G1E01910110 - WorldRadioHistory.Com...The Sencore SC61 Waveform Analyzer By Carl Babcoke, CET This new scope has several features that can shorten diagnostic time significantly and

Shock hazard at the work bench

AUGUST 1982/$2.25

G1E01910110 Servicing &Technology

2'.. e....u> ,-.-r. c,c).- r rr o

r C CJ ...I

C.; LI -0 CC I

X Oct C I

C. LOI o X' G I

a. or z ct

CC Co.

CO "C p --co > ne

o

0D X SI

CC

www.americanradiohistory.com

Your rebuilt tuners and modules get our "We Care" attention.

At PTS, quality work means you're doing the best job you can do. So each tuner and module that comes through for rebuilding gets special attention that says "We Care".

PTS rebuilds in eight hours or less with most tuners and modules available for immediate exchange. We service all major brands to meet or exceed the manufacturer's specifications.

And PTS backs up each quality part with a full year limited warranty.

Only one company has the "We Care" spirit in quality rebuilding.

Only One.

PTS CORPORATION Circle (1) on Reply Card

For the name of the PTS Distributor or Servicenter nearest you write PTS Corporation, P.O. Box 272, Bloomington, IN 47402


GLEOT000IO Editorial, advertising and circulation cor- respondence should be addressed to: P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS 66212-9981 (a suburb of Kansas City, MO); (913)888-4664.

EDITORIAL Bill Rhodes, Editorial Director Nils Conrad Persson, Editor Carl Babcoke, Consumer Servicing Consultant Rhonda Wickham, Managing Editor Tina Thorpe, Associate Editor

ART Kevin Callahan, Art Director Kim Nettie, Graphic Designer

CIRCULATION John C. Arnst, Director Evelyn Rogers, Manager Dee Manies, Reader Correspondent

ADMINISTRATION R. J. Hancock, President Cameron Bishop, Publisher

ADVERTISING Greg Garrison, National Sales Manager Jean Jones, Production Manager Mark Raduziner, Marketing Coordinator

Regional advertising sales offices listed near Advertisers' Index.

Member, Audit Bureau of Circulation

ABP Member, American

Business Press

ELECTRONIC SERVICING & TECHNOLOGY (USPS 462-050)

(with which is combined PF Reporter) is published monthly

by Intertec Publishing Corp., P.O. Box 12901, 9221

Ouivira Road, Overland Park, KS 66212-9981. Second

Class Postage paid at Shawnee Mission, KS 66201. Send

Form 3579 to P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS

66212-9981.

ELECTRONIC SERVICING & TECHNOLOGY is the "how-to" magazine of electronics. It is edited for electronic professionals and enthusiasts who are interested in buying, building. installing and repairing home -entertainment elec-

tronic equipment (audio, video, microcomputers, electronic games, etc.).

Subscription prices to qualified subscribers: one year $15,

two years $26, three years $34 in the USA and its posses- sions. Foreign countries: one year $20, two years $30, three years $40. Single copy price $2.25; back copies $3.00. Adjustment necessitated by subscription termination to single copy rate. Allow 6 to 8 weeks delivery for change of address. Allow 6 to 8 weeks for new subscrip- tions.

PHOTOCOPY RIGHTS: Permission to photocopy for internal

or personal use is granted by Intertec Publishing Corp. for

libraries and others registered with Copyright Clearance

Center (CCC), provided the base fee of $2 per copy of article is paid directly to CCC, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA

01970. Special requests should be addressed to Cameron

Bishop. publisher. ISSN 0278-9922

ILD INTERTEC PUBLISHING CORP.

1982 All rights reserved.

Our new model 128 has a beeper and a whole lot mere After you've seen it we think you'll agree that this is the best all around field service DMM availab'e It beeps on all three functions-V II and A-and on all ranges

f Dr each function. Applications are virtually unlimited. It "displays" a standard digital readout,

an audible tone for rapid over/under checks and an over/under arrow.

Unique 128 design er_ahles you to e verify forward c.ondufcbDn. and reverse Tblocking of semicclutor junctions, test IEL)s and check

soundm

with the beeper ztrt, the 128 maintains 1OM] input re- ChEven

OiCstancet. You can cib_a l

both the beeper thresfiold and the A/D without disassembling the instrument.

The 128 is human engineered with a large, 0.6" display, rugged ABS case and display window, 35O -hr battery life and overload protection.

Much less versatility can cost much more than $139.

The 128 is the sound choice because it's the smart buy. Contact your local Keithley rep- resentative or distributor.

KEITH LEY Keithle-r Instruments, Inc. 28775 Aurora Road 'Cleveland, OH 44139 (216) 2,8-0400! Telex: 98-5469

Circle (5) on Reply Card

August 1982 Electronic Servicing & rechnology 3


The how-to magazine of electronics...

GIGOTROAiG

August 1982

Volume 2, No. 8

The field of robotics is cur- revolutionizing in-

dustry. See story on page 38. (Photo courtesy of Thermwood Corporation.)

14

20

33

The intelligent -machines industries The state of the art By Carl Helmers, Robotics Age Computers are now being combined with machines to bring about a new type of industry.

Reports from the test lab: The Sencore SC61 Waveform Analyzer By Carl Babcoke, CET This new scope has several features that can shorten diagnostic time significantly and provide accurate readings.

Shock hazard at the workbench By Robert K. Benson Electrical shock is always a hazard when working with electronic equipment, but it can be minimized.

38 What is an industrial robot? By Ken Susnjara, Thermwood Corporation An industrial robot is not a monster that will replace human workers, but simply a machine tool programmed to perform a limited sequence of motions.

48

53

Toward the automatic factory The industrial robot is the name of the game, and the effects of their existence are far reaching.

Robotics in practice: Future capabilities By Joseph F. Engelberger, Unimation The gulf between man and robot will always remain, but it is being reduced as technology advances.

4 Electronic Servicing & Technology August 1982


1

. ME TIMEBASE-FREO

NORA POSITION

5 è>

BEAM FINDER

LVEFORM ANALYZER

A DELTA MEASUREMENTS TRIGGER A INTENSIFIED a SOURCE MODE

BEGIN PORTION END '-^B M LINE

E.i sup

POLARITY LEVEL

(ter. ,2

TRIG GROUND INPUT

Page 20

Page 33

Page 48

Departments 6 Editorial

6 Electronic Scanner

8 Feedback

29 Book Reviews

30 Reader's Exchange

32 Troubleshooting Tips

58 Photofacts

58 Calendar of Events

60 Symcure

62 New Products

66 New Literature

Next month... Previewing GE for 1983. Large and small screens, portability and new circuitry are features of General Electric's new line of video and television. This model has a 3 -inch television, FM -stereo and AM -radio reception, plus a stereo microcassette record- er/player. A step-up model with similar features permits the microcassette to be removed for headphone listening.

August 1982 Electronic Servicing & Technology 5


EDITORIAL er Almost every magazine, newspaper article or

special issue that discusses robots starts with a mention of the play R. U. R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) by Karel Capek. This issue will be no exception.

Actually, the play, and the concept of robot in the play, have almost no applicability to robots as they are developing in the real world today. But mention of the play is important, because it is from R. U.R. that our language got the word robot in the first place. It comes from Capek's native Czech word robit, or robota, which literally means work.

According to Harry Domin, general manager of R. U.R., Rossum was mad and had wanted to play God and to create real humans. The material for these beings was a substance synthesized by Rossum that behaved like living matter but had a different chemical composition. After his father's death, the young engineer chose to manufacture the beings as cheaply as possible, with the least requirements. He rejected man and made the robot, an entity mechanically more perfect than humans, with highly developed intelligence, but no soul.

In Capek's dark view, these beings, secretly altered in character by one of R. U.R.'s scientists, revolted and turned on humans, whom they hated utterly.

The concept of robot has since been used extensively in fiction to describe anything from a simple machine to one that can barely be distinguished from a human (and is frequently portrayed as superior in many respects).

The idea of robots tends to instill fear in people. Many see them as monsters, just waiting to run amuck. Others see them as usurpers, being built by the thousands to take the jobs of deserving humans.

It is perhaps unfortunate, if understandable, that industry, the technical/scientific community, commerce and government have chosen to apply the word robot to that class of machine that is capable of performing functions that humans perform (roughly described as manipulation) and that is also programmable; that is, it can be readily readapted, without hardware changes, to perform a new task. It is unfortunate because the term robot conjures up dark visions of our worst fears about automata, into which real -world robots just don't fit. It is understandable because the motion of a sophisticated robot uncannily mimics the motion of a human.

Harry Domin's vision of the ultimate effect of R. U.R.'s robots was of a world in which all of humankind would be turned into a kind of aristocracy, with robots performing all of the dirty, messy, dangerous, repetitive, mindless tasks. In the play, that was not to be. Those who today are either manufacturing or applying robots also profess a belief that the ultimate effect of robots will be to free humans from the drudgery and discomfort of the worst of industrial jobs. They foresee that the numbers of people replaced by robots will be more than compensated for by vast numbers of jobs being opened in the robot industry.

We hope that the robot -related articles in this issue will help readers gain some perspective on the current state and possible future direction of the robot industry. R. U.R. was fiction. Capek's robots are dead. Today's real -world robots are highly advanced machines that are being developed and applied to industrial production along with other modern technology.

ELECTRONIC SCANNER

Anti -scanner law in Philadelphia is declared unconstitutional

The city of Philadelphia recently began enforcing a 1967 ordinance that was actually enacted before the scanner radio was invented in 1968. By interpreting the law to apply to scanners, the city at- tempted to make it illegal to sell,

possess or use a scanner radio- even in a private home - within the city limits. Although the law has been in effect for 15 years, it was not enforced in Philadelphia until last fall, when several owners and employees of retail stores were ar- rested for selling scanners. It was the only area in the country that had such a restriction.

In dismissing charges against the defendants, Municipal Court Judge J. Earl Simmons Jr. determined that Section 10-817 of the Code of Philadelphia ordinances (anti -police radio receiver case) is unconstitutional as being beyond the permissible scope of the police

power of the city council and as being unduly oppressive upon individuals. The judge ruled that the citations charging summary of- fenses should be dismissed and the defendants discharged.

Summer Consumer Electronics Show reflects industry growth

The increased number of at- tendees, exhibitors and new product introductions at the 1982 In- ternational Summer Consumer Electronics Show (CES) indicates that this industry will remain the most dynamic of the 1980s.

SSW, 6 Electronic Servicing & Technaingv August 1982


Boker, Crescentic;

Lufkin, Nicholson®, Plumb, Weller° Wiss; Xcelite° The right tool makes the job easier.

And Cooper makes the right tool for the job. Whether you're ma<ing or mending, cutting or joining,

striking, measuring or stripping, there's a Cooper tool that's just right. Don't take chances on -ools. Specify Cooper

and get 'em right the first time!

The Cooper Group PO Box 728 Apex NC 27502 USA Tel (919) 362-7510 Telex 579497

Coo erTooW Circle (6) on Reply Card


History of ES&T Your letter* spoke of the time,

30 years ago, when PF Reporter was organized and later became Electronic Servicing. My time goes back to the late 1930s when we, (RSA), in Chicago, induced Sandy Cowan to organize a magazine for radio service men, which was known as Service. We organized enough subscribers to make it worth Sandy's time to publish the magazine. I was the national treasurer of RSA at that time and a board member in Chicago.

Later on, Sandy sold Service to PF Reporter, which in time became Electronic Servicing.

I have enjoyed all three magazines since about 1939 or 1940, so I predate you a bit. H.W. Cunningham Port St. Lucie, FL P.S. I have been retired in Florida for the past nine years but like to keep up on the latest techniques anyway. 'Letter to subscribers about the merge of ES&T and ETID.

Building an air compressor Regarding page 56 of the May

1982 issue, "Building an Air Corn- pressor"-you NEVER set up an air compressor without a safety (or relief) valve in the system to protect against control failure and explosion!

This is an essential part-in fact, an acceptable system could incor- porate a safety valve without a pressure control. Some commercial units are sold that way.

Regarding the "about $100" - if one hunts, and particularly if he looks for sales, commercial units can be bought for about this amount.

If blowing dust in electronic equipment is the objective, there should be cleanliness advantage in buying one of the oil -less 30 to 40psi spray paint units, which will

deliver adequate pressure and oil - vapor -free air. In fact, if duct blowing is the objective, pressures on the blast nozzle should be limited to some 30psi by a pressure control valve or OSHA -type nozzles, which reduce blast veloci- ty to "safe" levels, should be used.

One other condition -I do not know the internal design of the York -Ford air conditioning compressor. But freon is completely miscible in oil and these compressors are designed with the fact that oil will be circulating with the gas being pumped. One should worry about lack of lubrication, or the "pumping of oil into the air discharge," or both.

Compressors designed to pump air are designed to handle the lubrication and low oil content in the air discharge problems. Harry Kottas K -Service Steelville, IL

Stereo amplifier repair After reading Carl Babcoke's ar-

ticle on repairing the Marantz 2325 receiver (April 1982), I must disagree with the conclusions drawn. I learned many years ago that you do yourself and your customer a disservice by attempting to repair a product that you are not familiar with, that is very complex and that you cannot obtain original parts for. He seems to draw the opposite conclusion; that is, you can attempt repairs on anything as long as you use proper techniques and are careful.

Let us look at a few points in the article that dramatize my point. From the initial inspection, he concludes that each channel could produce approximately 100W, yet he connects to this unit two speakers in small baffles. Later on he states that he ruined two speakers while testing the unit. This certainly cost him money and reduced his profit margin. My test speakers are capable of handling high power levels. I have serviced 2325s with the same problem as his. The noises they make sound like a major explosion, yet, I have never damaged a speaker. In case the relay protection of the circuit amplifier fails, I also have a protec-

tion circuit built into my test panel. Its relay opens if an excessive do level apps--.rs.

Babcoke suspected an intermittent bias adjust control R740. He states that he had to drill the board to make a replacement fit. This has to take extra time and certainly makes an unprofessional -looking job. After all this, R740 was not bad after all. I have not always had the correct part either, but I've found that I can solder something above the board or to the back to use as a check, and then order the correct part if needed. I just do not think that it is fair to the customer to make modifications to the circuit board that are unnecessary. I suspect that the proper control could not be installed now if it were available.

Concerning the slip of the test probe, I am certainly in sympathy with him here. I've done the same thing. A little slip, a little pop, a whisp of smoke, and you know that you have cost yourself another hour or so. A trick that I have learned to minimize these disasters is to put a 100 or 150W light bulb in series with the ac line. This limits the maximum current that the unit can draw, and usually saves the output transistors.

