTa kaTalikosi, ba-

toni maqsime, amin~ [13]. rogorc Cans, maqsimem eklesia ganaax-

la.

interieris mxatvroba uxeSad aris Sesrulebuli da yvel-

gan wiTeli feri sWarbobs.

portiki naxevrad dangreulia; Tlili qvebis nairferov-

neba (zogan Ria Tu muqi cisferi, zogan ki wiTeli Tu yviTe-

li ZarRvebiTa da xazebiT damSvenebuli) saocrad lamaz iers

aZlevs mTel nagebobas, romelic mwvaned moWiquli kramitiT

aris gadaxuruli.

eklesiis galavnis gareT, Zveli cacxvis qveS vnaxe didi

Tlili qva, romlis sigrZe iyo 7 futi, sigane _ 3, xolo sisqe

12.5 futi. igi or sxva qvaze iyo gadebuli, rogorc merxi, mis

gverdiT ki iyo meore lodi, romelsac magidasaviT swori ze-

dapiri hqonda; vfiqrob, rom es qvebi am mxaris Zveli sakur-

Txevlebi an raRac iseTi magidebia, rogoric zemoT ukve aR-

vwere1. Zeglebs erTianad mosdebodnen kopitebi, suro da

broweulis xeebi.

eklesiis mRvdeli msubuqad gagvimaspinZlda: ZiriTad ker-

Zad damarilebuli taxi mogvarTva. davbrundiT ozurgeTSi,

romelic aqedan 7 versiT aris daSorebuli. aq foniT gadav-

laxeT bJuJi; guriis am nawilis mdinareebs Soris igi yvelaze

didia, magram Tavis mniSvnelobas kargavs mas Semdeg, rac

uerTdeba natanebs, romelic mas sakuTar saxelsac ki ar-

1 ixileT atlasi, t. II.

304

Tmevs, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli natanebSi aWis-

wyalTan, agidayvasTan da baziswyalTan erTad Caedineba.

ozurgeTSi Casvlamde Cven samjer mogvixda bJuJis gadalaxva.

askana. 7 oqtombers axal eqskursiaze wavedi: mindoda me-

naxa guriis mTavarTa erT-erTi cixe-koSki. rogorc gviTxres,

askana [14] ozurgeTidan 15 versiT iyo daSorebuli. Tavda-

pirvelad gaviareT vake adgili, sadac skurCa da natanebi [15]

gaedinebian; yvelgan yanebi da SemoRobili sakarmidamoebi

gvxvdeboda. natanebis ukan niadagi porfiritis erTaderTi

nakvaleviT iyo danaoWebuli.

rodesac CavediT guriis mTebis ZirSi mdebare sofel bax-

vSi, Cemma Tanamgzavrebma aq moindomes Ramis gaTeva, Tumca

askanamde mxolod samiode versiRa gvaSorebda. didad gavixa-

re, radgan SemeZlo es dro saTanadod gamomeyenebina: avsuli-

yavi iqve axlos, zRvis donidan 2 Tu 2,5 aTasi futis simaR-

lis mTaze.

davtove ZvelisZveli kaklis xeebi, romlebic Cvens qoxs

saamo Crdils fendnen da didi gaWirvebiT gavikvale gza mu-

xis, wablisa da ielis mSvenier xeebs Soris, erTianad rom See-

mosaT es damreci ferdobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad porfi-

ritnarevi moyviTalo qarsis masisagan Sedgebodnen, aqa-iq ki

porfiritis mTeli wyebebi moCanda.

rodesac avedi mTis wverze, sadac ayvavebuli ieli da

mogrZo da mrgvali Savi nayofiT daxunZluli kavkasiuri ma-

Rali mocvi vnaxe, mzis Casvlisas momajadoebeli sanaxaobis

winaSe aRmovCndi: mze zRvis mokaSkaSe safaris ukan Cadioda

da Cem Tvalwin iseTi veebrTela peizaJi gadaiSala, romlis

warmodgenac ki SeuZlebelia. im umniSvnelo wvrilmanebis ga-

moklebiT, romlebic iseve, rogorc kavkasiis qedi, Sors, uki-

degano sivrceSi ikveTebodnen, Cem fexqveS geografiul ruka-

saviT iyo gadaSlili mTeli guria; me zemodan davyurebdi Se-

moqmeds, lixaurs, ozurgeTs; Tvals vayolebdi yvela mdina-

res, romelic am nayofier aremareze, mwvane yvavilnarSi gae-

dineboda.

veluri mTis wverze eulad myofs, amgvari sanaxaobis wina-

Se wuTierad poeturi ganwyoba dameufla, sulierad avmaR-

ldi da gonebaSi saintereso azrebma gamielva, bunebis am

mSvenierebis fonze guli simSvidiTa da rwmeniT amevso.

8 oqtombers im kldis ZirSi mivediT, romelsac gars uv-

305

lis baxviswyali [16]. kldeze askanis cixe dgas; viwro sacal-

fexo gza ufskrulis napirs miuyveba da mocisfro porfiri-

tis uzarmazar lodebs Soris miiklakneba. am yvelafers ag-

virgvinebs ulamazes xeTa mwkrivebi maT Soris lamazad Camo-

kidebuli ielis yvavilebis mtevnebiT. didi wvalebiT avediT

orferda, grZel mTaze da rogorc iqna, movadeqiT cixes, ro-

melic mTis ramdenime, Sejgufebul mwvervalze iyo aRmarTu-

li. Tavdacvis mizniT aq miwis yvela uswormasworo adgili

iyo gamoyenebuli, cixeSi ki mxolod erTi, kldeze miyudebu-

li kibis meSveobiT adiodnen.

cixe Sedgeboda ori koSkisa, ramdenime xis qoxisa da er-

Ti, sanaxevrod porfiritul kldeSi nakveTi samlocvelosa-

gan. centrSi idga cisferi porfiritis ramdenime didi lodi:

isini wyalsatevebisaTvis wvimis wylis mosagroveblad specia-

lurad amoeRaraT. aq wyali kldeSi amokveTili patara Rare-

bisa da wyalsadinari milebis meSveobiT saxuravebidan da

kldis zedapiridan Caedineboda.

mTavar qoxs naxevrad faravs venaxis mSvenieri talaveri,

leRvis xe da ieli ki ise modebulan kedlebsa da kldeebze,

rom adgils ecilebian suros.

cixe 1805 wels ganaaxla gurielma [17] da igi saxelmwifo

sapyrobiled gadaaqcia. aq vnaxe ramdenime tusaRi da maT So-

ris erTi _ guruli. igi cixis ezoSi seirnobda Tavis vaJTan

erTad, romelTanac jaWviT iyo gadabmuli da verc dRisiT

da verc RamiT ver Sordeboda; rogorc amixsnes, mas Turme

TurqebisaTvis sakuTari vaJis tyved miyidva surda, magram

Seipyres da CaTvales, rom man swored aseTi sasjeli daimsa-

xura.

sadilze misvla gvagviandeboda, radgan ukan jer fexiT

unda CamovsuliyaviT, Semdeg ki isev unda avsuliyaviT, cixis

pirdapir maRal borcvze, aqaur mRvdelTan, romelmac migvi-

patiJa da mSvenivradac gagvimaspinZlda1.

1 ai, kidev erTi meniu (isev da isev patiebas vTxov swavlulebs): Sem-

wvari wiwili broweulis wvenSi, Semwvari goWi, Sebolili taxis lo-

ri, yveliani puri, nacarSi magrad moxarSuli kvercxebi _ gafcqvni-

li da marilmoyrili, sxvadasxva saxis yveli, vaSli, saukeTeso Rvi-

no.

306

damowmebuli literatura da komentarebi:

1. bJuJi _ mdinare ozurgeTis raionSi, md. natanebis marcxe-

na Senakadi.

2. aWiswyali _ mdinare ozurgeTis raionSi, md. bJuJis mar-

cxena Senakadi.

3. lixauri _ sofeli ozurgeTis r-Si; adrefeodalur xanaSi

guriis saerisTavos politikuri centri. lixaurisa da

sof. WanieTis sazRvarTan SemorCenilia gviandeli Sua sa-

ukuneebis cixesimagre _ lixauris cixe (Tamaris cixe, Wa-

nieTis cixe): `... aris mxolod erTi cixe lixaurSi, aWis

mezoblad, romelic diubua de monperem aRwera~ (d. baq-

raZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, ba-

Tumi, 1987, gv. 20-21). riyis qviT nageb cixes CrdiloeTi-

dan orsarTuliani karibWe aqvs, galavnis oTxive mxares ki

saTofurebiani koSkebia ganlagebuli, aqve SemorCenilia

wylis Wac. mkvlevarTa azriT, cixe ara mxolod damcavi,

aramed sacxovrebeli daniSnulebisac iyo (i. gomelauri,

lixauris eklesiis samreklo, `Zeglis megobari~, 1969,

#17). sagulisxmoa, rom es cixe ar aris moxseniebuli va-

xuSti batoniSvilis naSromSi, amis Taobaze d. baqraZe

werda: `vaxuStis, roca Tavis àRwera samefosa saqarTve-

losa~-s adgenda, rogorc Cans, xelT hqonda met-naklebad

zusti cnobebi mxolod qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTisa da

saaTabagos nawilis Sesaxeb; xolo misi cnobebi Zveli sa-

qarTvelos samefos sxva mxareTa Sesaxeb saerTod metisme-

tad abneulia. amitom... igi megzurobas ver gagviwevs ara-

Tu Curuq-sus, aWarisa da Woroxis auzis, aramed TviT gu-

riis Seswavlis drosac~ (ix. d. baqraZe, dasax. naSr., gv.

21). lixaurSi SemorCenilia agreTve XIII s. II naxevriT da-

TariRebuli RvTismSoblis darbazuli eklesia (gadakeTe-

buli) da samreklo (agebulia 1422 w.).

4. Satobriani _ cixesimagre bretansa da anJus sazRvarze, Sed-

geba ori erTmaneTisagan mkafiod gansxvavebuli cixisagan: 1

_ Zveli, XI s-Si agbulia brianis mier, romelsac ukavSirdeba

qalaqis daarseba, da 2 _ axali, XVI s. I naxevarSi renesansul

stilSia nagebi. dReisaTvis aq ganlagebulia sasamarTlo uw-

yeba da sxvadasxva administraciuli dawesebulebebi.

307

itomi _ mTa saberZneTSi, mesenis regionSi (peloponesis n-

k samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi).

5. monblani _ (~TeTri mTa~), das. evropis umaRlesi mwverva-

li alpebSi, safrangeTisa da italiis sazRvarze.

6. iungfrau (~axalgazrda qalwuli~), altelsi, foliera _

mwvervalebi Sveicariis alpebSi.

7. febosi (~kaSkaSa, brwyinvale~) _ berZnul miTologiaSi

RmerT apolonis epiTeti.

8. agidayva _ mdinare guriaSi, gaedineba sof. makvaneTis

(ozurgeTis municipaliteti) teritoriaze, md. aWiswylis

Senakadi.

9. Semoqmedi _ sof. SemoqmedSi (ozurgeTis municipaliteti),

md. bJuJis marcxena napirze, dabal mTaze agebulia samo-

nastro kompleqsi, romelic ori taZrisagan Sedgeba: gan-

viTarebuli Sua saukuneebis RvTaebis taZari da uflis

feriscvalebis saxelobis gumbaTiani eklesia (XVI s.), ro-

melic `zarzmis~ saxeliT aris cnobili. kompleqsi Sua sa-

ukuneebis qarTuli kulturis kera iyo, hqonda mdidari

wignsacavi; aq moRvaweobda iakob Semoqmedeli. d. baqraZis

gadmocemiT àm eklesiebis garegnoba sulac ar Seefereba

maTs istoriul mniSvnelobasa da simdidres. eklesiebi ar

aris vrceli, amasTan dasaxiCrebulia gviandeli minaSene-

biT da uxeiro yavris saxuraviT~. misive azriT, feriscva-

lebis eklesia diubuas SecdomiT moeCvena macxovris ek-

lesiaze uZvelesad, radgan ver gaiTvaliswina, rom cisfe-

ri porfiriti ufro rbilia da droTa ganmavlobaSi advi-

lad ifiteba (ix. d. baqraZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 104-106). Se-

moqmedis monasteri aRwerili aqvs vaxuSti batoniSvilsac

(~... mTis ZirSi ars Semoqmedi, eklesia didSeni, gumbaTia-

ni, Semkuli yovliTa. iyo ese saarqimandrito, aw ars sae-

piskopozo. zis episkopozi, mwyemsi mas queiTis guriisa~

(vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,

Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 791).

10. polkovniki puzirevski _ 1820 w. imereTis mmarTvelad da-

niSnes kurnatovskis nacvlad da piradad hqonda davale-

buli mRvdelmTavrebisa da Tavadebis Sepyroba da ruseTs

gadasaxleba, rasac gadaWarbebuli enTuziazmiT asruleb-

da; mis saxels ukavSirdeba mitropolit dosiTeos quTa-

Telis mkvleloba (ix. a. kikviZe, saqarTvelos istoria, XIX

308

saukune, Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 108-113; Акты, собранные кавказской археографической комиссией, т. VI, ч. I, №574, 797,

801). 1820 w. aprilSi igi jariT daiZra Semoqmedisaken qai-

xosro gurielis (guriis mTavris biZis) dasasjelad, ro-

melmac amboxebulTa mier mefed gamocxadebuli ivane aba-

SiZe (solomon I-s asulis _ darejanis vaJi) Seifara. Se-

moqmedis cixeSi mas aravin daxvda, ukan dabrunebisas ki

gurulebma mokles (ix. В. Потто, Кавказская война, т. 2,

Ермоловское время, Москва, 2008). 11. sen-deni _ gadmocemis Tanaxmad, parizis gareubanSi _ sen-

deniSi (amJamad igi qalaqis farglebSia moqceuli) pirve-

lad III s-is SuaxanebSi agebul iqna taZari parizis pirveli

episkoposis _ wm. denis (dionises) mier. VII s-Si mefe dago-

berma taZris gverdiT daaarsa saabato, romelic mogviane-

biT safrangeTis yvelaze cnobil da mdidar saabatod ga-

daiqca, sadac mefeebsa da dedoflebs krZalavdnen. XII s.

Sua xanebSi Zveli taZris adgilas mefis favoritisa da

mrCevlis _ abat siuJes TaosnobiT agebul iqna bazilika

sen-deni, romlis arqiteqtura mTel evropaSi goTikuri

stilis ganviTarebas daedo safuZvlad.

12. savaraudod, igulisxmeba grafi roman ignaci frantiSek

potocki (1741-1809), poloneli politikosi, Jurnalisti

da mwerali.

