gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2018 · 16%, filtvis qronikuli obstruqciuli daavadebis — 13%, asTmis 11%, sxeulisdazianebebis — 8%, filtvis kibos — 9%, leikemiis — 2% da

sdasu

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis

saxelobis universiteti

studentTa

XXVI

samecniero

k o n f e r e n c i a

T e z i s e b i

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi 2018

2

saredaqcio kolegia

nino megreliSvili

daviT gugava

qeTevan nanobaSvili

rusudan kavTiaSvili

ia danelia

redaqtori — nona TadumaZe

© saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universiteti, 2018

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2018 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected]; [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-26-314-9

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konferenciis Jiuri Teimuraz qoriZe — universitetis reqtori, profesori,

Tavjdomare Tamar tufinaSvili — xarisxis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris

ufrosi, asocirebuli profesori maia Tordia — administraciis xelmZRvaneli nona TadumaZe — samecniero kvlevebisa da uwyveti ganaTle-

bis centris ufrosi, asocirebuli profe-sori

nino megreliSvili — medicinisa da stomatologiis skolis dekani, profesori

daviT gugava — samarTlis skolis dekani, profesori qeTevan nanobaSvili — ekonomikisa da biznesis skolis deka-

ni, profesori ia danelia — socialur mecnierebaTa skolis dekani, asoci-

rebuli profesori rusudan kavTiaSvili — humanitarul mecnierebaTa skolis

dekani, profesori mariam qavTaraZe — studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis Tav-

mjdomare

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medicinisa da stomatologiis seqcia

sergo cicxvaia — asocirebuli profesori, Tavmjdomare nino megreliSvili — profesori, moadgile Tamar tufinaSvili — asocirebuli profesori nana TevzaZe — profesori qeTevan franCuki — profesori nona TadumaZe — asocirebuli profesori nadeJda xizaniSvili — asocirebuli profesori

murTaz boxua

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis medicinisa da stomatologiis skola

xelmZRvaneli: sergo cicxvaia, profesori

rekonstruqciul-aRdgeniTi operaciebis

Tanamedrove aspeqtebi filtvis adgilobrivad

gavrcelebuli kibos dros

I adgili

rekonstruqciul-aRdgeniTi bronqo-angioplastikuri operaciebis CvenebaTa diapazonis zrda Tanamedrove Toraka-luri qirurgiis ganviTarebis erT-erTi yvelaze progresuli tendenciaa. Temis aqtualoba ganapiroba filtvis adgi-lobrivad gavrcelebuli kibos SemTxve-vaTa raodenobis momatebam.

naSromis mizans warmoadgens, ro-gorc filtvis adgilobrivad gavrcelebul kiboTi daavade-bul avadmyofTa operaciul mkurnalobis swori da drouli taqtikis SerCeva, ise mkurnalobis uaxloesi da Soreuli Se-degebis SedarebiTi analizi.

rekonstruqciul-aRdgeniTi bronqo-angioplastikuri operaciis Cvenebebi:

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filtvSi simsivnuri procesis adgilobrivad gavrce-leba;

avadmyofis zogadsomaturi statusi; ZiriTadi daavadebis garTulebuli mimdinareobis

klinikuri manifestacia; simsivnis gavrceleba mTavari bronqis distalur na-

wilsa da Suamdebare bronqebze; filtvis arteriis kedlis mcire farTobis simsivnu-

ri infiltracia. operaciaTa radikalobis maqsimaluri uzrunvelyofis

mizniT bronqTa da sisxZarRvTa rezeqciisa da plastikis dros, gaTvaliswinebili unda iyos simsivnis gavrcelebis WeSmariti sazRvrebis dadgena, rac ganapirobebs bronqisa da sisxlZarRvis rezeqciis optimalur masStabs. simsivnis bronqebze da sisxlZarRvebze gavrcelebis WeSmariti szRvrebis dadgenis mizniT vawarmoebT intraoperaciulad seriuli anaTlebis histo-morfologiur Seswavlas simsiv-nis xiluli kideebidan 0,5, 1,0 da 1,5 sm-is mocilebiT.

bronqTa anastomozis CamoyalibebaSi gvxvdeba 2 mniSvne-lovani sirTule:

1) rezecirebuli bronqebis kranialuri da kaudaluri nawilebis erTmaneTTan Sepirispireba daWimuli anastomo-zis pirobebSi, SeiZleba nakerebis CaWrisa da ukmarisobis mi-zezi gaxdes;

2) rezecirebuli bronqebis sanaTuris gansxvavebuli zo-ma qmnis maTi kedlebis srulyofili adaptaciis sirTules.

am sirTuleebis aRmosafxvrelad Cvens mier gamoyene-bul iqna rezecirebul bronqTa (piriT-pirSi) adaptaciis 5 meTodi: bronqTa kranialur boloze nakerTa Sorisi inter-valis gazrda da kaudalur boloze aRniSnuli intervalis Semcireba (gofrirebis meTodi); bronqebis membranuli nawi-lis soliseburi rezeqcia da misi mTlianobis kvanZovani na-kerebiT aRdgena; dublikatis Seqmna mTavari bronqis membra-nuli nawilisagan; bronqis xrtilovani nawilis soliseburi

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rezeqcia; brinqebis xrtilovani da membranuli nawilebis sazRvarze soliseburi rezeqcia. zemoT aRniSnul meTodTa Soris Cvens mier yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul iqna ori meTo-di: gofrirebis meTodi da rezeqciuli (cirkularuli da soliseburi) meTodi.

rekonstruqciul-aRdgeniTi operaciebis uaxloesi da Soreuli Sedegebis Sefaseba xdeba:

I. specifikuri postoperaciuli garTulebebi: 1) bronqu-li anastomozis ukmarisoba;

2) bronquli anasatomozis granulaciuri da nawiburova-ni stenozi; 3) sisxldena sisrlZarRvis nakeridan; 4) Trom-bis warmoqmna sisxlZarRvis nakeris areSi.

II. araspecifikuri postoperaciuli garTulebebi: 1) operaciis Semdgomi mwvave mdgomareobebi ( gul-sisxlZar-RvTa, sasunTqi sistemis da sxva); 2) intraplevruli sis-xldena; 3) filtvis arteriis Tromboembolia; 4) darCenili wilis pnevmonia, hipoventilacia, ateleqtazi; 5) plevris narCeni Rrus empiema; 6) Wrilobis daCirqeba; 7) sxvadasxva oportunistuli daavadebebis gamwvaveba.

filtvis adgilobrivad gavrcelebuli kibos dros re-konstruqciul-aRdgeniTi operaciebi warmoadgens Tanamed-rove Torakaluri qirurgiis uaxloes miRwevebs, rac gvaZ-levs saSualebas ganvaxorcieloT qirurgiis mTavari prin-cipi — minimaluri CareviT mivaRwioT maqsimalur Sedegs. ze-moT aRniSnuli Teza Cems mier warmatebiT iqna miRweuli.

operaciis arCevis meTodad rekonstruqciul-adgeniTi, anu SedarebiT damzogveli meTodis upiratesoba, mdgomare-obs qirurgiuli Carevis Semdgom uaxloesi da Soreuli Se-degebis SedarebiT dinamikaSi. operaciaTa radikalobis maq-simaluri uzrunvelyofis mizniT gaTvaliswinebul unda iyos simsivnis gavrcelebis WeSmariti sazRvrebis dadgena, rac miiRweva intraoperaciulad Sesrulebuli seriuli anaTlebis histo-morfologiuri kvleviT.

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elguja xarCilava, baCi Ruzarauli

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis

medicinisa da stomatologiis skola xelmZRvaneli: nukri elizbaraSvili, profesori

menj-barZayis saxsris endoprotezireba

I adgili

menj-barZayis sax-

sris endroprotezi-rebis istoria 1890 wlidan iwyeba, rode-sac msoflio istori-aSi pirvelad germa-nelma eqimma gliukma

endroprotezireba awarmoa. aqtiuri mu-

Saoba meoce saukuneSi daiwyes. didi wvlili endoprotezi-rebaSi Seitana norvegielma eqimma smit-petersenma, romel-mac SeimuSava protezis Tavi. saqarTveloSi ki danerga Cven-ma Tanamemamulem oTar RuduSaurma.

endoprotezirebis Cveneba: barZayis yelis motexiloba da arTrozuli cvlilebebi (koqsarTrozi). diagnostirebis-Tvis viyenebT rendgenografias.

menj-barZayis protezireba barZayis yelis motexilobis dros keTdeba or polusiani endoprotezi. or polusiani en-doprotezi arsebobs ori saxis: cementiani da ucemento. ucemento endoprotezireba keTdeba axalgazrda asakSi Se-saZlo reendoprotezirebis SemTxvevaSi naklebi garTule-bebis gamo.

cementiani endoprotezi keTdeba xanSi Sesul pacienteb-Si, radgan reendoprotezirebis Sansi Zalian dabalia da ase-ve gamoxatuli osteoporozis gamo.

8

menj-barZayis endoprotezireba koqsarTrozis dros keTdeba totaluri endoprotezireba gamomdina iqidan,rom koqsarTrozis tabuxis foso gasadavebulia da aRiniSneba arTrozuli cvlilebebi.

operaciis Semdgomi mkurnaloba: Wrilobis movla damu-Saveba yovel dRe antiseptikuri xsnarebiT, Sexvevebi, sun-TqviTi varjiSebi, antibiotiko Terapia, nawolebisa da hi-postatikuri pnevmoniis profilaqtik reabilitacia: siaru-li yavarjnebis daxmarebiT, yovel dRe naoperaciebi kidu-ris sruli datvirTvis gareSe muxlis saxsris damuSveba, sam-kurnalo varjiSebi operaciisa da reabilitaciis Semdgomi garTulebebi: endoprotezis komponentebis moryeva, gatexva da dislokacia. Cirqovani garTulebebi rig SemTxvevebSi muxlis saxsris kontraqtura, ganzidvis da mozidvis Sez-Rudva.

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giorgi xobua, levan ormocaZe


medicinisa da stomatologiis skola xelmZRvaneli: nona TadumaZe, asocirebuli profesori

simsivnis molekuluri faqtorebi,

rogorc Terapiis samizne

II adgili

avTvisebiani simsiv-

ne erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da seri-ozuli problemaa kli-nikur medicinaSi. msof-lioSi yovelwliurad avTvisebiani simsivnee-bis 14 milioni axali SemTxveva da am mizeziT

sikvdilis 8 milioni SemTxveva aRiricxeba. statistikis mi-xedviT, avTvisebiani simsivneebis mkurnalobis Rirebuleba aSS-Si jandacvaze danaxarjebis 80%-s Seadgens.

avTvisebiani simsivneebiT moixsenieba neoplaziuri pro-cesi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ujredebis ukontro-lo proliferacia, rac sabolood neoplazmis (axalwarmo-naqmnis) ganviTarebas iwvevs. imisaTvis, rom es neoplazma ma-lignizaciis niSnebs atarebdes, sakmarisi ar aris ujredebis ukontrolo proliferacia, aramed mas unda axasiaTebdes mezobel qsovilebSi invaziisa da sxeulis sxva ubnebSi me-tastazirebis unari.

ujreduli ciklisa da apoptozis genetikuri da bioqimi-uri msvlelobis Seswavla umniSvnelovanesia avTvisebiani

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simsivnis ganviTarebis gzebis gagebisTvis. genebi, romlebic axdenen ujreduli gayofis an apoptozis mimarT rezisten-tobis xelSemwyobi cilebis kodirebas, arian protoonkoge-nebi. maTi gamaaqtivebeli mutaciebi an eqspresiis gaZliere-ba iwvevs aqtivobis zrdas, romlis Sedegia araregulirebadi ujreduli gayofa an apoptozis mimarT rezistentoba. muta-ciebs protoonkogenebSi SeuZliaT maTi gadaqceva onkoge-nad. garda amisa mutaciebi registrirdeba simsivnis supre-sor (damTrgunvel) genebSic.

cxadia erTi mutagenis arsebobiT ar iwyeba malignuri procesi. eqsperimentebma adamianis pirvelad epiTelur uj-redebze aCvena, rom minimum oTxi cvlilebaa saWiro tran-sformirebuli epiTeluri ujredis warmosamqnelad.

simsivnur ujredebs axasiaTebT im darRvevaTa kompleqsi genur, qromosomul da genomur doneebze, romlebic sxva-dasxva tipis wertilovani mutaciebiT, qromosomuli abera-ciebiT, da qromosomaTa ricxvis cvlilebiT gamoixateba.

jer kidev cota xnis win, simsivnis mkurnalobis sistemu-ri meTodi, rogoric iyo qimioTerapia, efuZneboda cito-toqsiuri agentebis gamoyenebas, rac sakmaod efeqturia mTeli rigi onkologiuri daavadebebis gankurnebaSi an grZelvadiani remisiis miRwevaSi, Tumca aRniSnuli efeqti citotoqsiuri agentebis mniSvnelovani toqsiuri efeqtebis fasad viTardeba. axla ki simsivneebSi specifikuri warmmar-Tveli genebis aRmoCenam ganapiroba sistemuri mkurnalobis axali meTodebis danergva, romelic ufro zustad damizne-bul naklebad toqsiur nivTierebebs warmoadgens. es moi-cavs, rogorc ujredis gaaqtivebuli zedapiruli recepto-ris blokadas monoklonuri antisxeulebiT, aseve ujredSi-da kinazuri aqtivobis mizanmimarTul daTrgunvas nivTiere-bebiT, romlebic specialurad aris SemuSavebuli maTi fer-mentuli aqtivobis inhibirebisTvis.

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nino qaTamaZe, salome Cargazia

kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis

medicinis fakulteti xelmZRvaneli: maia svaniZe

profesiuli daavadebebi — cementis qarxnis

zemoqmedebis saxeebi adamianebis janmrTelobaze

II adgili

yovelwliurad

msoflioSi, umetesad ganviTarebad qveyneb-Si, 12.2 milioni adami-ani iRupeba aragadam-debi daavadebebis ga-mo, Tanac aqtiur sa-muSao asakSi. qroniku-li daavadebebis tvir-

Tis mniSvnelovani nawili gamowveulia iseTi profesiuli riskis faqtorebiT, rogoricaa xmauri, kancerogenuli niv-Tierebebi, saTburi nawilakebi da ergonomiuliriskebi: qve-mo welis tkivilis yvela SemTxvevis 37%, smenis dakargvis 16%, filtvis qronikuli obstruqciuli daavadebis — 13%, asTmis 11%, sxeulisdazianebebis — 8%, filtvis kibos — 9%, leikemiis — 2% da depresiis — 8%.

profesiul daavadebaTa mokle CamonaTvali pirvelad 2002 wels gamoaqveynda. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis xelmZRvanelma sabWom Sromis eqspertTa ori Sexvedris mu-Saobis Sedegad, 2010 wlis 25 marts 307 sesiaze profesiuli daavadebebis axali sia daamtkica. es sia SemdgomSi Seivso, daixvewa da axali CamonaTvali moicavs saerTaSoriso mas-StabiT aRiarebul profesiul daavadebebs da risk-faqto-rebs. qimiur, fizikur da biologiur agentebs, romlebic iw-

12

veven respiratorul da kanis daavadebebs, Zval-kunTovani sistemis dazianebebsa da profesiul kibos. aRsaniSnavia, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi darRvevebi pirvelad iqna Setani-li profesiul daavadebaTasiaSi.

Cven CavatareT mcire kvleva, Cvens garSemo adamiane-bi ziandebian Tu ara samuSao adgilebze, aRniSnaven Tu ara daavadebebs, romelibic muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg awuxebT. gamokiTxva CavatareT kiTxvariT da davadgineT, rom es sa-kiTxi samwuxarod, aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania.

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levan roiniSvili, ia daTuniSvili



mitoqondriuli genomis samedicino mniSvneloba

III adgili

mitoqondriuli dnm eukariotuli geno-mis 1%-ia da 16.6 kb wri-ul orjaWvian erT mo-lekulas warmoadgens. is maRalkompaqturia da warmodgenilia da-bali sixSiris ganmeo-rebadi 16 559 nukleo-

tiduri TanmimdevrobiT. mitoqondriul dnm-ze identifi-cirebulia 37 struqturuli geni (5 523 kodoni): 2 – r-rnm (12s da16s), 22 – t–rnm da 13 – citoqromis sistema.

mitoqondriuli dnm-is mutaciis sixSire birTvulTan Se-darebiT daaxloebiT 10-jer maRalia. es mutaciebi STamomav-lobas gadaecema mxolod dedis xaziT an aRiZras, rogorc mutacia de novo. amasTan, ujredis da Sesabamisad mitoqon-driebis gayofis procesSi mutanturi da aramutanturi dnm-ebi SemTxveviTad nawildebian Svileul mitoqondriebSi. Se-degad mutanturi da normaluri mitoqondriebi sxvadasxva TanafardobiT miiReba, adgili aqvs heteroplazmias — ujre-debis nawili mutanturi mitoqondriebis mqonea da meore na-wili — normaluris. heteroplazmuri individis sxvadasxva qsovilSi mutanturi mitoqondriebis Semcveloba SeiZleba Zlier gansxvavdebodes, rac e.w. mitoqondriuli daavadebis speqtrs iwvevs ojaxis wevrebSi.

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mitoqondriul dnm-Si identificirebulia 100-mde wer-tilovani mutacia da 100-ze meti reranJireba. mitoqondri-uli daavadebebi mZime daavadebaTa jgufia, romelTa Soris nervuli sistemis, grZnobaTa organoebisa da kunTebis paTo-logia Warbobs. mitoqondriul daavadebaTa Soris aRsaniS-navia: mioklonuri epilefisia wiTeli "dafleTili" boWkoe-biT, kerns-seieris sindromi (KSS), leis sindromi, leberis optikuri neiropaTia. aRniSnuli daavadebebisTvis damaxasi-aTebelia mZime klinikuri suraTi da adreuli sikvdiloba. mitoqondriuli daavadebebis prevenciisTvis mniSvnelovan perspeqtivas saxavs e.w. „bavSvi sami mSobliT“. aseTi repro-duqciuli strategia gamiznulia mitoqondriuli mutacie-bis tvirTis mqone ojaxebisTvis: gamoiyeneba dedisa da mamis birTvis informacia, xolo dedis mitoqondriuli dnm-is aridebis mizniT — janmrTeli donori qalis mitoqondriuli genomi.

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qristine cikolia

kavkasiis saerTasoriso universitetis


tkivilis saxeebi

III adgili

tkivili adamianis sxeulis, organiz-

mis gangaSis sistemaa. tkivilis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tanamedrove Sexedulebani sa-Taves iRebs me-18-19 saukuneebidan, rode-sac Camoyalibda ori erTmaneTisagan gan-sxvavebuli Teoria: specifikurobisa da intensivobisa. pirvels, anu specifiku-robis Teorias saTave daudo j.miulerma

(1842 w.). es Teoria gulisxmobs tkivilis aRmZvrel gamRizia-nebelTa mimarT mgrZnobiare, specifikuri periferiuli Sem-grZnebis aparatis arsebobas. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, mtkivneu-li gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebiT periferiidan aRZruli signalebi Tavis tvins mgrZnobiare nervebis saSualebiT ga-daecema. specifikurobis Teoriis sakvanZo moments sxeulis zedapirze da Sinagan organoebSi tkivilis SemgrZnebis peci-fikuri receptorebis — nociceptorebis arseboba warmoad-gens.

msoflioSi ambulatoruli mimarTvianobis SeswavliT dadgenilia, rom SemTxvevaTa TiTqmis 80%–Si mimarTvis mi-zezi swored tkivilia. aseve cnobilia, rom tkivili gacile-biT met adamians awuxebs, vidre Saqriani diabeti, gulis daa-vadebebi da avTvisebiani simsivneebiT gamowveuli paTolo-giebi erTad aRebuli. is SeiZleba iyos mwveli, mCxvletavi, yru, mWreli, ganmgmiravi, mwiwknavi an sxvagvarad aRiqmebo-des.

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tkivili xSirad gamowveulia sxeulis romelime nawilis mniSvnelovani an msumbuqi dazianebiTac ki. magaliTad: Zvlis motexilobiT, kanis gaWriT, qsovilis an organos da-JeJilobiT, Wrilobis dainficirebiTa da msgavsi situacie-biTa da mdgomareobebiT. aseT SemTxvevebSi tkivili, SesaZ-loa, ar iyos intensiuri da xangrZlivi. aranakleb mniSvne-lovania tkivilis somaturi da visceruli saxeebic. am dros warmoqmnili tkivilis impulsebi SedarebiT zemoqmedebiTi agentis moSorebisTanave maleve qreba.

xangrZlivobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben tkivilis or Ziri-Tad saxes: mwvaves da qronikuls, Tumca mwvave xasiaTis tki-vili kidev iyofa 2 jgufad: mwvaved da qvemwvaved. mwvave xa-siaTis tkivili grZeldeba 24 saaTamde, xolo qvemwvave tki-vili, SesaZloa gagrZeldes 1 kviramde.

amputirebuli (mokveTili) kidurebis fantomuri tkivi-

li ki pirvelad 1552 wels ambruazparem aRwera, Tumca, am fe-nomenis ganmapirobebeli meqanizmebi dResac srulad ar aris Seswavlili. arada, fantomuri tkiviliT SewuxebulTa ric-xvi sakmaod didia da aqedan gamomdinare, tkivilis aRniSnu-li sindromi seriozul samedicino problema swarmoadgens. jer kidev 1983-1985 wlebis gamokvlevebiT jensenma da kreb-sma aCvenes, rom amputirebul pacientTa 72 procents fanto-muri tkivili operaciidan sul ramdenime dReSi (6-8 dReSi) aReniSneboda. 6 Tvis Semdeg mas uCioda operirebulTa 65%, 2 wlisSemdegki 60%.

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naTia lomaia


medicinisa da stomatologiis skola xelmZRvaneli: nana omanaZe, asistent-profesori

veqtor-sistemis gamoyeneba parodontitis

mkurnalobaSi

I adgili

jansaRi Rimili intaqturi kbilebis,

janmrTeli RrZilebisa da dauzianebeli wiTeli tuCebis erTobliobaa. ra aris prodontiti da rogor vumkurnaloT mas?

parodontiti — kbilis irgvliv mde-bare qsovilis anTebiTi daavadebaa. Tu gingivitis dros anTebiTi procesi mxo-

lod RrZils anu mxolod lorwovan garss moicavs, parodon-titis SemTxvevaSi anTeba ufro Rrmad vrceldeba da lor-wovan garsTan erTad kbilis iogovan aparats, alveolas anu kbilbudes da xSirad ybis Zvlovan qsovilsac moicavs. paro-dontiti, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli stomatologiu-ri daavadebaa, mjo-s monacemebiT igi gvxvdeba mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80%-Si. parodontitis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mize-zi, piris Rrus mikroflora da maTi cxovelqmedebis pro-duqtebia.

Tanamedrove stomatologiaSi, mravali meTodis daner-gvis miuxedavad dRemde aqtualuria parodontitis mkurna-loba.

parodontitis mkurnalobis mTavari amocanaa, infeqci-ur agentTan brZola, rac iTvaliswinebs kbilis zedapiris rbili nadebisgan srulfasovan gasufTavebas RrZilzeda da RrZilqveSa qvebisa da fesvis zedapirze arsebuli granula-

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ciuri qsovilis mocilebas, aseve SeZlebisdagvarad ukve da-karguli parodontis qsovilebis regeneracias da remisiis periodis gaxangrZlivebas.

parodontis mkurnalobis meTodebi wlebis manZilze ix-veweboda. 1999 wels kompania dur-dentail-is mier (germainia) Se-iqmna teqnologiuri mowyobiloba „Vector System”-“veqtoris” mTavari upiratesoba mis unikalur konstruqciaSi mdgoma-reobs, risi meSveobiTac, samuSao instruments mowesrigebu-li rxevebi gadaecema — igi moZraobs konkretulad samuSao zedapiris gaswvriv. gverdiTi moZraobebi ar atravmirebs RrZilis qsovils da fesvis zedapirs, rac saSualebas iZleva procedura umtkivneulod Catardes momatebuli mgrZnobe-lobis mqone pacientebSic. faqtiurad “veqtoris” aparati ualternativoa dResdReobiT. mis maRal efeqturobasTan erTad mniSvnelovania isic, rom proceduris dros da mis Semdeg pacientebs faqtiurad ar aReniSnebaT usimovno Seg-rZnebebi, Sesabamisad arc anesTeziis gamoyenebis saWiroeba ar sebobs.

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monika gabunia, ana mardaleiSvili


medicinisa da stomatologiis skola xelmZRvaneli: nana omanaZe, asistent-profesori

alergiuli reaqciebis klinikuri gamovlineba

stomatologiur praqtikaSi

II adgili

dResdReisobiT

cnobili faqtia, rom 21-e saukunis daavade-bas warmoadgens aler-gia, romelic stoma-tologiur praqtikaSi sakmaod mravalfero-vani gamovlinebiT xa-siaTdeba. Tanamedrove

stomatologiaSi yvelaze wingadadgmul nabijad iTvleba sa-anesTezio saSualebebis da teqnologiebis daxvewa, risi wya-lobiTac stomatologTan viziti praqtikulad umtkivneu-lo gaxda, Tumca swored am yvelafers mohyva alergiuli re-aqciebis aseTi mravalricxvovani gamovlineba. — ra aris alergia ?

dReisaTvis termin „alergiis“ qveS igulisxmeba, orga-nizmis momatebuli mgrZnobeloba im nivTierebebis mimarT, romlebic xasiaTdebian antigenuri (da maT gareSec) Tvise-bebiT. alergia aris hipermgrZnobelobis reaqcia, romelic imunologiuri meqanizmiTaa ganpirobebuli.

alergiis gamovlinebebi mravalferovania: gamonayari, SeSupeba, qavili , cemineba, surdo, cremldena, Tvalis ga-wiTleba. es aris arasruli CamonaTvali im simptomebisa, romliTac SeiZleba gamovlindes alergia. samwuxarod, diag-

20

nostikis meTodebi ar aris srulyofili, rac ar gvaZlevs srulad 100%-is farglebSi dadebiT an uaryofiT Sedegebze dayrdnobis saSualebas, swored amitom Cveni Sesavlis are-als warmoadgens alergiuli reaqciebi, maTi prevencia da pirveladi daxmareba.

magaliTad, anafilaqsiuri Soki aris dauyovnebeli tipis reaqcia romelsac safuZvlad udevs I tipis riagenuli reaq-cia. gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba iyos profilaqtikis an mkurnalobis mizniT Seyvanili vaqcina, Srati an nebismieri samkurnalwamlo preparati. yvelaze xSirad viTardeba medi-kamentis parenteruli an intravenuri Seyvanisas, an peroru-li miRebisas. ar aris gamoricxuli sxva gzac magaliTad, wam-lis Seyvana amoRebuli kbilis kbilbudeSi.

klinikuri gamovlineba mravalferovania. Tu reaqcia ga-movlinda alergenis moxvedridan 5-10 wuTis Semdeg, Soki mZimea. gamoxatulia kolafsi, gonebis dakargva, krunCxva, Se-saZloa pacientis gardacvaleba.

daskvnis saxiT gvinda mogawodoT informacia, Tu rogor xdeba anafilaqsiuri Sokis pirveladi daxmareba.