Now let's examine the solution to this problem. Babcoke states that suitable replacement transistors were found. I just can't agree with this, and I'm sure Marantz would be horrified. I have found very few instances in which a unit with a replacement transistor would meet its specifications. I do not mean by this that the unit would sound bad on your small test speakers, but I doubt that it would be within power and distortion specifications at rated output.

Replacement transistors usually cause some ringing or other glitches to a sine wave at rated power. By using replacement parts, he has done a disservice to his customer by returning to him something less than he originally purchased. I noticed also that Bab - coke stated he shorted two original outputs. Surely he did not mix two replacements with two original transistors. (Each channel uses

(continued on page 61)



Get set to Splashdown and tool up!

Cash in on Acapulco, power tools and more in Philips ECG's Splashdown Sweepstakes. We're putting it all on our tabs. A holiday for two in Acapulco and a thousand more great awards are up for grabs in Philips ECG's new Splashdown Sweepstakes. And it's never been easier to get the winning tickets-they're right on our address tabs, bags and color picture tube serial numbers.

There'll be guaranteed winners from every state? And there's no limit to the number of times you can win, so enter as often as you like. Just send your entry form (available from your local distributor) to Philips ECG Sweepstakes Award Headquarters, P. O. Box 4900, Fenton, MO 63026, attached to any of the following:

5 Sylvania receiving tube address tabs (one entry).

E 5 Sylvania ECG semiconductor address tabs or bags (one entry). 1 Sylvania color picture tube serial label (ten entries).

All entries must be postmarked by midnight, September 30, 1982. For all the details, ask your local Philips ECG distributor.

First Place-(1 winner) Trip for 2 to Acapulco. Second Place-(5 winners) De Walt® Power Shops. Third Place-(45 winners) Shop -Vac® 10 -gallon Wet/Dry Vacuums. Fourth Place-(100 winners) Wen Scroll -Sabre Saws. Fifth Place-(850 winners) Turner Propane Torch Kits.

Reach for the components you can always count on to fit and work. And start counting down to Splashdown time in Acapulco. 'The Philips ECG Splashdown Sweepstakes is available only to dealers and service technicians. Employees of Philips ECG, Inc., its authorized distributors, or their advertising agencies are not eligible to participate. No purchase required. Reasonable facsimile accepted. Void where prohibited by law.

PhilipsECG If its ECG. it fits. And it works. A North American Philips Company


Replace Your Conventional Scope

With The Sencore SC6I. The First Scope With Pushbutton, Automatic

Readout

$3275 GSA # GS00S27505

iNTE N5IIV CHAN4 CHANE AbB VECTOR FOCUS

MODEL SC61

I

READOUT VOLTS/DIVISION CHANNEL A VERTICAL i r ,NPU1 POSITION .0 ® DC INPUT COUPLING f

_

]0 d DC 5 AC (

so ]

vPP .cE

_ 100 =.]

M ., ]DD .06

.,..r D

O u READ DIRECT

FRED uArea NITR 10O »ON

pi VOLTS/DIVISION CHANNEL B VERTICAL T 2

DC POSITION 1O INPUT

INPUT COUPLING a PP DC e.

AC

...

., D .eat. w1

FRE HEAADD DIRECT

O.IR06E

MICH G DELTA MEASUREMENTS TRIGGER A PER A INTENSIFIED SOURCE MOD

BEGIN PORTION END _TT AC AUTO

I.7.7"*. 40.4. ; CNBE.* CH

111

p PPV

ATIME TIMEB'FREO HORIZ POLARITY LEVEL

POSITION IprypRNz - i D\ aTr E ]

AiB D ® __

..aawP \` / EXT TRIG

BEAM t

vUEO

GROUND

va.

INPUT

FINDER .un ovin YON:

WAVEFORM ANALYZER MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED 60MIT: USEABLE TO 100 MHO

Sencore SC6I 60 MHz Waveform Analyzer.


Cut Your ScopeTime In Half Or Your Money Back.

Cut your scope time in half? We know that's a bold claim. But once you've tried the SC61 we know you'll agree it's a conservative claim. Why? Because the speed, accuracy, and ease of operation of the SC61 makes every conventional oscilloscope as outdated and cumbersome as the analog meter. Now all you do is just push a button and read.

The First Scope With Automatic Readout At last the oscilloscope has gone digital. No more graticule counting, calculating, or esti- mating your measurements. You can now make waveform measurements digitally accurate, digitally fast, at the push of a button. Make All Measurements With One Probe Make no mistake. The SC61 is not a "piggyback" unit, but a completely integrated waveform moni- toring system. You connect only one probe and the AutotrackingTM display digitally tracks the waveform on the screen. You just push a button when you want to read DC volts, P -P volts, or frequency. An Exclusive Breakthrough It took four patent pending circuits to completely integrate the scope and digital display. The end result is a breakthrough in scope technology that virtually obsoletes conventional scopes. Here's why.

It's 10 Times Faster The SC61 is 10 to 100 times faster than any conventional scope. How? Because all you do is push a button instead of counting graticules, calculating, or switching probes. Increased speed means increased productivity.

times more accurate to meet these testing needs. It's Easier To Use The digital readout is simplicity itself. Just push and read. You'll make fewer errors because every measurement now becomes exact. Now you can concentrate on the circuit rather than the scope. Measure Part Of A Waveform Intensify any waveform portion with the exclusive "Delta Bar," push the button, and read PPV, time, or frequency for just that portion of the waveform. Ideal for measuring timed circuits, signal delays, pulse widths, and more.

Guaranteed To Cut Your Scope Time In Half When we say the SC61 will cut your scope time in half, we're being conservative. It's possible to reduce your scope time 75%, even 90% with this first -of - its -kind oscilloscope. But don't take

Just one probe and push for DCV, PPV, Frequency and Time.

our word for it. Try an SC61 and judge for yourself. Here's our offer.

li.n i( u{.itii 30 DAY

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

If the SC61 does not at least double your scope productivity during the first 30 days, you may return it for a full refund, including freight both ways.

7

Update Today Just like DVM's have replaced analog meters, the SC61 will replace conventional scopes (under 100MHz) and for the same reasons: increased speed, accuracy, and reliability. Update today with this new automated scope technology. It's the scope you've been waiting for.

It's 10 Times More Accurate No matter how carefully you try To Order Or To Receive to measure a waveform with a conventional A Complete Color Brochure scope, you will only be 9 5% to 15% accurate due to Phone Toll -Free Today parallax and interpretation errors. Qualified Sales Engineers are Today's circuits demand greater ready to talk with you about accuracy than that. The SC61's 800-843-3338 SC61 performance and applica - digital readout is 10 to 1000 Lions. Ask for Dept. 130.

For Information Circle (8) on Reply Card For Demonstration Circle (9) on Reply Card

.Nco1=1 3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, SD 57107 605/339-0100 TWX: 910-660-0300

Alaska, Hawaii, Canada and South Dakota call collect at 605/339-0100


The

agent -machines

tP" r& -a

The state of the art By Carl Helmers, editor, Robotics Age

Reprinted with permission from Robotics Ape.

The intelligent -machines industries are new. This newness is not tied to an exact date of birth, but rather to the growing realiza- tion of their importance. Recent developments in the history of technology have helped spur their birth as a body of thought and practices.

In electronics we think of the progression from the first transistor to today's large scale in- tegration of 64Kbit chips, or the 16bit microcomputer's processor that is contained on a single chip. In mechanical fields, we think of the continuing improvements in areas ranging from materials engineering and manufacturing arts to the interfaces of electronic and mechanical systems. In the

aerospace field, the use and design of intelligent machines are universal. At one end of the spectrum, we think of the modern digital autopilot in its commercial and experimental forms; at the other end, we think of the autonomous robot cruise missiles and their peaceful counterparts in in- terplanetary space probes. In the world of consumer goods, we see wonders ranging from electronic games to self -diagnosing automobiles, intelligent kitchen and household appliances to personal computers and calculators.

There is a common thread that binds all these technological trends together - the use of computers to implement the artificial approx- imations of intelligent behavior

The red h one of several seen at such conventions as the National Association of Broadcasters convention in Dallas. This model is actually remotely controlled by a human operator, as well es equipped with a radio so the operator may make It seem to speak. It /s intended as a showslop- per. Most robots In development today do not look Ilke this and serve to perform repetitive rudimentary production tasks. EUT.



VIS

E -G

RIP

®

6LN

* In

trod

uced

Ju

ly, 1

980

Long

nos

e ja

ws

built

to

reac

h in

to t

ight

spo

ts f

or

delic

ate

wor

k or

hea

vier

w

ork.

Plu

s bu

ilt-in

w

ire c

utte

r.

Qua

lity

mat

eria

ls

for

toug

hnes

s an

d du

rabi

lity.

De-

si

gned

for

yea

rs

of t

roub

le -f

ree

serv

ice.

Fam

ous

VIS

E -G

RIP

®

lock

ing

actio

n.

Bui

lt to

ho

ld o

n tig

ht.

Eas

y re

leas

e tr

igge

r an

d m

icro

- ad

just

men

t sc

rew

with

ad

just

ing

plie

rs a

ctio

n fo

r pr

oper

lo

ckin

g pr

essu

re.

The

y do

mor

e jo

bs,

fast

er a

nd e

asie

r,

than

any

oth

er

long

nos

e pl

iers

.

VIS

EG

RIP

©

1982

Pet

erse

n M

tg.

Co.

, In

c.,

DeW

itt,

NE

683

41

U.S

. pa

tent

026

1,09

6.

Oth

er U

.S.

and

fore

ign

pate

nts

issu

ed a

nd p

endi

ng

Circ

le (

10)

on R

eply

Car

d

NE

W

VIS

E-G

RIP

®9L

N*

Intr

oduc

ed

1982

Long

er a

nd e

ven

stro

nger

jaw

s w

ith

mor

e m

uscl

e fo

r he

avy-

duty

job

s.

Plu

s bu

ilt-in

w

ire c

utte

r.

Sam

e V

ISE

-GR

IP'®

qu

ality

m

ater

ials

.

Eve

n m

ore

pow

er f

or

thos

e he

avy-

du

ty jo

bs.

(Sho

wn

Act

ual S

ize)

Sam

e ea

sy

rele

ase

trig

ger

and

mic

ro -a

djus

tmen

t sc

rew

.


s

The word robot has become a recent code word for manufacturing

automation that uses flexible, reprogrammable manipulators.

demanded by these real -world systems. Computers and their applications are at the heart of these new industries. The challenge is to utilize inexpensive modern computer powers in cost-effective and innovative ways. Computers have rapidly broken out of the conventional mold of blithe and innocuous data processor. They have entered the real world of designs once confined to science fiction dreams.

An informal survey The intelligent -machines in-

dustries are really a collection of tools, practices and design ap- proaches involving application of computer systems techniques. The industries we include in this area of computer application are several. All involve automation. All involve use of computers and software techniques to achieve specific applications of general- purpose computing elements.

Manufacturing Machine intelligence is becoming

essential in the manufacturing industries. There the word robot has become a recent code word for manufacturing automation that uses flexible, reprogrammable manipulators. But intelligent machines in manufacturing are hardly limited to manipulators and the automated production line: the whole area of computer -aided design and sophisticated computer -aided manufacturing requires the application of intelligent machine engineering disciplines.

The products that result from the manufacturing uses of machine intelligence vary. The purpose, improving and enhancing manufacturing productivity, remains the same in all cases. The computer -aided design installation provides software and tools that enhance the ability to create manufacturable designs. The numerically controlled machine tool can take the instructions from that design facility and build the tooling necessary to produce parts from the design. The robot arm manipulator can then be employed in numerous tasks that use the tooling in a production process. At all levels of the process, machine intelligence in the form of software for computer systems is a key element.

The economic justifications of manufacturing automation developments are obvious and un- assailable: The newer techniques can result in real productivity and cost improvements with very short payback periods. The inherent charisma of such automation is the tantalizing prospect of the totally automated factory, the ultimate capital good. The results impact on all other areas of human endeavor.

Consumer products It's one thing to apply the in-

telligent -machine concept to the process of manufacturing. Going one step further, we begin to see more and more use of machine intelligence in the objects being manufactured.

In the late 1970s, we saw microprocessor -controlled sewing machines, microprocessor controllers for microwave ovens and all manner of intelligent toys. In the 1980s, the first big orders were made for microprocessors as intelligent system controllers in automobiles. And toys have certainly become much more sophisticated.

The ultimate consumer application of intelligent machines is the domestic -servant robot. The more "practical" skeptics would rightly respond "show me." We can't predict when, but with a past record of turning science fiction in- to technology fact, it must happen. A whole cottage industry of tinkerers and experimenters is already at work trying to perfect prototypes of this ultimate ap- pliance.

Civilian and military aerospace products

Intelligent machine concepts have been part of the aerospace electronics design field for the past several decades, sometimes evolv- ing with the technology, and sometimes being forced to evolve by aerospace applications of the technology. The latest in flight instrumentation for military and civilian aircraft epitomizes the use of contemporary intelligent machine design.

An airline pilot once described to me the sensation of flying in the cockpit of a Boeing 747, a design that is more than a decade old. In



If we only tell you the features you'll never guess the price. Leader has 6 great oscilloscopes from 15 to 35 MHz,

with more features and the lowest list prices ever.

We've designed brand new low and medium bandwid-h oscilloscopes and built in many lealures ycu may never have seen in simi ar units. Then rrte priced them well below the units they replace. Surprising? Not any more. It's

I

exactly the Kind of innovative technclocy aid superb quality you've cc -re to expect from Leade-

Now Leader gives you these and Sc' much more. Check it out:

LBO- 524 LBO -524L: 35 MHz

CALIBRATED DUAL TIME BASE 500 µV SENSITIVITY 7 kV PDA 6" RECTANGULAR CRT INTERNAL GRATICULE DELAYED SWEEP TRIGGERED FUNCTION VARIABLE SWEEP HOLDOFF ALTERNATE CHANNEL TRIGGERING AUTO FOCUS CHANNEL 1 OUTPUT

LBO -523: 35 MHz 7kVPDA6' RECTANGULAR CRT INTERNAL GRATICULE 500 µV SENSITIVITY VARIABLE SWEEP HOLDOFF ALTERNATE CHANNEL

r; ;

CHANNEL 1 OUTPUT d!.-

$55'O.

i`i.il' l'it . .

. ..

"INtj Arm1

r

'ter' ' t

TRIGGERING AUTO FOCUS

Ever see er holdoff on a 20 v1Hz scope'

Or 50C µV sensitivit}.?