13. maqsimes saxeliT afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) ori

kaTalikosia cnobili: maqsime I (maWutaZe) _ 1639-1657 ww.

da maqsime II (abaSiZe) _ 1776-1795 ww.; d. baqraZis azriT aq

igulisxmeba kaTalikosi maqsime I (maWutaZe), romelic 1639

wlamde Semoqmedis eposkoposi iyo (d. baqraZe, dasax.

naSr., gv. 105; saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebi, Tbi-

lisi, 2000, gv. 148-149, 168-171).

14. askanis cixe _ feodaluri xanis cixesimagre baxviswylis

marcxena napirze, sof. askanaSi. cixis uZvelesi fena ad-

rindeli feodaluri xanisaa, uaxlesi ki _ XIX s-isa. 1805

w. qaixosro gurielma cixe ganaaxla da samTavros sapyro-

biled aqcia. diubuas mier aRwerili xis qoxebi ar Semor-

Cenila, samlocvelo da galavani ki sagrZnoblad daziane-

bulia (enciklopedia saqarTvelo, t. I, Tb., 1997, gv. 228).

15. skurCa _ md. bJuJis Senakadi (ozurgeTSi).

309

16. baxviswyali _ mdinare guriaSi, md. sufsis marcxena Sena-

kadi, saTaves iRebs mesxeTis qedidan, gaedineba ozurge-

Tisa da Coxatauris municipalitetebis teritoriaze.

17. gurieli _ igulisxmeba qaixosro batoniSvili (gard. 1829

w. TurqeTSi), giorgi V gurielis vaJi, guriis samTavros

regenti 1797-1809 ww. aseve moixsenieboda, rogorc qai-

xosro IV gurieli.

Lela Mikiashvili Doctor of History, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Senior scientist-researcher of the Departmant of Modern and Contemporary History

Description of the Likhauri and Shemokmedi Episcopal Cathedrals in

`The Travels~ of Frederic Dubois de Monpereux

Summary

The third volume of Frederic Dubois de Monpereux’s "The Travels"(Frederic Dubois de Monpereux, Voyage autour du Caucase chez les Therkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Georgie, en Armenie et en Crimee, t. I-VI, Paris, 1839-1843) contains interesting material about Guria. One of its chapters is dedicated to the description of Likhauri and Shemokmedi attractions. The Likhauri (Tamar / Chanieti) fortress is a Late Medieval monument; in the Shemokmedi monastery complex there is a God’s temple of the High Middle ages and the 16th century domed Church `Zarzma~. The article presents materials on the mentioned monuments with relevant comments.

310

oTar gogoliSvili

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis istoriis, arqeo-

logiisa da eTnologiis departa-

mentis profesori

ucxoelebi samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIX saukune)

saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi regionis, sam-

xreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli bedi, marTlac, ga-

morCeulia. qarTuli civilizaciis es mZlavri kera, istoriu-

li bedis ukuRmarTobis gamo, ZaliT mowyvites erTian qar-

Tul organizms da sxva saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilad ga-

daaqcies, magram mis mkvidrT ver daaviwyes mSobliuri enis

siyvaruli da pativiscema. ruseT-osmaleTs Soris warmoebu-

li omis (1877-1878 ww.) Sedegad igi kvlav daubrunda deda-

samSoblos, magram amjerad ruseTis imperiis kavkasiuri admi-

nistracia yovelmxriv aferxebda mis ganviTarebas da cdi-

lobda es mxare daepirispirebina danarCeni saqarTvelosaT-

vis. ruseTis saxelmwifos mesveurTa azriT, igi unda gadaq-

ceuliyo axlo aRmosavleTSi rusuli eqspansiis mniSvnelovan

samxedro forpostad da imperiis Sorsgamiznuli gegmebis

ganxorcielebis placdarmad.

saqarTvelos am regioniT ucxoelebic dainteresdnen. isi-

ni am mxares araerTxel ewvivnen da dagvitoves sayuradRebo

masalebi imdroindeli (XIX-XX ss.) samxreT-dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri da kultu-

rul-saganmanaTleblo cxovrebis Sesaxeb.

sainteresoa 1804 wlis dokumenti. igi exeba ingliseli

saqmosnis martin bolis yofnas baTumSi. martin boli imyofe-

boda baTumSi 1804 wlis agvistoSi da saubrobs imdroindeli

baTumis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. boli baTumSi Tavisi saq-

meebisaTvis (Tumca ar Cans ra saqmeebia es) stambulidan Camo-

vida. igi qalaqSi sam Tves gaCerebula da daavadebuls dau-

tovebia iqauroba. boli aRniSnavs, rom baTumi Zalian binZuri

da uwesrigo qalaqia, Tumca qalaqi mas ar eTqmis, sul sami

quCaa da TiToeuli quCis bolos sasaflaoa. es sasaflaoebi

imdenad mouvlelia, rom sicxeSi iqauroba yars. baTumis hava

311

autanelia _ wers ingliseli boli. `qalaqSi mudmivad aravin

Cerdeba. vinc Cadis male tovebs baTums. mec Semeyara avadmy-

ofoba da iZulebuli var davtovo es qalaqi~. rodesac mosax-

leobaze saubrobs, boli aRniSnavs, rom qalaqSi, ZiriTadad,

Turqulad saubroben, magram gaigonebT berZnulsac da alag-

alag lazursac. qalaqSi ar aris arcerTi sazogadoebrivi da-

wesebuleba. Tu ara CavTvliT or yavaxanas, sadac Tavs iyris

qalaqis yvela mcxovrebi. baTumis porti mouwesrigebelia da

amis gamo gemebi ar Semodis. Cemi iq yofnis ganmavlobaSi sul

ori Turquli gemi Semovida da isic swrafad ukan gabrunda...

aseTia ingliselis Sexeduleba 1804 wlis baTumze [1, 100].

1810 wlis baTumisa da misi Semogrenis Sesaxeb saintereso

cnobebs gvawvdian frangebi: lui kuperi da marsel fontrie.

maTi Canawerebidan irkveva, rom isini baTumSi yofilan 1810

wlis oqtomberSi. isini miuTiTeben, rom Turqebma baTumSi

daiwyes keTilmowyobiTi samuSaoebi, magram bolomde ver mi-

iyvanes. frangebi aRniSnaven, rom muSebs Soris zangebic ari-

an, isini gasaubrebian maT da SeutyviaT, rom zangebi movidnen

Crdilo afrikidan, ramdenime maTgani kidevac dasaxlda ba-

TumSi. TurqeTis xeliosuflebam maT amis neba darTo. Turqe-

Tis baTumeli xelmZRvanelisaTvis aigo xis orsarTuliani Se-

noba. baTumis xelmZRvaneli erTi Casuqebuli, arasimpatiuri

adamiani yofila. rogorc TviTmxilveli aRniSnavs, is xSirad

gadioda qalaqidan da didxans ar brundeboda ukan. amis gamo

ukmayofilo mosaxleoba saCivrebs gzavnida stambulis xeli-

suflebasTan. `Cveni iq yofnis dros baTumSi moxda sazareli

mkvleloba, eWvianobis niadagze qmarma cols yeli gamoRadra

da amoxoca qalis sayvareli da misi ojaxis wevrebi. es kaci

daakaves da gaasamarTles specialurad stambulidan Camo-

sulma mosamarTleebma.

sasamarTlo procesi qalaqis mTavar moedanze gaimarTa

da mas mTeli baTumisa da misi Semogrenis mosaxleoba daes-

wro. mosamarTlem xalxs mimarTa Tu ra saxis ganaCeni gamoe-

tana. mosaxleobam daiyvira, rom mkvleli unda CamoaxrCoTo.

marTlac mkvleli iqve boZze Camokides da igi iq Camokidebu-

li ori dRis ganmavlobaSi iyo, Semdeg Camoxsnes, magram ar

viciT sad damarxes...~

frangebi aRniSnaven, rom baTumis portSi gemebi xSirad Se-

modian da qalaqSi SemoaqvT sxvadasxva saxis saqoneli. ai, aseTi

312

Sexedulebis arian frangebi 1810 wlis baTumze. Canawerebis da-

narCenebi adgilebi eZRvneba SavizRvispireTis sxva adgilebs,

ra Tqma unda, isic sayuradReboa da sainteresoa mkvlevarTaT-

vis, magram mis ganxilvas amjerad ar SevudgebiT [2, 11].

rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebiT gaxSirda ucxoelebis vizi-

tebi baTumSi 1820 wlidan. es albaT gamowveuli iyo ruseTsa

da osmaleTs Soris momavali omis mizezebiT. baTumSi am dro-

idan rusebic gvxvdebian sakmao raodenobiT. magaliTad, 1821

wels baTumSi yofilan nikolaevi, davidovi da sergeevi. maT

baTumis Sesaxeb ar dautovebiaT aranairi Canaweri. osmaleTis

xelisuflebas eWvi auRia sergeevze, radganac is yavaxanis xSi-

ri stumari yofila da saubrobda adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan.

is daukavebiaT, magram Semdeg gauTavisuflebiaT [2, 67].

1822 wlis aprilSi franguli gemiT baTumSi Semosula da

ramdenime xniT darCenila alesandre kostilevski. saarqivo ma-

salidan ar Cans, Tu igi romeli saxelmwifo uwyebis moxele

iyo, magram misi naambobidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kosti-

levski samxedro sadazvervo saqmianobisaTvis unda yofiliyo

baTumSi Casuli. kostilevski aRniSnavs, rom: `ruseTs baTumis-

Tvis momavali brZolis dros didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba. os-

maleTis xelisfuleba qalaqs sagangebod amagrebs. mis aRmosav-

leT sanapirosTan aages xelovnuri simagre, romelic akontro-

lebs akvatoriaSi moZrav yvela saSualebebs. aseTive simagris

mSeneblobaa dawyebuli portis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. qa-

laqSi moZraoben osmalo jariskacebi, mosaxleobaze ver vit-

yviT, rom Wrelia. umetesoba osmaloebia, magram qalaqSi zog-

jer osmaleTis mezobeli, ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi

myofi qarTvelebic Semodian da qalaqSi vaWroben. isini gansa-

kuTrebuli kontrol qveS yavT ayvanili osmaleTis xelisuf-

lebas. ZiriTadad vaWroben sayofacxovrebo saqoneliT. yvela-

ze meti momxmarebeli hyavs portTan axlos myof or did maRa-

zias, saidanac vaWroben pirdapir gemebidan Semotanili saqon-

liT. erT-erTi maRaziis mepatrone warmoSobiT ingliselia,

magram gaTurqebuli... qalaqidan gareubnebisaken dawyebulia

gzebis mSenebloba, mSeneblobas awarmoeben germaneli inJinre-

bi, magram iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom es gzebi samxedro da-

niSnulebisaTvis unda iqnes gamoyenebuli...~ Semdeg kostilev-

ski saubrobs mosaxleobis Cacmulobaze, yofa-cxovrebaze, mag-

ram mocemulia mxolod mwiri, zedapiruli cnobebi [2, 99-101].

313

msgavsi cnobebia moyvanili 1823 wels baTumSi myofi ruse-

Tis qveSevrdomis semion ginzburgis monaTxrobidan, romelic

miuTiTebs, rom masTan saubarSi osmalebs aRuniSnavT, rom ru-

seTi ver SeZlebda baTumis xelSi Cagdebas. is imasac aRniSavs,

rom baTumSi igi Sexvda somex da berZen mosaxleobas da gaar-

kvia, isini ruseTisadmi loialurad arian ganwyobilni... aqve

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom es pirovneba, semion ginzburgi (al-

baT es unda iyos, saxeli da gvari namdvilad emTxveva _ o. g)

1825 wels namyofia guriaSi da sainteresod aRwers guriis sa-

zogadoebriv da sayofacxovrebo mdgomareobas. is saubrobs

guriis samTavroze da aRniSnavs Semdegs: `guria mdebareobs

ruseTis imperiis ukidures samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. adre es

samTavro damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli yofila. mas

Semdeg, rac igi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida (Tum-

ca 1825 wels igi formalurad mainc damoukideblad arsebobda

_ o. g), SedarebiT mSvidaT daiwyo cxovreba. magram samTavroSi

jer kidev areuloba igrZnoba. ruseTis jari ganlagebulia

samTavros teritoriaze. adgilobrivi xelisufleba dabneu-

lia. ruseTis xelisufleba ZiriTadad akontrolebs situacias

samTavroSi. adgilobrivi mTavari mamia avadaa da samTavros Zi-

riTadad misi coli sofio ganagebs, magram ruseTis jaris me-

Taurebi mas nakleb angariSs uweven. samTavros centri ozur-

geTia, romelic qoxmaxebiTaa mofenili. ozurgeTSi ar aris

arc erTi xeiriani sazogadoebrivi adgili. mTavarma mamiam er-

Ti orsarTuliani Senoba aago, romlis pirvel sarTulze maRa-

zia ganaTavsa, meoreze ki duqani.

gurulebi Zalian moZravi xalxia, isini miambobdnen, rom

adre maT samTavroSi tyveTa syidva yofila gavrcelebuli.

tyveebs yvelani yiddnen _ dawyebuli mTavris ojaxidan _ dam-

Tavrebuli glexamde. maT soflebs xSirad Tavs esxmodnen me-

zobeli qobuleTis mxaredan SeiaraRebuli razmebi da xalxs

itacebdnen osmaleTSi gayidvis mizniT. qobuleTi, _ aRniS-

navs ginzburgi, _ rogorc adgilobrivebma miTxres, adre gu-

riis mTavris mflobelobaSi Sedioda, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

manam, sanam am mxares osmalebi daisakuTrebdnen, axla igi ga-

daqceulia avazakTa buded, romlebic xalxiT vaWroben. arc

gurulebi rCebian valSi, isinic xSirad gadadian qobuleTis

mxares da TviTon itaceben iqaurebs da TavianT saxlebSi amu-

Saveben, zogs ki osmalebze yidian. Tu es Tavdasxma uSedegod

314

damTavrda, maSin gabrazebulebi romelime tyves xeze Camok-

idebdnen sxvebis dasaSineblad. yvela guruli SeiaraRebuli

dadis, arian stumarTmoyvareni, magram amasTanave Zalian bra-

zianebi. guriaSi sustad aris ganviTarebuli aReb-micemoba,

fuli TiTqmis ar trialebs, xdeba naturiT gacvla, saqoneli,

ZiriTadad, Semodis mezobeli imereTisa da samegrelos mxare-

ebidan. aseve, mezobeli qobuleTis mxaridan Semoedineba kon-

trabanduli saqoneli, romelsac, ZiriTadad, mTavris ojaxis

wevrebi da SedarebiT SeZlebuli adamianebi yiduloben... gu-

ria Zalain lamazi mxarea, Tvalwarmtaci landSafti waruS-

lel STabeWdilebas tovebs. erT-erTma rusma jariskacma miT-

xra, rom bevr adgilas uomia, magram aseTi lamazi mxare ar-

sad ar Sexvedria... vfiqrob, ginzburgis es cnobebi sayurad-

Reboa imdroindeli guriis istoriis Sesaswavlad [2, 118-124].