Sokis mkurnaloba: alergenis Seyvanis Sewyveta, spazmis da asfiqsiis moxsna, arteriuli wnevis normalizacia. ami-saTvis unda gakeTdes epinefrini kunTSi (barZayis antero-lateralur zedapirze) 1:1000ze ganzavebuli 0,3-0,5 ml. saWi-roebis mixedviT unda ganmeordes yovel 5-15 wuTSi. avadmyo-fi unda iyos mwoliare mdgomareobaSi, zeviT aweuli qveda kidurebiT. epinefrinis Seyvana xdeba reaqciis adgilze 0,1-0,3 ml. dReisaTvis mowodebulia Spricebi ukve mza saineqcio epinefriniT e.w. „epifeni“ 0,3mg.

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Teona barbaqaZe, salome xoferia



sezonuri gripi

gripi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli infeqciaa. gripis se-zonuri epidemia yo-velwliurad 3-5 mili-on mZime SemTxvevas iwvevs msoflioSi. se-zonuri gripi gripis

A da B virusiT gamowveuli mwvave infeqciuri daavade-baa,romelic iwvevs sezonur afeTqebebs zomieri klimatis regionebSi (aSS, kanada,evropa, ruseTi, CineTi, iaponia, av-stralia, brazilia, argentina), xolo tropikuli,klimatis qveynebSi (ekvatoruli afrika, aziis samxreT- aRmosavleTi) axasiaTebs wliuri aqtivoba. cnobilia gripis virusis sami tipi: A, B, C. amJamad, msoflioSi sezonur grips iwvevs A(H3N2), A(H1N1) qvetipis da B tipis virusebi. gripis C tipis virusi xasiaTdeba msubuqi simptomatikiT da lokaluri epi-dafeTqebebiT.gripis virusi asnebovnebs, rogorc adamia-nebs, aseve frinvelebsa da cxovelebs.

sezonuri gripis virusi yovelwliurad cirkulirebs, rac ganapirobebs adamianTa gripiT avadobas. zomieri klima-turi sartylis qveynebSi gripi xasiaTdeba sezonurobiT (zamTris periodSi). gadacema adamianidan adamianze xdeba xveliT, virusiT kontaminirebul nivTebTan an zedapireb-Tan Sexebisas. sezonuri gripi xasiaTdeba rogorc msubuqi,

22

ise mZime simptomatikiT, SesaZloa moyves letaluri gamosa-valic gansakuTrebiT maRali riskis jgufebSi. maRali ris-kis jgufebs warmoadgenen orsulebi, moxucebi, bavSvebi, susti imunuri sistemis da qronikuli daavadebebis mqone pi-rebi.

saqarTveloSi epidzedamxedveloba gripismagvar daava-debebze xorcieldeba sayrdeni bazebiT (winaswar SerCeuli samedino dawesebuleba). sayrden bazebze warmoebs mZime mwvave respiraciuli daavadebebisa (SARI) da gripismagvari daavadebebis ambulatoriul SemTxvevebze (ILI) epidemiolo-giuri da klinikuri monacemebis Segroveba da virusologi-uri monitoringi.laboratoriuli diagnostika xorcielde-ba mxolod sayrdeni bazebis farglebSi Segrovili SARI -sa da ILI-s SemTxvevebidan aRebuli nimuSebidan da Sedegebi ga-moiyeneba epidzedamxedvelobis miznebisTvis.

janmrTelobis msoflio organizacia iZleva rekomenda-cias-adamianebs, romelTac aqvT garTulebaTa ganviTarebis maRali riski CautardeT sezonuri vaqcinacia. vaqcinis efeqturoba damokidebulia recipientis asaksa da imuno-

23

kompetenturobaze, aseve vaqcinaSi arsebuli da cirkulire-badi Stamebis Tanxvedraze. Tanxvedris SemTxvevaSi vaqcina efeqturia 70-80%-Si 65 wlamde asakis pirebSi, xanSiSesuleb-Si ki — 30-70%-Si.

sakiTxis aqtualurobiT davinteresdiT da CavatareT Cveni piradi kvleva winaswar Sedgenili kiTxvariT. gvainte-resebda, Cvens garSemo adamianebi ramdenad xSirad avadoben gripiT da ra ician misi gadacemisa da prevenciis Sesaxeb.

24

inal gajievi, TamTa verZaZe



daberebis procesis marTvis SesaZleblobebi

Today, humans are

living longer and healthier lives than ever before. But this has an unforeseen consequence. We spend an ever-increasing part of our lives being sick and in need of care. Health is the most valuable thing we have in

life, but we tend to forget that until we lose it. Aging is the accumulation of damage and nothing more. As the level of damage rises, cells and the tissue made from them function poorly, and this in turn causes increased risk of disease and death. Our bodies have many mechanisms to repair this damage,but over time they become less effective. We all die because one of our important parts breaks.

Getting old currently means spending more time in pain. So scientists are trying to shift the attention of the medical community from optimizing lifespans to optimizing healthspans, the part of our lives during which we're disease free. To do this, we need to attack the root cause of almost all bodily defects: aging itself. Unbeknown to most people, the science of aging has made enormous progress In the last few years, with human trials about to begin in the near future. Let's look at four examples of discoveries that might benefit people who are alive right now.

1: Lipofuscin. Lipofuscin is all but non-degradable, and it accumulates with age. Wet macular degeneration can be treated using selective photothermolysis where a pulsed unfocused laser predominantly heats and kills lipofuscin-rich cells, leaving untouched healthy cells to multiply and

25

fill in the gaps. The ability to selectively target lipofuscin has opened up research opportunities in the field of anti-aging medicine.

2: Senescent Cells. In some cells, after a number of divisions the telomeres are gone, and the cell becomes a zombie, a senescent cell. Senescent cells stay around and don't die. The older you get the more of them are inside you. They harmed tissue around them and are linked to many diseases that accompany old age like diabetes and kidney failure. Older mice without senescent cells were more active. Their hearts and kidneys worked better, and they were less prone to cancer. Overall, they lived up to 30 percent longer and in better health than average mice. In a late 2016 study, mice were given an injection of so called suicide protein. It killed 80 % of all their senescent cells, while causing almost no harm to healthy cells. \

3: NAD+. NAD+ is a coenzyme that tells ourselves to look after themselves. At age 50, we only have about half as much in our bodies as we do at age 20. Low amounts of it are linked to a whole bunch of diseases from skin cancer to Alzheimer's, cardiovascular disease, and multiple sclerosis. NAD+ is a serious candidate and could become the first human anti-aging pill.

4: Stem Cells. In mice, scientists observed that as the stem cells in their brains disappeared, they started to develop diseases So they took stem cells from baby mice brains and injected them directly into the brains of middle-aged mice, more specifically the hypothalamus, a polyp that's involved in regulating a lot of bodily functions. The fresh stem cells reinvigorated older brain cells by secreting micro RNAs that regulated their metabolism. After 4 months, brain and muscles worked better than those of untreated mice and on average, they lived ten percent longer. Another study took stem cells from mice embryos and injected them directly into the hearts of older mice. As a consequence, they had improved heart function, could exercise 20% longer, and weirdly enough their hair regrew faster.

What all of this tells us is that There's no guarantee the same therapies would work in us to the same extent, but they are proof of concepts. To learn more about how we can modify our own healthspan, we need human trials. We've only covered a tiny part of the research that's being done right now, and only scratched the surface of these ideas. The field of healthspan extension needs more attention and funding. If it gets it, all of us might enjoy growing old without pain.

26

giorgi gagua

Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universiteti

xelmZRvanelebi: r, yuraSvili, medicinis mecnierebaTa doq-tori; b. yuraSvili, medicinis doqtori

ra faqtorebi zemoqmedeben kvebiT modelebze

diabetian pacientebSi saqarTveloSi

Background: Non-communicable diseases

are major challenges for global health. According to the IDF data 387 million people have diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide. The NCDC data indicate, that DM is one of the essential and increasing problems in Georgia. Aims: Based on the fact that DM is an alimentary-dependent and hereditary metabolic disorder, where unhealthy diet plays major role we decided to study what is

a nutrition patter and what factors influence eating habits of people with diabetes in our country. Method: A single-stage anonymous study in the representative group was carried out using a 19 question Questionnaire designed by us, that includes such questions as “Were you obese/overweight in childhood adolescence?’, “How much do you spent on food?’, Do you consider yourself a healthy person, if no, is it related to your diet?’, “Do you pay attention to nutrition facts of the food products?”, etc. A survey method was used and 200 patients questioned. The average age of the patients was 58.2 yrs (44% males/56% females). Results: Questionnaire evaluation showed that income of 82% of the respondents is low and they could not follow “decent diet”. Only 40% of the patients spend more than 50% of their income on food, while most of them spent 31-40%; this is an extremely low rate. Almost 100% of the respondents gave following answers to the question “What prevents you from following appropriate diet?” — “low income; high costs of ecologically pure food products; poor living conditions; and social tension”. In total 75% of respondents state that they were not obese/overweight in their childhood or adolescents; 60 % do not consider themselves unhealthy persons: and 72% indicated that they

27

regularly read nutrition information on the food products they buy. Discussion: DM strongly correlates with unhealthy nutrition. Data received show that socio-economic conditions have strong impact on the diet, level of awareness on healthy foods and healthy nutrition pattern is low, diabetes education is not carried out on a regular basis, and motivation to change eating habits is mostly absent , or low in the people enrolled in the Study. People with diabetes and health care professionals are unable to change eating habits alone, the State should carry out diabetes awareness and prevention projects, and promote healthy eating and growing of ecologically pure food products.

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giorgi kupraSvili, cotne belTaZe



vitaminebisa da jansaRi kvebis

klinikuri aspeqtebi

kveba im arsebiT faqtorTagania, rome-lic gansazRvravs organizmis zrdasa da ganviTarebas, jan-mrTelobisa da Sro-misunarianobis do-nes, mravali arasa-surveli faqtoris

zemoqmedebis mimarT imunitetis xarisxs. mas udidesi mniS-vneloba aqvs adamianis adaptaciuri potencialis uzrun-velyofis TvalsazrisiT. balansirebuli racioni — es aris produqtebis miReba optimaluri TanafardobiT, rom-lis Tanamedrove models piramidis saxe aqvs da masze orien-taciiT Tqven SegiZliaT SeadginoT yoveldRiuri balansi-rebuli racioni.

mimdinare wlis aprilidan CavatareT gamokiTxva Cvens mier winaswar Sedgenili kiTxvariT. gvainteresebda Cvens populaciaSi, adamianebi cdilobdnen Tu ara jansaR kvebas da aReniSnebodaT Tu ara romelime vitaminis avitaminozi-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli Civilebi da ra saxis sakvebs aniWeb-dnen upiratesobas.

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jansaRi kvebis kiTxvari kiTxva diax ara iSviaTad 1 gawuxebT kunTebis

tkivili? 25 34 36

2 dRis manZilze Se-igrZnobT fexebis dabuJebas?

31 25 39

3 kargad arCevT sag-nebs RamiT?

35 12 48

4 axerxebT saWiro dros swraf reagi-rebas?

32 45 18

5 Wrilobebi xan-grZlivad giSuSde-baT?

23 46 26

6 xSirad gecvlebaT ganwyoba?

65 15 15

7 SegimCneviaT piri-dan cudi suni?

21 34 40

8 sakvebad xSirad iyenebT e.w.„swrafi kvebis“ sakvebs

55 23 17

gamokiTxvaSi monawileobda

raodenoba qali kaci 1 sul monawileoba mii-

Ro- 95 respodentma 50 45

gamokiTxulTa asaki 18-20 weli 20-22 weli 22 wlis zeviT 1 56 22 17

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gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRo 95 respodentma. Sedege-bidan Cans, rom respodentebis umetesoba mainc swrafi kve-bis obieqtebs arCevs, Tumca swrafad daRlasa da RamiT sag-nebis cudad garCevas ar aRniSnaven. arc piris Rrudan usia-movno suni da Wrilobis nela Sexorceba awuxebT. es albaT ganpirobebulia imiT, rom gamokiTxulTa umetesoba Cveni asakis-18-22 wlis axalgazrdebi iyvnen.

rekomendirebuli da gasaTvaliswinebelia-jansaRi kveba ar Semoifargleba sakvebi produqtebis qimiuri, biologiu-ri da fizikuri uvneblobiT, aramed aseve aucilebelia mo-zardi organizmis mniSvnelovani sakvebi nivTierebebiT uz-runvelyofa, imavdroulad, mavne produqtebis miRebis Sez-Rudva, janmrTelobaze arakeTilsasurveli zemoqmedebis Tavidan acilebisa da swori kvebiTi Cvevebis gamomuSavebis mizniT.

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Tamar faRava, cira kelenjeriZe



mozardTa da axalgazrda asakis adamianebis

janmrTeloba saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi

saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifo axalgaz-rduli politikis ga-naxlebul dokumen-tSi, cneba „axalgaz-rda“ Camoyalibda ev-rokavSiris defini-ciis Sesabamisad da moicavs 15-29 wlis

asakis pirebs.2012 wels, pirvelad msoflioSi 10-24 wlis asa-kobrivi jgufis ricxovnobam 1.8 miliards miaRwia; maTi 85% mcire da saSualo Semosavlis mqone qveynebSi cxovrobs; 2,2 milioni mozardi da axalgazrda daavadebulia aiv infeqci-iT.mozardebis daaxloebiT 20%-s gaaCnia fsiqikur janmrTe-lobasTan dakavSirebuli problema,uxSiresad- depresia an SfoTva; es CamonaTvali im didi nusxis monakveTia, rac rea-lobaa Tanamedrove msoflioSi.mozardebisa da axalgazrde-bis avadobis sikvdilianobis mizezTa umetesoba ZiriTadad preventabeluria. mimdinare wlis ianvridan dRemde Cvens mi-er Catarda axalgazrda asakis adamianTa gamokiTxva winaswar Sedgenili kiTxvariT.kvlevis mizani iyo gamogvekvlia Cveni Taobis warmomadgenelTa janmrTelobis zogadi mdgomareo-ba,mavne Cvevebi da cxovrebis wesi.

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Tamar qarTveliSvili

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis me-

dicinisa da stomatologiis skola xelmZRvaneli: Tamar tufinaSvili, asocirebuli profesori

malariis da leiSmaniozis epidemiologia

saqarTveloSi

malaria msoflioSi sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis erT-erT ZiriTad proble-mas warmoadgens da globaluri klima-turi cvlilebebis, mosaxleobis mzardi migraciis fonze sul ufro meti qveyni-saTvis xdeba problema.

malaria Zveli droidan farTod iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSic, iwvevda maRal sikvdilianobas da qveyanas ayeneb-

da uzarmazar ekonomiur danakargebs. XX saukunis ocian wlebSi kolxeTis dablobsa da alaznis velze mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 30% iyo daavadebuli malariiT. farTod iyo gavrcelebuli tropikuli malariac, romelic rogorc adgi-lobrivi daavadeba likvidirebulia 1954 wlidan. samdRiuri malaria 1970 wlisaTvis aRmofxvris Semdgom, 1996 wlidan kvlav aRmocenda. 2000 wlidan adgilobrivi daavadebis yve-laze meti SemTxveva dafiqsirda 2001 da 2002 wlebSi (sabo-lo adgilobrivi SemTxveva iyo 2010 wels). amJamad saqarTve-lo malariis eliminaciis stadiaSia.

2017 wels, daavadebaTa kontrolis da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis erovnuli centris monacemebiT, saqarTve-loSi ar dafiqsirebula malariis adgilobrivi gadacemisa da Sesabamisad adgilobrivi daavadebis SemTxveva.

saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad registrirdeba afrikidan da aziidan Semotanili tropikuli malariis SemTxvevebi.

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2013 wels iyo 6 aseTi SemTxveva, 2014 wels — 6 , 2015 wels — 5, 2016 wels — 7 da 2017 wels — 8.

leiSmaniozi — WHO monacemebiT, leiSmaniozebi gavrce-lebulia msoflios 98 qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. daavadebis 3 formidan saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba visceruli da kanis leiSmaniozi.

2015 w. daavadebaTa kontrolis da sazogadoebrivi jan-mrTelobis erovnuli centris monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi aRiricxa visceruli leiSmaniozis 69 adgilobrivi SemTxve-va, 2016 wels 49, 2017 wels — 38. aqedan, 12 SemTxveva TbilisSi, 11 — qvemo qarTlSi, 8 -kaxeTSi, 5 -imereTSi da 2 Sida qarTlSi. 2017 w. leiSmaniozis axali SemTxvevebis kerebi 2016 welTan gansxvavebiT gamovlinda da aRiricxa dmanisisa da Terjo-lis municipalitetebSi, Tumca 2016 w. gansxvavebiT raode-nobrivad Semcirda 4 municipalitetiT da daavadebis Sem-Txvevebi aRiricxa 12 municipalitetSi.

saqarTveloSi visceruli leiSmaniozi ZiriTadad 5 wlamde asakis bavSvTa Soris gvxvdeba da daavadebis yvelaze maRali xvedriTi wili 1-4 w. asakobriv jgufze modis.

daavadebaTa kontrolis da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelo-bis erovnuli centris monacemebiT, kanis leiSmanioziT daa-vadebis yvelaze meti SemTxveva dafiqsirda 2008 wels. 2014 wlidan saqarTveloSi ar aris daregistrirebuli kanis le-iSmaniozis arc erTi SemTxveva.

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samarTlis seqcia

polikarpe moniava — profesori, Tavmjdomare daviT gugava — profesori, moadgile manana xvedeliZe — profesori Tamar sadraZe — asocirebuli profesori Salva qurdaZe — asocirebuli profesori mixeil biWia — asocirebuli profesori

salome buxrikiZe


samarTlis skola xelmZRvaneli: daviT xobelia, asocirebuli profesori

konfiskaciis konstituciuroba qarTuli

samarTalis mixedviT

I adgili

konfiskacia es aris saxelmwifos sa-

sargeblod qonebis/nivTis usasyidlod CamorTmeva. es termini gamoiyeneba ro-gorc administraciul, ise sisxlis sa-marTalSi. amis paralelurad, saqarTve-los dRes moqmedi konstituciis 21-e muxlis mesame nawilis mixedviT dadgeni-lia, rom sakuTrebis CamorTmeva dasaSve-bia mxolod winaswari, sruli da samar-

Tliani anazRaurebis pirobiT rac naTlad ewinaaRmdegeba konfiskaciis definicias.

administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsiT konfis-kacia saxdelis erT-erTi saxeobaa, rodesac xdeba gadacdo-mis Cadenis iaraRis, uSualo obieqtis, saqarTvelos sabaJo-

35

ze saqonlis transportirebisa da miwodebis saSualebis sa-xelmwifo sakuTrebaSi iZulebiT, usasyidlod gadacema.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ki qonebis CamorTmeva niS-navs danaSaulis sagnis an/da iaraRis, danaSaulis Casadenad gamiznuli nivTis an/da danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis saxelmwifos sasargeblod usasyidlod CamorTmeva da igi sasjelis erT-erTi saxea.

orive, zemoT CamoTvlil normaSi damatebiT aRniSnulia, rom es nivTebi Tu qoneba unda iyos gadacdomis Camde-nis/braldebulis/msjavrdebulis sakuTrebaSi an kanonier mflobelobaSi. swored es bolo fraza-„kanonier mflobe-lobaSi“ aris kidev erT-erTi davis mizezi, radgan SesaZloa damrRvev pirs es nivTi Tu qoneba sxvisgan droebiT hqondes miRebuli da Cadenili ukanono faqtis mimarT es ukanaskneli iyos keTilsindisieri. am dros qonebrivi zarali adgeba swored am udanaSaulo pirs. naSromSi amasTan dakavSirebiT ganxiluli iqneba dacvis is samarTlebrivi berketebi, rom-lebic am dros arsebobs qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi.

kidev erTi sakiTxia, ra xdeba maSin rodesac qoneba, ro-melic unda iqnes konfiskirebuli damrRvevis kanonier mflobelobaSia da misi ojaxisTvis Semosavlis wyaroa an er-TaderTi Rirebuli nivTia. icavs Tu ara am dros kanoni ojaxs an mis kmayofaze myof pirs da mxolod individualu-ria es sanqcia, Tu qonebrivi ziani sxvasac adgeba, maT Soris udanaSau lo pirebsac?!

am kuTxiT saqarTvelos praqtikaSi arsebobs ori yvela-ze mniSvnelovani sakonstitucio gadawyvetileba: 1997 wlis 21 ivlisis da 2007 wlis 2 ivlisis. maT mniSvnelobasa da gav-lenaze naSromSi iqneba ganxiluli.

saboloo jamSi, naSromSi saubari iqneba konfiskaciis konstituciorobasa da am qmedebis gavlenaze mesame pireb-ze. maT Soris paralelebi iqneba gavlebuli sxva qveynebis praqtikaze.

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sofiko klimiaSvili

iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti xelmZRvaneli: nona Todua, profesori

marixuanis dekriminalizacia — antagonizmi

Tu win gadadguli nabiji?!

I adgili

narkodanaSaulTan mimarTebiT sis-xlis samarTlis politika, gansakuTrebiT bolo periodSi, sakmaod aqtualuria. ga-moTqmul iqna araerTi mosazreba da argu-menti msubuqi narkotikis — marixuanas (tetrahidrokanabinoli) dekriminaliza-cia-liberalizaciis Taobaze. sakiTxavia, ra Sedegebamde migviyvans arsebuli saka-nonmdeblo mocemulobis Secvla? da, zo-

gadad, arsebobs Tu ara koreqtivebis Setanis aucilebloba? imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad swor daskvnamde mivideT saWi-roa TiToeuli garemoebisa Tu faqtis, midgomisa Tu pozi-ciis racionaluroba-rentabelurobis analizi da Sefaseba. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT did interess imsaxurebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetile-ba-ganCinebebi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis narkodanaSaulis Tavis Semcvel muxlebTan mimarTebiT. winamdebare sakonfe-rencio TemaSi detalizebuladaa mimoxiluli sakonstitu-cio marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organos, eqsper-tebis, mosarCele-mopasuxeebisa da mowmeebis mier warmodge-nili TiToeuli argumentebi, romlebTanac Sepirispirebu-lia avtoris sagulisxmo kontrargumentebi. zemoTqmuli moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad statiaSi daskvnis sa-xiT warmodgenilia mosazreba, rom sakonstitucio sasamar-

37

Tlos gadawyevtilebebi araa gasaziarebeli, iseve rogorc, principSi, mxardaWeras ar imsaxurebs Teza marixuanas (tet-rahidrokanabinoli) dekriminalizacia-liberalizaciis Ta-obaze, radganac, narkotikul danaSaulTan mimarTebiT Cveni qveynis umZimesi istoriuli koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, am danaSaulisaTvis sasjelis saxiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas an sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis srul gauqmebas, moyveba araTu progresi adamianTa konstituciuri uflebe-bisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mimarTulebiT, aramed Sesam-Cnevi regresi.

38

ana gociriZe


samarTlis skola xelmZRvaneli: mixeil biWia, samarTlis doqtori

Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis dacvis Teoriul-

praqtikuli problemebi

II adgili

Svilad ayvana problematur sakiTxs warmoadgens. sakiTxi aqtualuria ara mxolod erovnul doneze, aramed saerTa-Soriso masStabiT, radgan naTlad Cans sa-erTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa Tu SeTan-xmebebiT, rom aucilebelia bavSvis ojax-Si aRzrda, maTi interesebis uzrunvel-yofa da dacva. Sida normatiuli aqtebi, samwuxarod, bevr SezRudvas aweseben, ris

gamoc ver xerxdeba sakiTxis swrafad mogvareba, rac iwvevs bavSvTa saxlebSi arsebul daZabul viTarebasa da bavSvebis gadaWarbebul raodenobas aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebebSi.

Svilad ayvanis dakavSirebiT ganxorcielda mravali cvlileba sakanon-mdeblo doneze, miiRes axali kanoni „Svi-lad ayvanisa da mindobis aRzrdis Sesaxeb“, Seicvala norma-Ta Semadgenloba, damkvidrda Svilad ayvanis sasamarTlo warmoebis wesi. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom Seicvala Svilad ayva-nis konfidencialobis dacvis wesebi. amdenad, Svilad ayvana mWidro kavSirSia konfidencialobasTan, romlis dacvisas auclilebelia yuradReba mieqces bavSvis upirates inte-ress da ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad dadebiTad aisaxeba bav-SvisTvis misi Svilad ayvanis faqtis damalva da misi konfi-dencialurobis dacva, aseve ra gavlena SesaZloa iqonios Svilad ayvanis faqtis gamJRavnebam mSvilebelsa da naSvile-

39

bis urTierTobaze. marTalia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-Tlis kodeqsiT dadgenilia pasuxismgebloba Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis gamJRavnebisTvis, agreTve moqmedi kanonmdeb-loba adgens amkrZalav normebs, romlebic Svilad ayvanis gauxmaureblobis pirobebs exeba, magram konfidencialobis dacva rogor aisaxeba naSvilebze, Rrma Teoriul gamokvle-vas saWiroebs. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis miu-xedavad, problemebi mainc ikveTeba, ris gamoc aucilebelia normatiuli aqtebis Tu cvlilebebis Teoriuli Seswavla.

Sesabamisad, kvlevis mizania: 1. dadgindes Svilad ayvanis arsi da misimaregulirebeli normebi, Taviseburebebi moqme-di kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi da maTi aRmofxvris gzebi;

2. ganisazRvros aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba;

3. Seswavlil iqnes Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT;

samoqalaqo samarTali aregulirebs SvilebasTan dakav-Sirebul sakiTxebs, akonkretebs mis subieqtebs da gansaz-Rvravs, ra SemTxvevaSia Svileba dasaSvebi. amasTan, 21-e sau-kuneSi umciresobaTa uflebebis dacva kidev ufro aqtua-luri xdeba. amis fonze sxvadasxva qveyanaSi dasaSvebia er-Tnair sqesianTa mier bavSvis Svilad ayvana. problematur sa-kiTxs warmoadgens is faqti, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-ba msgavs Canawers ar icnobs, Sesabamisad, Svileba SesaZloa ganaxorcielon mxolod qalma da mamakacma, erTnair sqesian-Ta mier Svileba Cveni qveynis kanonmdeblobiT akrZalulia.

Svilad ayvana warmoadgens kerZo sferos Semadgenel na-wils. kerZo cxovreba ki ganixileba saidumloebad. Sesabami-sad, Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis gamJRavnebiT SeiZleba Se-ilaxos piradi sfero, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios rogorc ssk-is me-18, ise me-181 muxlebis gamoyeneba. amdenad, Svileba, Tavis mxriv, konfidencialobis mkacrad dacvas ukavSirdeba.