-

r _ I

111R,t

--- I , ... r

-_... !«-

r 0

11111111111111111111111111111111111111

50C FL'Y SENSITIVITY 6" RECTANGULAR CRT INTERNAL GRATICULE ALTERNATE CHANNEL TRIGGERING VARIABLE SWEEP HOLDOFF AUTO FOCUS CHANNEL 1 OUTPUT

LBO-514Ar LBO -513A: 15 MHz

1 mV SENSITIVITY 0.5 µS SWEEP SPEED X -Y MODE CAPABILITY LBO -514A AVAILABLE WITH 6 kV ACCELERATING POTENTIAL

Our two-year warranty (even on the CRT) is backed by factory service depots on both coasts. Eva:.uation units are available to qualified customers.

Call toll -free (800) 645-5104

Contact us tocay for an evaluation unit, catalog showing over 60 Leader test instruments, the name of your nearest "Select"distributor and more information.

Forprofessionals who

know the difference.

330 Oser Avenue Hauppauge, N.Y. 1178 (516) 231-6900

Regional Ofnices: Clicago, Los Angeles, Dallas



effect, he said that "you dial in the numbers, sit back and relax while the plane flies itself from New York to London."

Although that statement is somewhat exaggerated, the trend is quite real. There are inertial navigators and satellite navigation systems of unprecedented accuracy. Cockpit automation computer systems planned for the next generation of planes allow use of 2 -man crews. And there are existing instrument landing systems and projected collision avoidance systems that will greatly improve the safety aspects of flying.

Then there's the defense industry's latest-the cruise missile - a much -improved version of the World War II German "buzz bomb" system. This autonomous flying robot has but one purpose - reaching its target under active, self -generated guidance to deliver a bomb. But the same class of algorithms that makes this weapon so effective in the face of hazardous terrain has peaceful uses as well. We will eventually be able to teach an automobile to drive from point A to point B, saving lives that would otherwise be lost.

Natural resource recovery The intelligent machine is a ma-

jor factor in the recovery of increasingly scarce resources from our planet's mineral trove. We can save lives and lower costs by using a sort of intelligent teleoperator for mining activities. This,

The intelligent machine is a major factor in the recovery of increasingly scarce resources from our planet's mineral trove.

however, is only an immediate and obvious use.

The abstract field of artificial intelligence seems far removed from the physical reality of such projects, yet it has already entered in- to the field of resource recovery. Significant work is under way in the area of "expert systems," specifically as underwritten by oil exploration budgets. The analysis of a complex spectrum of data taken from seismic prospecting is ripe for automation, and "expert" analysis of oil field data could greatly improve the process of exploration.

Analysis of earth resources data with software that employs scene recognition, image enhancement and other techniques of computer - aided analysis is still another area. Expert systems research in artificial intelligence is not confined to one field of expertise. It borders on the general theory of knowledge representation and the act of getting to information in databases.

Research All of this leads up to an impor-

tant "application area" of the intelligent machine engineering culture - research into the limits. As with all frontier activities, the border between generally accepted engineering practices and the wild land of new techniques is continually being pushed back. Research into the use of computer sensing, planning and controls is one of the most important areas of

future applications of the technology.

Research into the limits of intelligent machine design can take many forms. At one level, it is the amply funded research of the professional working in the context of a manufacturer, an industrial research organization, academic institution or a government agen- cy. At the other end, it is the scant- ly funded innovation of the imag- inative tinkerer with a personal computer, a knowledge of electronics and a willingness to experi- ment with a particular application.

Everyone has had the opportunity to read science fiction. Few have had a chance to implement it. The exploration of new functions in a research environment is a major source of the excitement of the field. Getting a computer program to play at grand -master chess levels is a feat of machine intelligence. Having a mobile robot map its environment and feed itself is an act of machine intelligence that marks a great ac- complishment for the machine's designer.

Exploring new uses of robotics in factory, laboratory or even domestic projects is a reward unto itself. The designers and in- novators of the industries that are just now in the early stages of existence recognize the oppor- tunities, as intelligent machines become an ever more important part of every day existence.



7+11 SWD PARTS KITS

MITSUMI VARACTOR

UHF TUNER Model UES-A56F

$34.95 Freq. Range UHF470 - 889MHz

Antenna Input 75 ohms

Channels 14-83 Output Channel 3

N

e

NIT Pear NO Ne DESCRIPTION NocE

I VT1-SW Varactor UHF Tuner, Model UES-A56F 834.95

2 C81 -SW Printed Canut Board, Pre -billed 18.95

3 1P7 -SW P.C.B. Potentiometers, 1-21K, 1-1K, and

5-10K ohms, 7 -pieces 5 95

4 FR35-SW Resistor Kit, '4 Watt, 5% Carbon Film, 32 -pieces... 4.95

5 PT1-SW Power Transformer. PM-117VAC, SEC-24VAC,

250ma 6 95

6 PP2-SW Panel Mount Potentiometers and Knobs, 1-1687 and 1 -SKAT w/Switch 5 95

1 SS14-SW IC's 7-pcs, Diodes 4 -pes, Regulators 2-pcs

Heat Sink I -piece 29.95

8 CE9-SW ElechoMd Capacitor Kit, 9 -pieces 5 95

9 CC33-SW Ceramic Oisk Capacitor Kit, 50 W.V., 33 -pieces.... 7.95

10 CT -SW Varible Ceramic Trimmer Capacitor Kit,

5-65pfd, 6 -pieces .... ............ .... 5.95

11 14 -SW Cod Kit, 18mhs 2 -pieces, 221.ths 1 -piece (prewound

inductors) and 1 T37-12 Ferrite Torroid

Core with 3 h. of #26 ere 5 00

12 ICS -SW I.C. Sockets, Tin inlay, 8-pn 5 -pieces

and 14 -pm 2 -pieces 1 95

13 SR -SW Speaker, 46" Oval and P'epunched

Wood Enclosure 14.95

14 MISC-SW Misc. Parts Kit Includes Hardware, (6/32, 8/32 Nuts, 5 Bolts), Hookup Wee, Ant. Terms, PDT Ant. Switch, Fuse, Fuseholder, etc 9 95

When Ordering All Items, (1 thru 14). Total Price 139.95

UHF ANTENNAS and ACCESSORIES

MDS-AMATEUR-ETV 32 ELEMENT

VAGI ANTENNA

1.9-2.5 GHz 381/2" LENGTH

23 dB AVERAGE GAIN DIE CAST WATERPROOF HOUSING WITH 4yé' x 2V0" AREA FOR ELECTRONICS COMMERCIAL GRADE INCLUDES MOUNTING HARDWARE

MAE -1 32 Element VAGI Antenna S19.95

xa

POWER

SUPPEE

zYz7. VHF -UHF WIDEBAND

ANTENNA AMPLIFIER MODEL ALL -1

50 MHz - 900 MHz

12 dB GAIN ± 0.5dB

J A Revolutionary New One Stage HYBRID

IC Broadband Amplifier This unit is not available anywhere else in the world. One unit serves many our.

poses and is available in Kit or Assembled form. Ideal for outdoor or indoor use. I/O

impedance is 75 ohms. Amplifier includes separate co... feed powe supply. Easily assembled in 25 minutes. No coils, capacitors etc. to tune or adjust_

ALL -1 Complete Kit with power supply 924.95 ALL -1 Wired and Tested with power supply 934.95

Our New STVA 14.5 dB GAIN, 14 ELEMENT CORNER REFLECTOR

.VAGI ANTENNA

N t }t w STVA-3 Yogi Antenna,

14.5 dB, 75 ohm, Chan. 60-68 ... 516.95

SIVA-4 Yagi Antenna,

14.516, 75 ohm, Chan. 44-52... $16.95

STVA-1 Yogi Antenna, 11.5 TB, 75 ohm, Chan. 42-54... 09.95

FIG -59/1.1 75 ohm Low Loss Coax Cable S .12 p/h F-59 Coaxial Connectors, ea 39

MT -1 Special UHF 75-300 ohm Matching Transformer, ea. .. 1 45

Switch to BambiTMI Electronically

Bambi Electronic Video Switch ...

makes switching of your VCR/VTR, Pay TV Decoders, Cable TV, Video Discs, Video Games, Closed Circuit TV, Antennae and Microcomputer as easy as pushing buttons.

mg network whi I= can accept up to six different sources of video signals and provide the flexibility of directing the inputs to any or all of the three outputs.

Now you can eliminate ... the drudgery of disconnecting and reconnecting your video equipment each time you use it ...

the tangled mess of cables which are impossible to trace

out ...not being able to use more than one function at a time.

Bambi lets you enjoy using your video equipment the way it should be ... electronically and on line at the push of a buttor.

Model BEVS-1 Wired

BAMBI y a -

Bambï s from panel was designed with the user in mind. Computer styled construction, with soh -touch keyboard (rated for over 10 million operations), arranged in matrix form

allows easy input/output selection without refering to charts. Functions selected through the keyboard are immediately displayed on

the 18 LED status indicators.

Check the quality of Bambi against that of much higher priced competition. All solid state electronic switching provides low attenuation (3dB), wide frequency response (40- 890 MHz), and excellent isolation between signal sources (each I/O section individually sheilded for 85d8 min. isolation).

Bambï s Specifications: Input/Output Impedance 75 ohm Signal Loss 3d0 ±1 dB Noise 440 31 dB Input Return Loss 12dB min. Isolation 65dB min. Power Req. 117VAC 60 Hz. 2W Dimensions 1014 W x Gia D x 3K H

Weight 41i lbs

SWD-1 VIDEO CONVERTER FOR CABLE TV

The SWD-1 Video Converter is utilized on cable TV systems to re-

move the KHi s signal from e

distorted video (channel 3 in/ out) and also pass thru the normal undistorted/detected

audio signal. Rocker switch selects operating mode to remove KHa s

distortion from the video or pass all other channels normally. Simple to assemble -less than 30

minutes. Pre -tuned. Input/output Channel 3. Impedance 75 ohms. 117VAC.

SWD-1 Video Converter Kit $69.95

VTR ACCESSORIES SIMPLE SIMON VIDEO STABILIZER

Simple Simon Video Stabilizer, Model VS -1 25, eliminates the vertical roll and jitter from "copy guard" video tapes when playing through large screen projectors or on another VTR. Simple to use, just adjust

the lock control fora stab e picture. Once the control is set, the tape will play all the way through without further adjustments. Includes 12V power supply. VS -125 Video Stabilizer, wired $54,95

1 ')

SIMPLE SIMON VIDEO SWITCHING BOX

R The Affordable Video Control Center

Excellent in isolation and no loss

t - ' routing system. Simple Simons VSB-

gIMON 300 Video Switching Box enables you to bring a variety of video components

together for easy viewing/dubbing. Also you gain the ability to record one channel while viewing another. Unit includes two F -type quick connector ended cables.

VSB-300 Video Switching Box, wired $19.95

7+11 PWD PARTS KITS

INTRODUCING OUR

7+11 PWD

PARTS KITS

Ira PART

Ne NO DESCRIPTION PRICE

1 1VT1-PWD Varactor UHF Tuner, Model UES-556F 534.95

2 2C81-PWD Printed Circuit Board, Pre -drilled 18.95

3 3TP11-PWD PCB Potentiometers 4-20K, 1-.5K, 2-10K, 2-5K,

1-1K, and 1-50k. (11 pieces) ... 8.95

4 4FR-31-PWD Resistor Kit, SW, 5% 29 -pee, 1h W 2-pcs 495 5 5PT1-PWD Power Transformer, PRI-117VAC, SEC-24VAC

et 500ma 9 95

6 6PP2-PWD Panel Mount Potentiometers and Knobs, 1-1KBT

and 1 -SKAT with switch 5 95

7 7SS17-PWD IC's 7 -pa, Diodes 4-pcs, Regulators 2 -pis Transistors 2-pcs, Heat Sinks 2-pcs 29.95

Electrolytic Capacitor Kit, 14 -pieces 6 95

Ceramic Disk Capacitor Kit, 50 WV, 20-pcs 7 95

Varible Ceramic Trimmer Capacitor,

5-65pfd, 5 -pieces 4 95

11 1115-PWD Coil Kit, 18mhs 3 -pus, .22µhs 1 -piece (prewound

inductors) and 2 T37-12 Ferrite Torpid cores

with 6 h. #26 wire 6 00

12 121CS-PWD IC Sockets, Tin inlay, 8 pin 4-pcs. 14 pin 1 -pc

and 16 pin 2-pcs 2 95

13 13SR-PWD Enclosure with PM Speaker and Pre -drilled

Backpanel for mounting PCB and Ant. Tens 14.95

14 14MISC-PWD Misc. Parts Kit, Includes Hardware, (6/32, 8/32

Nuts 8 Bolts), Hookup Wire, Solder, Ant. Terms

OPOT Ant. Switch, Fuse, Fuseholder, etc 9 95

15 15MC16-PWD Mylar Capacitors, 14-pcs and Silver

Mica Capacitors 2 -pieces 7 95

When Ordering All hems, (1-151, Total Price 159.95

8 8CE14-PWO

9 9CC20-PWO

10 10C75-PWO

SIMPLE SIMON ELECTRONIC KITS,TM Inc. Send Check'IorbMoneyl 0Orr rOnMinimum

3871 S. Valley View, Suite 12, Dept. E, Las Vegas, NV 89103 Order: $16.95. Add 10% Shipping and

702-871-2892 Handling orders under $40.00. For

In Nevada Call orders overr $40.00, add 5%..Minimum Shipping and Handling $2.00. Cat. $1.00 - VISA and Mastercard Acceptable - 'Check o,ders will he held 30 days helore sh,ppin{{. Outside Nevada CaII 1-800-782-3716




q.7 eTh@ @e33 2h) the Sencore SC61 Waveform Analyzer By Cari BabcoKe, CET

FPEO e,., ... NEFCME<i VellrIOXIMOY

O DELTA MEASUREMENTS TRIGGER 8 V G NTENSJLTEO 4 'June. MODE

..N POPNOM MO

ac report xbòüt an item of electronic test equipment is based on ' xamination and operation of the device in the ES&T laboratory. Personal observations about the performance of new and useful Features are highlighted, along wit tips about usfi<ng the equipment fo best results

FA D`""' ,'+ to mary wideband scope features, the Sencore model SC61 has a'~ LCD digital readout that provides two general c asses cf measurements. Most digital readcu:s are obtained by pressing ale Dutton for each, following the normal scoaewavel©rm adj.Jstments.

Although it has a family resemblance to its predecessor, the model SC6C scope, the Sencore SC61 (Figure 1) has several new features that can shorten diagnostic time significantly, while providing improved accuracy of readings.

The external evidence of these. unusual features is the LCD readout, located above the CRT screen. Some other scopes have digital -mu tùmeWer (DMM) functions added to t..hem, sometimes as a piggy bac:K but separate unit with its own test leads. That is not true with the SC61. The LCD readout

displays some DMM functions (without current or resistance measurements), but the signals come through the scope probes.