baTumis mxaris Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis 1833

wels baTumSi mcire xniT, gavliT myofi avstrieli mogzauri

gerhard buxvaldi. igi baTumSi Tbilisidan Cavida da Semdeg

wavida trapizonSi, iqedan ki stambulSi. rogorc Canawerebi-

dan Cans, buxvaldi osmalebis mimarT keTilganwyobili pirov-

nebaa. maT Sesaxeb is aRniSnavs, rom osmalebi cdiloben, moa-

wesrigon saqalaqo cxovreba. `sadac ki viyavi, _ wers buxval-

di, _ yvelgan mSeneblobebi mimdinareobs. osmalebi didi pa-

tiviscemiT epyrobian evropelebs, romlebic osmaleTis mi-

marT keTilad arian ganwyobilni, es me yvelgan vigrZeni. ase-

Ti damokidebuleba ar igrZnoba ruseTSi da ruseTis mier

dapyrobil xalxebSi, sadac evropelebs civad xvdebian. es me

vigrZeni TbilisSi, baqoSi da sxva qalaqebSi. baTumis Sesaxeb

buxvaldi aRniSnavs, rom igi osmaluri qalaqia, mcxovrebele-

bi osmalebi arian, gaCaRebulia aReb-micemoba, xalxi Zalian

stumarTmoyvarea. Tumca avstrieli imazec miuTiTebs, rom

qalaqSi arian berZnebi, somxebi, zangebi da evropelebic. bux-

valdi amjerad aRniSnavs, rom baTumis navsadguri keTilmow-

yobilia, iq sakmao samuSaoebi Cautarebia osmaleTis xeli-

suflebas. rogorc Sevityve qalaqSi Camosula osmaleTis xe-

lisuflebis maRalCinosani, mouwvevia TaTbiri, miucia adgi-

lobrivi xelisuflebisTvis davaleba, rom moewesrigebina ba-

Tumis porti, Tan didi Tanxebis micemas dahpirebia. Tanxebi

marTlac wamosula stambulidan, Tan centridan bevri muSac

Camosula da dauwyiaT portisa da misi mimdebare teritoriis

315

keTilmowyoba. ramdenime xanSi seriozuli samuSaoebi Cauta-

rebiaT, gakeTda portTan misasvleli gzebi, gafarTovda por-

tis mimdebare teritoria, dauwyiaT axali navsadgomis mSeneb-

loba, mimdinareobda samuSaoebi zRvasTan axlos mdebare mdi-

nareze xidis asaSeneblad. osmalebi xvdebian, rom baTumis

navsadguri erT-erTi xelsayrelia SavizRvispireTSi da saWi-

roa misi keTilmowyoba. es azri osmalebSi gansakuTrebiT ma-

Sin ganmtkicebula, rac osmaleTma, arc Tu ise didi xnis win,

gadaitana didi omi ruseTTan. isini kargad xvdebian, rom ru-

seTi swored baTumiT iyo dainteresebuli da yvelafers ake-

Tebda mis xelSi Casagdebad. avtori wers: `me mqonda saubari

baTumSi myof maRalCinosanTan da man aRniSna, rom baTumi un-

da gadaiqces miuval da auRebel cixe-simagred, rom aq ver

SemoaRwios mterma, xelisufleba yvelafers gaakeTebs imis-

Tvis, rom baTums veravin ver Sexedos avi TvaliT. es aris

Cveni umTavresi porti da aqedan SevZlebT Cveni amocanebis

warmatebiT, moxerxebulad gadaWras da mogvarebaso _ aRniS-

navs buxvaldi. sayuradReboa erTi momenti. buxvaldi qalaqis

mosaxleobaze saubrisas, arsad ar aRniSnavs, rom qalaqSi qar-

Tvelebic sakmao raodenobiT imyofebodnen, rac sxva evrope-

lebis CanawerebSi naTlad Cans. amiT imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom

buxvaldi isea gabrazebuli imJamad ruseTis imperiis Semad-

genlobaSi myof xalxebze, rom cdilobs gverdi auaros WeSma-

ritebas, an kidev SeiZleba mas baTumSi mcire xnis yofnisas,

rasac TviTon aRniSnavs, marTlac ar Sexvedrian qarTvelebi,

Tumca es Zneli dasajerebelia [3, 335].

buxvaldisagan gansxvavebiT, baTumSi qarTvelebis didi ra-

odenobiT yofnaze saubrobs 1837 wels baTumsa da trapizonSi

myofi ingliseli oficeri duglas stivensi. aRsaniSnavia is,

rom stivensi da misi Tanxmlebi kidev erTi ingliseli martin

hovardi _ baTumSi ozurgeTidan Camosulan. aseve isini namyo-

fi iyvnen TbilisSi, quTaisSi da zugdidSi. ingliselebi mci-

red, magram mainc saintereso cnobebs gvawvdian am qalaqebis

Sesaxeb. ozurgeTis Sesaxeb ingliseli aRniSnavs, rom am adgi-

las is mxolod sami dRe gaCerda. misi azriT ozurgeTs qalaqi

ar eTqmis. sul erTi quCaa da mxolod sami SedarebiT keTil-

mowyobili saxli, romelTaganac erTi ozirgeTis xelmZRva-

nels ekuTvnis. ozurgeTis aRmosavleT mxares aris didi min-

dori, sadac SabaTsa da kviras imarTeba didi bazroba, ireva

316

uamravi xalxi, vaWroben ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo nawar-

miT, gansakuTrebiT bevri muStari hyavs msxvilfexa saqonels,

romelic didi raodenobiT CamohyavT glexebs. avtori aRniS-

navs: `me swored im dros momiwia ozurgeTSi yofna, rodesac

aseTi bazroba gaimarTa, vaWrebs Soris osmalebic iyvnen, rome-

lebic farCeulobas, qiSmiSsa da finiks hyidnen. rogorc gavi-

ge, Cxubi arcTu ise iSviaTad imarTeba movaWreebs Soris, sam-

wuxarod, ar momeca am mxaris ukeT gacnobis saSualeba, radga-

nac Zalian male momiwia misi datoveba~.

imereTis Sesaxeb stivensi ambobs Semdegs: `rogorc gavige,

quTaisi, sadac me viyavi, ekuTvnoda imereTis samefos da iyo

misi dedaqalaqi. am samefos didi xnis ganmavlobaSi marTavda

mefe solomoni, romelic gmirulad ibrZoda rusTa winaaR-

mdeg, igi damoukideblobis medroSe iyo da xalxis udidesi

mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. nostalgia mis Sesaxeb axlac ki

igrZnoba quTaisSi. solomoni daamarcxes da gandevnes ruseb-

ma osmaleTSi, sadac is gardaicvala. quTaisi sxva qalaqebTan

SedarebiT didia da aseve mowesrigebuli. rusulma xelisu-

flebam, romelic quTaiss ganagebs, daiwyo samuSaoebis Cata-

reba gzebis mosawesrigeblad. mdinare rionze dawyebula xi-

dis mSenebloba. aq meti keTilmowyobili nagebobaa, aris saa-

vadmyofos qsenoni, ramdenime sastumro. aqauri mcxovrebni

amayi da Tavdajerebuli xalxia. uyvarT qeifi duqnebSi, rom-

lebic ratomRac bevri meCvena. sainteresoa aqauri qorwilic,

romlis drosac axalSeuRlebulebi etliT seirnoben mTel

qalaqSi, Tanmxlebi pirebi iaraRs haerSi isvrian da yvelas

acnobeben rom qorwilia. aqauri rusuli administracia uc-

xoelebis mimarT eWvianobiT gamoirCeva. es me da Cemma mego-

barma vigrZeniT pirveli dRidanve, rodesac Cven gavCerdiT

erT sastumroSi. iqauroba maleve davtoveT da gavemarTeT me-

zobel mxareSi, romelsac aqaurebi samegrelos eZaxian, iqedan

gvindoda afxazeTSi gadasvla, magram es ver SevZeliT~. mar-

Tlac, stivensi zugdididan ozurgeTSi wamovida, iqedan ki ba-

Tumsa da trapizonSi imyofeboda, Tu ratom Secvala man mar-

Sruti, es cnobili ar aris, amis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs, SesaZ-

lebelia rusebma ar misces afxazeTis monaxulebis saSualeba,

an kide iyo sxva mizezi, romelic cnobili ar aris [1, 188].

zugdidis Sesaxeb stivensi ambobs Semdegs: `zugdidi arc

Tu ise didi dasaxlebuli adgilia. quTaisTan SedarebiT is ga-

317

cilebiT pataraa. sul ramdenime quCaa da isic mouwesrigebe-

li. aris ramdenime axlad nagebi orsarTuliani saxli. zugdi-

didan Zalian axlos mdebareobs afxazeTi, Cven gvindoda iq ga-

dasvla, magram afxazeTis sazRvarTan dganan rusis jariskace-

bi da Cven ar mogvces iq Sesvlis saSualeba... zugdidis mosax-

leoba arafriT ar gansxvavdeba quTaisisa da ozurgeTis mosax-

leobisgan, aqac Coxa-axaluxebiT dadian, laparakoben maT ena-

ze (stivensi ar ambobs megrulad _ o. g.), aqauri qalebi Zalian

lamazebi da amayebi arian, uyvarT kargad Cacma da samkaulebis

tareba. Cems gakvirvebas sazRvari ar hqonda, rom zugdidSi me

vnaxe ramdenime frangi safrangeTidan Camosuli, isini iq ram-

denime Tvea rac arian. maT miTxres, rom raRac saqmeebze Camo-

sulan am mxareSi (Tu raze _ amis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs sti-

vensi _ o. g.). aqac, iseve rogorc ozurgeTSi didi bazroba

imarTeba, sadac vaWroben yvelafriT, maT Soris osmaleTidan

Semotanili saqonliT. stivensi arafers ambobs samegrelos

samTavroze da mis administraciul mowyobaze.

rac Seexeba baTums stivensi aq SedarebiT didxans darCe-

nila da yuradRebiT Seuswavlia baTumSi arsebuli imdroin-

deli situacia. is baTumSi yofila did bazrobaze da aRniS-

navs, rom rogorc movaWreebs, aseve myidvelebs Soris War-

bobs qarTulad molaparake xalxi. stivensi gakvirvebiT am-

bobs, rom ìsini ozurgeTSi, zugdidSic vaWroben da rogorc

Cans Tavisuflad gadmodian osmaleTis teritoriaze. sainte-

resoa isic, rom, osmali jariskacebi sazRvarze araviTar

dabrkolebas ar uqmnian maT. erT adamians, romelic zugdidi-

dan modioda savaWrod baTumSi, sazRvarze miuyvania 30 suli

msxvilfexa pirutyvi baTumSi gasayidad. is jariskacebma Ta-

visuflad gaatares. aseve bevri ozurgeTeli iyo baTumSi,

isini jer qobuleTSi gamarTul bazrobaze vaWroben, Semdeg

baTumSi midian savaWrod, es xdeba sistematiurad. qarTve-

lebs ara aqvT araviTari xelSeSla aq Semosvlis dros da arc

gasvlis dros, rodesac navaWri saqonliT ukanve brundebian,

Tumca, rogorc gavige, rusi jariskacebi meqrTameoben, es

kargad ician qarTvelebma, maT qrTamis magivrad arays utove-

ben da isinic ise Tvrebian, rom zogjer movaWreebi maT ia-

raRsac ki arTmeven. aseve, bevri qarTveli aris trapizonSi

gamarTul bazrobebzec~.

trapizonSi gamarTul vaWrobis Sesaxeb stivensi ambobs,

318

rom vaWroba gacvlis wesiT warmoebs, Tumca fuliTac xdeba

vaWroba, fuls ZiriTadad osmalebi Txouloben da Tu myid-

vels igi ar aRmoaCndeba, maSin gacvlazec Tanaxmani arian.

trapizonis Sesaxeb stivensi miuTiTebs, rom aq gansakuTrebiT

aqtiuroben lazistanis qarTvelebi, isini dominireben ro-

gorc vaWrobaSi, aseve sxva saqmianobaSi, gansakuTrebiT xe-

losnobaSi. `lazebi _ ambobs stivensi _ ganTqmuli xelosnebi

arian. isini TavianT saxelosnoebSi amzadeben sxvadasxva sag-

nebs da iqve, bazrobebze yidian. didi gasavali aqvs sabrZolo

iaraRebs, aseTi trapizonSi ramdenime aTeuli saxelosnoa, sa-

dac amzadeben danebs, xanjlebs, xmlebs, aseve cecxlsasrol

iaraRebs. Tumca cecxlsasroli iaraRis gayidvaze gadasaxa-

dia dawesebuli. rogorc trapizonSi Sevityve, mTavrobas ga-

dawyvetili aqvs, kategoriulad akrZalos cecxlsasroli ia-

raRis osmaleTis sazRvrebs gareT gatana, sazRvarze gamkac-

rdeba kontroli. am gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, Tu vinmes saz-

Rvarze aRmouCenen iaraRs, mas cixeSi ukraven Tavs. baTumSi

aseTi saxelosnoebi me ar minaxavs. stivensi imazec saubrobs,

rom baTumis olqis mmarTvelobaSi ZiriTadad osmalebi arian,

xolo trapizonis mmarTvelobaSi ki mTavari adgilebi laze-

bis xelSia~. es Zalian saintereso cnobaa.

stivensi imasac aRniSnavs, rom baTumSi bazrobebze aris

puris sacxobebi, sadac acxoben qarTul purs, romelsac aqa-

urebi lavaSs eZaxian. stivensi gadasaxadebzec saubrobs da

ambobs, rom baTumis da misi Semogarenis mosaxleobas sul

sxva gadasaxadebi aqvT, vidre trapizonis mosaxleobaso. tra-

pizonSi ki gansxvavebuli gadasaxadebia. gadasaxads baTumis

mxareSi sulTnis mier specialurad gamogzavnili moxeleebi

krefen, xolo trapizonSi ki es saqme adgilobriv xelisufle-

bas abaria. gadasaxadebze uaris Tqmam SeiZleba gadamxdeli

cixeSic ki moaxvedros, an piriqiT, xalxis TandaswrebiT ga-

rozgon. aseT SemTxvevas me Seveswari trapizonSi, sadac erTi

kaci, romelic, mravalgzis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, siste-

matiurad aridebda Tavs gadasaxads, moedanze garozges. Tum-

ca aseT qmedebas baTumSi ver gabedaveno, ase miTxres aqau-

rebma da rodesac mizezi vkiTxe Tu ratom meTqi, mipasuxes,

baTumis mxareSi aWarlebi cxovroben, isini ki qarTveluri

modgmis xalxia, saxifaToni arian da SeiZleba aseTma moqmede-

bam, areuloba gamoiwvios, amitom maTTan sifrTxiles iCens

319

osmaleTis xelisufleba~. ai aseTi sayuradRebo cnobebi da-

tova baTumis, trapizonis, ozurgeTis, zugdidisa da quTai-

sis Sesaxeb ingliselma stivensma [4, 5-34].