40

marTalia, dResdReobiT samoqalaqo kodeqsidan amoiRes muxlebi, romlebic Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis dacvas exe-boda, magram specialurma kanonmac uzrunvelyo misi konfi-dencialobis dacva konstituciisa Tu saerTaSoriso xel-SekrulebebTan erTad.

rodesac pirad saidumloebas exeba xelyofis safrTxe da xdeba zianis miyeneba, rac gamoxatulebas hpovebs konfiden-cialuri informaciis gamoqveynebasa da gamJRavnebaSi, auci-lebelia piradi cxovrebis damcavi samoqalaqo samarTleb-rivi normebis gamoyeneba. es, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs kon-kretuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qonebrivi da araqo-nebrivi zianis anazRaurebas. amasTan, Svilad ayvanis saidum-loeba kerZosamarTlebrivad srulfasovani dacvisTvis sa-Wiroebs aucileblad aramaterialuri zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb wesis amoqmedebasac.

marTalia, Svileba yovelTvis daxur faqts warmoadgenda Tavisi Semadgeneli saidumlo elemntebiT, magram 21-e sauku-neSi novacias warmaodgens Ria da naxevrad daxuruli Svi-lad ayvana, ramac amerikaSi da evropis sxvadasxva qveynebSi fexi moikida. am SemTxvevebSi urTierTobebi ufro Riaa da Svileba zog SemTxvevaSi gasaidumloebulic ar aris. Ria da naxevrad daxurul Svilebasac, rogorc daxurul Svilebas Tavisi uaryofiTi da dadebiTi maxasiaTebelebi gaaCnia. ori-ve axali forma daxvewas saWiroebs, magram mTavaria, bavSvis upiratesi interesis gaTvaliswineba, raTa uzrunvelyofi-li iyos bavSvisTvis fsiqo-socialuri garemo, Svilad ayva-nis institutis ZiriTadi mizani Sesruldes da konfidencia-lobis principi ar dairRves.

41

irakli CaCua

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti xelmZRvaneli: mixeil biWia, samarTlis doqtori

araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis problema

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT

II adgili

araqonebrivi zianis anazRaureba sa-marTlebrivi saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa. aRniSnuli intituti mraval problemasTan aris dakavSirebuli, ramde-nadac sakanonmdeblo doneze ar arsebobs mkacrad gansazRvruli kompensaciis kri-teriumebi da farglebi. arc TeoriaSia problemis irgvliv erTmniSvnelovani po-zicia araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis

wesisa da SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, kvlevis mizania araqonebrivi zianis cnebis,

anazRaurebis safuZvlebisa da kriteriumebis gansazRvra, rac problemis martivad gadawyvetis winapirobaa. aseve, ara-nakleb aqtualuria sakiTxis ganxilva SedarebiTsamarTleb-riv WrilSi.

rogorc TeoriaSi, ise praqtikaSi xazgasmulia, rom ara-qonebrivi ziani aris negatiuri emociuri mRelvarebis nia-dagze warmoSobili Zlieri fizikuri an/da sulieri tanjva, rac gamowveulia umeteswilad aramaterialuri sikeTeebis xelyofiT. definiciidan naTlad Cans, rom araqonebrivi zia-ni iWreba adamianis pirovnebaSi. amdenad, gasaTvaliswinebe-lia dazaralebulis sulieri mdgomareoba; es ukanaskneli ganekuTneba Sefasebis Tavisufal sivrces, rac araqonebrivi zianis fuladi ekvivalentiT gamosaxvas SedarebiT arTu-

42

lebs. swored amitom imisaTvis, rom dadgindes, zianis bune-ba, unda gairkves, moepoveba Tu ara zianis Sedegs fuladi ek-vivalenti. Tu mas fuladi ekvivalenti ver moeZebneba, saqme exeba araqonebriv zians.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvru-lia, rom aramaterialuri ziani SeiZleba warmoiSvas ro-gorc saxelSekrulebo, ise arasaxelSekrulebo safuZvelze. amdenad, garda deliqturi samarTlisa, romeliTac ganmtki-cebulia samarTaldarRvevisas iuridiuli pasuximgeblobis dakisrebis safuZveli, saxelSekrulebo samarTalmac SesaZ-lebelia moicvas araqonebrivi interesis dacvis samarTleb-rivi meqanizmebi. saqme isaa, rom roca ikveTeba araqonebrivi interesis xelyofis pirveladi xasiaTi, aramaterialuri zi-anic eqvemdebareba anazRaurebas. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi moipoveba erT-erTi gadawyvetileba, romliTac swored es faqtori iyo xazgasmuli da SeiniSneboda anazRa-urebis SemTxvevaTa gafarToebis tendenciac.

sasamarTlo praqtikis analizidan gamovlinda, rom sa-qarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 413-e muxli ganamtkicebs araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis viwro midgomis princips, romlis Tanaxmadac kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobisas Se-iZleba adgili qondes moralur, sulier tanjvas,magram misi anazRaureba daiSveba „mxolod kanoniT pirdapir gaTvalis-winebul SemTxvevebSi“. kanoni uSualod miuTiTebs konkre-tuli sikeTis xelyofisas araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas.

safrangeTi da inglisi aramaterialuri zianis anazRau-rebis farTo midgomas iziareben. safrangeTSi liberaluria am sakiTxis mimarT damokidebuleba da xelSekrulebis dar-Rvevasac ukavSireben araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebas, in-glisi kidev ufro farTo pozicias iziarebs. germania araqo-nebrivi zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT adgens viwro midgomas, magram sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiTa da praqtikiT anazRaurebis SemTxvevaTa gafarToebis ganviTarebis xazs

43

adgas. am kuTxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo mkacrad viwro midgomas iziarebs, vinaidan „kanoniT zustad gansaz-Rvrul SemTxvevebSi“ gansazRvravs araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebas.

amasTan, araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb dave-bis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo moqmedebs kanonmdebliT gan-sazRvrul zogad obieqtur sazRvrebSi da kompensaciis ode-nobas „gonivruli da samarTliani“ odenobis saxiT adgens. mizanSewonilia, sasamarTlom odenobis gansazRvrisas unda gaiTvaliswinos mxolod is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romle-bic uZRvis moraluri zianis miyenebas. amave dros, arasaTa-nado mopyroba unda aRwevdes sisastikis minimalur zRvars imisaTvis, rom anazRaurebis moTxovnis safuZvlad iqces. am minimumis Sefaseba garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sedarebi-Tia;

aseve, sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlis Sedegad gamoikve-Ta, rom anazRaurebis odenobis dadgenisas sasamarTlom un-da gaiTvaliswinos dazaralebulis individualur Tavisebu-rebebTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri da fsiqikuri tanjvis xa-siaTi, samarTaldamrRvevis bralis xarisxi da yovel calke-ul SemTxvevebSi is pativsadebi specifikuri garemoebebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania sakiTxis sworad gadaWrisa da kom-pensaciis gonivruli farglebis dadgenisaTvis.

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi naTlad unda Candes araqonebri-vi zianis anazRaurebis sami ZiriTadi funqcia: prevenciis, satisfaqciisa da sakompensacio funqciebi. saqme isaa, rom swored maTi kombinaciuri efeqti emsaxureba samoqalaqosa-marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis mizans, rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos RirebulebiT interess. amde-nad, zemoT mocemuli debulebebis gaTvaliswineba aucile-belia, raTa sasamarTlo praqtika ganviTardes iuridiuli mecnierebis daxmarebiT.

marTalia, saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika bolo wlebSi mimarTulia iqiTken, rom maqsimalurad gaiTvaliswi-

44

nos mecnierebaSi arsebuli miRwevebi da araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebac xelovnurad ar SezRudos, magram am mimarTu-lebiT mizanSewonilia, arsebuli praqtikis uaryofiTi mxa-reebis gamokveTa da maT gamosworebaze orientireba. amiT pirovnuli interesebis dacvis ufro maRali standarti iq-neba uzrunvelyofili.

45

magda WabaSvili, mari basilaSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis studenti xelmZRvaneli: mixeil biWia, samarTlis doqtori

piradi cxovrebis saidumloebasa da mediis

Tavisuflebas Soris interesTa konfliqtis

problema samoqalaqo samarTalSi

III adgili

piradi cxovrebisa

da mediis Tavisufle-ba konstituciiT da-culi samarTlebrivi sikeTeebia. konstitu-cia icavs adamianis kerZo sferos, agreT-ve adamianTa uflebas, erTmaneTTan hqondeT

sxva adamianebis kontrolisa da TvalTvalisagan Tavisufa-li urTierToba. amasTan, meore mxriv, damoukidebeli, sax-lmwifo zegavlenisa da cenzurisgan Tavisufali masmedia demokratiuli weswyobilebis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia sajaro interesi dauaxlovdes kerZo interess da maT Soris warmoiSvas RirebulebiTi kon-fliqti.

aqtualuria sakiTxi, sad gadis zRvari piradi cxovrebis saidumloebisa da mediis Tavisuflebas Soris. piradi cxov-rebis dacvis problemurobas mniSnelovanwilad gansaz-Rvravs praqtikaSi samarTlebriv RirebulebaTa koliziis arseboba, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania presis Tavisufle-bisa da piradi cxovrebis dacvis uflebis koliziebi. sakiT-

46

xi mgrZnobiare da sainteresoa, vinaidan Cvens yoveldRiur, pirad cxovrebas aqtiurad exeba.

kvlevis mizania: 1. piradi cxovrebis da mediis Tavisuflebis cnebebis

mokle daxasiaTeba, maTi dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seswavla;

2. amasTan, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli me-diis Tavisuflebis, rogorc erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Ri-rebulebis, arsis dadgena, aseve, sajaro da kerZo sferos Soris mimarTebis gansazRvra;

3. piradi cxovrebis saidumloebis xelyofis iuridiuli Sedegebis dadgena

Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pi-radi cxovrebis saidumloebasa da mediis Tavisuflebas So-ris interesTa konfliqtis problema bevrad ufro proble-maturi da mniSvnelovania, vidre sinamdvileSi ikveTeba. Ti-Toeuli individisTvis sakuTari piradi cxovreba yvelaze sensitiuri da Rirebulia. ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli maTga-nisTvis umTavresia kerZo sferos maqsimaluri dacva nebis-mieri piris xelyofisagan, Tumca, vinaidan demokratiuli sa-xelmwifos ganviTarebaSi mediis roli kolosaluria, kano-nieri mizani garkveul SemTxvevebSi amarTlebs kerZo sfe-ros SezRudvas da pirebs warmoeSobaT Tmenis valdebuleba. es SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom kanonmdebelma gaaTanabra am gziT sajaro da kerZo pirebi, erTgvari balansi aRadgina.

rogorc aRiniSna, sajaro pirebis kerZo sferos dacva naklebad garantirebulia (absoluturi dacva vrceldeba mxolod intimur sferoze), aseve, maT mimarT daSvebuli ci-liswamebis standarti gacilebiT maRalia, vidre es kerZo pirTa SemTxvevaSia, rac garkveulwilad, arasajaro pireb-Tan SedarebiT uTanasworo mdgomareobas warmoSobs, Tumca maTi (sajaro pirebis) privilegirebuli mdgomareoba saja-ro sferoSi, garkveulwilad am disbalanss avsebs. magram, aq-ve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mediis mier uflebis xelyofa

47

sajaro mizans unda emsaxurebodes, ar unda warmoadgendes sazogadoebis cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis an mogebis miRebis saSualebas, rogorc es xSirad xdeba. kerZo sferos maqsimaluri dacva uSualod adamianis pirovnulobis gan-msazRvrelia. am uflebis xelyofis Sedegad miRebul mora-lur travmas ar moeZebneba anazRaureba fuladi ekvivalen-tis saxiT. amitom mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, am sferos dac-vis ufro maRali garantiebi Seiqmnas sajaro pirebTan mimar-TebaSic.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo mierTebulia mraval konvenciasa da xelSekrulebas, aseve Sida kanonmdeblobac Sesabamisia piradi sferos dacvis maRal standartebTan, praqtikaSi mainc vxvdebiT kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebs. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac media asajaroebs personalur mo-nacemebs, rasac sazogadoebrivi interesis arsebobiT amar-Tlebs, Tumca, rogorc wesi, maTi gaxmaurebis realuri saWi-roeba ar dgas. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania kerZo intere-sis dacva deliqturi samarTliT (ssk-is 992-e da 993-e muxle-biT), raTa zianis anazRaurebam uzrunvelyos sakompensacio da aRdgeniTi funqciebis miRweva. Sesabamisad, gansakuTre-bulia deliqturi samarTlis roli piradi absoluturi uf-lebebis dacvis saqmeSi.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa generaluri deliqtis momwesrigebeli ssk-is 992-e muxlis gamoyeneba, vinaidan is avsebs im sicarieles, romelic SeiZ-leba ssk-is me-18 muxlis SemTxvevaSi piradi uflebebis sru-lad CamoTvlisas arsebobdes. is daicavs iseT pirovnul uf-lebebs, romlebic ssk-is me-18 muxliT ar iqneba uzrunvel-yofili. aseve, mniSvnelovania, ssk-is 993-e muxlis gamoyene-bis sferoc, romelic medias aZlevs moqmedebis Tavisufle-bas da garkveuli winapirobebis dakmayofilebisas amar-Tlebs kerZo uflebis xelyofas. es is SemTxvevaa, roca medi-am moklevis valdebuleba Seasrula da mis moqmedebas mohyva kerZo interesis Selaxva. mocemul SemTxvevaSi aucilebe-

48

lia, mediis Tavisufleba iyos garkveul SezRudvebSi moqce-uli, romlebic pasuxismgeblobiTa da kanonismieri amkrZa-lavi wesebSia gadmocemuli.

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli problema aqtu-aluria. is saWiroebs saxelmwifos mxridan met kontrolsa da dakvirvebas, xolo sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ufro metad evropuli, kerZod germaniaSi moqmedi standartis gaTvalis-winebas, rac gulisxmobs Rirsebis prioriterulobas, ro-melsac efuZneba sxva uflebebi. maTi xelyofisas, Tavis mxriv, warmoiSoba deliqturi valdebuleba. Sesabamisad, um-niSvnelovanesia am konfliqtis gadawyvetis procesSi de-liqturi samarTlis roli.

49

meri kilava


samarTlis skolis xelmZRvaneli: ia xarazi, asocirebuli profesori

wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis

pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

III adgili

wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli ziani, romelic warmoSobs samoqalaqo sa-marTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, dResdRe-obiT, gansakuTrebuli aqtualurobiT gamoirCeva. mis mimarT yuradReba gai-zarda, mas Semdeg, rac gafarTovda sabaz-ro urTierTobebi da agreTve, saerTaSo-riso warmoeba.

sabazro urTierTobebi swrafad viTardeba,mewarme subi-eqtTa raodneoba izrdeba da bazarze mravalferovani sa-qonlis Semotana xels uwyobs msoflioSi uxarisxo produq-tis damkvidrebas.

momxmarebelTa interesebis dacva is ZiriTadi moTxov-naa,romelic safuZvlad udevs qveyanaSi arsebul sakanon-mdeblo regulaciebs. sainteresoa, rogor regulirdeba sa-qarTveloSi wundebuli produqtiT gamowveuli pasuxis-mgebloba da ramdenad aris daculi momxmarebelTa uflebe-bi.

kvlevis sagans warmoadgens wundebuli produqtiT miye-nebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi aspeq-tebis gamokveTa.

kvlevis mizania aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT saka-nonmdeblo xarvezebis ganxilva, saqarTvelos realobaSi ar-

50

sebuli tendenciebis warmoCena da amavdroul-ad,arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis alternatiuli gzebis moZieba.

saxelmwifo axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobaze kon-trols,magram sainteresoa Tu ramdenad efeqturia saxel-mwifos mxridan aRniSnuli RonisZiebis ganxorci-elebis farglebi.

wundebuli, uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaT-vis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris sakiTxi mTel rig sirTu-leebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romlebic erTi SexedviT arc Cans.

umTavresi pirncipi, razec unda iyos damyarebuli ba-zarze arsebuli produqciis standarti aris uvnebloba, usafrTxoeba, romelic jvaredinad aris dakavSirebuli mom-xmareblis interesebsa da uflebebTan.

wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxis-mgeblobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi vrceli moculobi-saa.TemaSi saubari meqneba wundebuli, uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobaze, rogorc deliq-turi valdebulebis erT-erT saxeobaze. agreTve, am pasuxis-mgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebze, momxmarebelTa uf-lebebis da interesebis dacvis garantiebze,qveyanaSi moqme-di kanonebis regulirebis sakiTxebze da im sirTuleeb-ze,romlis winaSec vdgavarT.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi, ra Tqmaunda, amiT ver Semoifargle-ba. problema, romlis winaSec dgas msoflio,moiTxovs am sa-kiTxebis siRrmiseul Seswavlas dagaTviTcnobierebas.

mniSnvnelovania wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli zia-niT gamowveuli Sedegebis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi danergva, aseve, axali precedentebi,romelic xels Seuwyobs sakanon-mdeblo xarvezebis ukeTesad warmoCenas. radgan, am sakiT-xTan dakavSirebiT SeiniSneba sasamarTlo praqtikebis simci-re,mosamarTle, mxolod garkveul SeniSvnebs iZleva, amitom aucilebelia im sakanonmdeblo normebis analizi, romelic aregulirebs am sakiTxs.

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momxmareblebi,romlebic wundebuli produqtiT miiRe-ben zians, uflebamosilni arian daicvan sakuTari uflebebi da interesebi. am qmedebis ganxorcieleba aucilebelia, ra-Ta am sferos momwesrigebeli normebi ar CaiTvalos mkvdar normebad, iyos qmediTi da realuri.

problema, metad sayuradReboa da sakanonmdeblo done-ze dasaregulirebelia.

vfiqrob,rom saxelmwifoSi unda arsebobdes ufro maRa-li standartebi produqci-asTan mimarTebaSi, saxelmwifo meqanizmi unda iyos ufro moqnili, mkacri, momxTovni da rac mTavaria, qmedunariani.sasurvelia, ufro xSirad da mkacrad mowmdebodes Seesabameba Tu ara bazarze arsebuli produq-cia asocirebis xelSekrulebiT dadgenil standartebs, radgan mxolod is, rom arsebobs specialuri direqtivebi aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT ver aRmofxvris im problemas, romlis winaSec vdgavarT.

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beqa eqonia


samarTlis skola xelmZRvaneli: ia xarazi, asocirebuli profesori

fuladi valdebulebis Sesruleba saqarTvelos sa-

moqalaqo kodeqsis 389-e muxlis safuZvelze da mas-

Tan dakavSirebuli problemebi

dResdReobiT socialuri da ekonomi-

kuri urTierTobebi elvis siswra-fiT ic-vleba. drois mcire monakveTSi vawydebiT sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, rac gavlenas axdens samarTlebriv urTier-Tobebze.

fuladi valdebulebis gadaxda fula-di erTeulis kursis Secvlisas aqtualu-ri sakiTxia. msoflioSi mimdinare socia-

luri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi ganapirobebs fuladi er-Teulis,valutis kursis cvlilebas.

sainteresoa, ra emarTeba fulad valdebulebas , roca fuladi erTeulis kursi icvleba.aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi gamoiyeneba e.w. nominalizaciis principi, romelsac afuZnebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 389-e muxli, romlis mixedvi-Tac,movale valdebulia vali daabrunos fuladi niSnebis imave raodenobiT, romelic Seesabameba valdebulebis war-moSobis dros.

pirvel rigSi, unda gairkves Tu ra igulisxmeba fuladi erTeulis gaz-rdaSi an SemcirebaSi.

fulis erTeulis gazrda an Semcireba TavisTavad gu-lisxmobs fulis reformas, rac fulis sistemis ganmtkice-bisTvis gatarebuli saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo aqtia, rom-lis Sedegad qveyanaSi fulis moqmedi sistemidan sxva siste-

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maze gadasvla xdeba. am dros, mimoqcevidan amoiReba gaufa-surebu-li

fuli da mis adgils ikavebs fulis axali erTeuli an misi oqros Semcvelo-ba, ris Semdegac dgindeba fuladi erTeu-lis, fulis niSnis forma da erovnuli valutis kursi. fu-lis kursi ki, niSnavs erTi qveynis fulis erTeulis Rirebu-lebas, gamoxatuls sxva qveynis fuladi erTeuliT.

sainteresoa,ra emarTeba fulad valdebulebas, roca

fuladi erTeulis cvlileba scildeba normaluri kursis cvlilebas?

aseTi SemTxvevebi SesaZloa gamowveul iqnes Semdegi mi-zezebiT :

• denominaciis dros; • valutis Secvlisas; • erovnuli valutis hiperinflaciisas; rogor unda moxdes fuladi valdebulebis Sesruleba

fuladi erTeulis kursis Secvlisas? saqarTvelos samoqalqo kodeqsis 389-e muxls, romelsac

efuZneba naSromSi moyvanili garemoebebi. aRniSnuli normis Tanaxamd, Tu arasebobs raime fuladi valdebuleba da misi Sesrulebis momentisTvis gaizarda an Semcirda fulis er-Teuli (kursi) movale valdebulia gadaixados im kursiT, romelic Sesabamis valutas hqonda valdebulebis warmoSo-bis dros, anu xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRes, xolo va-lutis Secvlisas gadacvliT urTierTobebs safuZvlad un-da daedos is kursi, romelic valutis Secvlis dRes arse-bobda fulis am erTeulebs Soris.

agreTve,sainteresoa,Tu ra kursiT aris valdebuli ga-daixados movalem vali?

fulis niSnebis Secvlisas gadacvliT urTierTobebs sa-fuZvlad unda daedos saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier dadgenili is kursi,romelic valutis Secvlis dRes arse-bobda fulis am erTeulebs Soris.

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TemaSi ganvixilav fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis sa-kiTxebs fuladi erTeulis kursis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi da dRis wesrigSi arsebul problemebs.agreTve, aqcenti gakeT-deba imaze,Tu ramdenad Seesabameba es muxli nominalizaciis princips,rogoria sasamarTlo praqtika aRniSnul sakiT-xTan mimarTebaSi,kursis cvlilebiT miyenebuli zianis anaz-Raurebaze da fu-lis erTeulis cvlilebaze, rogorc mxare-Ta riskis dasaSveeb farglebze.

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elene okribelaSvili, mariam maisuraZe

iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

xelmZRvaneli: TaTia uberi

mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi winasaxelSekrulebo

SromiT urTierTobebSi

winasaxelSekru-

lebo urTierToba - Temis am nawilSi ganxi-luli iqneba winasaxel-Sekrulebo urTierTo-ba samoqalaqo-samar-Tlebriv WrilSi; wina-saxelSekrulebo ur-TierToba Sromis sa-

marTalSi; winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobis subieqtebi da misi farglebi.

damsaqmeblis uflebebi winasaxelSekrulebo SromiT urTierTobebSi - informaciis mopovebis ufleba: dasaSvebi, ZiriTadad dauSvebeli da dauSvebeli kiTxvebi. aseve infor-maciis sisworis Semowmebis ufleba- licenziis, serTifika-tis gamoTxovis ufleba, aseve testirebis Catarebis ufleba mowodebuli informaciis Semowmebis mizniT, da aseve wina samsaxuridan informaciis gamoTxovis SesaZlebloba.

damsaqmeblis movaleobebi winasaxelSekrulebo Sro-miT urTierTobebSi - kandidatis Sesaxeb mopovebuli an kan-didatis mier wardgenili informaciis daculoba sxva piris-gan; kandidatis informirebis valdebuleba Semdeg sakiTxeb-Tan dakavSirebiT- Sesasrulebeli samuSao, SromiTi xelSek-rulebis forma da vada, pirobebi, dasaqmebulis uflebrivi mdgomareoba da anazRaureba.

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kandidatis uflebebi winasaxelSekrulebo SromiT urTierTobebSi - dumilis ufleba ZiriTadad dauSvebel da dauSvebel kiTxvebTan mimarTebiT; dokumentis gamoTxovis ufleba.

kandidatis movaleobebi winasaxelSekrulebo SromiT urTierTobebSi- informaciis wardgenis valdebuleba; cno-bis miwodeba xelisSemSlel/safrTxisSemcvlel garemoebaTa Sesaxeb.

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mariam Cxapelia-raWveliSvili


samarTlis skola xelmZRvaneli: maia oSxareli, samarTlis doqtori

arasrulwlovnis uflebebi

penitencialur sistemaSi

1. ZiriTadi principebi Tavisuflebis SezRudvisas. yvela pirs gaaCniaa iseTi uflebebi, romelTa xelyofa dauSvebe-lia, Tundac iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac piri sasjels ixdis raime danaSaulis Ca-denisaTvis. yvela Tavisufleba aRkveTi-li adamians unda moepyron misi uflebe-bis pativiscemiT. cxovreba cixeSi SeZle-

bisdagvarad unda uaxlovdebodes sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis aspeqtebs. patimrobis marTva ise unda moxdes, rom xeli Se-uwyos TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTa reintegracias Tavisu-fal sazogadoebaSi. 2. arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulis sayofacxovrebo piro-bebi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg kriteriumebs:

arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls gamoyofili sacxov-rebeli unda akmayofilebdes sanitarul higienur normebs. sacxovrebeli farTi TiToeul msjavrde-bulze ar unda iyos 3,5kv.m-ze naklebi. sacxovrebel sadgoms unda hqondes fanjara, romelic uzrunvle-yofs bunebriv ganaTebas da ventilacias;

arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls pirad sargeblobaSi unda hqondes sawoli da kviraSi erTxel mainc, uz-runvelyofili iyos sufTa TeTreuliT;

arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls aseve uzrunvelyofi-li unda iqnes saparikmaxero momsaxurebiT;

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Tu arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls ar aqvs piradi tansacmeli, dawesebulebis administracia ufleba-mosilia , misces mas sezonis Sesaferisi specialuri samosi;

arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls unda hqondes SesaZ-lebloba daikmayofilos bunebrivi fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebi da daicvas piradi higiena adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis Seulaxavad.

3. arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulis kveba: kvebis orga-nizacia unda Seesabamebodes dadgenil mTxovnebs da Seicav-des adamianis sicocxlisa da jamrTelobisaTvis aucilebel komponentebs.

4. arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulis samedicino momsa-xureba: sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi miRebisTanave msjavrdebuli gadis samedicino Semowmebas. garda amisa, msjavrdebulis samedicino mdgomareoba unda Semowmdes we-liwadSi erTxel mainc.

5. arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulTa ganaTleba. aras-rulwlovans ufleba aqvs miiRos ramdenime tipis ganaTleba: zogadsaganmanaTlebo; profesiuli; umaRlesi (mxolo eq-sternad). agreTve, mas aqvs biblioTekiT sargeblobis ufle-ba, romelSic daculi iqneba: zogadsaganmanaTleblo lite-ratura; sxva mxatvruli da SemecnebiTi literatura; patim-robis Ssaxeb kanonmdebloba msavrdebulTaTvis gasageb ena-ze; evropuli penitencialuri wesebi.

6. arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulis Sroma. msjavrde-buls ufleba aqvs, administraciis mier SemoTavazebuli sa-muSaodan misTvis Sesaferisi amoirCios. aseve, ufleba aqvs, individualurad eweodes raime saqmianobas da administra-ciis kontroliT iqonios saWiro xelsawyoebi. msjavrdebu-lis SromaSi Cabma, rogorc wesi xdeba dawesebulebis teri-toriaze. Tumca, gamonaklisis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia msjav-rdebulTa Sromis gamoyeneba dawesebulebis teritoriis ga-reTac.