Two types of measurements are disp_ayed on the LCD digital readout. Push -buttons for each A and B vertical channel select the Auto -Tracking Digital Tests. These are dc voltage, ac peak -to - peak voltage, repetition frequency, and the ratio of signal frequencies in channels A and B. All ranges of these functions are selected automatically by the scope (autoranging).

In addition, another four push-

buttons select Delta Digital Tests, which involve measurements of time (and calculated repetition frequency) between operator -selected points on various waveforms.

General specifications Basic features and specifications

cf the SC61 functions will be condensed here, since they are similar to the SC60, which previously has been described in detail.

The rectangular CRT has the usual 8x10 graticule lines of about 0.9cm/div. plus numbers and dotted lines marking the 0, 10, 90 and 100% points for rise -time



measurements (Figure 2). These graticule lines are between the CRT glass faceplate and the phosphor coating. This internal graticule is an excellent feature that completely eliminates parallax errors in visual readings.

CRT acceleration voltage is 6kV regulated. No noticeable blooming occurs at high screen brightness, and trace sharpness and brightness are very good.

A beamfinder push-button reduces both horizontal and vertical gains to make visible any

1 . -:r..=.

...

Figure 2 Figures used for rise -time measuremenus are placed along the left edge of the CRT screen, which has an internal graticule. Although the top picture shows no scope waveform, the LCD readout shows a 1.7172kHz signal of some type. When the beamf, nder button is pushed (above), the signal is revealed as square waves or pulses of excessive amplitude. Because the rise time is so fast, the faint vertical rise and fail lines are invisible in the top picture

waveforms that cannot be seen because of incorrect center- ing or when the waveform is difficult to see (such as fast -rise -time pulses).

The two vertical -amplifier channels are identical, except the Chan- nel A waveform can be inverted by pulling out the vertical -position knob (a helpful feature in many cases). Frequency response is specified at 60MHz at ± 3dB but useable to 100MHz. With ac coupling, the low response is - 3dB at

10Hz; but with de coupling, the low response is flat to dc.

The 12 calibrated sensitivity ranges in a 1-2-5 sequence (plus a variable control) provide tests from 5mV/div to 20V/div when an optional direct probe is used (Figure 3 shows the panel). Probes supplied with the instrument are non-switchable 10X -loss types, and the panel calibrations match the probes by showing maximum sensitivity of 0.05V/div to 200V/div. This is a convenience because it is

/, l elk

i `'

9`

affr

SUMMER SPECIALS 2SC867A $3.29 2SC1172B $2.95 2SC1308K $2.29 2SD313 5 .45 AN214 $1.65 HA1377 $3.45 M515158L $3.75 TA7205 $1 AO UPC1181 $2.25

$225

_

.11 \ ,1

24UPC1182

eill High Tripler

,J Milt

Voltage

HVT-523

$1 1 .99

Universal "Piggy- Back" Antenna

538 $1 .95

Cooling

lie,

Spray 15 ozs.

TCS-15

$2.20 NI

Piezo blik i 1 k

`'j

300 Ohm Splitter Tweeter 75 Ohm Splitter

uvF- 90 300

`11 PZT-35 1.

$5.75 UVF-75 95(#

Tuner

0 Meant"

Aft,

Cleaner 16 ozs ,

TTC-16 $2.00

Matching Transformer

41111111

TMT-300 46

High Tripler

fJ

Voltage

HVT-500

$9.99 1`

N I I, 4,4 4

PHONE OR WRITE FOR OUR NEW CATALOGUE TODAY I

INTERNATIONAL TRANSISTORS AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS P.O. Box 1483 Union, N.J. 07083

NATIONWIDE: 800-526-4958 NEW JERSEY: 201-688-0300




not necessary to multiply each scope measurement by 10. S_ldom is more sensitivity needed for video or TV machines, but the full 1600VPP, full-scale capability produced by the 200V/lâw range is needed vitally for testing HV pulses in solid-state c.olor televi- sions or the vertical output pulses in older tube -type receivers.

Remember, the correct name of this feature is signal delay, which is completely different from delayed sweep, a feature found in some lab scopes.

Either or both vertical channels can be selected by push -buttons located below the CRT screen. Pressing the A&B button gives dual -trace operation in chopped or

-Sr 0T

ocv

FPEO

VERTICAL POSITION

C 'PA^.EOaL

C

VPP

VERTICAL POSITION

VOL TS/DIVISION 5 2

209 OS

STEAD DIRECT WI -11110K PROBE

VOLTS/DIVISION 5 2

10 _.r i

20

50

100 2C0 OS

PEA -0 DIRECT SIEH 1LS PROBE

2

5

CHANNEL A ',PUT

INPUT COUPLING

DQ AC

'rlGlPfAM MAtOIPEC" . IDC-PEA*I ' M PACKE

DCV IN

o CHANNEL B

INPUT COUPLING

DC e- AC

: ilr .PEAn Mn.i+f'

INPU

DCV IN

o A DELTA MEASUREMENTS TRIGGER

SOURCE

Figure 3 Layout of the vert al -channel controls is shown in Mis photog: aph.

I B

pTIME

B

BEAM FINDER

A DELTA MEASUREMENTS p INTENSIFIED d

BEGIN PORTION END

HORIZ POSITION

P LL 10 E PPANC

PRASE

â VEFORVI ANALYZEF

CHA EXT

TIMEBASE-FREO

VIDEO VERT

TRIGGER SOURCE MODE

CH B AC LINE AUTO NORM TV

POLARITY

GROUND

MICROPROCESSOR COJTR. 60MHzUSEABLE TO 10Q MHz

SOC. MA.

LEVEL 0

EILT TRIG INPUT

liW Figure 4 Horizontal -sweep time fr ggè irig` co fro c' -t e` Y -panel are grouped for easy access.

A 7OnS delay line is irnluded following the dual -channel diode switching. This delays the vertical to the CRT, while allowing the undelayed previous -stage signal to trigger the sweep. Therefore, the triggering edges of pulses are not cut off, but can be Seen.

alternate mode (according to sweep -time selected). There is a method of forcing the sweep into alternate mode when desired. Signal waveforms of both channels are added together algebraically when Channel A and Channel B buttons are pressed simultaneous -

ly. The addition changes to sub- traction when the Channel A signal is inverted by pulling out the vertical -positioning knob..

When the standard 10X probes are used, the vertical channels are protected to a 2000V total of do voltage plus ac peak voltage. Pressing the vector button provides vector -type X and Y displays.

Horizontal sweep has 19 calibrated ranges (plus an un - calibrated variable control), giving sweep times between 0.lµS!div and 100mS/div (Figure 4) Pulling out the horizontal -positioning control gives the effect of a 10X decrease of sweep time, but at the price of reduced trace brightness.

The video -preset position (with the timebase-frequency knob pointing straight down) provides several cycles of vertical or horizontal video (selected by two buttons). These cycles can be reduced to the usual two by rotation of the variable time control. The internal sync separator (which is indispensible for video signals) is activated by this video -preset position (also by one position of the mode switch).

Triggering can be obtained from any of four selected sources, in - eluding the internal sync separator. When the TV or video mode (with sync separator) is selected, internal blanking removes the vertical -retrace sec-

=_ tion of composite video, thus removing the confusing blanking and equalizing pulses found in most scope waveforms (Figure 5).

According to Sencore informa- tipn, special ECL-logic and differential -coupled stages provide stable triggering of all signals, including digital wavetrains that usually are difficult to lock. During our tests, the triggering was rock - steady at all times.

Auto -tracking operation Any of four functions can be

selected by the A/B or B/A button (one above the bottom in Figure 6) or the three buttons for each vertical channel. These are the four auto -trace functions: dcV; acV peak -to -peak; repetition frequency and the frequency ratio of the A and B channel signals. All these functions are autoranging; no adjustments (except the usual scope locking) are needed or possible.

22 Electronic Servicing & Tec.inolog August 1982


Figure 5 The video waveform at the top was photographed from the SC61 when the TV/video sync separator feature was not used for triggering. Notice the faint ghost -like lines from the vertical blanking and equalizing sync pulses in the waveform. When the same signal was triggered from the internal sync separator, those obscuring lines were eliminated, giving a clearer waveform.

Peak -to -peak acV. These readings cover the entire waveform, including any overshoot or ringing. Sometimes technicians ignore these unwanted sections of waveforms, knowing they do not affect the circuit operation. Remember that the LCD readout includes them, and thus make any needed mental

allowances or observe the scope waveform and disregard the LCD readout. Except for these few exceptions, the PP readings on the LCD display are many times more accurate than readings obtained by conventional visual methods from the CRT screen.

Ranges of 0-8V, 8-80V, 80-800V and 800-2000V peak -to -peak are direct reading with the 10X standard probe. Also, they are auto - ranged to give best resolution.

Bandwidth of the peak -to -peak conversion circuit is said to equal or exceed the vertical -channel bandwidth, and these tests appear to verify that statement. I don't know of any other digital -readout, peak -to -peak instrument that can cover this 60MHz range.

Signals for the peak -to -peak converter are taken from each vertical channel before attenuation by the range switches. One precaution: The signal level must be high enough to give a stable scope pattern, or adjustments of the scope - waveform controls have no effects on the PP digital readouts.

Dc voltages. Inputs for the four automatically selected, LCD-dis-

J DELTA ME N,ENSIF PC4r,o

WA/EFORM ANALYZER

Figure 6 A vertica'push-buttons is located at about the horizontal center of the front panel. The top six allow digital Vdc, PPac and frequency readouts from the two vertical channels. Four of the lower six buttons are for the Delta -time measurements, one is the frequency -ratio button and the bottom one activates the beamfinder.

FINALLY. COMPUTERS AS A NEW TOOL FOR T.V. REPAIR.

Primefax puts computer -assisted repair capabi ity in your shop today. Primefax drastically reduces the number of sets requiring extensive trouble -shooting procedures. Through the use of today's technology. Primefax maintains-in a

central computer-a database of problem -solving solutions for television set malfunctions. Primefax is a compilation of the most current. applicable technical information acquired from hundreds of valuable sources ... and updated daily.

With a Primefax Computer Terminal installed in your shop, you can do your job more quickly and more

accurately. You have more satisfied customers, and your profits are increased substantially.

Reduced call backs faster turn- around reduced chance of repeated failure more thorough service and complete repair at reasonable cost.

The more Primefax is used, thi. more profit you realize.

CALL US OR WRITE. No matter host you compute it, Primefax means profit for you. It's worth looking into.

In Texas. call 15121 344-5999 Out of Texas, call 800-531-5953

Prime 4825 Fredericksburg Road San Antonio. Texas 78229

QUALITY ISN'T A

And it shouldn't be. At Sentri, quality is a daily commitment-not at x_a- sonal miracle. Which is why Sertrr con- sistently produces the highest (anliey crystals available.

Each crystal is hand-crafted d lawless materials to exceed MIL-Specncards. T) insure quality, the crystals a_e X-rayed, lipped, plated with precious nie.als, sealed in an inert atmosphere _ad pre - aged to prevent drifting.

Reliability isn't a miracle, eiber. It's Sentry's usual way of busness.'Xe ,land behind the quality of every crystal.

Call us TOLL FREE. I -800-6i4-8851) for quality service. We deliver i 1 the, working days to two weeks, plt-s 46 -hour emergency service.

er Sentry Cnstal Park. Ch ickatiha.Oklahoma -3518

Please allots fer extra tinte for precision, 1'11F tad ;pedal f equencies.

Circle (18) on Reply Card Circle (19) on Reply Card

August 1982 Electronic Serricing & Technology 23


TRIGGER sc:J;cE

MODE

Ac"

Figure 7 Below each probe socket on the SC61 front panel is a small banana plug that receives dc voltages from the probe. An optional dc -voltage probe can be plugged in, if the scope probe is not desired (for lower -loading measurements).

played dc -voltage ranges are obtained from the same 10x scope probe. However, they are not obtained from the vertical -channel preamplifiers as is done with the PP signals. Instead, separate plugs and sockets at the scope end of the probe cables (Figure 7) bring in do voltage from the probe, after capacitance isolation by a resistor inside the probe, to another multi- plier resistor inside the scope. When DMM-type dc -voltage readings are desired without the scope probe, a 39G157 probe (supplied with the scope) can be plugged in either small banana plug.

For signals that enter the IOx scope probe, the ac/dc impedance of the scope function is 10MS2 , and the do resistance of the dc -voltage LCD readout is 15MS2. The total impedance with both functions is about 6MO. Either of these functions can be operated alone when higher input impedance (lower loading) is needed. Fortunately, the LCD -circuit de -voltage wiring does not add any significant capacitance (that would cause a smeared waveform) to the scope's input signal.

Adjustments to the scope - waveform controls have no effect on the dc -voltage readings.

Frequency measurements. The third push-button of each vertical channel connects a special type of

Figure 8 The top waveform shows the grid waveform of a 6JE6 horizontal - output tube, while the lower trace shows high -voltage pulses for comparison of phase. All LCD readouts were for scope channel A (the grid -drive signal). (A) The frequency -counter function showed 15.7343kHz (sometimes 15.7344kHz). Notice the A (for channel A) and the kHz annunciators in the readout. (B) Without any change except pressing the channel A VPP button, the display read 205VPP. (C) Pressing the DCV button gave a -51.8Vdc reading. This performance was convenient and highly accurate.

frequency counter (actually two separate counters so the ratio function can operate). The main counter takes a signal from the CRT -signal triggers. Therefore, the counter is not confused by video signals and others that have many frequencies present simultaneously.

There are no controls to adjust for either frequency counter because of the autoranging and other automatic circuits, and the stability and convenience of these frequency measurements were outstanding.

Frequency coverage of each counter is 1Hz to 99.9MHz, in seven ranges. As many as six digits are provided by the readout when needed, and digits are blanked when not needed. Resolu- tion of 0.01Hz is provided up to 99.9Hz, 0.1Hz to 99.9kHz, 1Hz to 999.9kHz, 10Hz to 9.99MHz and 100Hz to 99.9MHz.

Rated accuracy of the SC61 frequency counters is 0.001% at room temperatures. This is sufficient for measuring or adjusting all oscilla- tors except oven -temperature - control crystal types used in communications or broadcasting under FCC rules.

The SC61 counters are compensated by video blanking to give accurate readings of interlaced - scanning composite video and sync from such video. Small errors are produced when non -interlaced signals are tested. The Sencore operation manual explains these few exceptions.

Voltage and frequency readings illustrated. Figure 8 shows the same waveform during consecu- tive LCD readouts of frequency, peak -to -peak voltages and do voltages. The readings are from a 6JE6 horizontal -output -tube grid drive (top waveform; horizontal pulses below are for comparison).

A

B

No probes were moved. The three readings were obtained by ac- tivating the three push -buttons in sequence.