1842 wels baTumSi samxedro misiiT imyofeboda ruseTis

armiis oficeri, polkovniki i. proskuriakovi. man baTumis Se-

saxeb saintereso Canawerebi datova. proskuriakovi aRniSnavs,

rom baTums SeiZleba qalaqi vuwodoT. igi aRniSnavs, rom ba-

TumSi aris ramdenime saintereso nageboba, meCeTi. i. prosku-

riakovi miuTiTebs imaze, rom baTumis yuris mimdebare teri-

toriaze mimdinareobs mSeneblobebi, xolo yures samxreTi na-

wili ukve sakmaod dasaxlebuli adgilia. aseve samSeneblo sa-

muSaoebi swarmoebda yures aRmosavleT sanapiroze. i. prosku-

riakovi aRniSnavs, rom baTumi aris olqis centri, romelsac

osmalurad sanjayi ewodeba. baTums ganagebdnen sanjaybegebi,

qalaqs hyavs agreTve mosamaTle, romelic calke SenobaSi zis.

igi iTvleba agreTve mTeli baTumis mxaris mosamarTledac.

proskurikovi imazec miuTiTebs, rom adre qalaqis teritoria-

ze mdebareobda simagris qongurebiani galavani. aris eklesiis

nangrevebi, romelic man TviTon naxa. yures dasavleT nawilSi

da bazrobisaTvis gamoyofilia adgili, amave nawilSi mdebare-

obs baTumis sanjaybegisa da inglisis rezidentis saxli, cota

moSorebiT ki ramdenime duqania, saidanac saRamoobiT arc Tu

iSviaTia ayalmayali. inglisis rezidentma mosTxova baTumis

sanjaybegs, rom es duqnebi gadaetana sxva adgilas, magram jer-

jerobiT uSedegod. i. proskurakovi imazec miuTiTebs, rom am

periodis baTumi iTvlida 300-ze met saxls da orive sqesis

2000-mde mcxovrebs. rac Seexeba mosaxleobas i. proskurikovi

miuTiTebs, rom qalaqSi ismis ZiriTadad qarTuli da osmalu-

ri laparaki, Tumca qarTuli gacilebiT Warbobso. mosaxleo-

bis ZiriTadi nawili dakavebulia naosnobiT da vaWrobiT. qa-

laqis Semogarensac Seexo proskurikovi.

igi miuTiTebs, rom `qalaqis Semogareni WaobiTa da jagna-

riT aris dafaruli. qalaqis hava metad mavnea, qalaqSi mZvin-

varebs eniT auwereli, metad saSineli cieba, romelsac adami-

anTa sicocxle ewireba. amis gamo zafxulobiT baTumelebi

toveben qalaqs da midian mTebSi~ [4, 89-96]. i. proskurikovis

Sexeduleba Zalian sayuradReboa imdroindeli baTumis isto-

riis Sesaswavlad.

320



arqivi, f.124, aRw. 14, saqme 567.

2. Санкт-Петербуркский Государственный политико-исорический архив, ф. №574, д. 1234.

3. Санкт-Петербуркский Государственный политико-исорический архив, ф. №578, д. 1235.


arqivi, f. # 014, aRw. 14, saqme 569.

Otar Gogolishvili Doctor of Historical Sciences, Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University, professor of the Department of History, Archaeology and Ethnology

Foreigners about South-west Georgia

(XIX century) Summary

The historic fate of One of the most important regions of Georgia is really special. By the wrongness of historic fate, this strong hearth of Georgian civilization was separated from the united Georgian organism and transformed as a component part of other country, but its residents did not forget the love and respect of their native language. AAs a result of the war between Russia and Ottoman empire (1877-1878), this region returned to its motherland, but this time the Caucasian administration of Russian empire was trying to hinder its development and confront this side to the rest of Georgia. In Russian leaders’ opinion, it should transform to an important bridge-head for Russian expansion in the near east and platform for implementation of far-reaching plans of empire.

Foreigners were also interested in this region of Georgia. They visited to this region at many times and left us important information about political, social, economic and cultural-educational life of the southwestern Georgia of that time (XIX-XX cc.)

321

arqimandriti miqael ejibiSvili socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori, sa-

berZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia

Sromis bazari, dasaqmebis problemebi

nebismieri qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis dasaq-

meba warmoadgens cxovrebis erT-erT udides da umniSvnelo-

vanes nawils sxva danarCen, aseve aucilebel komponentTan

erTad. xSirad dasaqmebas iZulebiT samuSaosTanac aigiveben,

rodesac mavanni Tavs arideben muSaobas. dRevandel kosmopolitur msoflioSi mosaxleobis rao-

denobis geometriuli progresiiT zrdisa da uaxlesi teqno-

logiuri miRwevebis gamo, izrdeba rogorc dasaqmebis msur-

velTa, aseve im adamianTa ricxvic, romlebic samsaxuris da-

kargvis mudmivi saSiSroebis winaSe dganan. Tanamedrove teq-

nologiurma miRwevebma, romlebmac TiTqosda Seamcires saq-

mis mwarmoebelTaTvis zedmeti danaxarjebi da Sesabamisad ga-

aumjobeses ama Tu im saqmis warmoeba, meore mxriv, mniSvne-

lovnad gaauareses amqveynad yvelaze Rirebulis, samyaros

qmnilebaTa gvirgvinis, adamianis yoveldRiuri yofa. adamiani,

romelic mudmivad eZebs sakuTari Tavis realizebis saSuale-

bas Tu ubralod yoveldRiuri materialuri problemebis

mogvarebisaTvis ibrZvis, TiTqos zedmeti gaxda, rac wiTel

xazad gasdevs 20-e da 21-e saukuneebs da teqnikuri da materi-

aluri progresis paralelurad adamianTa cxovrebis sulieri

regresiT xasiaTdeba. robotadqceuli teqnokratuli msof-

lios warmomadgeneli adamianebi veRar xvdebian, romeli mxa-

re airCion. amitom dasaqmebis aseTi totaluri problema xSi-

rad svams kiTxvas: saWiroa amdeni adamianis arseboba amqvey-

nad? magram vinaidan konkretuli faqtebi, romelTa winaSec

dgas dRevandeli msoflio (dasaqmebis problema, umuSevroba,

Semosavlebis simcire da mravali sxva) erT did, globalur

problemad gvevlineba, SevecdebiT SeZlebis-dagvarad ganvixi-loT is ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, romlebic adamianis dasaqmebis

CvenSi arsebul Tu sazogado problemebs exeba.

322

dasawyisiTvis gvsurs, yuradReba SevaCeroT cnobili so-

ciologis, londonis ekonomikisa da politikur mecnierebaTa

skolis xelmZRvanelis, kembrijis universitetis profesoris,

Anthony Giddens-is mosazrebebze im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,

romlebic Cvens sakvelev TemasTan pirdapir kavSirSia: fuli. xelfasi an yoveldRiuri gasamrjelo adamianTa um-

ravlesobisaTvis yoveldRiur moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofi-

leblad ZiriTadi wyaro gaxlavT. aRniSnuli Semosavlis gare-

Se gasakviri araa, rom problemebis simravle uceb iCens Tavs. aqtiurobis done. dasaqmeba xSirad warmoadgens adamianis Se-

saZleblobaTa realizebis saukeTeso saSualebas. udidesi mniS-

vneloba eniWeba garemosac. vinaidan am garemos gareSe TviTrea-

lizebis saSualeba gacilebiT naklebi da SezRudulia. drois organizeba. maTTvis, romelTac Cveulebrivi, yo-

veldRiuri, samsaxuri aqvT, yoveli dRe Cveulebriv yalibde-

ba samsaxuris riTmebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ramdenadac datvir-

Tuli ar unda iyos is, aseT adamianebs mainc aqvT sakuTari

dRis orientaciis SegrZneba. xolo maT, romlebic dausaqme-

lebi arian, moSvebulobis, uimedobisa da sasowarkveTilebis umniSvnelovanesi problema awuxebT da drosac apaTiurad Se-

igrZnoben. socialuri urTierTobebi. samsaxureobrivi garemo xSi-

rad iwvevs adamianTa Soris megobruli urTierTobebis Camo-

yalibebas da sxvebTan erTad raime sazogadoebrivi, saerTo

saqmis keTebas. rogorc ki am samsaxurs Sordeba adamiani, nac-

nobTa da megobarTa raodenoba, romlebTan erTadac muSaob-

da, mcirdeba [2, 341]. Sromis bazari. Sromis bazris arseboba, romelic dasaqme-

bis umniSvnelovanes nawilsa da safuZvels warmoadgens, pir-

dapir kavSirSia qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan, sworad

warmarTul ekonomikur procesebTan, mWidro ekonomikuri xa-

siaTis kavSirebTan da pirvel rigSi, samTavrobo doneze gan-

xilul, warmoebul da moqmedebaSi mosul swor, efeqtur da

momgebian socialur-ekonomikur kanonmdeblobasTan. rodesac

qveyanaSi warmoeba ama Tu im doneze normalurad mimdinare-

obs, aucilebelia warmoebuli produqciis Semdgomi realiza-

cia bazris saSualebiT, aseve am realizaciisaTvis aucilebe-

li sxva komponentebis moZiebac, rogorebicaa momuSaveTa da-

323

qiraveba da am procesis gaumjobeseba [1, 131]. Sromis bazari

ar aris, yovel SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos orientirebuli mxo-

lod erTi romelime mxaris mogebaze. es rTuli, magram saWi-

ro da aucilebeli donea, Semadgeneli nawilia qveynis an

qveynebis saerTo ekonomikuri sistemisa, sadac gawerilia yve-

la Semadgeneli komponenti, yoveli momsaxuris funqcia, mova-

leoba da pasuxismgebloba. gawerilia yvelaferi produqciis

warmoebidan mis srul realizaciamde mogebisa an wagebis gaT-

valiswinebiT. anu Sromis bazari, sworad gaTvlili politi-

kis SemTxvevaSi, Tavad awesrigebs Tu rogor unda moxdes pro-

duqciis moxmareba ise, rom rac SeiZleba naklebi danakargi

hqondes da mogebac Sesabamisi iyos. vinaidan swored am pro-

cesebzea damokidebuli bazris yoveli Semadgeneli rgolis

funqcionireba, adamianTa dasaqmeba an umuSevroba. TavisTa-

vad cxadia, rom aRniSnul adamianebs Tavad aqvT garkveuli

saxis motivacia saqmis kargad warmoebisaTvis _ dawyebuli

damsaqmeblidan, romelic am procesebis sulisCamdgmelia da

cdilobs rac SeiZleba meti mogeba naxos, damTavrebuli rigi-

Ti muSiT, romlis ZiriTadi mizanic gaxlavT, rom man samsaxu-

ri ar dakargos da umuSevari ar darCes, anu socialuri

problemebis winaSe ar aRmoCndes. SromiTi bazris sworad warmarTvas swored am yvela rgolis Sewyobili muSaoba sWir-

deba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli moqmedi adamiani meore ada-

mianis xidia da garkveulwilad maszea damokidebuli. iseve

rogorc jaWvSi, rodesac erTi rgoli vardeba, jaWvi ufun-

qcio xdeba, radgan sruli aRaraa. Tumca es mxolod medlis

erTi mxarea. umniSvnelovanes sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoadgens

SromiTi bazrisaTvis qveynis ekonomikuri done, sakanonmdeb-

lo baza, qveynis ekonomikuri potenciali. sakanonmdeblo ba-

za xSirad sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa, vinaidan Zalzed bevr, ZiriTadad aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo

bazebi isea Sedgenili, rom mxolod `ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa~-s interesebs emsaxureba da Sesabamisad SromiTi bazaric maT

gankargulebaSia. rac Sesabamisad ar iZleva jansaRi konkuren-

ciis SesaZleblobebs da TviT qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis maCveneblebic Zalzed dabalia an Zalzed mcire tempebiT

miiwevs win. umuSevroba. swored aseT qveynebSi arsebul dasaqmebisa

da umuSevrobis problemebs SevexebiT Cvenc. rogorc cnobi-

324

lia, umuSevrobis ZiriTadi mizezi qveynis ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis Seferxeba da SromiTi bazris rRvevaa, rodesac ba-

zarze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris darRveulia Tanafar-

doba. amasTanave mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilisTvis ar arse-

bobs dasaqmebis saSualeba, faqtobrivi samuSao adgilebis ar arsebobis gamo [1, 144]. Tumca umuSevrobis gansazRvra arc

Tu ise advili saqme gaxlavT. vinaidan umuSevroba niSnavs

iseTi saqmis arqonas, romelSic adamiani gasamrjelos iRebs. SesaZloa, adamians aseve hqondes perioduli, sezonuri samu-

Saoebi weliwadis sxvadasxva dros, romlebic ar SeiZleba Ca-

iTvalos mudmiv samuSaod, romelzec adamianis saarsebo

problemebis mogvareba iqneba damokidebuli. zogierTi sociologi umuSevrebs or kategoriad ganixi-

lavs: erTni, romelTac aqvT survili hqondeT samsaxuri, mag-

ram uimedobis gamo rom ver ipovnian aseT samsaxurs, aRar

eZeben mas. da meore kategoria, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT samsa-

xuris Sovna, maTi survilis miuxedavad [2, 443]. umuSevrobis done gacilebiT maRalia mamakacebSi, vidre

qalebSi da gacilebiT meti _ erovnul umciresobebSi. Tana-

medrove samyaroSi arsebulma umuSevrobam Zalzed didi ze-

gavlena moaxdina axalgazrdebze. 16-19 wlis asakSi umuSevro-

ba daaxloebiT 20%-ia. es procentuli maCvenebeli xelovnu-

radaa gazrdili, vinaidan moicavs im studentebsac, romle-

bic swavlis paralelurad muSaobdnen. xolo Tanamedrove

umuSevrobis pirobebSi maTac SeeqmnaT dasaqmebis problema

[4, 92]. umuSevrobis gamocdileba Zalzed Semawuxebelia maT-

Tvis, romlebic miCveulni arian mudmivi stabiluri samsaxu-

ris qonas. ra Tqma unda, Semosavlebis dakargva erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani da mwvave faqtoria maTi cxovrebisaTvis, Tum-

ca es problemebi gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, saxel-

mwifos socialuri mgdomareobis, umuSevrobis donisa da eko-

nomikuri stabilurobis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, did

britaneTSi, iseve rogorc evrokavSiris mraval qveyanasa da

aSS-Si mravali Tvis an wlis ganmavlobaSi umuSevrebi iReben

saxelmwifosagan umuSevrebisaTvis gankuTvnil fulad daxma-

rebas, rac garkveulwilad amsubuqebs maT mdgomareobas. Se-

mosavlebis simcirem, TavisTavad cxadia, SeiZleba cudad

imoqmedos adamianTa cxovrebaze maTi moTxovnilebebis dakma-

325

yofilebis TvalsazrisiT, magram es simcire aranair kavSirSi

araa janmrTelobis dacvasa da im socialur daxmarebebTan, romlebsac saxelmwifo afinansebs.

umuSevroba imdenad rTuli da gadaulaxavi problema

gaxlavT, rom msoflios mraval qveyanaSi igi Zireul globa-

lur problemebTan erTad ganixileba [1, 147], vinaidan umuSev-

roba ar gaxlavT saziano mxolod umuSevari adamianebisaTvis. dasaqmebis SeuZlebloba pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis ekonomi-

kur donesa da am donis mdgradobasTan. ramdenadac maRalia

umuSevrobis done, miT naklebia rogorc ojaxebis finansuri

Semosavali, aseve sabiujeto Semosavlebic qveynis xazinaSi.