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7. arasrulwlovan msjavrdebulis urTierToba gare samyarosTan. msjavrdebuls aqvs yoveldRiurad oTxi xan-molke Sexvedris ufleba ojaxis wevrebisa da axlo naTesa-vebTan. Sexvedris xangrZlivoba erTi saaTia. msjavrdebul-Tan paemnis msurveli valdebulia, amis Taobaze Seatyobinos dawesebulebis administracias paemnamde araugvianes 5 samu-Sao dRisa. msjavrdebulis an misi monaxulebis msurveli gancxadebis safuZvelze, Sexvedris nebarTvas gascems dawe-sebulebis direqtori an misi Semcvleli piri. Sexvedraze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, gancxadebas unda daerTos uaris mizezebi; Sexvedrebis gaerTianeba an erTi Sexvedris gayofa dauSvebelia; Sexvedris dros administraciis warmomadgene-lis daswreba savaldebulo ar aris. administraciam msjav-rdebulTan Sexvedris kontroli unda awarmoos misi Rirse-bisa da pativis Seulaxavad; msjavrdebulTan xanmokle Sex-vedrebze misul pirebis mier sakvebi produqtebis mitana da-uSvebelia; arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls SeiZleba mieces sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis datovebis ufleba gansa-kuTrebul pirad garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT, Tu miRebul iqna sarwmuno cnoba ojaxis wevris an axlo naTesavis gar-dacvalebis an sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi avadmyofobis Taoba-ze. dawesebulebis datovebis vada ar unda aRematebodes Svid dRes, romelSic Sedis msjavrdebulis mgzavrobis droc; xanmokle gasvlis ufleba msjavrdebuls eZleva sas-jelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis direqtoris wardginebiT departamentis Tavmjdomaris TanxmobiT, misi pirovnebisa da mis mier Cadenili danaSaulis simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT; msjavrdebulis gaerT gasvlis xarjebis dafarva xdeba Ta-vad msjavrdebulis an misi ojaxis saxsrebiT.

8. arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls aqvs ufleba mimowe-ris, werilebis gagzavnis:

arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls ufleba aqvs, SeuzRu-davi raodenobiT gaagzavnos da miiRos werilebi ad-ministraciis kontroliT;

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mimowera xorcieldeba msjavrdebulis xarjebiT; arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuli uflebamoslia, mii-

Ros amanaTebi, gzavnilebi, banderolebi. maT miReba-ze SeiZleba dawesdes SezRudva sasjelaRsrulebis departamentis Tavmjdomaris brZanebiT. safosto gzavnilis gaxsna warmoebs dawesebulebis saamisod uflebamosil momsaxureTa mier, adresatis savalde-bulo daswrebiT.

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Teona jafariZe


samarTlis skola xelmZRvanelebi: maia oSxareli, profesori; ioseb varZe-

laSvili, asocirebuli profesori

„qurduli samyaros“ pasiuri wevri

2018 wlis 20 aprils saqarTvelos

parlamentma III mosmeniT daamtkica kano-ni, romelic exeboda sisxlis samarTalSi cvlilebebis Setanas. cvlileba Seexo mraval normatiul aqts, maT Soris „ka-nonieri qurdis“ da „qurduli samyaros“ wevrobis ganmartebasa da dasjadobas. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Tanaxmad

gafarTovda sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaSi misa-cem pirTa wre da dasjadi gaxda „qurduli samyaros“ pasiuri wevroba.

„qurduli samyaros“ wevrebi daSinebiT, muqariT, iZu-lebiT, qurduli garCevis gziT cdiloben moqalaqeebisagan fulisa da sxva qonebrivi sargeblis miRebas. „qurduli sam-yaros“ danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis umniSvnelovanes Tavise-burebas warmoadgens is, rom amgvari danaSaulis ganxorcie-leba romelime konkretuli samarTaldarRvevis masStabiT ar Semoifargleba, aramed zogadad samarTlebriv sistemasa da saxelmwifoze „Tavdasxmas“ gulisxmobs. es aris „saxel-mwifo saxelmwifoSi“, Tavisi wesebiT, marTlmsajulebis sis-temiTa da aRsrulebis aparatiT, rac asustebs saxelmwifos da aryevs mis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs.

2005 wlis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT „qurduli samya-ros“ winaaRmdeg brZolam pozitiuri Sedegi gamoiRo, Tumca, mocemul etapze samarTaldamcavi sistema kvlav dadga axa-

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li gamowvevebis winaSe, radgan saqarTvelos kanonis momqme-di redaqcia ver faravda yvela im qmedebas, romelTan brZo-lasac emsaxureboda Tavis droze am danaSaulebis sakanon-mdeblo doneze reglamentacia. aucilebeli gaxda saxelmwi-fos mxridan adekvaturi sisxlis samarTlis politikis war-marTva. gamoikveTa imgvari normebis Camoyalibebis aucileb-loba, maT Soris, cnebebis doneze, romelic upasuxebs orga-nizebuli danaSaulis Tanamedrove tendenciebsa da gamowve-vebs. Sesabamisad, „qurduli samyaros“ saqmianobis metad sa-SiSi bunebis gamo, aucilebelia, misi adreul etapze aRkveTa da imgvari sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis SemoReba, rome-lic momzadebis stadiisa da danaSaulebrivi SeTanxmebebis — damTavrebul danaSaulad gamocxadebas moaxdens, rac sis-xlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganmaxorcielebel organoebs „qurdul samyarosTan“ brZolis procesSi danaSaulis adre-ul stadiazeve intervenciis SesaZleblobas miscems.

sakanonmdeblo cvlileba gamowveuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom 90-ian wlebSi gabatonebul kriminaluri avtoritetis instituts dRemde ar daukargavs aqtualoba da is mudmivad „daxvewisa“ da „ganviTarebis“ pirobebSi imyofeba. swored am gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT saWiro gaxda SedarebiT far-To Sinaarsis, moqnili konstruqciis mqone normebis arsebo-ba, romelic qmedebis farTo speqtris dafarvis SesaZleb-lobas iZleva. proeqtis SemuSavebis mizezic swored saka-nonmdeblo normebis daxvewis aucilebloba iyo, raTa ufro efeqtiani da qmediTi gaxdes brZola „qurduli samyaros“ wi-naaRmdeg. proeqti daeyrdno im ucxo qveynebis (aSS, italia) gamocdilebas, romlebic gamoirCevian organizebuli dana-Saulis winaaRmdeg brolis efeqtianobiT da samarTlebrivi normebis moqnilobiT.

SemoTavazebulma normam aqtiur wevrobasTan erTad das-jad qmedebad aRiara pasiuri wevrobac, rac „qurdul samya-rosTan“ brZolis erT-erTi saukeTeso praqtikaa da gamomdi-nareobs danaSaulebrivi SeTanxmebis koncefciidan. „qurdu-

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li samyaros“ aqtiuri wevroba gulisxmobs „qurduli samya-ros“ saqmianobaSi aqtiur monawileobas, pasiuri wevroba ki — „qurduli samyarosadmi“ mierTebas, misi saqmianobis/aqtivo-bebis ganxorcielebis gareSe. pasiuri wevroba es aris piris mzadyofna danaSaulis Cadenaze, piris nebis deklarireba.

ssk-is me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-xismgeblobis safuZvelia danaSauli. danaSauli aris mar-TlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba. danaSauli mxolod maSin iTvleba damTavrebulad, rodesac qmedebam marTlsawi-naaRmdego Sedegi gamoiwvia an aseTi Sedegis ganxorcielebis konkretuli safrTxe Seqmna. amitom, aucilebelia mizezobri-vi kavSiris dadgena am qmedebasa da Sedegs an safrTxes Soris. e.i. imisaTvis rom piri davsajoT, saxeze unda gvqondes dana-Sauli. danaSauli saxeze ver gveqneba Tu ar dadga marTlsawi-naaRmedgo Sedegi. Sedegi ki ar dadgeba qmedebis gareSe.

Condition-sine-qua-non-formulis mixedviT ki mizezobrivi kavSiri arsebobs maSin, rodesac qmedeba warmoadgenda ssk-is Sesabamisi muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmde-go Sedegis an konkretuli safrTxis aucilebel pirobas, uromlisodac amjerad es Sedegi ar ganxorcieldeboda an aseTi safrTxe ar Seiqmneboda. rac imas niSnavs, rom Sedegi ver dadgeba qmedebis gareSe.

aqtiuri wevri ganaxorcielebs raime saxis qmedebas, pasi-uroba ki — umoqmedobas niSnavs. is faqti, rom piri aRiarebs „qurdul samyaros“ da Tundac is, rom „qurduli samyaro“ aRiarebs pirs ar aris sakmarisi piris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi misacemad. man ubralod Tavisi azri gamoxata da Tundac gamoTqva mzadyofna momavalSi danaSaulis Cadena-ze. Cven saxeze gvaqvs ara qmedeba, aramed ganzraxva. kanon-mdeblobiT ki ganzraxvis gamomJRavneba ar isjeba, vinaidan, klasikuri sisxlissamarTlebrivi dogmatikis Tanaxmad, sis-xlis samarTali aris qmedebis samarTali. saqarTvelo axor-cielebs Tavis sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqcias nebismieri dasjadi qmedebis mimarT. amitom, ufro swori iqneboda ka-

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nonmdebels aRniSnul muxlSi Seetana iseTi cvlileba, ro-melSic dakonkretdeboda, rom piri daisjeboda umoqmedo-bisTvis, kerZod ki, Tu pirs eqneboda informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs konkretuli qurduli dajgufeba, romelic axorcielebs ukanono qmedebebs da am informacias ar miaw-vdida samarTaldamcav organoebs, am SemTxvevaSi dasjiliyo es piri. is qmedeba ki, romelsac qurduli samyaros pasiuri wevri axorcielebs sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT aRia-rebuli yofiliyo aqtiur moqmedebad (e.w. „obSiakis“ fulis mitana) da sxva). umoqmedoba im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba ssk-is Sesabamisi muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis ganxorcielebis an konkretuli safrTxis Seqmnis au-cilebel pirobad, rodesac pirs ekisreboda moqmedebis spe-cialuri samarTlebrivi movaleoba, hqonda aseTi moqmedebis SesaZlebloba da savaldebulo da SesaZlebeli moqmedebiT Sedegi Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli. am muxlis Tanaxmad, Se-saZlebeli iqneboda pirisTvis dagvekisrebina samarTlebrivi garantis funqcia saxelmwifosa da adamianebis winaSe, ro-gorc gvaqvs magaliTad, „gansacdelSi mitovebis“ SemTxvevaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda Teoriulad uzustobebi ar-sebobs, unda vaRiaroT, rom es iyo praqtikisTvis win gadad-gmuli nabiji. Tu kanonis Zveli redaqcia piris ssp-Si misace-mad moiTxovda, damnaSavis mier „qurduli samyaros“ aRiare-basTan erTad, erT-erTi qmedebis ganxorcielebas (mag: muqa-ras, daSinebas, iZulebas da sxva, romlis mtkicebulebebis mo-povebac Zalian did sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli), axali redaqciT bevrad gamartivda samarTlianobis aRdgenis pro-cedura. rogorc ki iarsebebs kavSiri pirsa da „qurdul sam-yaros“ Soris, ormxrivi aRiareba, gvaZlevs sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi devnis dawyebis safuZvels. sakanonmdeblo cvli-leba xels Seuwyobs mozardebis dacvas, romelTac aqtiurad „iTrevdnen“ kriminaluri samyaros warmomadgenlebi TavianT saqmianobaSi. es aris uaRresad mniSvnelovani prevenciuli RonisZieba, romelic aucileblad gamoiRebs Sedegs.

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ekonomikisa da biznesis seqcia

konstantine abulaZe — mowveuli specialisti, Tamvjdomare qeTevan nanobaSvili — profesori, moadgile TinaTin doliaSvili — profesori manana nanitaSvili — asocirebuli profesori nodar grZeliSvili — asocirebuli profesori

ana samuSia


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: nodar grZeliSvili, ekonomikis doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori

evropeli turistebis zrdis tendenciebi

saqarTveloSi

I adgili

turizmidan Semosavali yovelwiu-rad izrdeba da rekordul niSnulebs aRwevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTve-los ori regioni okupirebulia es xels ar uSlis Cvens qveyanas turistebisTvis mimzidveli adgili iyos. aqve aRsaniSna-via, rom bolo dros turizmi qveyanaSi savaluto Semodinebebis erT-erT mniS-nelovan wyarod Camoyalibda.

turizmis erovnuli administraciis cnobiT, pozitiuri tendencia narCundeba evrokavSiris qveynebis mimarTulebi-dan, saidanac saqarTveloSi Camosvlebis raodenobis zrdis kuTxiT 2017 wlis martSi gamoirCnen poloneTi +39 %, saf-

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rangeTi +38%, germania +19 %, saberZneTi +18 % da litva +17 %.

evropeli turistebis mozidva ar aris advili. amisaTvis, saWiroa zustad vicodeT maTi samomxmareblo qceva da pre-ferenciebi mogzaurobasTan mimarTebaSi. es dagvexmareba sworad davgegmoT maTTvis turistuli produqtebi da mom-saxurebebi. warmogidgenT evropeli turistebis 10 mniSvne-lovan maxasiaTebelebs:

1. evropeli turistebis 53% mogzaurobs TviTfrinaviT. maTTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs gasamgzavrebel qveyanaSi pirda-piri reisis arsebobas da aviabileTis fass.

2. evropelebis Svebuleba Seadgens 5-6 kviras, magram maT ar uyvarT didxans erT adgilze gaCereba. isini upirate-sobas aniWeben bevri adgilis monaxulebas drois mcire mo-nakveTSi.

3. evropelebi mogzauroben zafxulis periodSi. 4. evropel turists urCevnia Tavad dagegmos mogzau-

roba. 5. mniSvnelovani faqtori, rac zegavlenas axdens evro-

peli turistis arCevanze: 1) kultura da adgilobrivi mo-saxleoba, 2) sisufTave, 3) aqtiuri dasvenebis SesaZleblobe-bi, 4) Sopingis SesaZlebloba, 5) adgilobrivi samzareulo da sarestorno momsaxurebebi

6. evropel turistebs ainteresebs axali, gansxvavebu-li turistuli sanaxaobebi.

7. yuradReba miaqcieT qalaqis turebs. 8. evropul turistul bazarze 3 mniSvnelovani turis-

tuli segmentia: 1) ojaxebi bavSvebiT, 2) wyvilebi Svilebis gareSe, 3) moxetiale wyvilebi.

9. evropelisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs savaraudo da-naxarjebis moculobas.

10. evropelisTvis didi mniSvnelob aqvs momsaxurebebis Sesabamisobas fasTan.

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rogor unda moivizidoT evropeli turistebi? erT-erTi mTavari, rac ganviTarebad qveyanas evropelebisTvis mim-zidvels xdis, unikaluri da aratradiciuli sanaxaobebia. kvlevis Tanaxmad, ganviTarebad qveynebs is gansakuTrebuli kulturuli da bunebrivi resursi aqvT, rac evropel mogza-urebs yvelaze metad izidavT. miuxedavad imisa, rom evrope-li turistebi erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdebian, maT Zi-riTadad, saerTo interesebi da moTxovnebi aqvT; evropel turistebs surT, rac SeiZleba meti imogzauron da am mog-zaurobis Sedegad meti ganaTleba miiRon sxvadasxva qveynis kulturaTa Sesaxeb.

mTavari gamowveva, rac dRes saqarTvelos turistebis mozidvis gzaze xvdeba, regionSi arsebuli konfliqtebia. amitom saWiroa Semdegi midgomebi, Tu rogor unda movizi-doT evropeli turistebi:

1) gamarTeT preskonferenciebi, gacnobiTi turebi JurnalistebisTvis, raTa maT Tqveni qveynis usafrTxoebaze weron, socialur qselebSi STabeWdilebebi gauziaron me-gobrebs, yovelTvis miawodeT informacia partniorebsa da mogzaurebs Tqvens qveyanaSi arsebul situaciaze usaf-rTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT.

2) negatiuri faqtorebi Tqven sasargeblod gamoiyeneT da aqcieT pozitivad. magaliTad, kunZul monseratze 1995 wels vulkanis amofrqvevis Sedegad uamravi adamiani daiRu-pa, ganadgurda dedaqalaqi, dRes ki aq turizmi Zalian maRal donezea ganviTarebuli, mogzaurebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, swored is adgilebi moinaxulon, sadac wlebis win vulkanis lava gadmodioda.

3) Zalian mniSvnelovania konfliqtis Sedegad dazia-nebuli infraqtruqturis aRdgena. amis Sesaxeb ki unda Ca-tardes sainformacio kampaniebi, mogzaurebma unda icodnen, rom dazianebuli Senobebi aRdgenilia, cxovreba ki Cveul ritmSia.

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giorgi laluaSvili


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: nodar grZeliSvili, ekonomikis doqtori, asoci-

rebuli profesori

regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da

zrdis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

I adgili

ekonomikuri zrda ganviTarebis Semadgene-li nawilia, Tavis mxriv qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba gansazRvravs ekono-mikuri zrdis tempebs da warmoebis efeqtia-nobas. ekonomikuri zrda ganisazRvreba war-moebis procesis raodenobrivi maxasiaTeble-biT, rogoricaa: mTliani Sida produqtisa da mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrda. Tanamed-rove xedva damyarebulia sistemur midgomaze

da aRiarebulia, rom ganviTarebas da mis Semadgenel elementebs cikluri xasiaTi gaaCnia. regionebis ganviTarebis miznebis Sesa-bamisad igeba misi ganviTarebis maxasiaTeblebisa da maCveneble-bis sistema. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi qveynebisa da regione-bis ganviTarebis donesa da xarisxs afaseben universaluri integ-raluri maCveneblebiT. erT-erT aseT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi, romelic SemuSavebulia gaerTia-nebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programis farglebSi. xSirad iseT tradiciul ekonomikur maCveneblebs, rogoricaa er-Toblivi Sida produqti, suladobrivi Semosavali, Sromis nayo-fiereba da maTi zrdis tempi, ar ZaluZT srulad asaxon regionis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba. struqturuli Zvrebisas, romelic ganpirobebulia mecnierul-teqnikuri progresiT, regi-onis warmatebuli ganviTarebis mTavar faqtorad iqceva ara Zi-

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riTadi warmoeba, aramed damxmare warmoeba. ekonomikur zrdaze moqmedi faqtorebidan, rogorc mTeli qveynis agreTve calkeuli regionebis masStabiT metad mniSvnelovania moTxovnisa da miwo-debis faqtorebiT gansazRvruli ekonomikuri potencialis sru-li gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofis piroba.

70

giorgi SamaTava


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: nino liparteliani, asocirebuli

profesori

qarTuli kompaniebis biznes strategiebi

I adgili

msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi ama Tu im qveynis aqtiuri monawileobis mZlavri instrumenti saerTaSoriso biz-nesis gaqtiureba da aRmavloba. es ki gu-lisxmobs erovnuli saxelmwifoebis baz-ris sxvadasxva segmentSi Sesvlas, pozi-ciebis SenarCunebasa da gamtkicebas.

kompaniebma rogorc Sida, ise sa-gareo bazrebze konkurentuli brZolis

strategiebis SemuSavebisas unda upasuxon iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:

romeli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gayidvas iTvalis-winebs?

sad da rogor unda ganxorcieldes am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba?

sad da rogor unda moxdes kompaniis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizacia?

sad da rogor unda moiZio kompaniam saWiro resurse-bi?

rogor apirebs kompania Tavisi konkurentebis daZle-vas da a.S.

2009 wlis 11 marts saqarTvelos kvebis produqtebis ba-zarze, kerZod ki kanfetebisa da Sokoladebis segmnetze, ga-moCnda axali qarTuli brendi „barambo“.TiToeul segmentze

71

„barambos“ msoflioSi wamyvani brendebi („alpen goldi“, „nesTle“, „snikersi“, „marsi“, „tviqsi“, „korona“, „roSeni“ da mravali kidev sxva) uweven konkurencias, romelsac awarmoe-ben didi tradiciis mqone firmebi Tu qveynebi. barambos ganviTarebis strategiebia:

bazarze SeRwevis strategia; produqtis ganviTarebis strategia; bazris ganviTarebis strategia; diversifikaciis strategia;

Woody Eyeglasses xelnakeTi xis saTvaleebis qarTu-li brendia. inovaciuri produqti qarTveli axalgazrda inovatorebis axali sityvaa qarTuli modis industriaSi da erT — erTi yvelaze popularuli inovaciuri produqti am sferoSi. gamoyenebulia sufTa xis masalis aqsesuarebi ro-melic xeliT iqmneba, masala ki, romlisganac saTvale dam-zaddeba, ZiriTadad qarTuli nekerCxali, bza, an kakalia; Woody Eye Glasses gamoirCeva Tanamedrove dizainiT da daxve-wili formebiT.

saqmianobis dawyebamde kompaniam kargad Seiswavla arse-buli bazari. kompaniis miznobriv segments warmoadgenda momxmarebelTa ori jgufi, romlebic diferencirebulia asakisa da Semosavlis mixedviT. esenia:

1) axalgazrdebi (asaki 14-29 weli)-orive sqesis mosaxle-oba, romlebsac SedarebiT dabali Semosavlebi aqvT, Tumca, siaxleebisaTvis mudmivad mzad arian;

2) zrdasruli mosaxleoba (asaki: 30-55 weli)-orive sqesis adamianebi, romelTac SedarebiT maRali Semosavlebi aqvT, magram upiratesobas aniWeben daxvewil, klasikuri dizainis saTvaleebs. individualuri momxmareblebis garda, kompania muSaobs agreTve sxva segmentze da sakuTar saTvaleebs yi-dis sxva bizness-seqtoris warmomadgenlebze.

Woody Eyeglasses-s produqciis bazarze gatanisas riskebis Sesamcireblad gaiTvaliswina momxmareblebis rekomendaci-ebi, romlebic kompaniis marketingul strategiaSi aisaxa.

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Woody Eyeglasses-ma, sakuTari produqcia bazarze ganaTav-sa inovaciur strategias mixedviT.is gaxda proeqt „daiwye biznesi Fab lab erTad gamarjvebuli. bazarze gasvlis Sem-dgom saTvaleebis mwarmoebelma kompaniam SeZlo, daeZlia yvela is potenciuri riski, rac bazarze pirveladi pozici-oniebis dros arsebobs. amJamad isini warmatebiT funqcioni-rebs da uaxloes momavalSi dagegmilia axali, xis masalisgan damzadebuli aqsesuarebis warmoebasac, romelic saTvale-ebTan erTad gaiyideba.

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Tamar gigaSvili, sandro xuciSvili


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: gulnara janeliZe, sainJinro mecnierebaTa

doqtori

sacalo gayidvebis analizis amocanebSi

informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba

I adgili

Tanamedrove realoba-Si kompaniis Sida da gare kavSirebi mudmivad cvale-badia. icvleba marTvis pi-robebi, elementebi da su-bordinacia. teqnologie-bis swrafi ganviTareba, SemoTavazebuli saqonlis da momsaxurebis sirTule

da mravalsaxeobrioba, maTi sasicocxlo ciklis Semcireba, mravali konkurentunariani organizaciis gamoCena, myidve-lis moTxovnebis amaRleba, informaciis da axali codnis mo-culobis da siswrafis gazrda, iZulebuls xdis kompanias eZebos marTvisadmi axali midgomebi. garemos ganusazRvre-loba da arastabiluroba, mimdinare cvlilebebis siswrafe da siRrme ar aris erTjeradi procesi da gaizrdeba kidec momavalSi. Sesabamisad, biznes-procesebis marTva unda iyos adaptirebuli ara mxolod Tanamedrove pirobebisadmi, ara-med xangrZlivi periodisadmi. yovelive aRniSnuli moiTxovs biznes-procesebis marTvaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis da-nergvasa da gamoyenebas.

naSromSi warmodgenilia SWOT(strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analizis warmarTvis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi,

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romelic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, Sida da gare faqtorebis ga-mosavlenad, romlebic zemoqmedeben gayidvebis biznes-pro-cesze.

Excel sistemaSi damuSavebulia mobiluri telefonebis gayidvebis ABC analizi. ABC(activity based costing) analizis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia perspeqtiuli saqonlis an saqonlis jgufis gamovlena, romelsac moaqvs maqsimaluri mogeba kompaniisTvis. aRniSnuli analizis Catarebisas kompaniis mi-zania sakvanZo saqonlis gansazRvra da marTva mocemuli 20% -iani jgufiT, romelic faqtobrivad qmnis 80%-ian fulad Semosavlebs. gayidvebis marTva pirdapir zemoqmedebs kompa-niis finansur mdgradobaze. analizis mizania gasayidi sa-qonlis sruli asortimenti daiyos sam jgufad:

− A jgufi — maqsimalurad Rirebuli saqoneli, rome-lic Seadgens produqciis asortimentis 20%-s da moaqvs ga-yidvebidan 80%-iani mogeba;

− B jgufi — dabalRirebuli saqoneli, romelic Sead-gens produqciis asortimentis 30%-s da uzrunvelyofs ga-yidvebidan 15%-ian mogebas;

− C jgufi — aramoTxovnadi saqoneli, Seadgens asorti-mentis 50%-s da uzrunvelyofs gayidvebidan 5%-ian mogebas.

saqonlis dajgufebis Catarebis Sedegad kompania iRebs analitikur angariSs imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli saqoneli uz-runvelyofs ZiriTad fulad Semodinebas. samomavlo mizans warmoadgens A jgufidan miznobrivi saqonlis gayidvebis gazrda.

warmodgenili midgoma xels Seuwyobs kompaniis funqci-onirebis efeqturobis amaRlebas, rac aisaxeba kompaniis fi-nansur mdgradobaze da rentabelobaze.

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mariam cecxlaZe, nino TurmaniZe



profesori

pirveli amerikeli feradkaniani milioneri

qali madam volkeri

I adgili

Madam C.J. Wal-ker 1867 wlis 23 de-kembers luiziana-Si, ouen da mineve-ra bridlavebis ojaxSi daibada. mi-si namdvili saxeli sara brildavia (Sarah Breedlove). „me

daviwye imiT, rom ubralod vcade dawyeba“, – xSirad ambob-da volkeri.

1890-ian wlebSi sara gadavida sent-luisSi, sadac muSaoba daiwyo da dReSi 1$ Zlivs gamoimuSavebda. mas Zalian rTul pirobebSi uwevda cxovroba, normaluri sakvebis miRebac ar SeeZlo misi mcire SemosavliT. rTuli pirobebis, wyalTan da higienur saSualebebTan wvdomis ar arsebobis gamo, im droindel Savkanian qalebSi gavrcelebuli iyo Tmis cvena, rac sarasac Seexo. dalaqi Zmebis rCeviT Zalian bevri sxva-dasxva saSualeba scada. yvela Rones xmarobda, Sesabamisi formulisTvis rom miegno.

1905 wels sara Cavida denverSi agentis statusiT, sadac ana melous produqcias yidda. sara amave qalaqSi 1906 wels colad gayva Carlz volkers da cnobili gaxda, rogorc ma-

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dam si jei volkeri. es misi mesame qorwineba iyo. Carlzi ex-mareboda mas produqciis reklamirebaSi.