Also, notice the small capital A in the upper left corners of the LCD readings, indicating the reading was for Channel A. An- nunciator readouts at right of the digits show the frequency reading was in kHz, the ac reading was in VPP and the minus reading was in volts dc.



B

C

Figure 9 D giital readouts were made of the bottom -trace vertical-cutput-tube plate waveform. (A) Vertical -epetition rate measured 59.94Hz (a reading that is difficult to ottain with some frequency counters). B) The amplitude measured 1207VPP. (C)The plate voltage measured +343Vdc. No higher accuracy should ever be needed for these ci -cLits

Figure 9 alustrations are similar except the Channel B waveform is measured (plate waveform of a vertical -output tube; the Channel

THE STAR VIEW 12 Foot Antenna

Azimuth Elevation Mount 24 Channel Receiver 120 ° Low Noise Amplifier Feed Horn

Cables & Connectors No Modular Included

(May be ordered separately for $79.95)

12K SYSTEM

STAR VIEW MODEL 12K Complete System

Easy to Install

Reasonably Priced

UPS Shippable Weight 125 Pounds

More than 100 Channels Accessible

KIT CONTAINS:

Available through your local Craig Star View dealer Call or write for information Dealership inquiries welcome Price subject to change without notice.

H&R COMMUNICATIONS, INC. Subsidiary of Craig Corp. Route 3, Box 103G Call 800-643-0102 Pocahontas, Arkansas 72455 or 501-647-2291


Want MORE

Information on Advertised Products?

Just refer to the Bingo # beneath each ad. Circle the appropriate number on the Reader Service Card in the back of this issue. Complete the re- maining information and mail!



Figure 10 A 2:1 frequency rat was measurec for these two signals. Two separate generators were adjusted carefully "o obtain this condition.

A video waveform was varying too much to be photographed properly). AgaTn, no probes were moved; one button was pushed for each reading.

These results were outstanding, especially the PP and frequency functions.

Frequency -rata tests. When signals of different repetition rates are present in vertical Chan- nels A and B, the ratio of these repetition frequencies is displayed on the LCD readout after the A/B or B/A push-button is pressed (second from the bottom of the 12).

Waveforms and LCD readout of Figure 10 show the outputs of two generators. One signal (top trace) was a sinewave, while a 10% duty - cycle pulse train was the second signal (bottom trace). The pulse - generator frequency was varied manually until the screen showed two sinewave cycles for each positive -going pulse. Some normal drift was present, but when the waveforms moved to the position shown, it was obvious the signals represented a 2:1 frequency ratio. Notice the 2.000 A.'B ratio on the readout. This was chosen to show the principle, although any ratio can be displayed between 1 to 999,999. This ratio feature has many applications, including checking the repetition rates of fixed or programmable dividers.

Also, the annunciator shows which channel signal has the highest frequency. A/B is shown when the Channel A signal has the hi her fre'uenc whil. B/A is

Figure 11 Computed repetition rate and duty cycle were obta'=ned easily ty two Delta - time measurements. Left, one pulse tip (at center of trace) and one space between pulses measured 1.180mS (or 1180µS). Right, the pulse tip alone tested 93.29µS, malt- ing the calculated cycle 8.3%. Also the one -cycle time cl 1.180mS tianslat_d to 847.46Hz when the 1/Delta-time button was pressed. These intensified waveforms have low contrast in the photographs because the LCD display regJired bright floodlamps. With average room lighting, the waveforms were easy to analyze.

displayed when the Channel B frequency is higher.

Delta -time measurements The previous Auto -Tracking

tests involved the entire waveform. Delta -time tests, in comparison, can measure some things in a waveform or between two waveforms. Possible measurements include the duty cycle of pulses, the time between two events on one waveform. the time or phase between two events on two waveforms, the rise time of pulses or square waves, the Delta peal: -to -peak amplitude of any section in a waveform and the repetition rate.

Delta -time measurements require operation of four push- buttons and two controls. How- ever, before these measurements are made, the CRT must show a stable waveform of appropriate amplitude, because the measurements are made on that particular section of the signal, and any waveform motion will affect the readings.

On the SC61 panel, delta is represented by the Greek letter 0, an equilateral triangle.

When the Delta -time button is pressed, an area of the waveform (or waveforms, if comparison between channel waveforms is needed) is made brighter. Right - to -left location and width of the brighter area are determined by 0414Qf of two ultzturn controls


called Delta begin and Delta end. In actual operation, the Delta -

time push-button is activated, the begin control is rotated CW or CCW as needed to place the left edge of the intensified area at the waveform's left point to be measured, and the end control is rotated to place the right edge of the brighter area at the desired right -side point of the waveform. The time in microseconds or milliseconds for the duration (width) of the intensified area is then displayed on the LCD readout.

The repetition frequency can be obtained by using the begin and end controls to intensify one complete cycle of the waveform. This gives the time of one cycle, and the frequency can be obtained by pressing the 1/Delta-time (one divided by Delta -timet button. The LCD readout displays the frequency. Of course, this is the old method for calculating the repetition frequency by taking the reciprocal of the time of one cycle, but the microcomputer in the SC61 does the mathematics automatically.

The Figure 11 waveforms show how the duty cycle and repetition frequency of positive -going pulses were measured. The Delta -time mode was selected to intensify one cycle (one pulse and one space between pulses). Pressing the 1/Delta-time button gave the calculated repetition frequency,

nigh ;was .co.a gare


fgure 12 A sinewave having approx- ately the frequency of horizontal

sweep measured 53.35µS by Delta -time reading. The 1/Delta-time button then gave the calculated frequency as 15,770Hz, which compared favorably

'th the counter direct reading of 5,737Hz.

tained by the Channel A counter. Finally, the pulse time was

easured by the same Delta -time operation with the pulse tip intensified. In this case, the pulse time was 98.3µS, and the complete cycle time checked 1180µS. By dividing the pulse time by the cycle time, the duty cycle to be 8.3%, while the repetition rate

as calculated as 847Hz. In comparison, the Channel A frequency counter gave a reading of 839.2Hz (which is believed to be very accurate). The difference between 847Hz and 839.2Hz probably was caused by visual difficulties in reading the intensified area, and it illustrates the errors that are inherent in measuring time or amplitude by a scope.

Scopes probably have time and amplitude accuracy of about ± 4%. When visual errors and operator sloppiness are added, some scope - screen measurements might have no better than ± 10% accuracy. That is reason enough to use the digital -readout measurements when highest accuracy is needed.

Frequency measurement of the sinewave in Figure 12 by the Delta -time method was more accurate. Frequency -counter reading was 15,737Hz versus 15,770Hz by Delta time.

Rise time is checked by adjusting the waveform height to equal the 0% and 100% lines on the graticule. Then the sweep is locked solidly and the sweep time varied

Figure 13 A sinewave was used (rather`" than square waves or pulses) to make more clear the process of measuring rise time by Delta -time mode. The amplitude of a locked waveform is adjusted to the 0% and 100% graticule lines, the waveform rise time is horizontally expanded, then the Delta -time mode is selected and the 10% to 90% slope is covered by rotation of the begin and end controls that make this slope brighter. The LCD readout shows a time that needs no processing or calculations.

until the leading edge has sufficient slope to permit measurement. Finally, the Delta -time

is end controls are rotated to intensify the rise time between the 10% and 90% points. The LCD dispay shows the rise time in microseconds or milliseconds. In Figure 13, a sinewave, rather than a pulse, was used to make the rising edge more visible in the photograph.

Directions for making peak -to - peak measurements of waveform segments and other applications cf Delta -time tests are covered in the Sencore operation book.

Miscellaneous features Simplified operating instruc-

tions for the SC61 are contained in a four -page booklet that can be pulled out from under the front panel (Figure 14). However, before these instructions are used, the technician should read the 52 -page operating manual packed with each instrument. After all details have been committed to memory, an occasional refresher from the small pull-out booklet will be very helpful.

Comments Before giving personal observa-

Flguri 4 rn'n operating manual is mounted under the scope. It can be pulled out and opened wien a ref reshe' is needed.

tions about the performance and operation of the SC1_, I should discuss features the machines does not have.

The SC61 does not have delayed horizontal sweep, which gives the effect of expanding waveforms. horizontally without adding jitter There is no waveform storage (either CRT or digital), no RF detector and no single-swe mode. It is clear that Sencor tends the SC61 for the video, and digital fields and therefore has provided the features most beneficial to them. Few users will notice the missing functions.

The internal graticule has no provision for lighting the grid lines, and this caused some minor problems during the_ hotograph- ing of various waveforms along with the LCD readout. However, no problems were encountered with viewing the LCD readout, the graticule lines and the waveforms in actual operation.

A review of the tests and measurements made with the Sen - core SC61 brings no disappoint- ments or compromises. All measurements and procedures operated without any failures or limitations.

When operated as a conventional wide -band scope, the performance was excellent,; with stable locking and bright sharp traces. None of the performance tests

August '982 Electronic Servicing & Technology 27


B C

Figure 15 Some frequency counters cannot measure these waveforms accurately and stably. (A) Sine and square waves of 20Hz were counted by the SC61 without any problems. (B) Square waves of 200kHz were counted easily. Notice that the rising edge of the first square wave is complete; that eras made pcss ble by the signal -delay line in the common vertical channel. (C) Here is a perfect 60Hz readout of a 6.3V RMS tube -heater voltage in an operating color -TV receiver. This is the first time such a signal has been counted successfully in the ES&T Test Lab.

showed any lack of bandwidth or sweep times. The Delta -time measurements were simple to perform, giving accurate results without complications.

Some technicians may not ap- preciate having the equivalent of a wide -band scope, a good digital multimeter and a frequency counter all in one case. After all, most well-equipped shops have all these items of equipment that can be connected when needed. But a technician who actually operates the SC61 soon will discover several levels of advantages. First of all, there is the simplicity and convenience of having those three LCD - readout functions without the complications of connecting separate power and signal cables to three instruments.

However, the SC61 advantages are much greater than convenience. These internal test functions operate better than can be obtained from most separate instruments. For dc -voltages, of course, the only improvement comes from not being compelled to connect another set of test probes, although in crowded chassis and circuit boards, this has considerable value. The dc -voltage readings are autoranging but otherwise are little different than those from digital multimeters.

A tremendous advantage comes from the circuit design of the internal peak -to -peak conversion

system. Few DMMs have ac - voltage frequency response that is flat, even over the audio band. DMMs with peak -to -peak action are also rare. Compare that with the SC61 peak -to -peak function with both wide frequency response and extreme accuracy. All PP tests showed more than adequate bandwidth. Also, conventional DMMs always smear TV pictures and video waveforms when video ac voltages are measured, because of the capacitances added. The SC61 PP readings are taken from the scope vertical amplifiers so no additional capacitances are added to the tested circuit.

The frequency -counting functions also performed better than most separate instruments. All frequency counters perform adequately on RF signals that are confined to a protected environment. When applied to measuring audio signals (even sinewaves), most models fell far short of the specs. In fact, before the SC61, I never have tested one that would measure accurately the 60Hz heater voltage in a color -TV receiver. Readings on these specialized counters wandered from 100Hz to several thousand, regardless of control adjustments. The SC61 performed this and other audio measurements without problems.

Figure 15 shows the readouts and waveforms obtained when

testing various frequencies with the SC61. Of course, it might be expected that any good counter could measure the 200kHz square waves. But in the past, many counters failed to measure 20Hz. Another factor that makes counters unstable around color -TV receivers is the strongly radiated horizontal -sweep pulses. Notice that the last photograh shows a stable 60Hz reading for the 6.3V RMS heater supply in an operating tube -type color receiver. No adjustments were made, except to lock the scope waveform. This is exceptional performance for a scope.

While the test sample SC61 was in the test lab, a Sony color receiver was brought in for diagnosis of a defect causing absence of high voltage. This model has all solid-state active components, so the first measurement with the SC61 was the drive signal at the gate of the output device (which resembled an SCR). The waveform did not have the conventional ringing and overshoot lines, but rather was nearer a pure wide pulse. Usually this is proof that the output device is not operating because the input junction is open. However, there is always the possibility that the horizontal - oscillator frequency might be too high, perhaps double or triple the desired 15,734.4Hz of locked sweep.



With the SC61, only pressure on one button (frequency of Channel A signal) showed a repetition rate of about 19kHz. Of course, this was not correct, but the discrepan- cy was not sufficient to indicate an oscillator defect; the loss of sweep could have changed it that much.

Pressure on another button showed a negative do voltage reading that was lower than the schematic value. However, the presence of a negative voltage indicated the input junction was not open; the low reading again, might be caused by the loss of horizontal sweep.

The probe was changed to the anode (with a transistor, it would be the collector). No waveform was there, but the dc -voltage pus button showed + 159.8V, which too high because the supply is su posed to be regulated.

The preliminary diagnosis is that the output device was ,r,pen between anode and cathode. Also, the regulator transistor probably was shorted, thus increasing the supply voltage. In fact, the defectivgi regulator likely caused the outpt problem. The regulator transistor and sweep -output de vit:e were checked out of circuit and found to

'be defective, as suspected. Replacement restored normal performance.

The waveforms, do voltages a PP drive amplitude were check again with the SC61, and were tolerance. For example, th horizontal -drive frequency measured 15,734.4Hz.

A separate scope, DMM an frequency -counter instruments were available, along with tilt"' SC61, on the same test bench. Therefore, the same procedure could have been followed without the SC61, but considerable testing time was saved by using the SC61.

However, my memory of the repair is not about testing time, but of the freedom and lack of strain it gave me to perform all desired tests without being cor cerned that the test equipment might be giving false answers.

In conclusion, Sencore SC61 scope/Waveform Analyzer peril formed all measurements attemp- zed flawlessly. It seems clear that technicians who take fui advan4 tage of the features will save diagnostic time. wow

BOOK REVIEWS

Editor's note: Periodically Elec- tronic Servicing & Technology presents reviews of books deal- ing with subjects of interest to our readers. Please direct inquiries and orders to the publisher at the address given in each review rather than to us.

Microcomputer Dictionary, by Charles J. Sippl; Radio Shack; $7.95.

This dictionary covers more than 5000 terms and is cross-referenced to help locate definitions. It includes several appendices with useful information on microprocessors, microcomputers and their applications. The volume is designed to familiarize both the beginner and professional with terms associated with the use of a computer. Published by Radio Shack, 1800 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102.

How to Measure Anything with Electronic Instruments, by John A. Kuecken; Tab Books; 336 pages; $15.95 hardbound, $8.95 paperback.

Today's electronic test equipment is more sensitive, more sophisticated, more specialized and more expensive than ever before. So how can hobbyists and experimenters afford to buy all the measuring devices needed for hob- by experiments or for troubleshooting everyday household electronic equipment problems? They do what growing numbers of amateurs and professionals are doing: make their own! Now this handbook shows how to do it easily and inexpensively!