Sesabamisad verc socialuri SeRavaTebisa da daxmarebebis ga-

cema xdeba advili saxelmwifos mier. anu rac metia umuSevari

qveyanaSi, miT naklebi fuli aqvs saxelmwifos sxvadasxva re-

formisa Tu daxmarebis gansaxorcieleblad. amasTanave, umu-

Sevroba ganapirobebs iseT uaryofiT Sedegebsa da progno-

zebs, rogorebicaa: socialuri daucveloba, jandacvis daba-

li done, ganaTlebis (rogorc saSualo, ise umaRlesi) evro-

pul Tu saerTaSoriso donesTan Seusabamoba. yovelive CamoT-

vlili qveyanas arastabilur, aramyar, biznesisa da investici-

ebisaTvis arasasurvel da araxelsayrel saxelmwifoTa rigSi

ayenebs. ganaTlebis dabali done garda imisa rom saxelmwifos

ver exmareba ekonomikurad ganmtkicebaSi profesionalTa sim-

ciris gamo, verc sazRvargareTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis

umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis aRebs kars iq arsebuli maRali

gadasaxadebis gamo, garda iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa, rodesac

studentTa gacvlis programas (mag., ERASMUS) konkretuli

universitetebi an samTavrobo programebi uzrunvelyofen,

da romlebic yvelasTvis araa xelmisawvdomi. ukanasknel wlebSi es programebi didi intensivobiT da

Zalzed swrafi tempebiT xorcieldeba. asobiT studenti

iRebs umaRles ganaTlebas evropisa Tu aSS umaRles saswav-

leblebSi, magram Cvens qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri

mdgomareobisa da gazrdili umuSevrobis gamo, mravali maT-

gani samSobloSi dabrunebas isev sazRvargareT darCenas am-

jobinebs, vinaidan TviTrealizaciisTvis iq gacilebiT meti

SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. umuSevrobis donis momatebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi Se-

326

degi gaxlavT kriminalis gazrdac. ar aris Zneli imis danax-

vac, rom qveyana romelic ekonomikurad ar aris ganviTarebu-

li da stabiluri, sadac Savi bazris wili kanonikur CarCoebs

50-60%-iT da metiT scdeba, kriminalic maRalia. aq ar vsaub-

robT mxolod im danaSaulebebze, romlebic sisxlis samar-

Tlis kodeqsiT isjebian da zneobrivi xasiaTi aqvT an adamia-

nis sicocxlis xelyofisken arian mimarTulni. saubari gvaqvs

ekonomikur xasiaTis danaSaulebze, romlebic umuSevrobis

gamo isedac maRalia. mosaxleobaSi fulis ar arseboba, daba-

li Semosavlebi, elementaruli saarsebo minimumis problema,

TavisTavad iwvevs ekonomikuri danaSaulis raodenobis

zrdas, gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebas an maT damalvas, sam-

saxurSi iseTi pirebis dasaqmebas gauformeblad, romelTaT-

visac saxelmwifo biujetSi aranair gadasaxads ar ixdis dam-

saqmebeli, vinaidan isini arsad arian daregistrirebulni ro-

gorc am samsaxuris TanamSromlebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

warmoebuli saqonlis gasaReba, misi konkurentunarianobis

gansazRvra Zalian Zneli iqneba. rac am warmoebis gaCerebasa

da warmoebuli produqciis dasawyobebas gamoiwvevs. amis gamo

produqciis TviTRirebuleba SesaZloa misi gasayidi fasis

toli an ufro iafic iyos, rac swored gadasaxadebis damal-

viT miiRweva. umuSevrobis aseve erT-erTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi

Sedegia qorwinebis raodenobaTa Semcireba da ganqorwinebaTa

ricxvis gazrda. `magaliTad 1989 wels dafiqsirda 38.000 qor-

winebis faqti, 2010 wels ki mxolod 13.000. marTalia, 2010 w. mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 1989 welTan SedarebiT daax-

loebiT 1087 aTasiT Semcirda, magram qorwinebaTa raodenoba

mkveTradaa Semcirebuli mosaxleobis yovel 1000 sulze gaan-

gariSebiTac. Tu 1989 w. mosaxleobis yovel 1000 sulze modi-

oda 7 qorwineba, 2010 w. es maCvenebeli 3-mde Semcirda. qorwi-

nebebis Semcirebam, bunebrivia, rom gamoiwvia ojaxebSi bav-

SvTa raodenobis Semcirebac. 1979 w. bavSvebis saSualo raode-

noba erT ojaxze 1,6 bavSvs, 1989 w. 1,3 bavSvs, xolo 2010 w. 1,1 bavSvs Seadgenda~ [1, 150].

mecnierTa am statistikuri gamokvlevebiT naTlad Cans,

Tu rogor icvleba myari ojaxebis ricxvi uaryofiTi mimar-

TulebiT. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom socialuri

327

garemo TandaTan uaryofiTisaken icvleba da amis mizezic Se-

sabamisad adamianTa Soris zerele, zedapiruli damokidebu-

lebebia ekonomikuri xasiaTis sxvadasxva problemebTan er-

Tad. aRniSnulma problemebma, gazrdilma moTxovnilebebma,

romelTac adamiani dRiTi-dRe raodenobrivad amravlebs da

xvews, ojaxebi ngrevis piras miiyvana. mxolod statistikuri

monacemebiT msjeloba sazogadoebis mdgomareobis gasajansa-

Reblad veranairi saSualeba ver iqneba, Tuki ar gaviTvalis-

winebT ojaxTa ngrevis ZiriTad mizezebs. upirvelesi faqto-

ri ar gaxlavT umuSevroba an ekonomikuri krizisi. mTavari

pasuxismgeblobisagan gaqcevaa ZiriTadad mamakacTa mxridan.

Tbilisis erT-erTi saSualo skolis 700 moswavlidan daaxlo-

ebiT 500 moswavles ar hyavs mama. naTelia, rom aseT arasrul-

fasovan ojaxebSi gazrdili bavSvebis umravlesoba agresiu-

li, sazogadoebisadmi SurisZiebis surviliT ganmsWvalulni

arian. SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobaa, Tuki ojaxSi bebia-ba-bua cxovrobs. ojaxi, sadac 2-3 Taobis warmomadgenlebi

cxovroben, gacilebiT myaria da Tbili, gansakuTrebiT Tu

aseT ojaxebSi pativs miageben tradiciebsac. Cveni mecniere-

bis zemoaRniSnuli monacemebi mxolod statistikaa, mxolod

Sedegia da srulad ver warmoaCens im ZiriTad sakvanZo mize-

zebs, romlebmac es Sedegebi gamoiwvies. umuSevroba, ra Tqma

unda, umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria ojaxis simyaris Sesaryevad,

magram ara mTavari da ganmsazRvreli. miuxedavad umuSevro-

bisa, ojaxSi erTianobis SenarCunebas da saerTo ZalebiT ga-

mosavlis Ziebas yovelTvis ufro meti Sedegi aqvs, vidre kon-

fliqtsa da am konfliqtis gamo ojaxis ngrevas. erT-erTi cnobili Jurnali xumrobiT imasac ki werda,

rom meuRleTa specialobebi ojaxSi dRes erTi da igiveao.

qmris axali specialobaa _ diasaxlisoba. xolo colis Zveli

specialobaa _ aseve diasaxlisoba. aRniSnuli swored umuSev-

robis gazrdili doniT aris nakarnaxevi da sruliadac ar

niSnavs, rom amis gamo ojaxi unda daingres [3, 3]. umuSevrobis an dabalanazRaurebadi Sromis damaxasiaTe-

beli niSania aseve gaficva. ra aris gaficva? rogori parale-

lis gavleba SeiZleba gaficvasa da muSaobis mcire droiT Se-

Cerebas Soris? zogierTi sociologi Tvlis, rom gaficva Se-

iZleba vuwodoT drois im monakveTs, rodesac samuSao pro-

328

cesi SeCerebulia garkveuli drois manZilze (mag. naxevar

dReze met xans) da masSi monawileTa raodenoba Sesabamisad

didia. Tumca gaficvis zusti gansazRvra Zalzed Znelia. igi

SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc samuSaos Sewyveta TanamSro-

melTa erTi jgufis mier pretenziebis gamosaxatad da sxva-

dasxva moTxovnaTa wamosayeneblad (Hyman 1984). gaficva dro-

ebiTi xasiaTisaa, vinaidan gaficulebs survili aqvT isev da-

ubrundnen Tavis samuSao adgilebs imave saqmis mwarmoebel-

Tan. im SemTxvevaSi Tuki gaficulebi aRar apireben samuSao

adgilebze dabrunebas da sabolood toveben mas, zemoaRniS-

nuli terminis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. vinaidan gaficvis mi-

zani pretenziebis mitana gaxlavT damsaqmebelTan, mis dasar-

wmuneblad, rom am ukanasknelma daakmayofilos gaficulTa

moTxovnebi. xSirad gaficvebi imarTeba anazRaurebis momate-

bis an samuSao saaTebis Semcirebis moTxovniT. gaficvis erT-erTi mizezia aseve samuSao adgilebis Semcirebac. rodesac

romelime sawarmo an dawesebuleba nergavs axal kompiuterul

teqnologiebs da, Sesabamisad, ar hyavs specialistebi, iZule-

bulia, Seamciros dasaqmebulTa raodenoba da axali specia-

listebi miiRos. vinaidan Zveli TanamSromlebis gadamzadeba

gacilebiT did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, vidre axali spe-

cialistebis miReba da aseTi saSualebiT problemebis mogva-

reba [1, 151]. amrigad, umuSevrobis daZlevisa da dasaqmebis programe-

bis asamuSaveblad aucilebelia Semdegi faqtorebis gaTva-

liswineba da mizanmimarTuli sistemuri gegmebis ganxorcie-

leba: 1. qveynis geo-politikuri mdebareobisa da mdgomareobis,

aseve qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualebebis gamoyenebis gaTvalis-

wineba moqnili, efeqturi sakanonmdeblo bazis Sesaqmnelad

da mis aqtiuri mxardaWera samTavrobo doneze. 2. sasamarTlo sistemis damoukidebloba da misi gadawyve-

tilebebis aucilebeli da savaldebulo aRsruleba. 3. mWidro TanamSromloba sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri

xasiaTis institutebTan da maTi rCevebis gaTvaliswineba da

morgeba qveynis ekonomikur SesaZleblobebTan. 4. dasavleTis qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziareba. maTi

ekonomikuri modelebis pirdapiri Tu iribi saxiT gadmoReba

329

da danergva, romlebic garkveuli saxiT Seesabamebian qveynis

realur SesaZleblobebs. 5. ganaTlebis donis amaRleba. skolebisa da umaRlesi

saswavleblebis restruqturizacia. umaRlesi saswavleblebi-

saTvis romelime evropuli universitetis modelis micema da

TandaTanobiTi aRmasvla evropuli donis ekonomikuri xasia-

Tis umaRlesi saswavleblis Camosayalibeblad. 6. kadrebis gadamzadeba. specialistTa sazRvargareT gag-

zavna kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad im pirobiT, rom speciali-

zirebis Semdeg maT eqnebaT samuSao adgilebi Tavis qveyanaSi. Tumca zemoT CamoTvlilTagan upirvelesi da umTavresi

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SemTxvevaSi.

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 1. m. vaniSvili, T. zarginava, n. vaniSvili, socialuri poli-

tika, Tbilisi, 2014. 2. Anthony Giddens, Sociology, London, 1998. 3. Guardian, 6 March, 1996. 4. The Economist, 22 July, 1995.

Archimandrite Michael Ejibishvili Doctor of Social Sciencies, Church of Greece

Labour Market, Employment Problems

Summary

Employment for the vast majority of the population of any country is

one of the largest and most important parts of life. In today's cosmopolitan world, in parallel with population growth and the latest technological advancement, the number of job-seekers and the number of those facing the constant threat of job loss are increasing. The higher the unemployment rate, the lower the incomes of families and the budget revenues in the state

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fund of the country. In addition, unemployment causes such negative consequences and forecasts as social insecurity, low level of health and education.

All of the above puts the country in a series of undesirable and unstable for the investment states.

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Варужан Погосян Доктор исторических наук, Ереванский государственный университет

ОТЗЫВ А. З. МАНФРЕДА О ДОКТОРСКОЙ

ДИССЕРТАЦИИ Г. Ш. КИГУРАДЗЕ1

Предисловие

Выдающийся советский историк, один из крупнейших специали-стов по истории Французской революции XVIII столетия и наполеоно-вской империи Альберт Захарович Манфред (1906-1976) имел дружес-твенные отношения не только с зарубежными, но и c советскими, в том числе, грузинскими историками. Об этом красноречиво свидетель-ствует сохранившаяся в его богатом личном архиве огромная пере-писка с зарубежными и советскими коллегами. Среди них упомянем имена известных грузинских историков _ И. М. Табагуа, К. Д. Анта-дзе, Г. Г. Жордания и Г. Ш. Кигурадзе, которые его высоко ценили [1, 392-430].