1907 wels madam si jei da Carli samogzaurod samxreT na-wilebSi gaeSurnen, sadac reklamirebas da leqciebs uwev-dnen mosaxleobas, aswavlidnen „volkeris meTodiT“ Tmis movlas.

roca bazarze moTxovna gaCnda, volkerma sakuTari biz-nesis dawyeba gadawyvita. pirveli rac gaakeTa, saxeli Sarah Breedlove Seicvala da Madam C.J. Walker dairqva. weliwadnaxe-vari, mTeli qveynis masStabiT, karidan karze dadioda da „madam volkeris Tmis gazrdis araCveulebriv saSualebebs“ hyidda. dauRalavma Sromam Sedegi gamoiRo – 1908 wels vol-kerma pitsburgSi aages pirveli trening centri, silamazis skola, romelic feradkanianebs Tmis movlis kulturas as-wavlida. ori wlis Semdeg ki, indianapolisSi, pirveli qarxa-na gaxsna 1910 wels biznesi gaafarToves indianapolisSi. aq aramxolod kosmetikas awarmoebdnen, aramed gamyidvelebsac aswavlidnen.

gazeTebi, romlebic feradkaniani mosaxleobis cxovre-bis Sesaxeb werdnen, yovelTvis iwyeboda madam volkerTan dakavSirebuli siaxleebiT. es iyo pirveli Savkaniani mewarme madam volkeri, qali, romelmac 1000 $ gaiRo SavkanianebisaT-vis sacxovrebeli farTebis samSeneblo fondSi (YMCA).

gardacvalebamde man Seqmna damoukidebeli biznes ledis portreti, rogorc Tanamedrove Savi industriis pioneris, romelmac daawesa korporatiuli da sazogadoebrivi qcevis standartebi afroamerikuli sazogadoebisTvis. misi qoneba Sefasebuli iyo 600,000 dolarad (rac dRevandeli kursiT 8 milion dolars Seesabameba).

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ekaterine mebukia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti

xelmZRvaneli: xaTuna beriSvili, asocirebuli profesori

soflis meurneobis produqtebis roli

ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da misi xarisxis

kontrolis problemebi

II adgili

ekonomikuri moZRvrebebidan merkanti-lizmis Semdeg erT-erTi uZvelesi iyo fizi-okratizmi. swored fiziokratiuli skolis SesaniSnavi warmomadgeneli fransua kene aR-niSnavda, rom mrewveloba, xelosnoba da vaW-roba ar aris produqtiuli dargi da rom mxo-lod soflis meurneobaSi iqmneba simdidre. es mosazreba marTalia zustad ar asaxavs rea-lobas, magram udavoa is faqti, rom soflis

meurneoba udides rols TamaSobs qveynis ekonomikaSi. soflis meurneobis ganviTareba xels uwyobs ekonomikis winsvlas.

saqarTvelos magaliTze, rom ganvixiloT, iolad Sesam-Cnevia, rom am dargSi saqarTvelos aSkarad aqvs perspeqtive-bi. saqarTvelo “georgiaa”, miwaTmoqmedTa qveyanaa, purisa da Rvinis samSobloa. soflis meurneoba qveynis ekonomikis safuZvelTa da es RvTisagan aris mocemuli. amitom soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis gareSe qveynis winsvlaze saubari mizanSeuwonelia. swored amitom soflis meurneobis seqto-ris ganviTareba kvlav saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erT ga-mowvevad rCeba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom dargs, ro-melSic oficialuri statistikis mixedviT saqarTvelos mo-saxleobis 50 %-ia dasaqmebuli, mTlian Sida produqtSi mxo-lod 10 % wili Seaqvs, xolo soflis meurneobaSi gadamamu-

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Savebel sawarmoTa mTliani wili mSp-Si daaxloebiT 4 % Se-adgens. faqtia, rom soflis meurneobis dargi saqarTveloSi ver iyenebs resursebs efeqtianad.

xarisxis kontrols eniWeba umniSvnelovanesi roli sof-lis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi. vinaidan uxarisxo produqti ver iqneba konkurentunariani da Sesabamisad ver gava msof-lio bazarzec, rac avtomaturad niSnavs eqsportis Semcire-bas. uxarisxo produqti sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili mi-iCnevs, rom genetikurad modificirebuli sakvebi ar aris sa-ziano adamianebisTvis.

meore mxriv, mecnierTa umravlesoba amtkicebs, rom au-cilebelia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT meti kvlevis Catareba. adamianebs genetikurad modificirebuli sakvebis amocnoba ar SeuZliaT. rogorc eqimebi acxadeben, genetikurad modi-ficirebulma sakvebba SeiZleba gamoiwvios Seuqcevadi pro-cesebi adamianis organizmSi. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar ikrZaleba genetikurad modificirebuli produqtebis Semotana. SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom aucilebelia aseTi produqciis akrZalva, radgan es ewinaaRmdegeba Tavisufali vaWrobis standartebs, saqarTvelo aris msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevri, rac qveyanas damatebiT valdebulebebs akisrebs. am problemis mogvareba SesaZlebelia sxva gziT. mTavrobam SeiZleba etapobrivad gazardos sabaJo gadasaxa-di importirebul produqtebze, sanam eqsportirebuli pro-suqtis Rirebuleba ar aRemateba imave adgilobriv produq-tis Rirebulebas. es gamoiwvevs adgilobriv momxmarebelTa adgilobrivi produqtis moxmarebas da am produqtis impor-tisTvis aRar iqneba stimuli. es aris proteqcionizmis erT-erTi dacva da misi mniSvneloba mecxoveleobis ganviTare-bisTvis. aseve problemaa, rom glexebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi informacia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

– ra aris gamosavali? — xelisuflebam unda gaakontrolos produqciis xaris-

xi.

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soflis meurneobis saministros mTavari amocanaa sof-lis meurneobis potencialis gamoyenebis xelSewyoba. mTav-robas aqvs berketi da SesaZleblobebi importirebuli pro-duqtebis SemcirebisTvis.

warmatebuli ekonomikis winapirobaa soflis meurneobis ganviTareba. Tu genetikurad modificirebuli sakvebis uar-yofa moxda, Cven Zlieri soflis meurneoba gveqneba.

amitom, xelisuflebam unda gadawyvitos problema pro-duqciis xarisxze. amisaTvis mTavrobam unda SeimuSaos la-boratoriebi, daexmaros glexebs, gamocdilebis gaziarebas sxva qveynebidan da sxva qveynebTan urTierTobac aqvs.

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ia TakaSvili


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: TinaTin doliaSvili, profesori

erovnuli aviakompaniebis konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebis mimarTulebebi

II adgili

sahaero transporti saqarTve-los erTiani satransporto sistemis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. mis Semad-genlobaSi Sedis aeroportebi, ae-rodromebi, aviakompaniebi, saqaero-navigacia da aviasawvavservisebi. bo-lo 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi gadaidga nabijebi satransporto in-frastruqturis teqnikuri moderni-

zaciis da erovnuli aviakompaniebis tvirT da mgzavr gada-zidvebis moculobis zrdis mimarTulebiT. Tumca ucxouri aviakompaniebis wili qarTul aviabazarze dRevandeli mdgo-mareobiT isev maRalia da 90%-s Seadgens.

gasuli wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos aeroportebma regularuli da Carteruli reisebiT 3 199 063 mgzavri gada-iyvana, rac 46,63%-iT, anu 1 017 380 mgzavriT aRemateba wina wlis monacemebs. samoqalaqo aviaciis saagentos monacemebiT regularuli reisebiT gadayvanil mgzavrTa raodenobis mi-xedviT lideria „TurqeTis aviaxazebi’’. mas gadazidvebis mTliani moculobis 11% ukavia 350 706 mgzavris momsaxure-biT. meore adgilzea qarTuli aviakompania „Georgian Airways‘’, romelmac 298 964 mgzavris moemsaxurebiT mTliani moculo-bis 10% daikava. mesame adgilze 3%-iani wiliT „Wizz Air’’ (240 055 mgzavri). 7%-iani wiliT (227 801 mgzavri) ukrainis aviaxa-zebi, 6%-iani wiliT (193405 mgzavri) „Flydubai’’, 5%-iani wiliT (155 697 mgzavri) rusuli ,,Aeroflot’’, 4%-iani wiliT uralis avi-

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axazebi (120 916 mgzavri), 3%-iani wiliT yataris (96 050 mgzav-ri) da el al israelis (93 197 mgzavri) aviaxazebi. danarCen aviakompaniebs 3%-ze naklebi wili aqvT. isinia: zagrosi (2%- 56358 mgzavri), egeosis aviaxazebi (1%-34129 mgzavri), Air Cairo (1%-27216 mgzavri), Air Astana (2%-59117 mgzavri), Air Baltic (1%-32539 mgzavri), belavia (2%-74357 mgzavri), atlasglobali (2%-63583 mgzavri), ata earlainzi (1%-38749 mgzavri), azerbaijanis aviaxazebi (2%-63853 mgzavri), qeS eari (1%-31504 mgzavri), ska-ti (1%-24135 mgzavri), isreari (1%-41408 mgzavri), ian eari (2%-63499 mgzavri), iran aseman earlainz (1%-17005 mgzavri), polo-neTis aviaxazebi (2%-50678 mgzavri), lufTanza (2%- 66849 mgzavri) da pobeda earlainzi (1%-24858 mgzavri).

rogorc vxedavT bazris wilobriv struqturaSi mxolod erTi qarTuli aviakompania figurirebs, Tumca registrire-bulia 4, romelTa saqmianobac droebiT SeCerebulia sxva-dasxva garemoebebis gamo. tvirT da mgzavr gadazidvebi xor-cieldeba Tbilisis, quTaisis, baTumis saerTaSoriso da mes-tiis aeroportebidan.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia: saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xazebis konkurentunaria-

nobis gamokvlevis safuZvelze erovnuli aviakompaniebis arakonkurentunarianobis dadgena;

marketinguli analizis Tanamedrove meTodebis daner-gviT aviasawarmoebSi arsebuli grZelvadiani dagegmvis me-Todologiuri aparatis srulyofa da prognozireba;

sahaero komerciuli gadayvana-gadazidvebis organiza-ciis normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis srulyofa;

saWiroa gadayvanili mgzavrebisa da gadaziduli tvir-Tis moculobis amsaxveli modelebis SemuSaveba, ris safuZ-velzec miRebul iqneba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri efeqti, xolo aviasawarmoebi konkurentunariani gaxdeba;

mizanSewonili iqneba erovnuli aviakompaniebis finansu-ri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis, ucxour aviakompanieb-Tan konkurentuli brZolis Sesustebisa da maTTan partnio-ruli urTierTobebis damyarebisaTvis aliansebSi CarTva.

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kravai svaniZe


ekonomikisa da biznesis skolis xelmZRvaneli: daviT kbilaZe, profesori

demografiuli problemebi saqarTveloSi

II adgili

saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove demografu-liuli viTareba metad mwvavea. mZime ekono-mikurma pirobebma da qveyanaSi Seqmnilma arastabilurma viTarebam krizisul zRvramde Seamcira Sobadoba da gazarda mokvdaoba. Tu 1980-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad saSualod 94 aTasi bavSvi ibadeboda, amJamad axalSobilTa raodenoba TiTqmis ganaxevrda. amas isic daemata, rom

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelodan, ise rogorc sxva yofili respubli-kebidan mosaxleobis didma nawilma TavianT istoriul sam-Soblos miaSura.

1990-2008 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mosaxleoba Semcirda 19,5 procentiT, maSin rodesac 1975-1990 wlebSi izrdeboda 11 procentiT. paralelurad moxda mosaxleobis dabereba. es movlenebi seriozul safrTxes uqmnis TaobaTa ganaxlebas, mZime tvirTad awveba dasaqmebul mosaxleobas da zrdis qa-lis Sromis simZimes Sinameurneobebsa da ojaxSi.

oficialuri monacemebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi yvela-ze meti bavSvi 1961w daibada -104 aTasi. 1960-1990 wlebSi saSu-alod yovelwliurad 93 aTasi bavSvi ibadeboda. Sobadobis mkveTri Semcireba 1992 wlidan daiwyo. 2005 wels saqarTve-loSi 46 aTasi bavSvi daibada da Sobadoba wina wlebTan Seda-

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rebiT 2-jer Semcirda. ZiriTadad amis Sedegad ukanasknel wlebSi aseve mniSvnelovnad Semcirda mosaxelobis bunebri-vi mateba. meore msoflio omis periodSic ki, kerZod 1941-1945 wlebSi bunebrivi mateba 135 aTas kacs Seadgenda, maSin rodesac es maCvenebeli 2002- 2006 wlebSi mxolod 5,8 aTas kacs udrida.

qarTul mosaxleobaSi Sobadobis koeficienti TiTqmis 1,5-jer dabalia Sesabamis saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT da saqarTvelos araqarTuli mosaxleobis jer kidev odnavi bunebrivi mateba (ZiriTadad azerbaijanelebisa da qurTe-bis) demografiuli qceviT (Sobadobis SedarebiT maRali doniT) ganisazRvreba. Sobadobis Semcirebis mizezebi mra-valgvaria. mas gansazRvravs rogorc socialuri, aseve po-litikuri, eTnikuri, fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri da sxva faqtorebi, romlebic aisaxeba qalis qcevebSi da ojaxebis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi.

Sobadobis Semcirebis erT-erTi mizezia ojaxebis ganvi-TarebaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi, magaliTad, ganqorwine-buli, dauqorwinebeli da martoxela dedebis raodenobis zrda. 2001 welTan SedarebiT orjer gaizarda ganqorwine-bulTa raodenoba.sakmaod didia araregistrirebul qorwi-nebaSi myofi dedebis raodenobac. Tu 1990 wels aseTi dedebi Seadgenda 18 procents, 2003 wels man ukve 45 procents miaR-wia.

amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom saqarTveloSi siRaribe gaxda erTerTi yvelaze didi problema, romelmac moicva mosaxleobis didi nawili. 2003 wels saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi 5-dan 4 adamianis Semosavali ar aRemateboda 100 lars, daaxloebiT naxevars ki hqonda Semosavali 50 laris odenobiT. Semdgom periodSi es maCvenebeli marTalia Sem-cirda, magram 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad droebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenobis zrdam siRaribisa da umuSevrobis problema kvlav prioretituli gaxada. siRaribidan Tavis daRwevis mizniT qalis dasaqmeba

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gaizarda SinameurneobebSi da ojaxSi, ramac Seqmna genderu-li disproporcia, gaizarda qalis aunazRaurebeli Sromis mniSvneloba da masze dakisrebuli saojaxo tvirTi. yoveli-ve aman Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina qalis demogra-fiul qcevaze

aRsaniSnavia isic rom mcireSvilianoba masobrivad vrceldeba qarTul mosaxleobaSi. sul ufro mcirdeba im dedebis ricxvi romlebsac sami da meti Svili yavs. kerZod saqarTveloSi 1960 wels mesame da meti bavSvis dabadebis wi-li mTels dabadebulTa 36.5 procents Seadgenda, 2007 wels es maCvenebeli 10,8 procents udrida. mTel dabadebulebSi gansakuTrebiT maRalia pirveli Svilis dabadebis wili. ma-galiTad amave wels 29883 bavSvi dedebisaTvis pirveli Svili iyo (60,6 procenti). mosaxleobis arasaxarbielo bunebriv moZraobas mosaxleobis daberebis procsis gaRrmavebac dae-mata. gansakuTrebiT arasaxarbielo da yuradRebamisaqcevia mosaxleobis emigraciul procesebSi axalgazrdobis gaaq-tiurebis tendencia.

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riCard SaraZe


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: manana nanitaSvili, asocirebuli

profesori

abreSumis bazris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

da ganviTarebis tendenciebi

II adgili

saqarTveloSi meabreSumeoba yo-velTvis ganixileboda, rogorc qvey-nis ekonomikis ganmtkicebis, miwisa da SromiTi resursebis racionaluri ga-moye-nebis, savaluto Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaro da mudmivi zrun-vis sagani. maRalxarisxovani qarTuli abreSumi didi popularobiT sargeb-lobda msoflio bazarze. mravali sau-

kunis manZilze meabreSumeoba saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis erT-erT ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda. abreSumi ga-damwyvet rols TamaSobda sxva saxelmwifoebTan da qvey-nebTan saqarTvelos saqonelbrunvaSi.

saqarTveloSi meabreSumeobis aRmavlobas xels uwyobda ara marto buneb-rivi pirobebi, aramed mciremiwianoba da aqedan gamomdinare soflad dausaq-mebeli muSaxelis siWar-be. soflad Warbi muSaxelis problema dRes ufro mwvaved dgas, vidre warsulSi. amitom meabreSumeobis ganviTarebis priori-tetul mimarTulebad soflad mosaxleobis ojaxob-rivi dasaqmeba da ojaxuri biujetis gaumjobeseba unda mi-viCnioT.

saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis damkvidrebam da kon-kurenciis kanonis srulfasovanma amoqmedebam bevr tradi-

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ciul dargs da maT Soris meabreSumeobasac Seuqmna siZnele-ebi. ufro metic, dRis wesrigSi misi arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxi daayena. aseT pirobebSi aucilebelia dargis mimar-Tulebis sworad gansazRvra.

saqarTveloSi sadReisod meabreSumeoba, rogorc erovnuli meurneobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovbani dargi ganadgurebulia da Tavidanaa Camosayalibe-beli.

dargis aRdgeniT SesaZlebelia: soflis mosaxleobis ma-sobrivi dasaqmeba, qveynis savaluto Semosavlebis Sevseba, ojaxuri biujetis gaumjobeseba.

saqarTveloSi, meabreSumeobis ganviTarebis mimzidveli garemo da produqciis maRali xarisxi srulad akmayofilebs evrokavSiris standartebis moTxovnebs da SeiZleba vimuSa-oT deviziT „warmoebulia saqarTveloSi“, rac ekonomiku-rad warmatebuli iqneba.

mimdinare etapze, umkacresi konkurenciisa da globali-zaciis pirobebSi qveyanaSi dargis SenarCuneba-ganviTarebi-sa da rentabelurad muSaobis pirobebi Seiqmneba mxolod ma-Sin, Tu ganxorcieldeba nedleulis mwarmoeblisa da gadama-muSavebeli mrewvelobis dargebis racionaluri integracia da dargSi dainergeba warmoebuli produqciis gadamuSave-bis uaxlesi teqnologiebi.

saqarTveloSi konkretuli bunebrivi da ekonomikuri pi-robebis gaTvaliswinebiT fermeruli meurneobebi da maT ba-zaze Seqmnili meabreSumeobis kooperativebi meurneobebis is formaa, romelic iZleva meabreSumeobis dargis reabili-taciis SesaZleblobas da meurneobriobis yvela doneze re-sursuli potencialis (sawarmoo, ekonomikuri, bunebrivi, biologiuri) srulyofili gamoyenebis safuZvelze.

87

rusudan gunia


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: konstantine abulaZe, ekonomikis doqtori

sastumro produqtis proeqtirebisa da adgilobri-

vi investiciebis aTvisebis problema saqarTvelos

sastumro biznesSi

II adgili

Tanamedrove sastumro turistuli pro-duqtis warmoebisa da realizaciisaTvis gan-kuTvnili rTuli sameurneo da qonebrivi kom-pleqsia, misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: klasi da kategoria, romelsac gansazRvravs momsa-xurebis pirobebi da programa, nomrebis mini-maluri raodenoba da komfortis done. sas-tumro mravalfunqciuri sawarmoa romlis mTavari funqcia socialur-ekonomikuria:

saqmiani Sexvedrebis Catarebis adgili, dasaqmebis saSuale-ba, socialuri centri adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis, sxva-dasxva produqciis sacalo gayidvebis obieqti, ucxouri va-lutis mozidvisa da miRebuli Semosavlebis adgilobriv mo-saxleobaze gadanawilebis saSualeba, Tanamedrove sastum-ro aRWurvilia rTuli teqnologiiTa da danadgarebiT, misi saqmianobis Taviseburebaa, momsaxurebis warmoebis da pro-cesis erTdrouli momdinareoba, momsaxurebis gawevis saw-yisi pirobaa sastumros materialuri bazis TiToeuli struqturuli Semadgeneli, romelsac funqcionaluri da-niSnuleba aqvs.

sastumro momsaxurebis saxeobebi, maTi warmoebis for-mebi da materialuri baza gansazRvravs sastumro momsaxu-rebis saxeobebs.

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saqarTvelos sastumro meurneobaSi bolo dros didad gaizarda investiciebis raodenoba, Seicvala kapitaldaban-debis moculobis dinamika da zrdis tempi, swored amis sa-fuZvelze unda ganisazRvros Tu ramdenad efeqturia kapi-taldabandeba, unda SeirCes optomaluri variantebi da unda moxdes ekonomikuri dasabuTeba. gamomdinare aqedan sastum-ros proeqtireba dakavSirebulia interdisciplinarul problemasTan, rac moiTxovs sxvadasxva dargebis specia-listTa codnisa da gamocdilebis sinTezs. am sakiTxs saqar-TveloSi ZiriTadad monopolosturad vudgebiT da swored amis Sedegia is, rom adgilobrivi sastumroebi saerTo nak-lovanebebiT xasiaTdeba

praqtika gviCvenebs, rom sastumros mimarT zogadi moT-xovnebi sworad aris gansazRvruli, magram yovel konkre-tul SemTxvevaSi ar aris uzrunvelyofili misi adgilmdeba-reobis, specializaciis, klasisa da kategoriis Sesabamisi standarti. momsaxurebis done da teqnologia, iseTi auci-lebeli Tvisebebi rogoricaa- dinamikuroba konkurentuna-rianoba da saimedooba. amrigad arasworad aris gansazRvru-li maTi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva.

adgilobrivi sastumro meurneoba proeqtdeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi Senobis tradiciuli meTodiT. swored ami-tom daproeqtebamde dargis specialistebis konsultacia aris saWiro. proeqtirebis sawyis etapze nebismieri sastum-ros, miuxedavad misi tevadobisa, saWiroa sistemisTvis dama-xasiaTebeli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba.Seqmnis process axa-siaTebs mkacrad gansazRvruli Tanmimdevroba, miuxedavad amisa xSir SemTxvevaSi mxolod proeqtirebisa da mSeneblo-bis etapebs ganixilaven da yuradRebis miRma rCeba iseTi mniSvnelovani etapebi rogoric aris sastumros koncefciis SemuSaveba, testireba da saboloo daxvewa.

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beqa burkiaSvili


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: maka firanaSvili, sainJinro mecnierebaTa

doqtori

turistuli biznesis ganviTareba istoriul

hereTSi (saingiloSi) da kulturul—SemecnebiTi

turebi

III adgili

turizmi erT-erTi udidesi industri-aa msoflioSi, romlis ganviTareba xels uwyobs mSvidobis gamyarebas, samuSao adgi-lebis Seqmnas, Semosavlebis zrdas da kul-turaTa daaxlovebas.

turizmis saxeebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukavia kulturul turizms. saqar-Tvelo mdidaria Tavisi kulturuli mem-kvidreobiT. saqarTvelos masStabiT mra-

vali kulturuli turi igegmeba, romelic dakavSirebulia Cvens istoriasTan TviTmyofad kulturasTan da tradicieb-Tan. am mxiv aranakleb sainteresoa saqaTvelos istoriuli teritoriebi, romlebic Zvelad mis SemadgenlobaSi iyo. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia hereTi (saingilo).

hereTi mdebareobs saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT na-wilSi, dRevandeli azerbaijnis teritoriaze. azerbaijans saqarTvelos teritoriis es nawili 1921 wels sabWoTa ru-seTma gadasca. dReisaTvis saingilos teritoria moicavs be-laqnis, zaqaTlisa da kaxis raionebs, sadac 7 aTasamde qar-Tveli cxovrobs.

hereTi warmodgenilia mniSvnelovani istoriuli Zegle-biT: qurmuxis wminda giorgis eklesia (XIII-XIV s.s), giSis sayda-

90

ri (Zeglis agebisa da ngreva-ganaxlebis pirvel periodad SeiZ-leba CaiTvalos VI-XI ss. xolo meore periods vakuTvnebT XVII s-dan vidre XIX s. meore naxevramde), kaxis wminda giorgis ek-lesia (agebulia, daaxloebiT XVIII s. pirvel naxevarSi), yumis bazilika (VI-VII ss), leqarTis monasteri (daaxloebiT 1310 w.), alibeglos wm. ninos eklesia (1850-1855.w.w), kaxis alavedis ek-lesia (XIX s. miwuruli), kasris saydari (igi agebulia saqar-Tvelos mefe arCilis mier VIII s-Si), Tamaris xidi da a.S.

warmogidgenT kulturul–SemecnebiT turs studente-bisTvis hereTSi: turistuli marSruti: Tbilisi-kaxi, manZi-li 236 km, dro 4 sT 15 wT.

pirveli dRis mosanaxulebeli obieqtia kaxis moqmedi wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesia. ganTavseba kaxis saojaxo sastumroSi.

meore dRis mosanaxulebeli obieqtebia: alaverdis taZa-ri, Tamaris xidi, elisenis CanCqeri, nuxSi xanis sasaxle (xan-sara), giSis taZari, xolo mesame dRes aTvaliereben kasris saydars, qurmuxis wminda giorgis eklesias, aseve qarTul soflebs: foToqlo (istoriuli saxeli Suaxevi), meSabaSi (tyis Tavi), alaTemuri da alibeglo (qaTmis xevi). mgzavrTa raodenoba 20 kaci. sul Rirebuleba 1 kacze — 150 lari.

saingilos Tavisi turistul–rekreaciuli resursebis mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare aqvs perspeqtiva ganaviTa-ros turizmis biznesi. kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa ori Ziri-Tadi problema, romelic yvelaze did safrTxes uqmnis ro-gorc turizmis ganviTarebas, ise istoriuli Zeglebis arsebo-bas. esenia: politikuri arastabiluroba da istoriuli Zegle-bis ufunqcio mdgomareoba. mniSvnelovania azerbaijanis mTav-robam darTos neba, saqarTvelos mxridan gamoigzavnos mecni-erTa jgufi, romelic imuSavebs taZrebis gamokvlevaze azer-baijanel mecnierebTan erTad. moxdes Zeglebis Seswavla da restavracia. yovelive es xels Seuwyobs hereTSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebas da erToblivi kulturul–SemecnebiTi

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turebis ganxorcielebas, rac daexmareba am regions socia-lur–ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare turizmis ganviTarebaSi da-debiTi roli unda iTamaSos saxelmwifom, adgilobrivma TviTmmarTvelobebma, individualurma mewarmeebma, turis-tulma da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebma da kerZo biznesma, rac faqtobrivad erToblivi ZalisxmeviT uzrunvelyofs socialur stabilurobas da saerTaSoriso dialogs.

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giorgi naTelaSvili



profesori

ra produqti iyideba yovelTvis?

III adgili

Cven momavali biznesmenebi varT, amitom am procesebis siRrmiseulad Seswavlamde gvainteresebs: ra produqti iyideba yovel-Tvis? pasuxi erTia–inovaciuri produqte-bisTvis bazari yovelTvis arsebobs! yvela biznesi da biznesmodeli sxvadasxvagvaria da inovaciebis Ziebis sxvadasxva gzas moh-yveba. istoria gviCvenebs, rom erT inovato-

rul kompanias yovelTvis meore anacvlebs. erT-erTi pirveli, momxmarebelze morgebuli inovaciis

lideri iyo maikl deli, kompania Dell-is damfuZnebeli, ro-melmac jer kidev XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daiwyo persona-luri kompiuteresebis momxmareblis zust moTxovnebze morgeba.

kompania naikis (Nike) istoria–es aris damamtkicebeli ma-galiTi imisa, rom sworad gaTvlili marketinguli gadawyve-tilebebis miRebiT SesaZlebelia konkurencia gauwio nebis-mier konkurents, rogori Zlieric ar unda iyos igi. 1996-Si, naiki iyo 8 miliardi dolaris kompania, romlis sufTa moge-bac 81 procents Seadgenda. aseT pirobebSi naikis produqci-is sxva romelime brendiT Canacvleba TiTqmis SeuZebeli iyo, 2016-Si naikis wliuri Semosavali iyo 32.4 miliardi do-lari.