This guide covers designing, building and using devices for measuring almost anything, for any purpose. It's for anyone involved in any phase of electronics: students who want to learn the theory and practice of measurement, technicians or engineers who need specific test equipment that isn't commercially available,

or the hobbyist who wants the challenge and enjoyment of creating something on his own. There are step-by-step directions, diagrams and schematics to make the going easy, even for those who've never tried building electronic equipment before.

Starting with a look at units of measure (force, mass acceleration, work and power, and electrical units), the author goes into the basic techniques of measuring and the electronic devices used for each type of job. Published by Tab Books, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214.

Electronics Pocket Handbook, by Daniel L. Metzger; Prentice -Hall; 284 pages; $3.95.

This book measures 3 inches by 53/4 inches, yet contains hundreds of bits of information on electronics. The book includes definitions, formulas, charts and component data and characteristics. Topics such as simplified circuit analysis and design, unit conver- sions, constants, standards, sym- bols, codes and test procedures are also covered. A 28 -page glossary in the back of the book explains more than 400 terms. Published by Prentice -Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632.

Revised and Enlarged Handbook of Oscilloscopes, Theory and Application, by John D. Lenk; Prentice -Hall; 340 pages; $19.95 hardbound.

The guide is designed for technicians, engineers and for the training of hobbyists. The information has been revised and expanded to include changes in oscilloscope technology, especially the extensive use of curve tracers.

Topics include probes, accessories and the use of scopes with sweep generators. The author describes methods of measuring voltage, current, time, frequency and phase, and of checking individual components, amplifiers, amplifier circuits, communications equipment, industrial devices and TV receivers. Published by Prentice -Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632.

eg , August 1982 Electronic Servicing & Technology 29


READERS' EXCHANGE

Needed: New or good used Admiral flyback transformer, part #79A166-4, for model 12B618M, chassis T3 -L6 -2A. Also need broken B&K tube tester, model 707, for parts. Stanley Budzinski, 821 Randolph Drive, Aberdeen, MD 21001.

Needed: Tuner for Emerson model 19P92, chassis #120963A -tuner #471871. M. Seligsohn, 1455 55th St., Brooklyn, NY 11291.

Needed: EMC model 802 signal tracer and generator, B&K 415 sweep/marker generator, VIZ model WP -26A isolation transformer or similar models. Caswell Davis Jr., 601 Delmar, Apt. 2, San Antonio, TX 78210.

Needed: Front panel dial tuning mechanism for Zenith radio, model F 474, with AM/FM clock radio. Part number may be 812-684. Also Zenith clock

Our lowest price solder extractor

isn't cheap. People get suspicious when they see "lowest priced." Especially in a precision piece of equipment. They immediately think it's garbage.

Despite the reasonable price our EX -525 gives you vacuum by an oiless, piston pump, not diaphram. It easily removes components from double sided and multi -layer PC boards. The EX -525 comes with a great technical manual and 2 year warranty.

The EX -525 is inexpensive, but it isn't cheap. -AUTOMATED

PRODUCTION _EQUIPMENT

142 Peconic Avenue Medford, New York 11763 - U.S.A.

(516) 654-1197 TWX: 510-228-2120

#800-668 for clock radio, model F472 W3. Please state price. Able TV and Electronics, Rt. 4, Box 764, Panama City, FL 32405.

Needed: Akai X1800SD or GX1900D tape transport tor salvage; need not be operable. Also schematic and parts list (Sams 348) for Philco model E2006-11 b&w TV; will copy and return. Vernon Tiger, P.O. Box 392, Casselton, ND 58012.

Needed: Rider radio manuals 1, 2, 3, 14 and 15. Pages Misc. 6-9 and 6-10 for manual 6, index for volumes 1 through 15, Also operating manuals for Precision E490 stereo generator, RCA 150 signal generator and Supreme 339 radio analyzer. Gregory J. Kulp, 1115 Lilac Lane, West Lawn, PA 19609.

Needed: Type J speaker (two coils in series, resistance in each coil about 2750) for Atwater Kent Q chassis. Would like information from anyone who has one of these for sale. Ken Wagner, Rt. 4, Box 580, Gresham, OR 97030.

Needed: RCA service data, 1973-75, color and b&w. Also 1974 and 1975 radio phono. Calvin S. Logue, Jr., 923 Washington Road, Westminster, MD 21157.

Needed: Schematic and information about scope from the Precision Apparatus Company, Elmhurst,

COMPARE OUR LOW PRICES INDENTICAL REPLACEMENT FOR ECG'

AT 50% To 80% OFF SUPER SPECIAL (MIN. 10 PCS.)

NO. S000. RESALE

YOU PAY

85 .88 .35 123A 1.32 .28 124 2 30 .9C 130 3.80 .90 152 2.20 .80 153 2.50 .70 154 3.30 .99 165 13.50 2.40 238 15.75 2.4.0 291 2.57 1.20 292 2.91 1.25

SPECIAL MULTIPLIERS, TRIPLERS, JAPANESE TYPES (M,1 5 PCs.)

ECG 500A 8.95 2SC867A 3.30 ECG 523 11.95 2SC1034 7.25 ECG 526A 12.80 2SC1114 3.85 ECG 529 15.50 2SC1308K 2.40 HIDIV-1 3.20 SG513 4.50 HIDIV-3 3 65

3 YEARS WARRANTY ON ALL EXR TYPES COD ORDERS WELCOME (Min. Order $25)

CALL TOLL FREE 800-526-4928 WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR 1982 PRICE LIST

DIGITRON ELECTRONIC Corporation

110 Hillside Ave., Springfield, N.J. 07081 DIGITRON IS NOT ASSOCIATED IN ANY WAY WITH PHILIPS ECG





NY, model 318. Joseph Vaccarella, 15 Laidlaw Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07306.

Needed: Sams Photofact TR -82 and Supremes Vol. R-2 and 3 and TV -1 through 4. C. T. Huth, 146 Schonhardt St., Tiffin, OH .44883.

Needed: High -voltage transformer for RCA television (chassis #CTC-4, model 21CT661U), part #100409 listed in Sams 314. Will accept new or used. State price. Joseph V. Bowie, 4120 Alton St., SE, Bradbury Heights, MD 20743.

For sale: Sencore PS148 oscilloscope with probes and manual, $150; Eico 460 oscilloscope, brand new in carton, $225; B&K 1074 and 1075 Analyst with probes and manuals, $100 each. Niver's Inc., 801 Columbia St., Hudson, NY 1-518-828-0616.

For Sale: Sams Photofacts from 20 to 600, best offer plus back issues of Electronic Servicing and ET/D. Lewis Radio & TV, Rt. 1, Central City, NE 68826.

For sale: Processor Technology SOL -20 terminal computer with 16K memory plug-in; several program tapes; Basic, electric pencil by Shrayer and etc. Electrohome 14 -inch b&w TV monitor. Ander- son Jacobson (IBM) AJ841 Selectronic terminal

printer that gives letter copy print-out; complete set-up price $1600. For details phone 1-318-445-0262 or 1-318-640-1466 after 6 p.m. Bob Goodman, P.O. Box 452, Alexandria, LA 71301.

For sale: Complete electronic shop of repair and test equipment, all like new with accessories and service manuals-retiring. Also TV manuals, Photo - facts, symcures and Tekfax. Clarence Gillow, P.O. Box 177, Springer, NM 87747, 1-505-483-2363.

For sale: Simpson model 311 VTVM; high 22M2 im- pedence; $100. Macrotronics ham interface for TRS-80; model TM -800 factory wired includes M80-M800-FSD1 and AFSK; complete with manuals and software; $200. Bird model 4351 RF wattmeter; $70. William D. Shevtchuk, 1 Lois Ave., Clifton, NJ 07014.

For sale: Tekfax volume #8 (1966), #111 (1973), #112 (1975), #115 (1979). Make an offer. Benjamin Halfin TV, 603 Ivey Ave., Colonial Heights, VA 23834.

For sale: BK -alignment generator, television; excellent condition, all cables, probe; $300 firm. Jerry Martin, Box 1,105 E. Pine, Bloomfield, NM 87413.

GULIVLI:11: The Source for Quality at Low Cost

Silicon H.V. Tripiers

HIGH VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS

SYLVANIA Tripiers ECG -500A 212-139 212-139-01 212-139-02

$1295 ea.

ECG -523 212-141 212-141-01

51500 ea.

REMEMBER! Sylvania

ECG -526A Tubes 212-141-02 70% + 10% 212-141-03 OFF 212-141-04 LIST $1699 ea.

Sylvania ECG Replacement Semiconductors and Components Full line in stock. The best quality semiconductor.

RG -59/U 75 OHM Co -Axial Cable Copper Braided Shield

Bare copper conductor

Braided bare I copper shield

White or Black

S445o/1000 ft. Foam polyethylene die ectric

F-59 Connector with Separate Ferrule

10e/100 lot Mc Matchi5-3ng00 TraOhmnsformer 7

594 ea. $4400/100

op 2 Way - 75 Ohm Coupler

MT -2 $14B ea. $8900/100

2 SC1172B

s1 99

VERY POPULAR

80 MFD x 450 Volts... .99 100 MFD x 450 Volts...1.09

SOLDER (60/40 Rosin Core) 1 1b. -.062 dia. (regular size)

$799 SOL -1

WICK SOLDER W Solder ER val WICK

994 v." Wide (Thick Type) -5 feet

SILICON RECTIFIER 2.5 Amp/1000PIV

100/S995 SL -100

GLOBAR DISC - 120 Ohms Cold 107191 RCA 99$ 10 ASSORTED CIRCUIT BREAKERS

10/$799 GoodAsCBs1o0rtment D

ELECTRONICS 770 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10025

Also ask for Free 100 Page Catalog

CHEATER CORDS Polarized C Clip

Price: 39C 24620

2,.

Standard C Clip Price: 39C 24623

iCee

Send Purchase

REPLACEMENT RODS

4 Section LAR-4 69C 5 Section LAR-5 89C 6SectionLAR-6 99C 7SectionLAR-7 99C

G.E. 0M-300

$149

PANASONIC 0M-500

$159

Order, Check or Money Order

or Call Toll Free 800-223-0826 in NY STATE (212) 865-5580

All ORDERS SHIPPED UPSICOD F.O.B., N.Y.C.

MASTER CARD VISA 4zip




TROUBLE- SHOOTING TIPS

Intermittent vertical deflection General Electric AC -C and AC -CAA versions (Photofact 1979-1)

Preliminary tests for intermittent problems involve jarring the circuit board and all suspected components, in addition to applying heating and cooling alternate- ly. When these were performed on the General Electric AC chassis, the temperature -cycling tests gave no results, but the physical manipulation of the circuit board sometimes would start or stop the loss of picture height.

Scope waveform and dc -voltage tests at the vertical -signal output (emitter of Q640 and collector of Q645) showed a loss of waveform and a huge shift of do voltage when the height collapsed. Scope waveforms can locate the precise stage where the problem origi- nates. However, this vertical cir-

cuit had a type of linearity correction that fed a sample of the output waveform back to the Q620 emitter. A loss of signal inside this loop would distort the waveforms that remained. So, additional tests by flexing and moving the circuit board seemed wise.

Finally, an intermittent open was found on the board's top side between feedthroughs W1A and W1B. Rather than attempt a repair that might prove to be inef- fective or temporary, I made a jumper of hook-up wire and soldered it to the two points. That

Y610

eliminated the erratic vertical height.

Since that first repair, I have found several other AC chassis with the same defect. Of course, these were easier to find because I remembered the original repair.

In some chassis, resistors R650 (4.712) and R640 (10011) were found to be out of tolerance, probably because of overloads during the loss of sweep times. Therefore, it is wise to replace them each time intermittent sweep has occurred.

Bruce R. Youmans, CET West Covina, CA

Q620 VERT AMP

12 01V A 93 .

C610 e Y615 83V

R610

VERTICAL R614 SIZE 3900 500K

C615

F

22 5V

R613

1000 1 39Y

R615

560

No sound or raster Zenith L1990W9 (Photofact 1920-2)

When first turned on in the shop, the Zenith had no picture or sound. A few quick tests showed that the output of the bridge rectifier was normal, but slightly high. Ap-

QX3326 HORf2

OUTPUT

parently, the shutdown circuit was operating to eliminate all scan -rectified power, or there was no horizontal drive to the output transistor.

I find the easiest approach to shutdown problems is to reduce the receiver line voltage using a variable transformer, such as a Variac. Starting at zero voltage, I increased the voltage until the receiver came to life at about 80Vac. However, further increases reached shutdown at about 92Vac.

These symptoms suggested an open in one of the retrace -tuning capacitors (CX3316, CX3317, CX3318, CX3320, CX3322 and CX3324) or perhaps an open in diodes CR3307 or CR3308. How- ever, after these were replaced, the shut -down continued unchanged.

Addition of a 0.025µF capacitor

in parallel with all other retrace - tuning capacitors permitted operation at 120Vac, but the picture width was stretched tremendous- ly. Obviously, this was not a solu- tign.

While the receiver operated at 85Vac, the horizontal -output transistor collector measured about + 80Vdc, but the high voltage at the picture tube tested a whopping 30kV. How could an output transistor with only about half the normal do voltage produce such high voltage?

One of the few untested components was CRX3306, a diode in the collector circuit. Replacing this diode with the correct Zenith replacement cured the problem, bringing normal operation at 120Vac line voltage.

M. B. Gembala Maywood, NJ

OWL v,



Pis NMIII

dill Shock hazard

at the workbench

By Robert K Benson

Most of us who have spent much time at the workbench designing, building kits and servicing electronic equipment have experi- enced a teeth -rattling jolt from high voltage at least once.

Such shocks usually come about in one of two ways. Either we con- sciously expose ourselves to the possibility of shock by working a circuit "hot" and get careless, or it strikes unexpectedly when we're handling test equipment or the device being serviced.

Although most modern electronic equipment is solid state and operates on low voltage, there are still many designs that require tube circuitry using 100V or more. Also, most test equipment still derives operating power from the 110V, 60Hz power line.

Some circuit problems are difficult to diagnose with the aid of an ohmmeter, and hot circuit measurements are often necessary. The possibility of lethal shock

when troubleshooting and using high -voltage equipment is obvious, so we naturally tend to be a bit cautious. Frequently, however, the shocks come when least expected, such as when shifting test equipment around the bench or connecting for a test. This latter situation is generally caused by leakage currents.