А. З. Манфред был также в очень хороших отношениях с И. Н. Векуа (1907-1977), одним из виднейших математиков, президентом АН Грузинской ССР в 1972-1977 гг. В его архиве сохранилось письмо И. Н. Векуа от 29 января 1974 г., где тот выражал свою глубокую признательность за пересылку его книги «Наполеон Бонапарт», которую, по его собственному признанию, он ждал «с большим нетерпением» [1, 425]. И. Н. Векуа пригласил А. З. Манфреда на научную сессию в честь 100-летия со дня рождения И. А.

1Исследование осуществлено в Государственном академическом университете гуманитарных наук по гранту Правительства Российской Федерации в рамках подпрограммы «Институциональное развитие научно-исследовательского сектора» государственной программы Российской Федерации «Развитие науки и технологий» на 2013 _ 2020 гг. Договор № 14.Z50.31.0045.

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Джавахишвили, которую АН Груз ССР собиралась организовать в Тбилиси в октябре 1976 г. [1, 425].

Одним из близких друзей А. З. Манфреда был знаменитый гру-зинский историк И. М. Табагуа (1918-2004), относившийся к нему, как и к выдающемуся французскому историку Альберу Собулю (1914-1982) [2, 234-241], с глубочайшим почтением. После выхода в свет в 1971 г. монографии А. З. Манфреда «Наполеон Бонапарт», Илья Максимович 18 июля 1972 г. написал ему о том большом интересе, которая она вызвала у грузинских историков: «Из моих коллег многие читали Вашу книгу, и они все как один дают высокую оценку, более того, они восхищены» [1, 423]. Не случайно, что один из них, Г. Г. Пайчадзе опубликовал в «Вестнике АН ГрузССР» объективную и положительную рецензию на эту книгу [3, 167-172].

В середине 1980-х годов я обратился к И. М. Табагуа с вопросом, не сможет ли он организовать перевод этой книги на грузинский язык. Несмотря на существовавшую между нами огромную разницу в возра-сте и в положении, наши отношения с ним были искренними и непри-нужденными. Однако на этот раз Илья Максимович был немногосло-вен: «Почти треть книги переведена, однако работа застопорилась». Отметим, что судя по письму И. М. Табагуа от 28 декабря 1973 г. А. З. Манфреду, можно предположить, что перевод его книги о Наполеоне на грузинский осуществлял именно он. «Получаю огромное удоволь-ствие, работая над переводом Вашей книги», _ писал ему И. М. Табагуа [1, 425]. К сожалению, сохранившиеся его письма А. З. Манфреду не дают никакого ответа на вопрос, по какой причине начатая им работа не была завершена. Отметим, что в 1989 г. И. М. Табагуа опубликовал дополненную библиографию трудов А. З. Манфреда [4, 179-202].

К А. З. Манфреду с большим уважением относился и грузинский ученый К. Д. Антадзе. В письме от 21 июля 1962 г. он писал ему: «Не теряю надежды в следующий приезд увидеться с Вами и поговорить вокруг интересующих меня проблем. Ваши замечания были бы для меня особо ценными» [1, 400].

В одном из авторитетнейших советских научных изданий _

«Французском ежегоднике», главным редактором которого в 1962-1976 гг. был А. З. Манфред были опубликованы статьи его грузинских

333

коллег, в том числе Г. Ш. Кигурадзе (1922-1978) [5, 297-332; 6, 23-40; 7, 70-82]. Альберт Захарович с искренним уважением относился и к нему, изучавшего историю французской армии времен Французской революции XVIII столетия _ его самой любимой тематики. Г. Ш. Кигурадзе был автором многих научных работ по истории этой темы [8], да и не только [9].

1 ноября 1967 г. в Тбилисском государственном университете Г. Ш. Кигурадзе защитил докторскую диссертацию на тему «Пробле-ма армии в период Великой французской буржуазной революции (1789-1794 гг.)» [10], которая тогда была еще не очень изученной до-вольно богатой историографией Французской революции. Для оконча-тельного утверждения она поступила в ВАК СССР, представители ко-торой в 1969 г. обратились к А. З. Манфреду с просьбой написать отзыв на нее. Альберт Захарович выполнил это поручение с большим удоволь-ствием, высказав весьма положительную и очень объективную оценку диссертации Г. Ш. Кигурадзе, после чего она была утверждена.

Не случайно, что к Альберту Захаровичу Г. Ш. Кигурадзе относи-лся с огромным уважением. В одном из своих писем от 24 февраля 1970 г. он пригласил его в Грузию: «Теперь, вопрос о Зугдиди, _ писал он. _ Там в музее имеется, можно сказать, уникальная литера-тура по истории Франции и, особенно, по эпохе Наполеона. Однако эта литература не обработана … и имеет характер музейных фондов. Поэтому, если Вы сочтете необходимым ознакомление с этими материалами и найдете время для приезда, мы, в частности я лично, буду очень рад всячески оказаться для Вас полезным _ сопровождать Вас, устроить в Зугдиди и т. д.» [1, 415].

Часть диссертации Г. Ш. Кигурадзе под заглавием «Французская армия на первом этапе Великой революции (1789-1792)» была опуб-ликована в 1982 г. в Тбилиси, к сожалению, после его безвременной кончины [11]. Отметим также, что при содействии В. М. Далина, во «Французском ежегоднике» с сокращениями был опубликован также фрагмент первой части его докторской диссертации [12, 125-138], поскольку грузинским языком, на котором была опубликована его упомянутая обстоятельная книга, естественно, советские франковеды не владели.

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Напечатанный экземпляр отзыва А. З. Манфреда на диссертацию Г. Ш. Кигурадзе автор этих строк обнаружил в его личном архиве, хранящегося в Научно-исследовательском отделе рукописей Российс-кой государственной библиотеки (фонд 772, картон 10, единица хранения 19, лист 1-3). Поскольку этот отзыв ярко свидетельствует не только о высокой ответственности А. З. Манфреда перед наукой, но и о его уважительном отношении к своим грузинским коллегам, считаем желательным представить его грузинским историкам.

Отзыв о диссертации Г. Ш. Кигурадзе «Проблема армии в период

Великой французской буржуазной революции (1789-1794)» представленной на соискание ученой степени доктора

исторических наук

Обширная диссертация Г. Ш. Кигурадзе, переведенная в рукописи на русский язык, посвящена теме сравнительно слабо изученной в советской исторической литературе. Работы М. А. Буковецкой [13, 217-226] и популярный очерк проф[ессора] А. К. Дживилегова [14] давали лишь самое общее представление об армии в период Великой французской революции; и после опубликования их работ тема оставалась по существу неразработанной. Между тем научная важность этой темы не подлежит сомнению. Войны, которые должна была вести в рассматриваемое время армия революционной Франции, были войнами исторически прогрессивными, справедливыми, и именно это и придает научную важность исследуемой диссертантом проблеме. Должно быть также принято во внимание, что французская армия периода великой революции XVIII века была по своему составу в основном крестьянской армией; с этой точки зрения углубленное изучение состояния и эволюции армии в рассматриваемые годы весьма важно и для понимания более общих проблем истории революции.

Для разрешения поставленных в исследовании задач диссертант привлек весьма широкий круг источников. Он широко использовал многочисленные печатные источники, опубликованные в свое время во Франции, а также архивные материалы, имеющиеся в нашей стране и прямо относящиеся к теме исследования. Среди архивных материалов наибольшее значение имеют, хранящиеся в Центральном

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партийном архиве Института марксизма-ленинизма при ЦК КПСС, материалы фонда Эммери – члена Военного комитета Учредительного собрания, стоявшего близко военным вопросам и в более позднее время. Документы фонда Эммери имеют несомненную ценность для исследования изучаемой проблемы, и обращение автора к этим материалам, как и следовало ожидать, оказалось весьма полезным и плодотворным. Автор изучал также материалы фонда Симолина в Архиве внешней политики МИД СССР. Наконец, автором была внимательно изучена и пресса той эпохи, широко представленная в книгохранилищах научных учреждений Москвы. Автору хорошо известна и старая и новейшая литература относящаяся к предмету исследования.

Диссертация Кигурадзе посвящена не истории военных действий на тех или иных фронтах; эти вопросы он оставляет без рассмотрения, и на мой взгляд поступает вполне правильно, _ а анализу изменения характера армии в период революции. Тема эта сама по себе велика и важна. Автор старается ее раскрыть с максимальной полнотой и совер-шенно правильно видит свою задачу в том, чтобы проследить развитие и изменение характера армии в тесной связи с общим ходом револю-ции. С должным основанием поэтому он уделяет значительное внима-ние анализу политической борьбы вокруг вопросов организации ар-мии, и детально исследует проводимые в армии реформы и в период Учредительного собрания, и в особенности, во время Конвента. Боль-шой интерес представляют разделы посвященные «санкюлотизации» армии.

В диссертации имеются и некоторые недочеты и недостатки. Авто-ру видимо неизвестны новейшие работы Годшо о дне 14 июля 1789 г. [15]. Документы Архива внешней политики использованы с меньшей полнотой, чем это было возможно. Непонятно, почему автор в некото-рых местах и в автореферате называет руководителей революционной демократии _ Робеспьера, Сен-Жюста, Марата и др[угих] «левыми» в кавычках, хотя кавычки здесь явно неуместны. Явно недостаточно уделено внимание изучению роли и деятельности комиссаров Конвен-та в армиях, хотя материалов доступных историку, по этим вопросам великое множество. Вообще период якобинской диктатуры освещен менее подробно, чем предыдущие. В работе имеются недостатки в

336

переводе на русский язык, неправильная транскрипция имен. Высказанные критические замечания имеют частный характер. В

целом же, диссертация Г. Ш. Кигурадзе представляет крупное, серьезное исследование мало изученной и интересной темы, и защищенная им в Тбилисском университете ученая степень доктора исторических наук присуждена ему по праву, и, следовательно, заслуживает и окончательного утверждения в ученой степени доктора исторических наук и ВАК-ом.

Доктор исторических наук профессор А. З. Манфред

10 июня 1969

Источники и литература: 1. Погосян В. А. Письма советских историков к А. З. Манфреду,

«Французский ежегодник _ 2015. К 225-летию Французской революции», Москва, 2015.

2. tabaRua i., frangi istorikosi _ alber sobuli (dabadebi-

dan 60 wlisTavis gamo), evropis qveynebis istoriis prob-

lemebi, II, Tbilisi, 1978.

3. saq. ssr mecnierebaTa kademiis moambe, istoriis, arqeo-

logiis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1973,

№ 1.

4. Библиография трудов А. З. Манфреда и литература о нем, Составители С. Н. Гурвич, М. И. Ковальская, В. А. Погосян // sa-qarTvelo da evropis qveynebi (politikuri, ekonomikuri,

kulturuli urTierTobebi), IV, Tbilisi, 1989.

5. Жордания Г. Г., Французы в русском государстве в первой половине XVII в., «Французский ежегодник _ 1960», Москва, 1961.

6. Табагуа И. М., Из истории франко-грузинских отношений в первой четверти XVIII в., «Французский ежегодник _ 1969», Москва, 1971.

7. Донадзе В. Б., Кигурадзе Г. Ш., Парижская Коммуна и передовая грузинская общественная мысль второй половины XIX века, «Французский ежегодник _ 1971», Москва, 1973.

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8. kiRuraZe g., safrangeTis didi burJuaziuli revoluciis

istoriidan da axali armiis organizeba, Tbilisi, 1963.

9. kiRuraZe g., narkvevebi pirveli msoflio omis momzadebis

istoriidan (marokos pirveli krizisi), Tbilisi, 1960.

10. Кигурадзе Г. Ш., Проблема армии в период Великой французской буржуазной революции (1789-1794 гг.), Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук, Тбилиси, 1967.

11. kiRuraZe g., safrangeTis armis didi revoluciis pirvel etapze (1789-1792), Tbilisi, 1982.

12. Кигурадзе Г. Ш., Пробуждение армии, «Французский ежегодник _ 1984», Москва, 1986.

13. Вольфцун М. А., М. А. Буковецкая _ историк Французской рево-люции, Всеобщая история и история культуры, Петербургский историографический сборник, Санкт-Петербург, 2008.

14. Дживилегов А. К., Армия Великой французской революции и ее вожди, Исторический очерк, Москва, Петроград, 1923.

15. Godechot J., La prise de la Bastille, 14 juillet 1789, [Paris], 1965.

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Varoujean Poghosyan

Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Yerevan State University

The Review of A. Z. Manfred on the Doctoral Thesis

of G. Sh. Kiguradze

Summary

The outstanding soviet historien, one of the greatist specialists of napoleonic erа Albert Manfred (1906-1976) was in very good relations with his european and soviet collegues. Among them were also the Georgian historians Ilya Tabagua, Kоте Antadze, Givi Jordania, Givi Kiguradze, whose letters to him had been published by the author of this publication (see Letters of Soviet Historians to A. Z. Manfred // `The French Yearbook _ 2015. To the 225th Anniversary of the French Revolution~, Moscow, 2015, in Russian). A. Manfred wrоtе in 1969 a scientific review on the doctoral thesis of G. Kiguradze on `The Problem of the Army During the Great French Bourgeois Revolution (1789-1794)~ which had been defended by him in 1967 at the Tbilisi State University. Аfter very positive and objective assessments, as well as some observations of this dissertation, he concluded: `Dissertation of G. Sh. Kiguradze is a major, serious study of a little studied and interesting theme~. Exactly after his review the dissertation of G. Kiguradze had been approved by the soviet Higher Attestation Commission. The author of this publication had found the published document in the personal archive of A. Manfred, which is located in the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library (fund 772, cardboard 10, storage unit 19).