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naikis produqciis sxva romelime brendiT Canacvleba TiTqmis SeuZebeli iyo, Tumca „ander armurma“ es mxolod erTi maisuriT moaxerxa. Sedegad merilendSi dafuZnebul maisurebis patara kompanias – Under Armour-is 2016 wlis wliu-ri Semosavali gaxldaT 5.4 miliardi dolari, xolo savarau-do Rirebuleba meryeobs 14-dan 28 miliard dolaramde.

Nike-is da Under Armour-is SemTxveva Zalian kargi magali-Tia damwyebi biznesmenebisaTvis, romlebic arasdros unda SeuSindnen giganturi kompaniebisTvis konkurenciis gawe-vas. inovaciisTvis yovelTvis arsebobs bazari–raRac gan-sxvavebulisTvis, Tu erTi inovaciuri produqtiT SegiZlia, Seqmna brendi, Sen safuZvels daudeb miliardi dolaris Ri-rebulebis kompanias.

momxmarebelze orientirebuli aseve inovaciuri kompa-niaa Recovery Force, romelic qmnis tansacmels, igi ar aris mxolod Wrilobasa Tu sxeulis dazianebul adgilze mWid-rod moWerisTvis. kompaniis produqti, realurad, aumjobe-sebs sisxlis mimoqcevasa da aCqarebs dazianebuli ujrede-bis aRdgenis process. esaa tansacmeli „momavali TaobisaT-vis“ uaxlesi teqnologiiT.

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lika iluriZe, xatia ZamukaSvili

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da

politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti xelmZRvaneli: Tornike TurmaniZe, profesori

geoekonomika VS geopolitika: aSS-s, ruseTisa da

CineTis magaliTebze dayrdnobiT

III adgili

aRniSnuli sakiTxis

aqtualobas ganapiro-bebs Tanamedrove mso-flios erT-erTi umni-Svnelovanesi ideolo-giuri dapirisipireba. am Temaze ar arsebobs erTi konkretuli po-zicia da sakiTxi sada-

voa politikur eqspertTa Soris. saxelmwifoebi dganan er-Tgvari alternativebis winaSe geopolitikasa da geoekono-mikas Soris, Tu romelze unda gakeTdes aqcenti da romelia maTi ganviTarebisTvis prioritetuli — ekonomikuri Tu samxedro-politikuri interesebis win wamoweva.

rac Seexeba meTodologias, Cven gamoviyenebT socialur konstruqtivistul xedvas, romelic ZiriTadad morgebulia Tvisebrivi kvlevis tipze. radgan CvenTvis mniSvnelovania sakiTxis Tvisebrivi analizi da socialuri-politikuri problemebis ukeT gageba.

mosalodnel SedegebTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom momavali msoflio wesrigi ganisazRvreba saerTaSoriso sistemaSi geoekonomikis dominirebiT. globalizaciis pro-cesi stabiluri tempebiT gaizrdeba da gaaqtiurdeba, rac

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gamowveli iqneba ekonomikuri urTierTdaokidebulebis zrdiTa da saxelmwifoebs Soris barierebis moSliT.

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis cnebebs So-ris mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs geopolitikasa da geoe-konomikas. geopolitika, rogorc gamoyenebiTi disciplina, ekonomikiT dawyebuli samarTliTa da sociologiiT damTav-rebuli, adamianis saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferos sakiTxebs moicavs, amitom misi sxvadasxva ganmarteba arsebobs. geopo-litika gulisxmobs urTierTobebs iseT sivrcul geografi-ul erTeulebs Soris, rogorebicaa qveynebi, regionebi, kon-tinentebi. sabWoTa literaturaSi geopolitikas uaryofi-Ti Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva hqonda an saerTod ignorire-buli iyo da faSisturi germaniis politikasa da amerikis he-gemonizmTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneboda.

evropul enebze arsebul literaturaSi, sityva Geopolitik aRiniSneba geopolitikis germanuli skolis Teoriuli namu-Sevrebi, sadac gansakuTrbuli adgili uWiravs nacistur eq-spansionur doqtrinas, romelic germaniis militaristuli, politikuri kursis gamarTlebisas iyenebs georgrafiul, istoriul, rasobriv, ekonomikur da politikur faqtorebs (gegeSiZe, 1999 [gv.33]). geopolitika aris politikuri doq-trina, romelic araxelsayreli georgrafiuli pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT amarTlebs da asabuTebs eqspansiur politikas da teritoriul dapyrobebs.

rac Seexeba geoekonomikas, igi me-20 saukunis dasasruls warmoiSva rogorc geopolitikis axali mimdinareoba. geoe-konomika Camoyalibda geografiis, istoriisa da ekonomikis sinTezis Sedegad. politikuri sivrce radikalurad gan-sxvavdeba ekonomikurisgan, ramdenadac pirvels ar SeuZlia iarsebos barierebis, mudmivobis gareSe. meore ki piriqiT, mudmiv moZraobaSia da damokidebulia saqonlisa da moxma-rebis Tu moTxovnis cvalebadobaze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom geoekonomika geopolitikisgan warmoiSva, mainc aRsaniSnavia gansxvavebebi maT Soris. geo-

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politikisgan gansxvavebiT, geoekonomika prioritetulad miiCnevs ara geografiul, eTnikur da kulturul faqto-rebs, aramed sivrcesTan dakavSirebul ekonomikur realo-bebs. geoekonomikisTvis msoflio ganviTarebis safuZvelia is, Tu sad ganTavsdeba msoflio birJebis centrebi, sasrgeb-lo wiaRiseuli, sainformacio centrebi, msxvili sawarmoebi da a.S.. rogorc J. atali, geoekonomikis koncefciis damfuZ-nebeli Tvlis, civi omis periodis Semdeg, geopolitika geo-ekonomikiT Seicvala da Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso siste-mis mTavari modeli gaxda.

97

erida Cilingariani, salome saxokia


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: nodar grZeliSvili, ekonomikis doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori

religiuri turizmi da qarTuli

eklesia-monastrebi somxeTSi

CrdiloeT somxeTi,

igive lores da tavuSis provinciebi istoriul-ad saqarTvelos, ker-Zod qvemo qarTlis na-wils warmoadgenda. am regionSi erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba ro-gorc qarTuli marTl-

madidebluri, aseve somxuri samociqulo taZrebi. es taZrebia: axtala, qobairi, kiranci, hnevanqi (Zeli WeS-

maritisa), aqoris eklesia, Tejaruiqi, Sahnaziri. • axtala erT-erTi yvelaze didi qarTuli samonastro

kompleqsia dRevandeli somxeTis teritoriaze, sa-dac Sedis 4 eklesia, satrapezo, cixe-galavani da koS-ki.

• qomairi — samonastro kompleqsi mdebareobs q. Tuma-nianis maxloblad, debedas xeobaSi, mTis wverze. da-arsda 1171 wels, taSir-Zoragetis mefis, kvirike II-s (1048-1049 – 1089 wlebi) asulis, mariamis mier.

• hnevanqi — qarTulad Zeli WeSmaritisa ewodeba. sa-xelwodebas ornairi mniSvneloba aqvs. hune vanq — berZenTa monasteri da hune vanq — Zveli monasteri, qalkedonianTa savanis mniSvnelobiT.

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• kirancis monasteri (somx. Կ ի ր ան ց Վան ք ) – mdebare-obs tavuSis provinciaSi, sofel kirancidan samxreT-dasavleTiT 12 km-Si. daarsebulia XIII saukuneSi.

• aqoris eklesia anu bRaori, lores provinciaSi, mTa lalvaris ferdobze mdebareobs. garSemortymulia kldeebiTa da xeobebiT. arc istoriul werilobiT wyaroebsa da arc epigrafikaSi ar moipoveba informa-cia taZris agebis TariRze.

• TeJaruiqi (somx. Թե ժ առ ո ւ յ ք ) – XII saukunis for-tificirebuli qarTuli monasteri sofel meRraZo-ris samxreT-dasavleTiT, kotaiqis provinciaSi, Tana-medrove somxeTis teritoriaze.

• Sahnaziri – marTlmadidebluri taZari lore-taSir-Si, sofel mewavanSi (yof. Sahnaziri). saxelwodeba so-feli mdebareobs yaraRajis mTis CrdiloeTiT da lores velis dasavleTiT.

saintereso da metad sasiamovno faqtia, rom turebi som-xeTis mimarTulebiT bolo drois ganmavlobaSi metad aqti-uri gaxda. turistuli saagentoebi gvTavazoben erT, or da samdRian turebs, romelTa fasi meryeobs 28 laridan 160 la-ramde. Cven vimedovnebT, rom momavalSi aseTi turebi kidev ufro aqtiur fazaSi gadava, rac xels Seuwyobs ori eris ki-dev ufro daaxloebas da megobrobis gaRrmavebas.

99

mariam beraia


ekonomikisa da biznesis skola xelmZRvaneli: maia Wania, asocirebuli profesori

monopoliebi da maTi roli qveynis

ekonomikaSi

monopolia (mono-marto; polo-vyidi),

niSnavs erTi mewarmis (gamyidvelis) arse-bobas, romelic Cveulebriv qmnis unika-lur saqonels. ekonomikis sferoSi mono-poliad iwodeba sawarmo an gaerTianeba, romlis xelSi moqceulia ama Tu im saqon-lis warmoebisa da gasaRebis moculoba mocemul dargSi, rac uqmnis mas gabato-nebul mdgomareobas bazarze da aZlevs

fasebis karnaxis saSualebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mocemul konkretul situaciaSi SeiZleba am moTxovnebs akmayofileb-des Tavisi zomiT arc Tu Zalian didi sawarmo. da piriqiT, sxva konkretul viTarebaSi imave zomis an SedarebiT ufro msxvili firmac SeiZleba ar CaiTvalos monopoliad, Tu masze ar modis gabatonebuli mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli odeno-biT ama Tu im saxeobis produqciis warmoeba da gasaReba.

monopoliuri uflebebi: • mTavroba monopoliur firmas raime saqonlis warmo-

ebis eqskluziur uflebas aZlevs da warmoebis dana-xarjebi iseTia, rom erTi mwarmoebeli ufro efeqti-anad muSaobs, vidre mravali. monopoliebi, romel-Tac mTavroba da kanoni mxars uWers, „legaluri mo-nopoliebis“ saxeliTaa cnobili. aseTebia bunebrivi monopolia, patentebi, saavtoro uflebebi da savaW-ro niSnebi. bunebriv monopoliebs xSirad komunalu-ri momsaxurebis monopoliebsac uwodeben, isini xSi-

100

rad CarTulni arian wyalmomaragebis sferoSi, eleq-troenergiis miwodebaSi da sxv.

● patenti erTgvari monopoliaa, radgan mTavroba ga-momgonebels axal produqtze an ideaze kerZo sakuT-rebis uflebas aZlevs 17 wlis vadiT da Tu romelime firmas igive produqtis warmoeba moundeba patentis mflobels fuli unda gadauxados. saavtoro ufle-bebi niSnavs sakuTari nawarmoebis gayidvis, tiraJi-rebis an gavrcelebis eqskluziur uflebas 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

● savaWro niSani specialuri dizaini an simboloa, ro-melic produqciis identificirebis saSualebas iZ-leva. sxva sawarmos ufleba ar aqvs gamoiyenos igive simbolo, raTa momxmarebels originalSi ar aerios.

monopoliebis oradi roli. monopoliebis arsebobas ver mivcemT erTgvarovan Sefasebas. es imitom, rom maT saqmiano-bas realurad orive saxis Sedegebi mosdevs. monopoliis progresul mxareebSi aRsaniSnavia: 1. misi nawarmi, Cveuleb-riv, maRali samomxmareblo Tvisebebis matarebelia da sayo-velTaod aRiarebuli avtoritetiT sargeblobs; 2. mecnieru-li kvleva-Ziebisa da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis Casatareblad soliduri odenobis kapitaldabandebebis Se-saZleblobebi aqvs; 3. warmoebis masStabiT gamowveuli ekono-miis Sedegad, SedarebiT dabalia danaxarjebi produqciis er-Teulze; 4. e.w. „legalur monopoliebze“ mxardaWeriT, saxel-mwifo uszrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv saqonelze moTxovni-lebebis ukeT dakmayofilebas. monopoliis funqcionirebis negatiur mxareebs Soris yuradRebas iqcevs Semdegi momente-bi: 1. igi garkveuli zomiT amuxruWebs teqnikur progress, ramdenadac gamoricxavs konkurencias da monopolituri ba-tonobis Zalis gamoyenebiT axerxebs monopoliurad marali fasebis daweseba-SenarCunebas. 2. auaresebs mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebs. sxvanair kvalifikacias ver mivcemT mo-nopoliis swrafvas mogebis maqsimalizaciisken.

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socialur mecnierebaTa seqcia

maka doliZe — asocirebuli profesori, Tavmjdomare ia danelia — asocirebuli profesori, moadgile Tamar injia — profesori nana wiTelaSvili — asocirebuli profesori marine lomiZe — asocirebuli profesori sofo Cqofoia — asocirebuli profesori maia amirgulaSvili — istoriis doqtori, mowveuli specia-listi

giorgi iakobiSvili

saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis

samarTlisa da politikis skola xelmZRvaneli: maia amirgulaSvili, profesori

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris

kanonmdeblobasTan etapobrivi daaxloeba da misi

efeqtianad ganxorcieleba

I adgili

„saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris aso-cirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ saqarTve-losa da evrokavSirs Soris Tanam-Sromlobis axal samarTlebriv doku-ments warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, „aso-cirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ samar-Tlebrivad savaldebuloa da saqar-Tvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSi-ris samarTlebriv aqtTan etapobriv

daaxlovebas iTvaliswinebs. 2014 wlis 1 seqtembridan SeTanxmeba nawilobriv amoqmed-

da da saqarTvelom misi udidesi nawilis Sesruleba daiwyo,

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xolo 2016 wlis 1 ivlisidan SeTanxmeba srulad Sevida Zala-Si, romelsac Tan axlavs 34 danarTi, romelSic mocemulia evrokavSiris konkretuli samarTlebrivi aqtebi da maTTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis daaxloebis konkretuli vade-bi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom „asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ saqarTvelosTvis aris pirveli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic gulisxmobs yovlismomcvel da Rrma integracias super nacionaluri saerTaSoriso organizaciis samarTleb-riv sivrceSi. „asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ saqarTvelos evrokavSirTan politikuri asocirebisa da etapobrivi eko-nomikuri integraciis garda, mxareTa Soris momavali urTi-erTobisTvis grZelvadian safuZvels qmnis da ar gamoric-xavs urTierTobis samomavlo ganviTarebas evrokavSiris xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad.

Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobas-Tan daaxloeba unda moxdes etapobrivad, SeTanxmebuli va-debis mixedviT. 2014 wlidan dRemde srulad amoqmedda Se-Tanxmebis Semdeg sferoebTan dakavSirebuli muxlebi: saga-reo da usafrTxoebis politika, personalur monacemTa dacva, TanamSromloba migraciis, TavSesafrisa da sazRvris marTvis sferoebSi, organizebuli danaSaulisa da korufci-is winaaRmdeg brZola, fulis gaTeTreba da terorizmis da-finanseba, sajaro finansebis marTva da finansuri kontro-li, garemos dacva, ganaTleba, jandacva, audiovizualur da mediis sferoebSi TanamSromloba da sxva.

amrigad, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania SeTanxmebis sa-marTlebrivi, politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis da mi-si komponentis Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWro-bis sivrcis Seswavla da misi ganxorcielebis procesSi Se-saZlo gamowvevebis analizi. saqarTvelom evrokavSirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebiT, aiRo valdebuleba gaata-ros Sesabamisi reformebi da ganaxorcielos yvela saWiro RonisZieba qveynis kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeb-lobasTan etapobrivi daaxloebisa da misi efeqtiani imple-

103

mentaciis kuTxiT. saWiroa calkeuli seqtoris doneze Rrma analizi da gaTvla mosalodneli gavlenebis, efeqtebis, ga-mowvevebis da qveynis strategiis da taqtikis gansazRvra Se-sabamisi mimarTulebiT da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, au-cileblad unda moxdes qveynis mosaxleobis droulad da sworad informireba ama Tu im reformis gatarebis Sedegad SesaZlo gamowvevebisa da mosalodneli pozitiuri Sedege-bis Sesaxeb.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, evrokavSirTan sakanon-mdeblo daaxloebis kuTxiT, SeTanxmebis xelmowerisTanave saqarTveloSi daiwyo araerTi mniSvnelovani reformebis ga-tareba, romlebic evrokavSiris Semfasebeli misiebis das-kvnebiT sakmaod pozitiurad xorcieldeba da am dromde sak-maod mniSvnelovani garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegebic iqna miR-weuli.

104

Tamar TaTaraSvili


socialur mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: marine lomiZe, asocirebuli profesori

krizisis gaSuqebis tendenciebi mediaSi

I adgili

krizisuli situaciebi 21-e saukunis rogorc ganviTarebuli, aseve ganviTare-badi qveynebis Tanamdevi procesia. kri-zisuli situaciebis marTva erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, romelic arsebi-Tad gansazRvravs qveynisa da zogadad, mTeli msoflios Semdgom ganviTarebas. krizisuli situaciebis Temis aqtualoba

imaze metad globaluria, vidre warmogvidgenia. sxvagvarad rogor avxsnaT iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa: teroristuli aqti, garemosaTan asocirebuli problemebi, informaciuli omi, saxelmwifoebis militarizeba, atomuri iaraRis Seqmni-sa da gamoyenebis idea da sxva mravali. krizisgan Tavis daR-wevisa da problemebis droulad aRmofxvris mravali gza arsebobs, Tumca erT-erTi umTavresi roli nebismieri prob-lemis mosagvareblad sazogadoebas Soris komunikaciis dam-yarebaa. komunikaciis gamarTuloba uzrunvelyofs krizisu-li situaciis droulad dafiqsirebasa da problemis gadaW-ris saSualebaTa moZiebas.

rodesac vaxsenebT teqnologiebs, komunikacias da in-formacias, upirveles yovlisa, gvaxsendeba masmdia da mas-Tan dakvSirebuli momijnave profesiebi. media, romlis mi-zanic swored sazogadoebas Soris informaciis gavrcele-baa. mediis, rogorc ,,meoTxe xelisflebis’’ da ,,mniSvnelova-ni socialuri institutis’’ funqcia mniSvnelovania sazoga-

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doebis ganviTarebis, agreTve demokratiuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. aseve, krizsuli situaciebis marTvaSi swored masemdias aqvs udidsi funqcia.

adamianisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTxovnileba aq-tualur da mimdinare sakiTxebze Tvalyuris devneba da in-formirebulobaa. swored masobrivi komunikaciis saSuale-bebs moeTxovebaT adamianebisTvis swori, obieqturi da amomwuravi informaciis miwodebaa. SeuZlebelia ganvsaz-RvroT romelime masobrivi komnikaciis roli sazogadoeb-rivi azris formirebasa Tu mis ganviTarebaSi. Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom sazogadoebis umetesoba upiratesobas te-levizias aniWebs, vinaidan, televizias gaaCnia gamosaxuleba, romelic adamianebs faqtis aRqmas uadvilebs da movlenis Tanamonawiles xdis.

saqarTvelo, rogorc ganviTarebadi qveyana, swored ze-moT aRniSnuli gamowvevebis da krizisebis winaSe araerTxel mdgara. is procesebi, romlebic ganviTarebulma qveynebma warmatebiT ukve gadalaxes, CvenTan bolo aTeuli welia mom-wifda da gadamwyvet fazaSia. zemoT aRniSnuli naSromis mTavari mizanic swored masmediis rols krizisuli situa-ciebis dafiqsirebis, ganviTarebis da gadaWris gzebis Ses-wavlaa. mTavari mizani mainc aris im saerTaSoriso stndar-tebis gamokvleva, romelic ukve erTxmadaa aRiarebuli da dadgenili evropisa da msoflio wamyvanebi qveynebis mier krizisuli situaciebis marTvis Sesaxeb. kidev erTi mTavari da mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iqneba saqarTveloSi masmediis mu-Saobisa da reagirebis aspeqtebis warmoCena krizisuli situ-aciebis dros.

106

salome kandelaki

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSneblis saxelobis universitetis

socialur mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: sofo Cqofoia, asocirebuli profesori

mediisa da internetis roli Tanamedrove

terorizmis xelSewyobaSi

I adgili

terorizmi, romelic ukve Sefase-bul iqna XXI saukunis mTavar gamowve-vad, yoveldRiurad axal Tavsatexs uCens kacobriobas. terorizmis winaaR-mdeg efeqturi brZolis saqmeSi mTava-ria misi gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvle-va da Seswavla. teroristebi kargad er-kvevian media efeqtebsa da teqnikaSi, ri-si meSveobiTac axerxeben mediis yurad-

Rebis mipyrobasa da samizne auditoriis ZiriTadi drois efeqturad gamoyenebas TavianTi miznebis gansaxorciele-bad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom teroristebis samiznes warmoadge-nen Jurnalistebi, romelTac efeqturad iyeneben molapara-kebebis iaraRad. yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom maTTvis mTava-ria bevri mayurebeli da ara msxverplTa raodenoba.

media TavisTavad midrekilia sensaciuri informaciisa-ken, rac xels aZlevs teroristebs, iseve rogorc medias, radgan terorizmi maRali dramis matarebeli qmedebaa, ro-melsac yvelaze bevri mayurebeli hyavs. adre teroristebis samizneebad ZiriTadad maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi da po-litikuri liderebi iTvlebodnen, dRes ki maT ufro didi ambiciebi aqvT, iyvnen mediis yuradRebis centrSi da rac Se-iZleba bevri adamiani moicvan panikiT, amisaTvis ki maTi sa-

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mizne auditoriac gaizarda da xSirad ukve mSvidobiani mo-qalaqeebic xdebian maTi qmedebebis msxverplni.

supersaxelmwifos moqalaqeebis gataceba erTgvari ga-ranti iyo rom mTeli msoflios Tu ara misi udidesi nawilis yuradRebis centrSi moeqceoda mediis daxmarebiT, swored amitom amerikis moqalaqeebi araerTxel gamxdaran teroris-tebis samizne, xSirad itacebdnen Jurnalistebsac.

xSirad media axal ambebs ar aSuqebs ise rogorc es te-roristebs surT, swored amitom teroristebma gadawyvites sakuTari socialuri mediis Seqmna, romliTac isini avrce-leben maTTvis xelsayrel informacias. pirveli teroris-tuli dajgufeba iyo „hezbola“, romelmac Seqmna sakuTari televizia „AL-MANAR“, igi sakmaod efeqturad mauwyeblobs arabul, frangul, inglisur da rusul enebze. misgan magali-Ti aiRo sxvadasxva teroristulma dajgufebebma magaliTad „hamasma“ „AL-AQSA TV“ daarsa, „Tamilelma vefxvebma“ — „ISAIPRIYA TV”.

Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebis roli didia Tanamedrove terorizmis gavrcelebaSi. swored mediaa is in-strumenti romelic teroristebs exmareba maTi gzavnile-bis ufro swrafad gavrcelebaSi mTeli msoflios masSta-biT, aseve teroristebisTvis Zalze efeqtur saSualebad iT-vleba masobrivi saSualebebis iseTi saxeebi rogoricaa in-ternet saitebi, socialuri qselebis Facebook, Twitter, Youtube daxmarebiT avrceleben sxvadasxva video mimarTvebs, riTac sazogadoebas martivad awvdian sasurvel informacias.

garda amisa, bevri Tanamedrove terorizmis eqsperti am-tkicebs, rom internet-mediisa da teleJurnalistikis para-lelurad gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba beWdur media-saSualebebs teroristebis saqmianobis propagandaSi. eq-spertTa didi nawili Tanamedrove terorizms masobrivi in-formaciis saSualebebisken orientirebul terorizms uwo-debs. teroristebis mTavar mizans warmoadgens saerTaSori-so mediis yuradRebis mipyroba.

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amis fonze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom media pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT exmaureba terorizmis interesebs. tero-ristebisTvis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualeba, TavianTi miz-nebis Tu Sexedulebis gavrcelebisTvis aris interneti. in-ternetis meSveobiT maT SeuZliaT sakuTari gzavnilebi ga-avrcelon iafad, swrafad da yovelgvari dabrkolebis gare-Se. maT SeuZliaT dagegmon Setakebebi, bombebis damzadebisas isargeblon internet-bazrebiT da aseve koordinacia gauwi-on dagegmil Tavdasxmebs.

aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT rom masobrivi sa-komunikacio saSualebebi, rogoricaa interneti, televizia, radio, Jurnal-gazeTebi warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes in-struments Tanamedrove teroristebis xelSi. teroristebs sWirdebaT media rom miaRwion dasaxul mizans da medias sWirdeba terorizmi rom farTo auditoriaze gavides.

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Salva berianiZe

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universiteti socialur mecnierebaTa skola

xelmZRvaneli: marine lomiZe, Jurnalistikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori.

vebgverdis sandoobis aspeqtebi

qarTul axal mediaSi

I adgili

teqnologiebis evoluciam adamians informaciaze maRali xelmisawvdomobis saSualeba da martivad gavrcelebis Se-saZlebloba misca, ramac mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova media da Tanamedrove teqno-logiebis wyalobiT is ufro pluralis-turi gaxda. socialuri mediis SesaZleb-lobebis gamoyeneba xSirad dezinforma-ciisa da propagandis mizniT xorcielde-

ba, rasac SecdomaSi Sehyavs axali mediis momxmarebeli, Tum-ca faqtia, gadaumowmebeli informaciebis gavrcelebis miu-xedavad, axali media sakmaod did konkurencias uwevs tradi-ciul medias.

vebgverdis sandoobis aspeqtebi qarTul axal mediaSi re-komendaciebiTaa warmodgenili, isini zogadi xasiaTisaa da konkretuli detalebi Tavad mediasaSualebebis saredaqcio politikis Sesabamisad unda SeTanxmdes da daregulirdes.

vebgverdis angariSis gamoyeneba axal mediaSi vebgverdis angariSebs Jurnalistebi xSi-

rad iyeneben. saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia ,,socialuri mediis gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo wesebSi1“

1 http://qartia.ge/ka/sakhelmdzghvanelo-tsesebi1/article/29249-socialuri-mediis-gamoyeneba

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pirdapir ganmartavs, rom Jurnalistma socialuri mediis piradi angariSi SesaZloa gamoiyenos, rogorc piradi, ise profesouli miznebisTvis.

eTikuri da profesiuli standartebi, rogorc veb-gverdis sandoobis gasazomi instrumentebi

axal mediaSi momuSave Jurnalisti valdebulia, daicvas eTikuri da profesiuli standartebi ise, rogorc es rea-lur sivrceSi xdeba. samsaxureobrivi movaleobis gansxvave-buli formiT Sesruleba ar cvlis Zireul normebsa da prin-cipebs.