The heart can experience what is called ventricular fibrillation (the fibers of the heart muscle twitch with little contraction of the heart) when subjected to only about 10 or 20µA of current. This condition is usually fatal unless skilled help and special equipment are immediately available. About 100µA of current flowing through the chest area may cause 10µA in the heart. Ob- viously, current will take a chest path if a hand-to-hand or hand -to - foot contact is completed across a voltage source. The resistance of the body between these ex- tremities can vary from many

thousands of ohms, under normal dry conditions, to about 10002 under conditions of stress, sweat or work in a damp environment. This evidence, fortified by a simple exercise in ohms law, helps us to understand why people are elec- trocuted by 110Vac power sources.

We can also understand why we must take particular care to avoid such hazards because many workshops are not located in as dry an environment as we might prefer. Dampness can increase the shock current through the body because of lowered skin contact resistance, and dampness can also increase leakage current in the equipment.

The technician who must work a circuit hot to diagnose his problem, may be exposing himself to 110 or 220Vac power or tube circuit do voltages from about 100 to 500V or more, or possibly to the high do voltage of the TV picture - tube power supply. If you are un-

Augus" 1982 Electronic Servicing & Technology 33


The hazards of electrical leakage

HOT

HOT

GND --T

HOT GND GND --

LEAKAGE

I ' ---o

GND

BODY RESISTANCE

Figure 1. In a 2 -wire device with leakage problems, the switch is in the neutral leg; the leakage hazard will exist even if the switch is turned off.

LEAKAGE

t- / ./

GND

BODY RESISTANCE

Figure 2. If the switch is in the hot leg, the leakage hazard is removed when the switch is opened.

GND

BODY RESISTANCE

Figure 3. The 3 -wire grounding system allows plugging into the receptacle only one way, and provides a grounding path for leakage current.



fortunate enough to come in contact with such voltages, the effect will depend upon such factors as skin contact resistance, general physical condition, amount and type of voltage (ac or dc), duration of contact, frequency, pulse shape and impedance of the voltage source.

Even voltages that may be too small to be lethal can be damaging in a secondary way. The reaction of the body to do shock is often a violent jerk. Although this could be lifesaving as far as the interruption of the contact is concerned, it could also result in a bump on the head, lacerations or other injury. The reaction to ac shock is somewhat different. If you have a hand grip on the hot circuit, it can be difficult to release due to muscle reaction.

Avoiding these hot circuits when making a direct measurement requires care in handling; but what about the leakage currents that oc- cur when touching two presumably grounded metal instrument cases

These currents exist because of resistance and reactance paths from the hot side of the power line to ground. This can result from poor transformer insulation or damp wiring, combined with in- adequate grounding of the chassis and cabinets. All that is required to receive a shock is to bridge a part of this line -to -ground leakage path with a part of your body. This may involve one or more pieces of equipment, typically a faulty one with an ungrounded chassis or cabinet and a good one that provides the ground.

Figure 1 shows a circuit consisting of a simple, single -pole, single -throw (SPST) line switch in series with the 110V supply to a leaky transformer. When the plug is inserted in the power receptace so that the switch is on the ground side of the line,, leakage current will pass from the transformer winding through and over the dielectric of its insulation, to the metal chassis and cabinet. From this point, it flows by way of any convenient resistance path (such as the human body) back to the line ground. Note that the hazard ex- ists regardless of whether the equipment is turned on or off, because the switch is in the ground side of the line.

Figure 2 illustrates a slight im-

provement made by reversing the plug in the receptacle to put the switch on the hot side of the line. l.n this case, leakage current only flows when the equipment is switched on. The use of a double - pole, single -throw (DPST) switch to break both sides of the line would assure that the chassis would not be hot with the switch off, regardless of how the plug is inserted.

A more acceptable arrangement is shown in Figure 3. A three - terminal plug and receptacle is used, with the advantage of a one -way -only connection plus a separate ground return. The ground wire should be bonded to

A GFI is a circuit breaker capable o disconnecting the

load from the power.

the chassis and metal cabinet. In this case, the normal load current flows in the two wires connected to the transformer primary and the third wfre conducts leakage currents harmlessly off to ground. This system is safe as long as the ground wire remains intact. This can be assured by visual inspection and continuity measurements with an ohmmeter. Molded three - terminal plugs with connections that cannot be inspected may be risky to use, however, because some cannot be visually inspected and an ohmmeter test alone can be misleading. Suppose, for example, that the wire connected to the ground pin within the molded plug is frayed down to a single strand of wire. The ground circuit could then be interrupted the next time the plug is used.

There are other components, such as line filters, that can be sources of leakage current, but the examples given here are sufficient to illustrate the principle.

In recent years, ground fault interruption (GFI) devices have become available for home and shop use. The GFI is a fast - response, circuit -breaker device that is capable of disconnecting the load from the power when a small unbalance in load current occurs (when the current in each power lead differs by more than

just a few milliamperes). A leakage condition or body contact from either side of the line to ground will cause this unbalance in current and trip the high-speed circuit breaker - an obvious lifesaver.

The varieties of GFIs include an outdoor type with built-in circuit breaker, an indoor circuit -breaker type, some that replace existing wall outlets and portable types that can be moved from one outlet to another.

These devices will not protect you if you work a circuit hot and get across the 110V output from the GFI to the load, or the high do voltage from the internal power supply of the device that you are servicing. In this case, the circuit - breaker current capacity (15 or 20A) dictates the interruption current. The GF'l is, however, effective in protecting against those leakage currents that attempt to flow from the device connected to the output of the GFI back to ground. The GFI can find service in places throughout the home, as well as at the shop workbench. In particular, it offers protection to the users of such equipment as toasters, power tools and hedge trimmers, where protection is especially needed.

Ideally the workbench should have its own GFI device. This could be mounted in the circuit - breaker box or an outdoor -type GFI could be installed leading to the workbench outlets. It is not ad- visable to include the room lighting on the GFI circuit, or the room will be plunged into darkness if the GFI is tripped.

Shocks at the workbench can be minimized In a number of ways. The use of GFI devices will protect you from the sneak attack of circuit -to -ground leakage, whether introduced by faulty equipment, poor design or excessive moisture. When working hot circuits, techniques such as circuit probing with one hand behind the back, wearing rubber gloves and turning the equipment off before connecting clip -type probes, are effective. The key to survival is to keep the hands and body insulated from hot circuits and from ground. Work slowly and think out each step before making your move. Avoid poten- tially dangerous servicing if any way below par either mentally or physically.

August 1982 Electrank Servicing & Technology 35


More about GFCI

A plug-in GFCI gives portable current leakage protection.

Neutral conductor

Panel neutral

Service conductors

Neutral bond strap

Ground bar

Coiled white wire connects to panel neutral

C83 breaker wired into load center

Duplex receptacle

c f

Figure 1a. A ground -fault circuit breaker provides overcurrent protection and leakage current hazard protection.

Load power wire (black)

Green ground conductor (optional)

Load neutral wire (white)

(ß)

Line

(Drawings and photos courtesy of General Electric Company)

Figure lb. A ground -fault circuit breaker is installed in the circuit breaker panel, and conductors are brought out to the receptacle to be protected.

Pigtail neutral

Logic OSC ,, _Cl_

Grounded 4- neutral detection circuit

Power Load Neutral

Push to test



Electrical equipment manufacturers provi fault protection.

A ground -fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is a device that consists basically of a sensing unit and a circuit trip device.

Figure la is a schematic of a ground -fault circuit breaker, designed to be installed in a conventional circuit -breaker cabinet.

The "hot" and neutral wires carrying the line current pass through a sensing transformer. As long as everything is normal, the circuit breaker remains in its closed position, and the circuit protected by the unit continues to deliver current as required by the load.

If an overcurrent condition occurs, such as caused by a stalled motor or a short circuit,

de a number of ways to achieve ground

the circuit -breaker portion of the device will trip, just as would any other circuit breaker without ground -fault sensing.

The ground -fault protection comes into play when there is ground -fault leakage current. The sensing transformer is coiled around both the hot and the neutral wire. As long as the currents in both conductors are equal, the sensor detects nothing and the circuit continues to operate normally. If a ground fault occurs, part of the current leaks from the hot conductor to ground. This leakage current fails to return through the neutral conductor, setting up an unbalanced current condition that is sensed by the

transformer. If the unbalanced current exceeds the preset value for which the GFCI was designed (originally 5mA), a solenoid is activated that trips the circuit breaker and opens the circuit. Figure lb illustrates how the GFCI breaker is wired into the breaker panel.

Another way to provide GFCI protection is to install a special ground trip receptacle. These devices are designed to fit into a standard receptacle box. Figure 2a is a schematic of a ground trip receptacle that is designed so that additional receptacles downstream may be afforded GFCI protection by this one device. Note that the ground trip receptacle does not have overload or short-circuit protection. That is provided by the fuse or breaker for that circuit back at the load center (Figure 2b).

A third type of device provides portable GFCI protection. It consists of a plug for plugging it in to any standard 3 -wire grounded receptacle, a ground - fault circuit interrupter, and one or more receptacles. A unit such as this can be carried to the work site and plugged in to provide protection from current leakage.

Figure 2b. This g-ound-fault receptacle does not have overcurrent protection and must be fed from the conventional breaker in the panel.

Figure 2a. This ground -fault receptacle features ground -fault protection in a unit that fits a standard receptacle box.

4 Line

Ground

Logic

-,.,I a a

Feed terminals

thrs

GSC

Push to test

Grounded neutral detection circuit

Ground

Conventional brea:er wired into Power Mark load center

`;. C d, -

.7"

Termina- ion type receptacle

Equipment ground (optional)

Feed from power source

Termination receptacle Service conductors

Neutral conductor

Phase conductors

- Iw

Green Neutral ground bond conductor strap

GFCI receptacle (optional)

Line Yrro---

Black m

Bare 3 White

Load

Black m Bare s

White -

Equipment ground bar

Downstream standard receptacles have ground fault protection



Robot la: a machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being; also: a similar but fictional machine whose lack of capacity for human emotions is often emphasized; 2: an automatic apparatus or device that performs functions ordinarily ascribed to human beings or operates with what appears to be almost human intelligence; 3: a mechanism guided by automatic controls.

Reprinted with permission from the author of A Manager's Guide to Industrial Robots, published by Corinthian Press. Illustration courtesy of Corinthian press, a division of EDR Corporation.



What is an

industrial robot? By Ken Susnjara, Thermwood Corporation, Dale, IN,

manufacturer of industrial robots

A friend of mine in the investment banking community spent the better part of a day discussing industrial robots with nontechnical investors. All through this discus- sion, a series of scale models of various industrial robots sat on a desk. As the meeting was breaking up and the conversation turned from industrial robots, one of the visitors picked up one of the scale models, remarked that it was an interesting -looking machine tool and asked what it was.

To the uninitiated, the word robot conjures up visions of mechanical creatures performing almost human feats. It at least conjures up a creature, like R2D2 from the recent movie Star Wars, which stands upright and squeaks in an unintelligible electronic voice. While these fantasy images of mechanical workers in industry have undoubtedly helped popular- ize the concept of industrial robots, they are unfortunately (or fortunately) not correct.

In an attempt to eliminate some of the confusion surrounding

industrial robots, the Robot Institute

of America (RIA) decided that a common, agreed -upon definition of industrial robots was necessary. Repeated attempts to devise a simple, understandable definition failed before the following, somewhat gingerly worded, definition was adopted:

A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices, through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. The frustrating part about try-

ing to develop this definition is that by looking at a machine, it is quite simple to determine whether or not the machine should be classified as an industrial robot.

Attempts, however, to commit this intuitive knowledge to

paper in the form of a simple definition were

frustrating at best.



The definition finally agreed upon does not, unfortunately, prove enlightening to the uninitiated. A nontechnical manager who has not been ex- posed to industrial robots will glean little understanding of their looks or capability or functions from a simple definition. In an attempt to properly understand the function of industrial robots in manufacturing businesses today, it's necessary to go back and try to capture that intuitive sense of which machines are really robots.

Robots in the work force The first fact that must be

understood is that an industrial robot is simply a machine. It is not a highly intelligent, mechanical person but is instead a functional machine tool. Industrial robots are today, and will likely remain for sometime in the future, extremely limited in what they can do when compared to even the most unskilled person. Even though some industrial robots are powered by very complex and capable computers, they still perform a limited sequence of motions.

So again let me repeat: an industrial robot is a machine tool. However, comparing its performance to that of a person is a unique attribute of industrial robots and brings us to what I feel is the core of the intuitive definition of an industrial robot. Industrial robots are by their very nature, direct replacements for human labor. Their job seems to be performing various tasks that normally would

be performed by a person and performing them in essentially the same manner that a person would. These statements concerning the purpose of industrial robots con- jure up deep, intense fear on the part of those who manufacture robots. They fear that any mention of robots, i.e., mechanical people, might result in a serious backlash by thousands or millions of workers who fear they will be replaced by these mechanical people. These fears might be well founded except for some realities that are not being considered.

Because a robot is a machine, it requires someone to program it and set it up, someone to keep an eye on it while it is running, even if only indirectly, and someone to fix it when it breaks. Each of these jobs requires some level of skill and special training. However, because the robot is a limited machine, it will need to be placed in a highly regimented environment and perform a fairly simple, repetitive, unskilled task. Because the unthinking, untiring industrial robot can perform its tasks con- sistently and unchanged day after day, it will provide considerable savings over the unskilled labor it replaces. People do not function well in unthinking, repetitive, monotonous and burdensome tasks. These are in general the only types of jobs industrial robots are capable of performing. It is not surprising then that industrial robots will do a superior job in many of these tasks. At the same time, however, installations of in-

dustrial robots open up a number of new, exciting and challenging jobs where none existed before.

Engineering principles Now that you have a conceptual

idea of what an industrial robot is and what it does, a common ques- tion of the uninitiated is, "What does it look like?"

Industrial robots come in a variety of sizes, shapes, configurations and complexities. In order to understand this area, it is necessary to segment robots into a number of different categories.

Before discussing these categories, it is necessary to understand the meaning of several engineering terms. The first term that must be understood is "axis." You will find that robots are many times specified by the number of degrees of freedom or axes contained. An axis is a degree of freedom or a basic motion allowed by the mechanism. As an example, the bedroom door in your home is considered by engineers as a 1 - axis mechanism. The door is capable of pivoting around a line that goes through the center of the door hinges to which it is mounted. The door's swinging open or shut is the one degree of freedom available. It cannot, however, move up and down, tilt, or move in any other direction other than swinging back and forth around the hinge. Another 1 -axis mechanism would be a child's electric train riding on a track. The only motion available to the train is either forward or



backward along the track. Even though the track may curve or go straight at different points, the fact that the train is restricted to simply moving forward or backward and is guided (it cannot move side to side, up and down, etc.) makes it a single -axis mechanism. Each independent slide or rotary joint within a robot, then, is referred to as an axis. The electric train can serve as an example to explain the difference between a servo -controlled and non - servo -controlled axis.