339

igor kveselava

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, sa-

qarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,

samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTier-

Tobebis fakulteti, saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis departamentis ufro-

si, profesori

petre pirvelis qarTuli warmomavlobis

Sesaxeb

ruseTis imperiis Seqmna uSualod ukavSirdeba mixeil ro-

manovis SviliSvils, petre pirvels, romelic bevri rusi, qar-

Tveli da ucxoeli mkvlevaris mier moZiebuli wyaroebis, sa-

arqivo dokumentebis, memuarebis, samecniero da mxatvruli

literaturisa da sxva masalebis analizis safuZvelze miCneu-

lia genetikurad qarTuli sisxlis mtarebel pirovnebad.

petre pirvelis qarTuli warmomavloba cnobili iyo ru-

seTSi moRvawe qarTvelebisaTvis, maT Soris iyo aleqsandre

gedevaniSvili, romelic ruseTSi aleqsandre borodinis saxe-

liTaa cnobili. igi gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo rusuli sa-

zogadoebis cxovrebaSi, rogorc didi kompozitori, qimikosi,

pedagogi da sazogado moRvawe. opera `Tavadi igoris~ avto-

ris saxels ukavSirdeba, rusuli klasikuri simfoniisa da

kvartetis Seqmna. rogorc mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, man didi

zegavlena moaxdina rus da sazRvargareTel kompozitorebze,

rogorebic iyven: s. prokofievi, i. Saporini, g. sviridovi, a.

xaCaturiani da mravali sxv.

petre didma, rogorc mas istorikosebi uwodeben, udidesi

warmateba moutana ruseTs CrdiloeTis laSqrobebiT Catare-

buli warmatebuli samxedro laSqrobebiT da qveyana baltiisa

da kaspiis zRvebze gaiyvana.

petre pirvelis genetikuri warmomavlobis sakiTxi, misive

mmarTvelobis periodSi daisva da, rogorc amas rusuli is-

toriografia (iakob dolgoruki da sxva) amtkicebs, petres

aRelvebis saganic gamxdara. am mimarTulebiT sazogadoebi-

340

saTvis cnobilia gamoCenili rusi mwerlis aleqsei tolstois

mizanmimarTuli saqmianobac. am mizniT, mweralma bevri axali

saarqivo dokumenti moiZia, Seiswavla da gaaanaliza.

tolstois trilogia petre pirvelis Sesaxeb conbili iyo

stalinisaTvisac. cnobili partiuli da sazogado moRvawis

devi sturuas mogonebebSi xmovandeba aleqsi tolstois qvri-

vis informacia a. tolstois stalinTan Sexvedris Sesaxeb, sa-

dac mwerlis mier dasabuTda petre pirvelis qarTuli warmo-

mavloba, Tumca is kategoriulad miuRebeli aRmoCnda sabWo-

Ta saxelmwifos meTaurisaTvis. stalini kategoriulad moiT-

xovda ar SeeTxzaT miTebi ruseTis yvelaze gamoCenil saxel-

mwifo moRvaweze, romelsac sxva romanovebi ver utoldebod-

nen, àmis gakeTeba dauSvebelia. petre ruseTis yvelaze gamo-

Cenili saxelmwifo moRvawea. rusi xalxi aseTi àRmoCeniT~

Tavs Seuracxyofilad igrZnobs da Cemi gardacvalebis Semdeg

pasuxismgeblobas amaze me damakisreben, xolo vinc daarRvevs

miTiTebas, rom es werilebi aravis uCvenon, maT samagaliTod

davsjiT~ _ SeniSnavda ioseb stalini mweralTan saubrisas. mi-

uxedavad am gafrTxilebisa a. tolstoim Tavis wignSi mainc

miuTiTa, rom mefe aleqsi ar iyo petres mama.

stalinis davalebiT, ruseTis saxelmwifo arqivis direq-

tors mieca kategoriuli miTiTeba natalia nariSkinas weri-

lebi moeTavsebinaT saidumlo fondSi da ar gaecaT mkvlev-

rebisaTvis.

literaturaSi petre pirvelis Sesaxeb bevri mosazrebaa

gamoTqmuli. erT-erTi versiiT, is partiarq nikonis Svilia.

cnobilia, petre pirvelis dis, sofios siZulvili petres de-

dis natalia nariSkinas mimarT. sofio fiqrobda, rom petre

ukanonod iyo dabadebuli da samefo taxti ar unda daekave-

bina.

gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi evropul, kerZod germanul

presaSi gamoCnda komentarebi, romelsac xels awerda vinme

gaiuis mariusi, romlis mtkicebiT petre didi romanovi ar

iyo da masSi qarTvel bagrationTa sisxli sCqefda. mas am mo-

sazrebis erT-erT damadasturebel argumentad mohqonda pet-

re pirvelisa da erekle pirvelis portretebis gasaocari

msgavseba, romlis uaryofa SeuZlebeli iyo.

literaturidan cnobilia, rom nikoloz daviTis Ze bagra-

tioni, SemdgomSi erekle pirveli, Teimuraz mefis SviliSvili

341

iyo da moskovidan wamosvlis Semdeg nazarali xanis saxelwo-

debiT qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefed iTvleboda. erekle pirve-

lis moRvaweobis axalgazrduli wlebi ruseTis samefo kar-

Tan iyo dakavSirebuli, sadac is 12 wlidan imyofeboda da

uaRresad axlo urTierToba hqonda ruseTis mefe aleqsTan,

rogorc axlo megobarTan da natalia nariSkinasTan qorwine-

bis dros mis mejvaresTan, anu xelismomkidesTan. qarTveli

bagrationi petres dabadebasa da naTlobaze ucvlel, wamyvan

personad iTvleboda da amis damamtkicebeli bevri dokumenti

arsebobs rusul sivrceSi.

petre pirvelis qarTuli warmomavlobis Tema win aris wa-

moweuli akademikos niko berZeniSvilis, mkvlevar vaxtang ta-

tiSvilis, publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis devi sturuas,

teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, teqnikuri universitetis pro-

fesoris avTandil sixaruliZis da sxva avtorTa samecniero da

literaturuli saxiaTis SromebSi, saarqivo dokumentebSi, mo-

gonebebSi, presaSi, gamoqveynebul publikaciebSi da a. S.

2017 wlis oqtomberSi, gazeTSi `saqarTvelos respublika~

gamoqveynda ruseTSi moRvawe qarTveli mecnieris, cnobili

istorikosis, profesor juanSer vaTeiSvilis moskovSi gamo-

cemuli Svidtomeulis _ `saqarTvelo da evropis qveynebi~,

erT-erTi tomidan amokrefili masalebi, romelSic uaxlesi,

didZali dokumentebis safuZvelze dasabuTebulia, rom pet-

re pirveli im dros ruseTSi moRvawe qarTveli batoniSvilis

nikoloz (erekle) daviTis Ze bagrationis ukanono Svili iyo.

mkvlevari avTandil sixaruliZe gvamcnobs, rom ruseTis

mefem aleqsi mixeilis Ze romanovma, ukve moxucobaSi fexSed-

gmulma masze 22 wliT axalgazrda natalia nariSkina SeirTo

da mejvareoba ufliswul erekles sTxova.

qorwilidan wlinaxevris Semdeg, 1672 wels, daibada uf-

liswuli petre, mzesaviT manaTobeli da pirbadri savse mTva-

resaviT. sruliad janmrTeli da fizikurad Zlieri, romelic

sruliad ar hgavda wyalmankiTa da nevrasTeniiT daavadebul,

aleqsi mixeilis Zis arc erT _ 13 SvilTagans.

arsebobs natalia nariSkinas uamravi werili, romlebSic

erekles, rogorc mamas, mouTxrobs Tavis Svilze, petreze: Tu

rogor izrdeboda, rogor vaJkacdeboda, ra Tvisebisaa da a. S.

sainteresoa erTi amonaweri natalia nariSkinas werilebi-

dan, romelsac igi ugzavnis erekle pirvels: `Наш Петруша

342

весь в тебя _ высокий, стройный, черноокий, с чёрными кудряшка-ми и такой же буйный, как ты~.

j. vaTeiSvilis mtkicebiT, petre pirvelis warmomavlobas-

Tan dakavSirebiT, dasabuTebuli daskvnebis gamotanis SesaZ-

leblobas iZleva Svedi diplomatisa da aRmosavleTmcodnis

henrik breneris, 1723 wels stokholmSi gamoqveynebuli naS-

romi, romlis analizi da aseve adreul da bolo periodSi ga-

movlenili istoriuli da literaturuli masalebi gvidastu-

reben, rom petre pirveli sabolood miviCnioT qarTuli _

bagrationuli warmomavlobis mefed ruseTis istoriaSi.1

unda SevniSnoT, rom h. breneris aRniSnuli wigni SeumCne-

veli ar darCenia istorikos-mkvlevars mamuka nacvlaZesac,

romelsac moaqvs amonaridi wignidan, sadac pirdapir aris mo-

tanili erekle pirvelis aRiareba imis Sesaxeb, rom mas sxva

Svilic hyavda, asakiT ufrosi `garyvnilebisagan Sobili, ro-

melic odesRac moskoveTSi Sva~.

rogorc irkveva, h. breneri erekle pirvels misi iranSi

diplomatiuri moRvaweobis periodSi Sexvedria da uSualod

mousmenia ruseTis mefis karis kuluaruli ambebi. sagulis-

xmoa, rom am Canawerebis gamo petre pirvelis brZanebiT

h. breneri daapatimres ruseTSi da mas 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi

cixeSi mravali ubedurebisa da tanjvis gadatana mouxda.

aSkaraa, petre pirveli gaecno am Canawerebs da ruseTis

imperatoris didi saerTaSoriso prestiJisaTvis uaRresad

mavne da Seuracxmyofel dokumentad miiCnia igi. arsebobs

petre pirvelis mimarT misi ymawvilobis uaxloesi megobris

da Tanamoazris, petres mier ruseTis artileriis pirveli ge-

neral feldcexmaisterad daniSnuli aleqsandre bagrationis

gagazavnili werilebi h. breneris ruseTis cixidan ganTavi-

suflebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, rogorc Cans, amjerad petrem imedi

gaumtyuna Tavis megobars da axlo naTesavs aleqsandre bagra-

tions da zemoaRniSnuli mizezis gamo misi Txovna ar daukma-

yofilebia.

petre pirvelma SesaniSnavad icoda misi qarTuli warmo-

mavlobis Sesaxeb, magram sruliad gasagebi mizezebis gamo da

maT Soris ruseTis imperiis politikuri interesebidan ga-

1 dawvr. ix.: j. vaTeiSvili (j. vaTaZe), gaz.: `saqarTvelos respublika~,

2017, 3 oqtomberi.

343

momdinare, SeuZlebeli da miuRebeli iyo saubaric ki misi

qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

ruseTis imperatori sxva titulebTan erTad ixsenieboda,

rogorc ìveriis qveynis, qarTlisa da saqarTvelos mefeebis

mbrZanebel xelmwifed da es dadasturebulia misi da qar-

Tlis mefis vaxtang meeqvsis urTierTobiTac. miTumetes am

ukanasknelma SesaniSnavad icoda petre pirvelis qarTuli

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da didi ndoba da imedi amoZravebda

mis mimarT. Tumca maSin ruseTis samxedro-politikuri da sa-

xelmwifoebrivi interesebi ufro maRla aRmoCnda, vidre pet-

re pirvelis qarTuli warmomavloba da qarTlis mefe piris-

pir aRmoCnda iranis Zlierebis winaSe, ramac es ukanaskneli

aiZula ruseTSi gadaxvewiliyo.

cxadia, petre pirvelis qarTuli warmomavloba eWvs ar iw-

vevs da, bunebrivia, is, arc petre pirvelisaTvis iyo damalu-

li. cnobili iyo ruseTis samefo karisTvisac. saqme imaSia,

rom aq garkveul politikur garigebasTan gvaqvs saqme. cno-

bilia, rom ruseTis mefe aleqss ar SeeZlo, fizikuri mdgoma-

reobis gamo, memkvidre gaeCina. ruseTis interesebi ki moiT-

xovda aseT SemTxvevaSi gamosavlis Ziebas. samefo karis inte-

resebSi Sedioda aleqsis daqorwineba axalgazrda natalia na-

riSkinasTan da iseTi adamianis moZieba, vinc uaRresad axlos

iyo ruseTis samefo karTan, iyo marTlmadidebeli da samefo

gvaris warmomadgeneli, amasTan, fizikurad SemZle, gonebri-

vad gawonasworebuli da fsiqologiurad mtkice.

aseTi pirovneba iyo nikoloz daviTis Ze bagrationi, ro-

melsac unda etvirTa umZimesi saqme _ monawileoba mieRo ru-

seTis taxtis memkvidris gaCenaSi da Semdeg daetovebina ruse-

Ti, kerZod, ruseTis samefo karis garemocva.

erekle pirvelma Seasrula es umZimesi misia da garigebi-

samebr datova moskovi, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es SeeTan-

xmebinaT iranis umaRles pirTanac, raTa daviT bagrationisaT-

vis qarTlSi an kaxeTSi moeZebnaT mefis tituli, an Tundac

daeniSnaT iq mefed, rogorc es moxda kidevac. ruseTis same-

fo karma miiRo _ taxtis memkvidre, ereklem miiRo mefoba

qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, xolo iranma daigula Tavisi interesebis

gamtarebeli pirovneba.

344


1. gonikiSvili m., bagrationTa dasaxleba da moRvaweoba ru-

seTSi, Tbilisi, 1986.

2. sixaruliZe a., moskovis saxelmwifo universiteti da sa-

qarTvelo, Tbilisi, 2006.

3. vaTeiSvili j. (j. vaTaZe), gazeTi `saqarTvelos respubli-

ka~, 3 oqtomberi, 2017.

4. nacvalaZe m., gaz.: `rezonansi~, oqtomberi, 2017.

5. kveselava i., saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi, t. VI (sa-

qarTvelo da msoflio), wigni I, Tbilisi, 2018.

Igor Kveselava Doctor of Historical Sciencies, Georgian Technical University, The Faculty of the Law and international relations, Head of the Department of the International Relations, Professor

Opinion about Peter the First’s Georgian Origin

Summary

Based on analysis of historical sources, archival documents, scientific,

artistic, memorable literature and other materials, the article discusses the opinion, that creator of the Russian Empire, Peter the First had genetically a Georgian origin.

Supposedly, considering the fact that the Russian King Alex was not able to have a heir because of his health problems, the Russian royal court made a certain political deal, which envisaged Nikoloz Bagrationi’s (Erekle the First, David Bagrationi’s son) direct participation ìn giving birth~ of heir of Russian Empire. After that he had to leave the Russia and that happened exactly in this way.