Tu kidev SeiZleba movZebnoT vinme, vinc ganasxvavebs tradiciuli mediis Jurnalistisa da axali mediis Jurna-listis eTikur da profesiul standartebs, maT sayuradRe-bod ganvmartav, rom isini arafriT ar gansxvavdebian, da sa-erTodac Jurnalisturi eTika aranairad ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi zogadsakacobrio adamianuri eTikisagan, Sesam-Cnevi gansxvveba Cveulebriv moqalaqeebsa da Jurnalistebs Soris SesaZloa movZebnoT mxolod profesiul standarteb-Si, radganac Jurnalisturi profesiuli standartebi pir-dapir gulisxmobs am profesiis adamianebis sistematur Car-Tulobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da Cvens realobaSi.

yalbi informaciis gavrcelebis albaToba vebgver-debze

socialuri qselebiT gavrcelebuli informaciis gamo-yeneba daSvebulia, Tumca aucilebelia gadamowmeba, vinai-dan onlain sivrceSi yalbi informaciis gavrceleba Zalian martivia. Tu axali mediis Jurnalistebi naTlad ar ganmar-taven yvelafers, mopovebuli informaciis gavrcelebisTvis ar iyeneben e.w. skrinSots1 im vebgverdidan, saidanac infor-macias moipoveben da ar mimarTaven aranair Tavdacvas, cxa-

1 inგ.: Screenshot — კoმp. სკრinშoti, ეკრაniს სურაTi (სურაTi, რoმელzეdაc გამoსაxულiა კoმpiუtერiს ეკრაni მასzე არსებულi yველა dეtალiT).

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dia, yalbi informaciis gavrceleba da saavtoro uflebebis darRvevis albaToba onlain sivrceSi izrdeba.

qarTulenovani vebgverdebis sandoobis gamoxat-vis saredaqcio regulaciebi

redaqciis mier sakuTari JurnalistebisTvis vebgver-debze muSaobisas sandoobis gamoxatvis regulaciebi unda iyos dabalansebuli gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da mediis mi-marT auditoriis sandoobis uzrunvelyofa. redaqciam Sro-miTi urTierTobis dawyebisTanave unda acnobos Jurna-lists, vebgverdis samuSao qcevis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Sedegi iqne-ba misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi.

rogor gadavamowmoT vebgverdis sandooba www.liberali.ge-s magaliTze

media saqmianobis procesSi sxvadasxva eleqtronul re-surss eyrdnoba. magram yvela ar aris sando. maTi sandoobis gadasamowmeblad unda gavigoT registraciis adgili da mi-viRoT sxva mniSvnelovani rekvizitebi. Cven SegviZlia visar-gebloT Semdegi vebgverdiT www.scamadviser.com.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli erT-erTi reitinguli vebgver-dis www.liberali.ge1-s informaciis sandooba swored am saitis meSveobiT gadavamowmeT. aRmoCnda, rom saitis sandooba 100%-iT aris daculi. amasTan aRniSnuli platforma, veb-gverdis registraciis adgilis dadgenis SesaZleblobasac iZleva. rogorc gairkva, saiti saqarTveloSia daregistri-rebuli, Tumca SesaZloa misi erT-erTi mflobeli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic imyofebodes, radganac vebgverdis in-formacia momxmarebelTa 31%-s am qveynidan aqvs miRebuli.

1 damoukidebeli, sazogadoebriv-politikuri onlain gamocema.

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lela bolqvaZe

Tbilisis Ria universitetis socialur mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: maia amirgulaSvili, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

TurqeTis regionuli Zala axlo aRmosavleTSi

II adgili

TurqeTis politikurma da ekono-mikurma transformaciam bolo aTwle-ulSi mravali analitikosis yuradRe-ba miipyro. TurqeTi Tanamedrove etapze warmoadgens erT-erT uZlie-res saxelmwifos regionSi.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi ZalTa ga-danawilebis procesi isev grZeldeba, rasac erTis mxriv ganapirobebs navTo-bi, swored navTobis udidesi maragiT

gamoirCeva axlo aRmosavleTis regioni, ramac gansazRvra misi momavali. miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTi ar aris navTobis mwarmoebeli qveyana, interesi mis mimarT, rogorc regionalu-ri moTamaSis, mTavari Zalis mimarT sakmaod didia.

TurqeTi fiqobs regionul Zalauflebaze, Tumca Tu ga-viTvaliswinebT qveynis SigniT arsebul problemebs da kon-fliqtebs sxva regionalur da globalur msaxiobebTan mi-marTebaSi, maSin rTuli saTqmelia ramdenad SeZlebs Turqe-Ti am problemis gadalaxvals. TurqeTis mTavroba amtki-cebs, rom igi xels Seuwyobs regionaluri mSvidobis, stabi-lurobisa da keTildReobis zrdas.

mosalodnelia, rom ekonomikuri gafarToeba xels Seuw-yobs TurqeTis potencials, gaxdes regionaluri Zalaufle-bis mqone saxelmwifo axlo aRmosavleTSi. Tumca faqtia, rom mxolod ekonomikuri zrda ar kmara imisTvis, rom moi-povos regionuli Zalaufleba, amisaTvis saWiroa daaregu-

113

liros urTierTobebi mezobel qveynebTanac, radgan mzardi savaWro kavSirebi iTvaliswinebs saerTo interesebis sfe-roebis gafarToebas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom nato-s wevri TurqeTis respublika, ev-rokavSirSi gawevrianebisaTvis saWiro nabijebis gadagmis pa-ralelurad cdilobs, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi mim-dinare procesebSic mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos. Tumca TurqeTTan dapirispirebuli qveynebis ricxvi, axlo aRmo-savleTSi da mis samezobloSi izrdeba. mag: mezobeli siriis moqmed reJimTan TurqeTis dapirispirebam, ukve istoriuli saxe miiRo da is 20-mde wels iTvlis, Tumca sakmaod rTul fazaSia Sesuli urTierTobebi Tanamedrove etapze.

TurqeTs aqvs Sida problemebic, metad mniSvnelovania qurTebis sakiTxi, maT mimarT tardeba politika, romelic mimarTulia qurTebis nacionaluri identobis uaryofisa-ken. qurTebTan samxxedro dapirispirebaSi sakmaod didi Tanxebi ixarjeba, romelic SesaZlebelia mimarTuli yofi-liyo sxva mimarTulebiT, qveynis gasaviTareblad.

dRes TurqeTi ganagrZnobs sakuTari rolis TamaSs region-Si mimdinare konfliqtebSi da am rolis mniSvnelobis asamaR-leblad, TviT ,,did ruseTTan,, konfrontaciasac ar erideba. urTierTobebi daiZaba amerikis SeerTebul StatebTanac, ro-melTanac uTaxnmxoeba siriaSi ori qveynis interesebis winaaR-mdegobas mohyva. amerikis saxelmwifo mdivani Turq kolegas 2018 wlis TebervalSi Sexvda, Tumca ramdenime saaTiani dialo-gi konkretuli gadawyvetilebebis gareSe dasrulda.

amerikis saxelmwifo mdivnis, reqs tilersonis TurqeTSi viziti or qveyanas Soris bolo periodSi daZabuli urTier-Tobis ganmuxtvis mcdelobaa. urTierTobis CixSi Sesvla, erTis mxriv, vaSingtonsa da ankaras Soris siriaSi interes-Ta konfliqtma gamoiwvia. TurqeTma siriis qurTuli dajgu-febis "saxalxo dacvis erTeulis" (YPG) winaaRdeg afrinSi operacia Caatara. dajgufebas teroristuli organizacia "islamuri saxelmwifos" winaaRmdeg brZolaSi amerikis Seer-Tebuli Statebi uWers mxars.

114

mimomxilvelTa nawili fiqrobs, rom anti-amerikuli gan-cxadebebi da nacionalisturi talRa erdoRans mxardaWeris SenarCunebaSi exmareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebi 70-ian wlebSi daiZaba, TurqeTis kvip-rosis SeWris Semdeg, TurqeTisa da amerikis urTierTobe-bisTvis ukanaskneli krizisuli mdgomareoba aqamde arnaxu-li, mniSvnelovani testia.

uTanxmoebis kidev erTi mizezi ankaras mier amerikis ram-denime moqalaqis da saelCos TanamSromlebis dakaveba gaxda. amasTan erTad, TurqeTi amerikisgan moiTxovs amerikaSi mcxovreb Turqi religiuri lideris fetula gulenis gada-cemas, romelsac TurqeTi 2016 wlis gadatrialebis mowyobis mcdelobaSi sdebs brals.

mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom anti-amerikuli gancxade-bebi da nacionalisturi talRa erdoRans mxardaWeris Se-narCunebaSi exmareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom or qveyanas So-ris urTierTobebi 70-ian wlebSi daiZaba, TurqeTis kvipro-sis SeWris Semdeg, TurqeTisa da amerikis urTierTobebis-Tvis ukanaskneli krizisuli mdgomareoba aqamde arnaxuli, mniSvnelovani testia.

TurqeTi axlo aRmosavleTis regionSi erT-erTi Zlieri da mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoa. misi sagareo politika, Tanamed-rove etapze, romelic civi omis periodSi mezoblebisagan izo-lirebuli da mxolod dasavleTze orientirebuli iyo mniSvne-lovan cvlilebebs ganicdis. TurqeTisaTvis metad mniSvnelo-vania evrokavSirSi Sesvlis sakiTxi, rac mudmivad aisaxeboda kidevac mis sagareo da saSinao politikur kursze.

msjeloba imaze, Tu sagareo kursis romeli mimarTule-baa ufro swori TurqeTisTvis, rTulia, radganac gasaTva-liswinebelia uamravi faqtori, romelic erTmaneTs gadak-veTs da kompleqsuri urTierTobebis saxes iRebs. TurqeTis SemTxvevaSi iseTi gamowvevebi dgas sagareo politikaSi, ro-goricaa evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis survili, dasavleTTan stabiluri urTierTobis SenarCuneba da regionSi lideris poziciis damyareba.

115

salome bigvava

Tbilisis Ria universiteti

xelmZRvaneli: sofo Cqofoia, socialur mecnierebaTa aka-demiuri doqtori

bioterorizmi — XXI saukunis axali safrTxe

II adgili

kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi xSiria paTogenebisa da biologiuri toq-sinebis iaraRad gamoyenebis magaliTebi. biologiuri ewodeba oms, sadac xdeba bi-ologiuri toqsinebis an infeqciuri agentebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa viruse-bi, baqteriebi da sokoebi, im mizniT, rom moklas an ziani miayenos adamians, cxo-vels an mcenares.

sainteresoa Tavad teriristebis damokidebuleba bio-logiuri iaraRis mimarT. magaliTad, al-qaida, miuxedavad imisa rom, metad orientirebuli iyo atomur iaraRze, ara-naklebi yuradRebiT ekideboda bio-iaraRis potenciur Se-saZleblobebs. al-qaidas samxedro komitetis mTavari sar-dlis mosazrebiT, biologiuri agentebi udidesi potenciisa da sargeblis mqone iaraRad unda CaiTvalos.

informacia da Sesabamisi codna radiologiuri, atomu-ri, Tu qimiuri masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRebis Sesaxeb ga-cilebiT metia, vidre biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb. biolo-giuri iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi fsiqilogiuri faq-tori Zalian mniSvnelovania. biologiuri iaraRis momavali, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damaimedebelia teroristebisTvis da Tavzardamcemi maTi samizneebisTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebi Sewuxebulni arian biologiuri iaraRis potenciuri gavrce-

116

lebiT, da aRniSnaven, rom bioiaraRi yvelaze saSiSi da arap-rognozirebadia.

zogierTi Tvlis, rom TanamedroveobaSi, adamiani bio-logiur iaraRs, ganzrax, arasdros ar gamoiyenebs, misi ukontrolo xasiaTidan gamomdinare: daavadeba SesaZlebe-lia ukan daubrundes mis gamomyenebels da SeiZleba uaresi Sedegi miadges mas, vidre mis samiznes. Tumca es ar exeba au-cileblad, yvela mikrobiologiur agents, radgan mag.zogi-erTi baqteriis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ise, rom, man mxo-lod garkveuli radiusis farglebSi imoqmedos.

politikosebi grZnobdnen sazogadoebis zewolas biote-rorizmis SesaZlo aqtebis gamo, ramac gansakuTrebiT imata 9/11 SemTxvevis Semdeg aSS-Si. usafrTxoebis zomebis miReba aqtualuria saqonlisa da kulturuli mcenareebis dasaca-vad, razecaa damokidebuli msoflio ekonomikis didi nawi-li.

kanonmdebloba biologiuri iaraRisa da biousafrTxoe-bis Sesaxeb moqmedebs did britaneTSi, aSS-Si, axal zelandia-sa da avstraliaSi. mas „biologiuri iaraRis antiteroris-tuli aqti“ ewodeba da kanongareSed acxadebs yvelas, vinc „SeimuSavebs, gamoiyenebs da awarmoebs nebismieri saxis bio-logiur nivTierebas, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios daziane-ba, daavadeba an sikvdili“. aqtis mizania biologiuri iara-Ris konvenciis (BWC) danergva zemoTCamoTvlil qveynebSi.

iracionaluri da araprognozirebadi teroristuli orga-nizaciebisTvis, biologiuri iaraRis gamoyenebiT gamowveuli Soki da SiSi Zalian mimzidvels xdis aseTi tipis iaraRis gamo-yenebas. amis magaliTad gamogvadgeba siriaSi bolo dros ganvi-Tarebuli movlenebi. siriis konfliqti erT-erTi pirveli iyo, sadac saerTaSoriso normebis Tanaxmad akrZaluli qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRis gamoyeneba dadasturda.

2018 wlis 4 Tebervals, siriis qalaq saraqibSi sabrZolo miznebiT, momwamlavi qloris gamoyeneba qimiuri iaraRis ak-rZalvis organizaciam (OPCW) daadastura.

117

saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier gamoqveynebuli anga-riSis Tanaxmad, balonebidan qlori gaafrqvies meqanikuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad. organizaciis eqspertebma daskvna momwamlavi nivTierebis Semcveli ori balonis da adgilze aRebuli sinjebis Seswavlis safuZvelze gamoitanes. saerTa-Soriso organizacia aRniSnavs, rom misi amocanaa, qimiuri ia-raRis gamoyenebis faqtebis dadgena da ara damnaSavis gamov-lena.

gaeros specialuri komisiis eqspertebis daskvniT, bolo 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi siriaSi qimiuri iaraRi sul mcire 30-jer gamoiyenes, maTgan 27-jer samTavrobo Zalebma. erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi iyo 2017 wels, „zarinis“ Semcveli Wur-vebiT qalaq xan-Seixunis dabombva, romelsac 80-ze meti ada-mianis sicocxle emsxverpla.

maSin, asadis xelisufleba da misi mxardamWeri ruseTi irwmunebodnen, rom aviadartymisas bombi moxvda sawyobs, sa-dac inaxeboda meamboxeTa mier damzadebuli, qimiuri nivTi-erebebis Semcveli sabrZolo masalebi.

bioterorizmi momavals seriozul safrTxes uqmnis. mniSvelovani da aucilebelia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobro-bis mxridan saTanado yuradReba daeTmos bioterorizmis potenciur safrTxeebsa da anti-teroristuli aqtivobebis ukeT mobilizacias. is faqti, rom bioterorizmi dResdReo-biT ar aris iseTi gavrcelebuli, rogorc terorizmis sxva saxe, magaliTad kiberterorizmi, an sxva polularuli te-roristuli aqtivobebi, da ar aris iseTi popularuli maseb-Si, rogorc atomuri iaraRi, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom xval teroristuli dajgufebebi ar SeiZenen saTanado codnasa da gamocdilebas biologiuri iaraRis Sesaqmnelad da mis gamo-sayeneblad. miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, religiuri-fa-natikuri ideebiT Sepyrobili teroristuli dajgufebebis matebas, erTazrovnad dgeba seriozuli safrTxe biologiu-ri iaraRis masobrivi gamoyenebisa.

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sofiko lomTaTiZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis socialur

mecnierebaTa fakulteti xelmZRvaneli: maka doliZe, filologiis doqtori

sociologiuri kvlevebi Tanamedrove mediaSi

II adgili

Jurnalistikis sociologia, ro-gorc codnis sfero,dResdReobiT bunebrivad aRiqmeba,radgan Jurna-listikisa da sociologiis interese-bis msgavsebis aRiareba iyo Jurnalis-tikis gadasvla filologiis mecnie-rebebidan sociologiis mecnierebaTa sferoSi.

Jurnalistika socialuri sinam-dvilis asaxvas da am sinamdvileze zegavleniT misi ar-sis gansazRvraa. igi qmnis socialuri sivrcis arss. Jur-nalistikis sociologia cxadyofs, rom sociologiam Jurnalistikis profesiul sivrceSi SeaRwia da mas axa-li saganmanaTleblo rakursi SesZina.

sociologiuri kvlevebis intensivobac gaizarda da sferoebic gamravalferovnda. aRsaniSavia, rom qar-Tuli Jurnalistikis sociologiuri kvlevebi umTavre-sad qarTul — amerikuli da qarTul evropuli erTiani proeqtebiT xorcieldeba, sadac mniSvnelovan rols arasamTavrobo organizaciebi TamaSoben: ,,demokrati-ul inovaciaTa centri“, ,,amerikis saerTaSoriso ganvi-Tarebis saagento“ (USAID), ,,saerTaSoriso kvlevebis da gacvlis sabWo “, (IREX), ,, mSvidobis , demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiis instituti “ da sxva .

socialuri kvlevebi garkveulwilad gavlenas ax-

119

dens mTel sazogadoebaze: politikosebi awarmoeben wi-nasaarCevno kampanias amomrCevelTa simpaTiebis Seswav-lis safuZvelze, kompaniebi awarmoeben produqcias mar-ketinguli kvlevebis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT da a.S. socialuri kvleva gulisxmobs mudmiv urTierTobas dakvirvebasa da axsnas Soris, faqtebis uwyvet mopove-bas axsnis Semowmebis mizniT, amis safuZvelze axsnis Sem-dgom daxvewas da a.S. kargi axsna ki or urTierTdakavSi-rebul process moicavs: Teoriis SemuSavebas da Teori-is Semowmebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi empiriuli donidan konceptualur- abstraqtuli donis mimarTulebiT vmoZraobT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki — konceptualur-ab-straqtuli donidan empiriulis mimarTulebiT.

120

vefxvia TavdgiriZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

xelmZRvaneli: nargiza kankia, asocirebuli profesori

media da arCevnebi — 2017 wlis adgilobrivi TviT-

marTvelobis arCevnebis magaliTze

msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi, de-

mokratiulia Tu ara igi, politikosebi winasaarCevno kampaniis farglebSi mo-saxleobasTan mediis saSualebiT urTi-erToben. medias mniSvnelovani roli akisria, rogorc Suamavals politikur sistemasa da xalxs Soris. bunebrivia, drois am periodSi mediisa da politi-kis urTierTobis mxriv normaluri vi-

Tareba araa, da swored amitomac gansakuTrebiT kargad ik-veTeba xolme mediaze politikis zemoqmedebis arxebi, rac Sesabamisad, mis dakvirvebas da analizs aadvilebs.

warmodgenili sakonferencio naSromSi aRwerilia sama-uwyeblo mediis ZiriTdi saqmianoba winasaarCevno periodSi. konkretulad 2017 — wlisadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi. kvlevis mizania davadginoT, ramdenad Tanabrad aSuqebda qarTuli televizia arCevnebis mimdinareobas da hqonda Tu ara gavlena samauwyeblo medias zemoT xsenebul procesebze.

sakvlevad SerCeulia ,,sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli“, te-lekompania „imedi“ da „rusTavi 2“. gamoviyeneT mediis dak-virvebis erT-erTi yvelaze gamocdili da praqtikuli meTo-di — mediamonitoringi, romlis mTavari mizania dagvexmaros imis dadgenaSi, Tu ramdenad samarTlianad da miukerZoeb-lad aSuqebs media arCevnebs. garda amisa, CavatareT raode-nobrivi kvleva, sadac gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRo sxva-dasxva universitetis 60 — amde studentma.

121

kvlevam aCvena, rom media fundamentur rols asrulebs mosaxleobisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri kampa-niebis CatarebaSi. igi sazogadoebaSi miiCneva, rogorc po-litikuri iaraRi politikosebis xelSi. media saSualebebs didi gavlena aqvs saarCevno procesebis warmarTvaze da swo-red amitom, dRemde ar aris Tavisufali politikuri zegav-lenisgan.

naSromSi motanili magaliTebis kvaldakval, ramdenime ZiriTadi problema gamoikveTa, romelic met-naklebi msgav-sebiT, kvlevaSi monawile yvela media saSualebas axasiaTebs. ZiriTadi mignebebi, Sedegebi da rekomendaciebi daskvniT na-wilSia warmodgenili

122

Tamar tabataZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

xelmZRvanelebi: marina surmava, asocirebuli profesori; elene abaSiZe, filologiis doqtori

socialur qselSi daSvebuli Secdomebi da

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi

stilistur-gramatikuli Secdomebi

ena aris komunikaciis saSualeba. hom-

bis (Homby/hombi, 2003 gv. 752) TqmiT ena aris zepiri da werilobiTi formis komu-nikaciis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba mTels msoflioSi. ena aris Zalian mniS-vnelovani Cvens cxovrebaSi. garda amisa swored misi

saSualebiT sazogadoebis wevrebi er-TmaneTTan kontaqts amyareben. xdeba

ideebisa da informaciis gaziareba. rasakvirvelia yvela qveyanas gaaCnia sakuTari ena, rom-

liTac xdeba gaigiveba adgilobrivi sazogadoebis, raTa ko-munikacia moaxdinos sxvebTan. inglisuri aris erT-erTi ena, romelic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso doneze. igi gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yvela adamianis mier mTels msoflioSi.

wera aris saSualeba, instrumenti, raTa davukavSirdeT sxva adamians, romelic araa Cvens gverdiT, ar usmens Cvens sityvebs, ar uyurebs Cvens Jestebs da saxis gamometyvelebas (Carion/karioni, 1991). wera, rogorc komunikaciis instrumen-ti, ideebis gadmosacemaT an gaSifrisTvis imisa Tu ra gvaqvs ukve gonebaSi (Schooles at al/Sulsi & sxv., 2001).

cota xnis win Facebook-i gaxda popularuli socialuri qseli, romelic Zalian swrafad izrdeba da viTardeba. am socialur qselSi da ara marto masSi sazogadoeba statuse-

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bis da postebis werisas gamoxataven Tavian ideebs da grZno-bebs.

yvela enas aqvs sakuTari struqtura, romelsac "grama-tika" ewodeba. es aris ganuyofeli nawili gamoyenebuli, ro-gorc saubrisas, aseve werilobiT enaze. mis mTavar mizans warmoadgens miviRoT sruli winadadeba. hornbi (Hornby/hor-nbi, 1995, gv. 517) aRniSnavs, rom gramatika aris wesi enaSi, ra-Ta Secvalos enis forma da aerTianebs maT winadadebaSi da mniSnvelovania srulyofili winadadebis Camosayalibeblad.

socialuri qselis ena dazRveuli ar aris Secdomebisa-gan. mag. Facebook-Si statusis werisas korderi (Corder/korde-ri, 1981, gv. 36) ambobs, rom Secdomebis aRwera aris lingis-turi operacia: “Mr. Eddy drive a minivan”,- Secdomaa da unda iyos: — “Mr. Eddy drives a minivan” — radgan es aris present tense da Cven gvWirdeba davumatoT zmnas (drives)-s -s, vinaidan subieq-ti (Mr. Eddy) aris mxolobiT ricxvSi.

postebSi, statusebSi da komentarebSi daSvebuli Secdo-mebi SeiZleba iyos gramatikuli, marTlweriTi, punqtuaciu-ri da sintaqsuri.

124

naTia axalaia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtorantura

xelmZRvaneli: Temur jagodniSvili, profesori

terorizmi da Tanamedrove media

terorizmi aris ara mxolod erTi rome-

lime konkretuli saxelmwifos, aramed mTe-li msoflios problema, Sesabamisad mediis mxridan misiT daintereseba, bunebrivia. mas didi istoria aqvs da sakmaod problemuri, mtkivneuli da mwvave sakiTxia.

medias didi yuradReba marTebs, rom ar gaxdes teroristebisTvis propagandis saSu-

aleba. teroristuli dajgufebebis gaTvlaa mediis saSuale-biT, moxvdnen farTo sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi, Ta-vianT mizans aRweven kidec- amkvidreben qaoss, panikas nerga-ven xalxSi, ewevian sakuTari saqmianobis propagandasa da momxreebis mobilizebas. swored amitom, mediisa da Jurna-listebisTvis, mniSvnelovania icodnen is wesebi, romlis dacviTac unda gaSuqdes problema: sazogadoebaSi panikis asarideblad, momxdar ambavs gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba ar unda mieniWos; ambavi Sesabamisi, sworad SerCeuli termine-biT unda gadmoices; problemis gaSuqebisas, Jurnalistma teroristuli organizaciis wevrTa liderebs, maTi cxovre-bis stilis, miznebisa da ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sesa-xeb saubars didi dro ar unda dauTmos, vinaidan am WrilSi gaSuqebam, SesaZloa maTdami dadebiTi damokidebuleba gamo-iwvios; teroristuli dajgufebis wevrebi ar unda iqnen warmoCenilebi gmirebad; teroristuli aqti ar unda iqnes detalebSi aRwerili, raTa erTgvari instruqciis saxe ar Se-iZinos; sazogadoebrivi manipulaciis asacileblad, kadrebi redaqtirebuli saxiT unda gadaices; ambis gasamZafreblad

125

sxva dros gadaRebuli foto/video masalis gamoyeneba Sesa-bamisi miTiTebis gareSe dauSvebelia. ra Tqma unda, es ar aris sruli CamonaTvali im funqciebisa, romelic teroris-tuli aqtis gaSuqebisas media saSualebebma da Jurnalisteb-ma unda gaiTvaliswinon. aRniSnuli sakiTxis gaSuqeba kidev ufro siRrmiseul codnas moiTxovs.

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi saxelmwifo usaf-rTxoebis samsaxuris umTavresi amocana qveynis mimarT te-roristuli riskebis Semcireba, saxelmwifos, misi interese-bisa da moqalaqeebis teroristuli saqmianobis yvela for-misagan dacvaa. aucilebelia saxelmwifoebisa da saerTaSo-riso organizaciebis TanamSromloba, saerTaSoriso usaf-rTxoebis sakiTxebSi. am brZolaSi ki Zlieri mediis roli, mi-si mxardaWera umniSvnelovanesia.

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humanitarul mecnierebaTa seqcia

rusudan kavTiaSvili — profesori, Tavmjdomare inga kokaia — asocirebuli profesori, moadgile nestan akobia — asocirebuli profesori laSa CaxvaZe — asocirebuli profesori Tamar xecuriani — mowveuli specialisti

dariko filfani


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: rusudan kavTiaSvili, profesori

kontaminacia da Sinagani monologi

I adgili

TemaSi ganxilulia pirdapiri gamo-naTqvami Sinagani monologis fonze. ro-gorc analizma aCvena, Sinagani metyvele-ba monologSi, adamianis naazrevis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoyenebadi da subiqtu-robis gamoxatvis xelsayreli formaa, radgan vfiqrobT, rom is Rrmad wvdeba pirovnebis siRrmiseul Canafiqrs; Sina-gani monologi saSualebas gvaZlevs av-

xsnaT is (rig SemTxvavaSi) moulodneli qmedebebi Tu gamo-naTqvami, rac pirovnebis naaxrevs gvamcnobs siRrmiseulad.

Sinagani monologis ganxilvisas, Cven aqcentireba gavake-TeT kontaminaciaze, romelmac Tavi iCina enis TiTqmis yvela doneze. Sesabamisad miviCnieT, rom avtoriseuli naazrevi Tu Canafiqri kontaminaciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe srul-yofili da gasagebi ver iqneboda.

127

cnobilia, rom kontaminaciis cneba gulisxmobs or ur-TierTSepirispirebiT plans, esenia-mTqmelis/avtoris da personaJis azrebis urTierTgadajaWvas da Serwymas. Sede-gad miviReT narativSi gansxvavebuli forma, rac warmoad-gens Sinagani metyvelebis erT-erT saxes, romelSic subieq-turobis faqtori dominant rols TamaSobs. kontaminaciis faqtoris gaTvaliswineba Sinagan monologSi, kargad gamoxa-tavs individualurobis maxasiaTebel formebs, rac Cveni az-riT, warmoadgens narativis mniSvnelovan da Rirebul na-wils.

Sinagani monologi aris narativis Taviseburi da gamor-Ceuli forma, romelic SeiZleba iyos mxatvruli teqstis gmiris Tu mTqmelis ocnebis, warmosaxvis, reluri gancdis an sxva raime SegrZnebis aRwera, rac yvelaze xSirad warsuli an momavali droiTi formebis gamoyenebiTaa gadmocemuli. Sinagan metyvelebaSi naazrevs axasiaTebs logikuri jaWvuri bma, sadac kontaminacia mis inherentul Tvisebad miviCnieT.

128

salome gergedava

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola

xelmZRvaneli: rusudan kavTiaSvili, profesori

SOME MORE ABOUT CONTEXTUAL MEANING

II adgili

It is well known that one of the key ideals in language study is- context determines meaning. The word Context itself means environmental and associated surroundings.

Change of meaning has been studied from various points of view in Linguistics but the greatest attention was drawn to semantic changes caused by diversity of contexts. Our aim was to investigate the results of semantic change and to

find out what was changed and how it was changed. We had also compared some cases of the resultant and the original meanings of an utterance and described the difference between them.

It is often possible to tell the meaning of a word without a context but we generally use the words in phrases/sentences and mostly their meaning definition depends on the context as an aid to our interpretation.

While describing the groups of contextual meanings it was impossible to avoid the problem of the stream of consciousness in some contextual form. But before we referred to the problem of context in its broad meaning, we had to analyze physical, psychological and verbal context forms.

129

marika keSelava


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: nestan akobia, asocirebuli profesori

vizualuri — internet sivrceSi gavrcelebuli

kalamburebis analizi

II adgili

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, inter-net kulturis siaxleebi elvis siswra-fiT viTardeba da vrceldeba. devid kristalis mixedviT kompiuteruli ena Rrma da Sinaarsiani fenomenia, Sedgeba mokle teqsturi Setyobinebebis, jgufe-bis, virtualuri samyaros, internet veb-gverdebisa da teqnikuri slengisgan.

vizualuri kalamburebis interpre-tacia Tu perifrazi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba. gaana-lizebul magaliTebSi gamovavlineT, rom vizualuri kalam-burebi iqmneba ara mxolod kalamburebis gamoyenebiT, ara-med kalamburTan erTad CarTulia sityvaTa TamaSis sxvadas-xva qve-kategoriebi.

fotoebis meSveobiT SevecadeT dagvedgina, romeli sxva-dasxva analizuri Tu stilisturi xerxebi ikveTeboda ka-lamburTan erTad Cven mier moZiebul magaliTebSi.

130

zeinab kaxaZe


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: Tamar xecuriani, mowveuli specialisti

PARTICULAR WAYS OF COMBINING PARTS OF THE

UTTERANCE (LINKAGE)

III adgili

The analysis of syntactical structures, their variety, their stylistic functions cannot be effecti-vely maintained without a thorough investigation of the linguistic features of the means and types of connection between parts of the sentence, between sentences themselves and within the paragraph.

For a long time only two types of connection have been under the observation of linguists: —coordination and subordination. The language

means of expressing these two types of logical connection of ideas are correspondingly divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

The current interest runs in the direction of investigating ways and means of combining different stretches of utterances with the aim of disclosing the wholeness of the work. Various scientific papers single out the following media which can fulfil the structural function of uniting various parts of utterances: repetition, the definite article, the demonstrative pronouns, the personal pronouns, adverbial words and phrases ( however, consequently, it follows then, etc.), parallel constructions, and a number of other means.

To define how parts of an utterance are connected and to clarify the type of interdependence between these parts is sometimes difficult either because of the absence of formal signs of linkage ( asyndeton), or because of the presence of too many identical signs (polysyndeton).

The objective of this paper is to define the key features of asyndeton and polysyndeton and provide an interesting insight into a peculiar type of sentence connection – the gap-sentence link.

131

Sorena Cemia


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: rusudan gociriZe, mowveuli specialisti

REASONS WHICH MADE ENGLISH THE WORLD'S MOST

WIDELY SPOKEN LANGUAGE

III adgili

After developing for almost a millennium on the British Isles, English was taken around the world by the sailors, soldiers, pilgrims, traders and missionaries of the British Empire. By the time anything resembling a language policy was introduced, English had already reached all the corners of the globe.

While Europe was rebuilding in the years after 1945, the USA boomed taking English

around the world as a language of trade. The influence of American business, combined with the tradition of English left around the world by the British Empire made English the number one language of international trade in the 21stCentury. Later, the global power of the USA coincided with the birth of popular computing and English became the language of the technological revolution and the internet as well.

132

mariam begiaSvili


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: inga kokaia, asocirebuli profesori

sityvaTwarmoebiTi afiqsebis funqciebi

inglisur enaSi

Tema eZRvneba Tanamedrove inglisuri enis sityvawarmoe-biT afiqsebs, maTi tipebis, funqciebis da adgilis gansaz-Rvras gamoyofili semantikuri jgufebis mixedviT. rogorc cnobilia, sityvis warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualeba sityvawar-moebaa, romelic sityvis agebis teqnikas gulisxmobs. marti-vad rom vTqvaT, esaa axali sityvis erTgvari ,,awyoba’’- Sed-gena calkeuli sityvebisgan, anu mawarmoebeli morfemebis-gan — afiqsebisgan. Tu gvecodineba sityvawarmoebiTi wesebi, Cven swrafad SevZlebT erTi sityvidan sxva, axali sityvis an axali metyvelebis nawilis warmoebas. analizisTvis mniSvne-lovania prefiqs-sufiqsebis semantikis codnac.

inglisur enaSi sityvawarmoebiTi afiqsebi qmnian axal sityvebs, axal metyvelebis nawilebs. isini moklebulni ari-an damoukidebel mniSvnelobas da mxolod fuZesTan SeerTe-bisas avlenen Sesabamis funqcias. inglisurSi, prefiqsebTan SedarebiT, sufiqsebi gacilebiT ufro produktiul afiqse-bad iTvlebian. inglisurSi aseve gvxvdeba nasesxebi afiqsebi. amasTanave, sityvaTwarmoebiTi afiqsebi moklebulni arian damoukidebel mniSvnelobas da mxolod fuZesTan SeerTebi-sas avlenen funqcias.

133

naTia bJalava


humanitrul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: rusudan kavTiaSvili, profesori

metafora - mxatvruli teqstis

inherentuli maxasiaTebeli

migvaCnia, rom metafora semantiku-rad datvirTuli erT-erTi gamorCeuli stilisturi xerxia, romelic amdidrebs teqstebs da garkveul wilad sixalises da sicocxles matebs maT. metaforis kvleva, miuxedavad misi xangrZlivi isto-riisa, dResac uaRresad aqtualuria, mi-si kreatiuli bunebidan da SesaZleblo-bebidan gamomdinare. metaforebi zedmi-

wevniT kargad gamoxataven avtoriseul xedvas movlenebze da gamokveTen maT individualurobas, originalur azrovne-bas, mag.: -Expression is the dress of thought.

inglisuri leqsikuri erTeuli “noodles” — metaforul kon-teqstSi kargavs Tavis uSualo mniSvnelobas da viRebT sruli-ad gansxvavebul azrs mniSvnelobiT - „Taviani,Wkviani gogra mxrebze“, — You know everything, you got some noodles on your shoulders”. moulodnelobis efeqti metaforebis Tanmdevi inherentuli Tvisebaa bevr SemTxvevaSi, rasac gverds ver avuvliT.

xSir SemTxevaSi analizisas aRmoCnda, rom metaforebi ormagi bunebis matarebeli erTeulebia, romlebic qve-teqsts gulisxmoben da romelTa dekodireba umniSvnelova-nesia absurdulobis Tavidan asacileblad, mag. (Backlog of orders, to melt before someone and so on.)

metafora, Cveneuli gagebiT,semantikurad rTuli da gavrcelebuli stilisturi xerxia, romlis gaazreba uSua-lod konteqsTtan mimarTebaSi unda moxdes.

134

nino zaaliSvili


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: irina maniJaSvili, asocirebuli profesori

qalaquri metyvelebis diferenciacia

saliteraturo enas samwerlobo ena-

sac uwodeben,riTac xazs usvamen mis sa-valdebulo kavSirs werilobiT tradici-asTan.zogjer saliteraturo enas Secdo-miT akavSireben dedaqalaqis metyvele-basTan.qalaqis metyvelebaze saubrisas erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi termin-Ta SerCevaa.kerZod,ra terminebia mosa-xerxebeli qalaqis metyvelebis (anu qala-

quri dialeqtis) da misi saxeebis aRsaniSnavad.qalaqis (didi qalaqebis) metyvelebiTi mravalferovneba qveyanaTa geog-rafiuli dialeqtebis simravles ar CamorCeba.irving levis alenis naSromSi aRniSnulia,rom qalaqis metyvelebaSi Ziri-Tadad imdenive sametyvelo jgufi gamoiyofa,ramednic-so-cialuri jgufi [Allen,1993].

yvelaze ukeT qalaquri (Cven SemTxvevaSi,Tbilisis) met-yvelebis daxasiaTeba xerxdeba anekdotebSi,romlebSic yve-laze tipur maxasiaTeblad miCneulia,leqsika da Taviseburi gamoTqmebi.

qalaquri metyveleba erovnuli enisa,iseTive Semadgene-li elementia,rogoric cocxali dialeqtebi.masSi yvelaze reliefurad, gamWvirvaled warmoCndeba am enis SesaZleb-lobebi da Taviseburebebi.

135

lana kevliSvili


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: nestan akobia, asocirebuli profesori

sityvaTa TamaSis Taviseburebi enis

semantikur-stilistikur doneze

ganvixilavT sityvaTa TamaSis

ramdenime saxeobas, romelebsac axa-siaTebT semantikur-stilistikuri orazrovneba gamoxatuli: kalambu-riT, malapropizmiT, velerizmiT, oqsimoroniT da zevgmiT.

semantikur-stilistikur done-ze ganxilulma erTeulebma gvaCvena, rom maT Soris arsebobs semantikuri TvalsazrisiT mWidro da uwyveti kavSiri da TiToeuli maTgani xasiaT-

deba TaviseburebebiT. aRsaniSnavia rom, rogorc TiToeuli velerizmis, aseve oqsimoronisa da kalamburis (misi qvesaxe-obebis) gamoyenebisas winadadebis sintaqsuri wyoba ucvle-lia da ise miiRweva garkveuli semantikur-stilistikuri efeqti. maSin, rodesac — zevgmas axasiaTebs sintaqsuri wyo-bis rRveva garkveuli efeqtis misaRebad.

kvlevam gviCvena, rom am erTeulebis analizi SeiZleba gakeTdes misi intenciuroba-araintenciurobis kriteriumi-dan gamomdinare. zemoxsenebuli sityvaTa TamaSis xerxebi ZiriTadad garkveuli intenciiT gamoiyeneba; sityvaTa Tama-Sis sxvadasxva xerxebis gamoyenebiT avtori teqsts ufro mimzidvels xdis. malapropizmi aris is sityvaTa TamaSis forma, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi araintenciuria da situa-ciis Sesabamisi datvirTva ar gaaCnia, icvlis semantikur mniSvnelobas da xSirad xdeba misi uneblie gamoyeneba. Ziri-

136

Tadad ki malapropizmis gamoyeneba recipientSi badebs Seg-rZnebas, rom adresanti diletantia da ar icis gansxvaveba msgavsi JReradobis sityvebs Soris, iyenebs araintenciurad da darwmunebulia maTi gamoyenebis sisworeSi.

qarTul media sivrceSi msgavsi tipis Secdomebs xSirad vxvdebiT, rac naTeli magaliTia imisa, rom sityvis avtori ar aris garkveuli, ra semantikuri datvirTva aqvs konkre-tul leqsikur erTeuls. media-diskursSi yvelaze farTo gamoyeneba kalamburs aqvs. aseve xSirad vawydebiT gramati-kul da leqsikur silepsiss e.w. zevgmas, oqsimorons. unda aRiniSnos, rom kalamburi es is xerxia, romelic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba zemoxsenebuli semantikur-stilisti-kuri xerxebidan media sivrceSi, romelic Tavis mxriv cal-keul qve-jgufebad klasificirdeba da ufro farTo da mas-Staburi analizis saSualebas iZleva; sxva danarCen stilis-tur saSualebebze mopovebuli masala ki ufro mwiria.

137

mariam metreveli


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: Tamar xecuriani, mowveuli specialisti

THATCHING – CRAFT INDUSTRY IN THE UK

Thatching by traditional methods is just one of

many craft industries to take on a new lease of life in 21 st-century UK.

Thatched cottages play an important role in the English countryside. Thatched cottages are picturesque reminders of traditional skills. Thatch was a common roofing material in the 18th century and although it is estimated that there are only 50 000 thatched homes in England today, thatching has

recently seen a revival. Thatched cottages have been built for new generations in the UK. It

is the best way to stay warm under the cover of thatched cottage. Good quality straw thatch can last for more than 50 years when applied by a skilled thatcher. Traditionally, a new layer of straw was simply applied over the weathered surface, and this "coating" tradition has created accumulations of thatch over 2 m thick on very old buildings.

In the paper we will trace the history of this traditional British craft, will focus on the thatch roof construction and highlight its peculiarities.

138

nino ovaSvili


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: rusudan gociriZe, mowveuli specialisti

REASONS LEADING FOR CHANGES IN LANGUAGE

Language changes for several reasons. First, it

changes because the needs of its speakers change. New technologies, new products and new experiences require new words to refer to them clearly and efficiently. Change of language media from paper to internet has also had a huge impact on all the languages used in the internet. The world develops new tools and processes come out. This not only develops new terms affecting the

vocabulary but also changes the grammar and word collocations to span new developments. Word order also changes, though this process is much slower. Sentence structure is of course another change to English language. Language is always changing, evolving and adapting to the needs of its users. As long as the needs of language users continue to change, so will the language.

139

dali CareqaSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelwifo universi-tetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

xelmZRvaneli: irina demetraZe, asistent-profesori

inglisuri sityvebis HOUSE, HOME etimologia,

semantika da pragmatika

naSromSi ganvixilav sityvebs house da home maT qarTul Sesatyvisebs iseT aspeq-tebSi, rogorebicaa: am sityvaTa etimolo-gia, maTi gamoyeneba idiomebSi, slengSi, an-dazebSi, gamonaTqvamebsa da bibliaSi.

saxlis ganmarteba Semdegia : ,,House“ — ,, a building for people to live in, usually for one family” anu Senoba adamianebis sacxovreb-lad, umetesad erTi ojaxisaTvis. qarTul-

Si ki gvaqvs Semdegi ganmarteba : saxli aris Senoba an ubralod TavSesafari, romelsac adamianebi uxsovari droidan aSeneb-dnen droebiT an mudmivad sacxovreblad.

naSromSi aseve ganxilulia aRniSnuli sityvebis polise-miuri mniSvnelobebi.

sakvlevi Temis TiToeul monakveTSi saubaria inglisuri sityvis mniSvnelobebze da isini Sedarebulia qarTul Se-satyvisebTan.

kvleva ZiriTadad emyareba inglisurenovani da qarTuli leqsikonebis masalas.

kvlevam gamoavlina garkveuli msgavseba-gansxvavebebi mocemul or enas Soris. dadginda, rom orive sakvlev enaSi sityvebs house, home -saxli umetesad msgavsi mniSvnelobebi da gamoyeneba aqvT, magram sxvadasxva konteqstSi, ZiriTadad idiomebSi, kolokaciebSi, andazebsa da Sedgenil sityvebSi, saanalizo sityvebi gvxvdeba sruliad gansxvavebuli mniS-vnelobebiTac.

140

TaTia xaindrava


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: rusudan kavTiaSvili, profesori

sityvaTa sesxebis mizezebi inglisur enaSi

nasesxebi sityvebis arseboba enebSi

TvalsaCino procesia da arc inglisuri ena aris gamonaklisi am TvalsazrisiT. cnobilia, rom inglisuri enis leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina berZnulma, laTinurma, frangulma da aseve sxva enebma.

Cveni mizani iyo dagvedgina garkveu-li leqsikuri erTeulebis sesxebis auci-

lebloba inglisur enaSi; agvewera maTi semantikuri Tu mor-fo-fonologiuri cvlilebebi wyaro enebisagan gansxvave-biT.

analizma aCvena, rom nasesxebma sityvebma aSkara gavlena moaxdines inglisuri enis leqsikis Camoyalibebaze,am sfe-ros gafarToebaze da gamdidrebaze, ramac inglisuri ena wa-iyvana ganviTarebisaken. unda aRiniSnos, rom nasesxebi sit-yvebis gamoyeneba dResac aqtualuri procesia, Tumca gamo-ikveTa tendencia, rom inglisuri ena moiswrafvis maTi ekvi-valenturi formebiT Canacvlebisaken, mag. tet-a-tet _face to face; etc.-and so on; formulae-formulas.

xSir SemTxvevaSi nasesxebma sityvebma migviyvanes neolo-gizmebamde, ramac aseve migviyvana inglisuri enis leqsikis gamdidrebisaken.es mosazreba gansakuTrebiT terminebis sesxebasTanaa marTebuli.

141

Tamar xurciZe


humanitarul mecnierebaTa skola xelmZRvaneli: inga kokaia, asocirebuli profesori

anglicizmebi da maTi gavrcelebis

ZiriTadi saSualebebi

sakonferencio Tema exeba enis Sevse-

bisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebs, romlis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad misi leqsi-kuri maragis gamdidreba iTvleba. es procesi moicavs enaSi Semosul angli-cizmebs, anu inglisuridan Semosul axa-li cnebis aRmniSvnel leqsikur erTeu-lebs. maTi warmoqmna, Cveulebriv, eq-stralingvisturi faqtorebiTaa ganpi-

robebuli. es erTeulebi enaSi moqmedi wesebis mixedviT iq-mneba ukve arsebuli morfemebisa da leqsemebis safuZvelze, anda Semodian sesxebis gziT.

dResdReobiT, inglisuri ena praqtikulad yvela sfe-roSi gamoiyeneba. erT-erTi sfero, romelSic anglicizmebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli, interneti da masobrivi komunika-ciis saSualebebia. inglisuri, rogorc e.w. „lingua franka’’, saqarTveloSic mniSvnelovan fenomens warmoadgens. swored esaa imis mizezi, rom qarTul enaSi didi raodenobiT da sak-maod swrafi tempiT mkvidrdebian inglisuri enidan Semosu-li anglicizmebi. isini, ZiriTadad, teqnologiur ganviTare-basTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sesxebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxaris gamovlenis Sem-deg, Sejamebis saxiT, SiZleba iTqvas, rom anglicizmTa gamo-yeneba sametyvelo da samwerlo enaSi cxadyofs cxovrebis da, Sesabamisad, enis ganviTarebis tempis daCqarebis tenden-cias.

142

s a r C e v i

medicinisa da stomatologiis seqcia

murTaz boxua............................................................................. 4

rekonstruqciul-aRdgeniTi operaciebis Tanamedrove

aspeqtebi filtvis adgilobrivad gavrcelebuli kibos

dros

elguja xarCilava, baCi Ruzarauli............................ 7

menj-barZayis saxsris endoprotezireba

giorgi xobua, levan ormocaZe ....................................... 9

simsivnis molekuluri faqtorebi, rogorc Terapiis

samizne

nino qaTamaZe, salome Cargazia .................................... 11

profesiuli daavadebebi – cementis qarxnis zemoqmedebis

saxeebi adamianebis janmrTelobaze

levan roiniSvili, ia daTuniSvili............................. 13

mitoqondriuli genomis samedicino mniSvneloba

qristine cikolia................................................................... 15

tkivilis saxeebi

naTia lomaia.............................................................................. 17

veqtor-sistemis gamoyeneba parodontitis mkurnalobaSi

monika gabunia, ana mardaleiSvili ............................. 19

alergiuli reaqciebis klinikuri gamovlineba

stomatologiur praqtikaSi

Teona barbaqaZe, salome xoferia ................................ 21

sezonuri gripi

inal gajievi, TamTa verZaZe ........................................... 24

daberebis procesis marTvis SesaZleblobebi

giorgi gagua .............................................................................. 26

ra faqtorebi zemoqmedeben kvebiT modelebze diabetian

pacientebSi saqarTveloSi

giorgi kupraSvili, cotne belTaZe............................ 28

vitaminebisa da jansaRi kvebis klinikuri aspeqtebi

143

Tamar faRava, cira kelenjeriZe .................................. 31

mozardTa da axalgazrda asakis adamianebis janmrTeloba

saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi

Tamar qarTveliSvili ....................................................32

malariis da leiSmaniozis epidemiologia saqarTveloSi

samarTlis seqcia

salome buxrikiZe .................................................................... 33

konfiskaciis konstituciuroba qarTuli

samarTalis mixedviT

sofiko klimiaSvili ............................................................ 36

marixuanis dekriminalizacia – antagonizmi

Tu win gadadguli nabiji?!

ana gociriZe............................................................................... 38

Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis dacvis Teoriul-praqtikuli

problemebi

irakli CaCua............................................................................... 41

araqonebrivi zianis anazRaurebis problema saqarTvelos

sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT

magda WabaSvili, mari basilaSvili ............................ 45

piradi cxovrebis saidumloebasa da mediis

Tavisuflebas Soris interesTa konfliqtis

problema samoqalaqo samarTalSi

meri kilava ................................................................................. 49

wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis

pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

beqa eqonia .................................................................................. 52

fuladi valdebulebis Sesruleba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 389-e muxlis safuZvelze da masTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi

elene okribelaSvili, mariam maisuraZe.................. 55

mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebi winasaxelSekrulebo SromiT

urTierTobebSi

144

mariam Cxapelia-raWveliSvili...................................... 57

arasrulwlovnis uflebebi penitencialur sistemaSi

Teona jafariZe........................................................................ 61

„qurduli samyaros“ pasiuri wevri

ekonomikisa da biznesis seqcia

ana samuSia ................................................................................... 65

evropeli turistebis zrdis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi

giorgi laluaSvili .............................................................. 68

regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da zrdis Teoriuli

aspeqtebi

giorgi SamaTava....................................................................... 70

qarTuli kompaniebis biznes strategiebi

Tamar gigaSvili, sandro xuciSvili ......................... 73

sacalo gayidvebis analizis amocanebSi informaciuli

teqnologiebis gamoyeneba

mariam cecxlaZe, nino TurmaniZe.................................. 75

pirveli amerikeli feradkaniani milioneri qali madam

volkeri

ekaterine mebukia................................................................... 77

soflis meurneobis produqtebis roli ekonomikur

ganviTarebaSi da misi xarisxis kontrolis problemebi

ia TakaSvili .............................................................................. 80

erovnuli aviakompaniebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis

mimarTulebebi

kravai svaniZe............................................................................ 82

demografiuli problemebi saqarTveloSi

riCard SaraZe............................................................................ 85

abreSumis bazris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

da ganviTarebis tendenciebi

145

rusudan gunia............................................................................ 87

sastumro produqtis proeqtirebisa da adgilobrivi

investiciebis aTvisebis problema saqarTvelos sastumro

biznesSi

beqa burkiaSvili .................................................................... 89

turistuli biznesis ganviTareba istoriul

hereTSi (saingiloSi) da kulturul–SemecnebiTi turebi

giorgi naTelaSvili............................................................. 92

ra produqti iyideba yovelTvis?

lika iluriZe, xatia ZamukaSvili ................................. 94

geoekonomika VS geopolitika: aSS-s, ruseTisa da CineTis

magaliTebze dayrdnobiT

erida Cilingariani, salome saxokia.......................... 97

religiuri turizmi da qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi

somxeTSi

mariam beraia ............................................................................. 99

monopoliebi da maTi roli qveynis ekonomikaSi

socialur mecnierebaTa seqcia

giorgi iakobiSvili .............................................................. 101

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris

kanonmdeblobasTan etapobrivi daaxloeba da

misi efeqtianad ganxorcieleba

Tamar TaTaraSvili............................................................... 104

krizisis gaSuqebis tendenciebi mediaSi

salome kandelaki .................................................................. 106

mediisa da internetis roli Tanamedrove terorizmis

xelSewyobaSi

Salva berianiZe .........................................................................109 vebgverdis sandoobis aspeqtebi qarTul axal mediaSi

146

lela bolqvaZe .......................................................................... 112

TurqeTis regionuli Zala axlo aRmosavleTSi

salome bigvava.......................................................................... 115

bioterorizmi – XXI saukunis axali safrTxe

sofiko lomTaTiZe ................................................................ 118

sociologiuri kvlevebi Tanamedrove mediaSi

vefxvia TavdgiriZe............................................................... 120

media da arCevnebi – 2017 wlis adgilobrivi

TviTmarTvelobis arCevnebis magaliTze

Tamar tabataZe ......................................................................... 122

socialur qselSi daSvebuli Secdomebi da misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi stilistur-gramatikuli

Secdomebi

naTia axalaia ............................................................................ 124

terorizmi da Tanamedrove media

humanitarul mecnierebaTa seqcia

dariko filfani....................................................................... 126

kontaminacia da Sinagani monologi

salome gergedava.................................................................... 128

Some More about Contextual Meaning marika keSelava........................................................................ 129

vizualuri – internet sivrceSi gavrcelebuli

kalamburebis analizi

zeinab kaxaZe.............................................................................. 130

Particular Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance (linkage) Sorena Cemia................................................................................ 131

Reasons which Made English the World's most Widely Spoken Language mariam begiaSvili................................................................... 132

sityvaTwarmoebiTi afiqsebis funqciebi inglisur enaSi

147

naTia bJalava ............................................................................ 133

metafora _ mxatvruli teqstis inherentuli maxasiaTebeli

nino zaaliSvili ..................................................................... 134

qalaquri metyvelebis diferenciacia

lana kevliSvili...................................................................... 135

sityvaTa TamaSis Taviseburebi enis semantikur-stilistikur

doneze

mariam metreveli .................................................................... 137

Thatching – Craft Industry in the UK nino ovaSvili ........................................................................... 138

Reasons Leading for Changes in Language dali CareqaSvili ................................................................... 139

inglisuri sityvebis House, Home etimologia, semantika da

pragmatika

TaTia xaindrava ...................................................................... 140

sityvaTa sesxebis mizezebi inglisur enaSi

Tamar xurciZe ........................................................................... 141

anglicizmebi da maTi gavrcelebis ZiriTadi saSualebebi

148

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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