345

profesori gela saiTiZe — 80 wlis iubile

cnobil mkvlevars, istoriis

mecnirebaTa doqtors, araerTi

fundamenturi naSromis avtors,

Cvens kolegas, profesor gela (gi-

orgi) saiTiZes dabadebidan 80 we-

li Seusrulda.

gela saiTiZe daibada 1938 wlis

28 seqtembers sofel zeda simo-

neTSi. saSualo skolis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg sami

wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda sxvadasxva sawarmoSi, mSeneb-

lobaze, qvanaxSiris maRaroSic ki. mxolod amis Semdeg,

1958 wels Caabara Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis fi-

lologiis fakultetze da Jurnalistikis ganyofilebis

studenti gaxda. 1963 wels universitetis warCinebiT dam-

Tavrebis Semdeg, is Tbilisis kooperaciuli teqnikumis sa-

redaqcio-sagamomcemlo jgufis mTavar redaqtorad dai-

niSna, samsaxuris paralelurad ki swavla Tsu-s ekonomikis

fakultetis saRamos ganyofilebaze ganagrZo. 1966 wels

man partiis istoriis institutSi Targmanis seqtoris uf-

ros mecnier-TanamSromlad daiwyo muSaoba. swored aqedan

iwyeba misi samecniero da publicisturi moRvaweoba. 1972

wels daicva sakandidato disertacia. gaxda JurnalistTa

kavSiris wevri, 1991 wlidan ki saqarTvelos JurnalistTa

federaciis wevri.

mravalferovania gela (giorgi) saiTiZis moRvaweobisa

da kvlevis asparezi: saqarTvelos axali da uaxlesi isto-

riis problemebi, qarTuli politikuri azris ganviTareba,

qarTuli presisa da Jurnalistikis istoriis, politolo-

giis sakiTxebi, samxedro-politikur pirTa cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis kvleva da sxva. mas ekuTvnis filologiis,

Jurnalistikis, saistorio dargis mravali gamokvleva da

346

publicisturi werili. axalgazrdobaSi is leqsebsac wer-

da, TanatolebSi garkveuli popularobiT sargeblobda mi-

si lirikul Temaze Seqmnili teqstebi.

batoni gela wlebis manZilze dakavebuli iyo rogorc

samecniero, aseve kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo saqmia-

nobiT; iyo erovnuli politikuri istoriisa da Teoriis

centris ganyofilebis gamge, saqarTvelos parlamentis de-

mokratiuli aRmSeneblobisa da politologiis institutis

ganyofilebis gamge, Tsu istoriis fakultetis politiku-

ri partiebis istoriis samecniero-kvleviTi laboratoriis

ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis insti-

tutis wamyvani mecnier-TanamSromeli, ilia WavWavaZis saxe-

lobis saerTaSoriso organizacia `codnis~ gamgeobis wev-

ri; arCeulia saqarTvelos politikur mecnierebaTa akade-

miis akademikosad. 2006 wlidan ki aris ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis axali da

uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-TanamSro-

meli.

gela saiTiZe moRvaweobda sxvadasxva umaRles saganma-

naTleblo dawesebulebebSi; leqciebs kiTxulobda ramdeni-

me universitetSi, maT Soris, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da ilia WavWavaZis sa-

xelobis ucxo enaTa saxelmwifo universitetSi. amasTan,

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kerZo umaRles saswavleblebSi eka-

va proreqtoris, kaTedris gamgis, dekanis Tanamdebobebi;

Sedioda araerTi samecniero sabWosa da samecniero xaris-

xis mimniWebeli komisiisa Tu kolegiis SemadgenlobaSi. mi-

si xelmZRvanelobiT bevrma niWierma axlgazrdam gaikvala

gza profesiul asparezze; batoni gelas damokidebuleba

studentebis mimarT gulisxmierebiT, codnisa da gamocdi-

lebis gadacemis didi surviliT gamoirCeva.

aRsaniSnavia gela saiTiZis sagamomcemlo saqmianoba. mi-

si oficialuri redaqtorobiT da recenzentobiT gamoce-

mulia araerTi avtoris naSromi. is iyo da aris sxvadasxva

perioduli gamocemis, samecniero Sromebis krebulis, sa-

347

mecniero-popularuli Jurnalebis (`saistorio vertikale-

bi~, `raindi~ da sxva) saredaqcio kolegiis wevri. is dafuZ-

nebidan dRemde saistorio samecniero krebulis _ àxali

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~ _ redaqtoris moadgilea,

romelic periodulad gamoicema Tsu ivane javaxiSvilis sa-

xelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi axali da

uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mier. batoni gelas uSua-

lo monawileobiT 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi dRemde am samecni-

ero gamocemis 22 nomeria gamoqveynebuli.

gela saiTiZe jer kidev skolis periodidan TanamSrom-

lobs saqarTvelos presasTan, radiosa da televiziasTan.

misi avtorobiT sxvadasxva dros 500-ze meti publicisturi

werili gamoqveynda reitingul sagamomcemlo organoebSi.

mis saganmanaTleblo, SemecnebiT, kulturul Tu sxvadasxva

Temebze Sesrulebul publikaciebs sagamomcemlo sivrces

uTmobdnen Jurnal-gazeTebi: `Tbilisi~, `saxalxo ganaTle-

ba~, `lelo~, `mnaTobi~, `xelovneba~, `literaturuli gaze-

Ti~, `Tbilisis universiteti~, `sazrisi~, `saqarTvelos ko-

operatori~, `saqarTvelos respublika~, `qarTuli univer-

siteti~ da sxva; xSirad monawileobda SemecnebiT tele-ra-

dio gadacemebSi.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis

institutis mTavar mecnier-TanamSromlad muSaobis wlebi

sakmaod nayofieri aRmoCnda mecnierisTvis; man Seqmna mniS-

vnelovani gamokvlevebi, romlebic udaod daexmareba qar-

Tuli istoriografiis axali da uaxlesi periodebis

mkvlevrebs. amis naTelsayofad misi samecniero statiebis

nawilis CamoTvlac kmara: `Salva amirjibi, _ gazeT `saqar-

Tvelos~ publicisti; `suli dasdves cxovarTa TvisTaTvis

(axlmowameTa xsovnisaTvis)~; `poloneTis sakiTxi gazeT

ìveriaSi~; `saqarTvelos warmomadgenelTa pirveli gamos-

vlebi gaeros tribunaze~; ìlia xonelis ekonomikuri naS-

romebi~; èpiskopos gabrielisa da senator giorgi muxran-

skis werilobiTi gasaubreba mcire erebisa da maTi enebis

Sesaxeb~; `werili, romelsac ara marto istoriuli Rirebu-

leba aqvs~; `samSoblos siyvaruliT aTamaSebuli...~ (irodi-

348

on evdoSvlis dabadebis 140 wlis gamo); `zaqaria WiWinaZe, _

qarTvel ebraelTa istoriis pirveli mkvlevari (dabadebis

160 wlis gamo)~; ùsixarulod ganvlili cxovrebis gza~

(irakli aleqsandres Ze bagration-gruzinski)~; `Rirseuli

mamuliSvili RirseulTa Soris (aleqsandre yifSiZis (fro-

neli) gardacvalebis 100 wlis gamo)~; ìoseb stalinisa da

Sarl de golis 1944 wlis dekemberSi gamarTuli Sexvedris

erTi epizodi da saqarTvelodan 1921 wels gatanili ganZis

sakiTxi~ da a. S.

statiebis CamonaTvali Sors wagviyvanda. mTavari mainc

is monografiebia, romelTa saSualebiT mkvlevarma mkiT-

xvels gaacno axali da uaxlesi istoriis amsaxveli, mis mi-

er Sekrebil da gaanalizebul dokumentebze dayrdnobiT

Seqmnili naSromebi, romelTa samecniero Rirebuleba maRa-

lia da qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis angariSgasawev na-

azrevs warmoadgens.

gela saiTiZe, rogorc profesionali Jurnalisti da is-

torikosi, SesaniSnavad icnobs XIX s-isa da XX s-is dasawyi-

sis saqarTveloSi gamomaval qarTul da ucxour presas,

qarTuli publicistikis xasiaTs, rac mniSvnelovanwilad

daexmara saistorio kvlevebis procesSi movlenebis obieq-

turad danaxvasa da SefasebaSi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aR-

dgenisa da SenarCunebisTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda qar-

Tvel politikur moRvaweTa gamocdilebas, rac maT miiRes

ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi deputatebad

moRvaweobis Jams. aman gamoiwvia mkvlevris interesi _

Rrmad Caexeda caristuli ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros

stenografiul CanawerebSi, gacnoboda qarTveli deputate-

bis gamosvlebs, gaego da gamoekveTa maTi saerTo da erov-

nuli interesebi, azrovnebis mTavari kredo, garkveuliyo

imdroindeli msofliosa da ruseTis problemebSi, im ide-

ebsa da ideologiur mimdinareobebSi, romlis konteqstSic

ganviTarda saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur-politikuri

procesebi. mecnierma TvalsaCino wvlili Seitana XX sauku-

nis dasawyisis qarTuli politikuri azris formirebis, ru-

349

seTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi saqarTvelos warmomadgen-

lebis moRvaweobis kvlevisa da Seswavlis sakiTxSi. 2004

wels mis mier Tsu-s istoriis fakultetis samecniero sab-

Wos sxdomaze warmatebiT daculi sadoqtoro disertacia _

`qarTuli politikuri azri da ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaT-

biro (1905-1917 ww.)~, amave sabWos winadadebiT, Tsu-s ga-

momcemlobis mier 2005 wels wignad daibeWda. am wignma spe-

cialistTa da sazogadoebis mxriv mowoneba daimsaxura da

saistorio mecnierebaSi aRniSnuli problemisadmi miZRvnil

erT-erT saukeTeso gamokvlevad iTvleba. masSi qarTveli

deputatebis kolosaluri saqmianoba ruseTis imperiis sa-

xelmwifo saTaTbiroSi, maTi pozicia sxvadasxva movlenis

irgvliv dokumenturad aris dasabuTebuli.

yuradRebas imsaxurebs gela saiTiZis avtorobiT wignad

gamocemuli gamokvlevebi: `saqarTvelos parlamenti (1992-

1995 ww.)~ (1995), `swamda samSoblos aRorZineba: generali kon-

stantine afxazi~ (1997), `ruseTis III saxelmwifo saTaTbiros

arCevnebi da qarTuli politikuri azris formireba~(1999),

`10 weli ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros fraqciis saTaveSi~

(2001), `Jurnali `klde~ (1912-1915 ww.)~ (2003), `qarTvelebi

ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi~ (2008), `petre surgulaZis saga-

momcemlo-publicisturi moRvaweoba~ (2009), `samSoblos ja-

riskaci _ generali abel (balo) mayaSvili~ (2010), `pirveli

saerTaSoriso universaluri organizacia _ erTa liga da da-

moukidebeli saqarTvelo~ (2011), ìstoriul-publicisturi

narkvevebi~ (2013), `papidan SvilTaSvilamde _ usixarulod

ganvlili gza~ (2016) da a. S.

rogorc CamoTvlili naSromebidan Cans, farTo da mra-

valmxrivia gela saiTiZis samecniero interesebis sfero.

jer kidev, sabWouri ideologiuri kliSeebiT azrovnebis

periodSi man gamoaqveyna sainterso narkvevi represirebul

sabWoTa moRvawe vladimer mamuliaze, riTac pirvelma sca-

da am pirovnebis reabilitacia. mkvlevari Tamamad exeboda

iseT sakiTxebs, romelTa Sesaxeb maSin xmamaRla ar saub-

robdnen, am Temebze garkveuli tabu iyo dadebuli. es

350

mkvlevris moqalaqeobriv samarTlianobasa da gambedaobaze

miuTiTebs.

profesori gela saiTiZe sakvlev obieqtad xSirad iseT

problemebsa Tu adamianebs irCevs, romelTa mniSvneloba

Tu Rvawli dRes farTo sazogadoebas miviwyebuli aqvs, mo-

mavali TaobebisTvis ki aucilebelia maTi warmoCena da ga-

cocxleba. aman ganapiroba gela saiTiZis axlaxan gamosuli

wignis mTavari suliskveTeba, romelic Tavis vaJTan, isto-

rikos goCa saiTiZesTan erTad dawera _ `simoneTi da misi

erTi `niWiT dajildoebuli ojaxi~ (2018). wignSi saubaria

kldiaSvilebis cnobil ojaxze, efrosine (efro) kldiaS-

vilsa da mis Svilebze, romelTagan erTi _ simon kldiaSvi-

li Tbilisis universitetis pirveli korpusis xuroTmoZ-

Rvari iyo. dimitri yifianis ZmisSvili _ efro kldiaSvili

did sazogadoebriv da kulturul saqmianobas eweoda. qu-

TaisSi kldiaSvilebis saxli qarTuli kulturis moRvaweTa

TavSeyris adgili gaxda. am saxlSi, sxva did qarTvel mwer-

lebTan da moRvaweebTan erTad, naxavdiT akaki wereTels,

romelic udides Sefasebas aZlevda kldiaSvilebis sazoga-

doebriv Rvawls.

wignSi dawvrilebiTaa saubari sofel simoneTis istori-

aze, mis gamoCenil adamianebze, risi warmoCenac yvelaze

kargad swored mis avtorebs SeeZloT. isinic xom warmoSo-

biT am soflidan arian (Tumca, saiTiZeebis Ziri aWaridan

gaxlavT). rac Seexeba kldiaSvilebs, isini XVI saukuneSi am

sofelSi imereTis mefis giorgi II-is mier mesxeTidan ime-

reTSi gadmosaxlebuli kldia SalikaSvilis Camomavlebi

yofilan. wigni bevr saintereso moments warmoaCens ro-

gorc am soflis mkvidrTa, aseve maTTan dakavSirebul mov-

lenaTa Sesaxeb.

gela (giorgi) saiTiZe ara mxolod profesionali mecni-

eri da mkvlevaria, aramed upirvelesad SesaniSnavi pirov-

nuli TvisebebiT gamorCuli, Tavisi qveynis moyvaruli da

erTguli, TanamSromlebisTvis gulisxmieri, sxvisi warma-

tebis gamziarebeli, daxmarebisTvis mudam mzadmyofi adami-

351

ania. hyavs saukeTeso ojaxi: SesaniSnavi meuRle, sanaqebo

qal-vaJi da SviliSvilebi.

80 wlis iubiles profesori gela (giorgi) saiTiZe 30-

mde wigniTa da broSuriT, 150-ze meti samecniero naSromiT

da aseulobiT publicisturi weriliT Sexvda. gvsurs, Tsu

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis, gansakuTrebiT ki axali da uaxlesi istoriis

ganyofilebis TanamSromlebis saxeliT dRegrZeloba, jan-

mrTeloba, simxneve da momavali SemoqmedebiTi warmatebebi

vusurvoT Cvens megobarsa da kolegas.

dodo WumburiZe

xaTuna qoqraSvili

Dodo Chumburidze Khatuna Kokrashvili

Professor Gela Saitidze - 80

Summary

The famous researcher, Doctor of Historical Sciences, the author of many fundamental works, our colleague, Professor Gela (Giorgi) Saitidze became 80 years old. The article is dedicated to this anniversary date. It describes his life and work, writing and scientific achievements.

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4. : 5(99) 33 52 02, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]