If you had a spot on a long section of straight track at which you wanted to stop the toy train, there would be two different methods that could be used to accomplish this. The simplest method would be to find a heavy obstacle, such as a concrete block, and place it on the track in such a way that when the train is touching it, it is in the desired position. It is then necessary simply to run the train in the proper direction and wait for it to hit the block. Then it is properly located. This system, with a bit more finesse, is called a non -servo -controlled system.

A second way to locate the train at the desired position would be to turn it on and as you watch it near the proper position, use the electric control to slow it down until it is properly located, then turn off the electric control. If you substitute a sensor that can tell how far the train is from the desired stopping point and allow the sensor to operate the electric control in place of the person, you

have a servo -controlled system. The major advantage of a servo - controlled system is that it can stop at any point along the track without having to reposition the block.

Non -servo -controlled robots Robots are generally separated

into either servo or non -servo -controlled types. The non -servo -controlled robots are generally fitted with mechanical stops and are driven into these end point stops, which define the desired positions. Stops between the end points can be cycled into place to provide in- termediate positions other than the end points of the axes. It is, however, apparent that the major disadvantage of a non -servo -type industrial robot is the limited number of points at which it can stop.

Non -servo -type robots are generally quite a bit less expensive than their corresponding servo - type systems. Many are capable of using much simpler control systems than the electronic computer control found in most of the servo -controlled machines. Simple air logic controls or electrical sequencing controls perform quite adequately with the non -servo - type robot. These control systems can be obtained at a much lower cost than the servo -type control systems.

Electrical sequencing controls come in many different configurations, however, all have one thing in common. They provide a program signal or signals to the robot

N on -servo -type robots are generally less expensive and simpler than servo -type control systems.



and wait for a signal from the robot telling the control that some event has occurred. This event can be something as simple as an arm extension or a clamp closing. Once the signal indicating that the event has occurred is returned to the controller, the controller steps to the next preprogrammed combination of signals, which is then sent to the robot. Again the controller waits for a signal indicating that the necessary event has occurred, at which time the controller steps to the next set of signals. In this way, the programmer sequentially steps through a series of preprogrammed signals with each new step actuated by a signal from the robot indicating that the last step is complete.

Air logic control works similar to electrical sequencing control except no electrical connections are necessary. All the steps and signals are controlled by the operation of a series of air valves. This type of air logic control has definite advantages when operating in explosive atmosphere. Because no electrical signals are present, the chance of a spark ig- niting the environment is reduced.

Although non -servo -type robots are generally small and designed to handle small parts at high speed, non -servo machines are available that can handle parts weighing in excess of 100 pounds and moving over a fairly large area.

Non -servo -type robots can provide surprisingly close accuracies at the end points of their travel.

Because they generally operate against fixed, mechanical stops, the end accuracy of the robot is dependent on the mechanical give or stop that has developed in the system. This can be kept to a minimum. Small air -operated non - servo robots can easily hold overall accuracies of 0.001 inch, while 0.0001 to 0.002 -inch end -point accuracies on some of the larger non - servo robots are possible.

Servo -controlled robots Servo -controlled machines come

in many sizes, shapes and configurations. They are endowed with a variety .of working envelopes and weight carrying capabilities.

In general, servo -controlled robots are much more capable than the non -servo -type robots. They are also more expensive, although in recent times, the most expensive non -servo robots and the least expensive servo robots are overlapping in price.

Servo -controlled robots are generally controlled using micro- electronics and a computer - controlled system. These controls provide the robots with a variety of different capabilities that are difficult or impossible to achieve using the non -servo -type control.

In addition to classifying robots by their control system, either servo or non -servo, there are several other classifications of industrial robots in general use today. One of the more common classifications groups industrial robots by their operating methods. In this class-

ification, robots are classified as either pick and place, point to point, or continuous path.

Pick -and -place robots The pick -and -place designation

is normally reserved for the non - servo -type machine with fixed stops at the end of each axis. These machines normally have a limited capability. They are able to perform a limited sequence of events but at times accomplish these at very high speeds.

These simple pick -and -place machines can also operate at high accuracies. The pick -and -place machines are generally of the polar coordinate system, and most are small compared to the larger point-to-point and continuous -path machines. Many of these machines are air powered with very simple control systems.

The name "pick and place" probably comes from the fact that in general, the task this machine performs is that of moving to a position, grasping a part, removing it, moving to a second position and inserting the part.

Some of the more sophisticated pick -and -place machines have in- termediate stops that can be cycled into and out of position during the program. In this way, each 'axis can be stopped at more than two positions. For example, by cycling stop number 1 into position and then operating the air cylinder or hydraulic cylinder driving the axis, the axis can be moved against stop 1, defining an end -point position. By then retracting the



cylinder, moving stop 1 out of position, and moving stop 2 into a different position, cycling the same air or hydraulic cylinder will move axis 1 against stop 2, defining a second position. In this manner, fairly complex programs can be developed to pick a part from one position and place it in another.

The next two classifications, point to point and continuous path, are used to describe two different methods of operating a servo - controlled robot. These classifications refer to the method whereby programs are input, stored in the computer, and automatically played back.

Point-to-point robots The point-to-point, servo -

controlled robot is capable of moving to any point within its working envelope. Programming a point- to-point robot is accomplished with some type of teaching terminal, pendent, hand-held programmer or the like. Using this device, the robot is operated at slow speeds and is first moved to a point that is to become the first point in the program. When the point is achieved, an "enter" button records that point in the computer. Each of the axes are then operated again, using the teach pendent, until the second point in the program is reached. Again the "enter" button is pressed, recording the second point. It is important to note that the only information stored in the computer control system is the location of each axis of the robot when the "enter" button is

pressed. The sequence by which the programmer is able to move the machine to the desired point is not retained in any way. A variety of programming aids are available, with each manufacturer claiming features that make its machine easy to program. These aids normally are designed to make the desired point easy to achieve using the hand-held programmer. Some of these aids are more useful than others; however, the basic concept of moving the machine to each of the desired points in sequence and entering each is the common programming method for point to point robots.

In executing the program, the robot will move to the first point in the program, then proceed in an approximate straight line to the next point, then to the next and so forth until it has executed the entire program. It is necessary to remember in programming point- to-point robots that the robot will move in a straight line betwen the points and not necessarily along the path that the arm was moved during programming. This fact can cause some difficulty when an inexperienced programmer is learning to program an industrial robot.

There is one disadvantage to this type of programming: The robot must be taken out of production and made available during programming. For this reason, the idea of remotely programming a point-to-point robot in the office, as is done with numerically controlled machine tools, seems to

Pick -and -place robots are usually limited to moving a part from one position to another position.



have some merit. Doing this, however, presents several major obstacles. The first is that generally, the programmer only knows the point at which the end of the arm or the end of the tool should be placed and does not necessarily know the position of each axis of the robot needed to reach that point. When the robot is moved so that the end point is in the proper position, it then simply reads the position of each of the axes to determine how they must be con- figured in order to achieve the final end point. When the end point is programmed in an office away from the robot, another method of determining the various joint and slide positions must be developed. One way of accom- plishing this is to have the computer mathematically calcu- late the positions of each of the joints on the robot needed to achieve the desired end point. This sounds simple, but, in fact, is very complex. However, it has been accomplished today by at least one manufacturer and several universities and robotic research groups.

Another problem that com- plicates the first is that the joint sensors are not necessarily the same on identical robots. A robot joint provides the computer with a signal when it is in a certain position. That robot always will present the same signal when it is in that position. In this way, recording the signal stores the position, and driving the joint until that signal is achieved produces the necessary position. Another robot,

however, of the same make and model, using exactly the same sensor, may present a slightly different signal when the joint is in that same position. Because of this problem, programs developed on one machine may not exactly duplicate on a second machine; therefore programs developed in the office will operate differently on different pieces of equipment.

To get around this problem, a correction table method has been developed that provides consistent positioning of robots, regardless of normal variations in the joint sensors. In this system, all mechanical positions that a joint can take are developed while the signals of the joint sensor are monitored. For each mechanical position of the joint, a signal from the sensor is read and compared to the standard signal desired from that mechanical point. If the sensor reading is different than the standard, a correction factor is stored in a special table so that the signal can be corrected each time it must be used. This correction table must be developed each time either the joint or the sensor is taken apart and will be different for each machine manufactured. This system does, however, allow a mechanical position of the robot to correspond to a precise and predic- table sensor signal.

As these capabilities become practical and more common, the dreams of a completely automated factory driven by a CAD/CAM system seem more obtainable. A CAD/CAM system (computer

aided design/computer aided manufacturing) is a system in which the product to be manufactured is designed with the help of a computer, which develops all of the necessary programs for the NC machine tools, manipulators and robots, and with the aid of computers, automatically manufac- tures the desired products. This type of system is the ultimate in automation, and while the first example of these may be seen in the next five to 10 years, widespread use is still in the future.

Another capability that has been given to servo -controlled, point-to- point robots is line tracking and position transformations. Line tracking means that a program developed on a stationary or stopped part can be executed later while the part is moving down a conveyor line. In fact, the speed of the line may vary, and the conveyor may stop and even reverse direction while the robot automatically compensates for the line movement.

Line tracking is accomplished in two ways. The first and simplest method is one in which the robot simply locks onto the line and moves physically with it while it performs its task. If the line speeds up, slows down or reverses direction, so does the entire robot. Although not as sophisticated as other methods, this system is simple, easy to understand and practical.

A second type of line tracking is accomplished with a method called "mathematical transformations."



In this system, the robot mathematically changes the program in space, "transforming" the program to allow for conveyor movement. In order to accomplish this, complex mathematical capabilities are necessary. This capability is available from at least two major manufacturers today and will likely become more common as time goes on.

Continuous -path robots In certain applications, such as

spray painting, industrial robots are called upon not only to move to distinct points in space, but to move along predetermined paths. In performing a spray painting operation, the robot must be able to duplicate accurately the curved, flowing motions of a person using a spray gun. Obviously, trying to accomplish this using a point-to- point robot would be difficult at best. In order to accomplish these kinds of tasks, a new type of robot has been developed. This robot is the continuous -path robot.

Continuous -path robots are designed so that their structure is somewhat lighter and less massive than that of the point-to-point robots. They are counterbalanced, using springs or other methods, and the drive systems may be disengaged, allowing a person to move the arm about physically. Programming a continuous -path robot generally requires an individual to grasp the end of the arm and move the arm carrying the tool, i.e., a spray gun, through the desired path.

The continuous -path robot operates internally very much like the point-to-point robot. Instead of relying on the operator to indicate the various points to which the robot is to travel, a continuous - path control system records the position of each axis many times per second, with each of those recordings being an individual point. In running the program, the points are played back at the same rate they were recorded, and the robot arm attempts to move to each of these points as they are played back. The resulting motion is a very close approximation of the original path which was entered.

Because the continuous -path robot records many, many more points than the point-to-point robot, the electronic memory re-

For this reason, plus certain other characteristics of the continuous - path robot, it is generally more expensive than the corresponding point-to-point robot.

Continuous -path robots normally have less load -carrying capability than the larger servo -controlled, point-to-point robots. Since the arms and actuators have been designed to be as lightweight as possible for programming, their ability to carry heavy loads is somewhat diminished.

Continuous -path robots generally have the capability of moving at high speeds. This is necessary so that adjustments required to perform the programs can be accomplished. The smooth -flowing

In spraying, a robot must be able to duplicate the curved, flowing motions of a person using a spray gun.



Figure 1. A rectangular -coordinate robot.

Figure 3. A spherical -coordinate

H

AXIS 3

Figure 4. A jointed -arm robot.

Figure 2. A cylindrical -coordinate robot.

motions of a continuous -path program make these machines look very humanlike in their actions and motions. This, of course, is because their motions are very humanlike; they are the motions input by the programmer.

Another classification system for industrial robots distinguishes the robot by the working envelope. A working envelope is simply the

robot. shape of the entire area that the

/

end of the robot arm can reach. The shape of this area or working envelope is determined almost ex- clusively by the mechanical configuration of the robot.

There are four basic work envelope shapes. These four shapes are used by almost all of the robots produced today. The four shapes are rectangular, cylindrical, spherical and jointed arm. Diagrams of typical robots operating in each of these configurations are shown in Figures 1

through 4.

Rectangular robots Referring to Figure 1, you can

see the general mechanics and work -envelope shape of a rectangular -coordinate robot. As you can see in this type of machine, all axes are linear or slide

Axis 1 is left right, axis 2 is shown as a slide in and out and axis 3 is a slide up and down. The shape of the work envelope as traced by end point H can be seen by the dotted line. While the use of rectangular coordinates for industrial robots has not been common in the United States, except for some arc -welding robots, there are several European assembly - type robots that use the rectangular -coordinate system. In assembly work, where precise points must be achieved and part assembly or inserting requires an up and down motion, these machines perform well.

Cylindrical robots Referring to Figure 2, a general

idea of the mechanics of a



cylindrical -coordinate robot can be seen. Axis 1 at the base allows the robot arm to rotate. Axis 2 moves the horizontal arm up and down, while axis 3 moves it in and out. A maximum point that can be achieved by the end point H traces the shape of a cylinder as shown by the broken lines. Machines that operate in this manner are called cylindrical -coordinate machines. Many, if not most, of the non -servo point-to-point machines use the cylindrical -coordinate configuration. The long slides lend themselves well to the installation of physical stops or limit switches. There are, however, some sophisticated servo -controlled industrial robots that utilize the cylindrical - coordinate system.

Spherical robots Figure 3 shows a typical

spherical -coordinate robot. Axis 1

provides rotation on the base, while axis 2 allows the main body of the robot to rock point H up and down. Axis 3 allows the slide to move in and out. At its extremes, point H traces the shape of a sphere; hence the name "spherical coordinate system." The largest number of spherical coordinate machines are servo -controlled; however, there are some non - servo -controlled spherical - coordinate machines on the market.

The spherical -coordinate system was the one chosen by Unimate over twenty years ago for its line of industrial robots. This line of robots has been very successful; hence, a large number of spherical

coordinate robots are in operation in industry today. The system has proven effective, and these robots are being utilized today to perform a wide variety of tasks.

You may have noticed by now that each of these designs, as shown, contains only three axes. Most industrial robots contain five or six independent axes, however, the two or three additional axes are normally utilized where we show point H. These axes operate a wrist that provides articulation to the end of arm tooling or "hand" of the robot.

Jointed -arm robots The fourth and possibly most

complex working envelope is the anthropomorphic or jointed arm. This design most closely resembles the workings of the human arm. It is made up of a base rotation axis 1, a shoulder rotation axis 2 and an elbow rotation axis 3. The operation of these axes to their extremes causes point H to trace out an envelope shape shown in Figure 4. The jointed arm design in general provides the largest working envelope per area of floor space of any of the robot designs. The anthropomorphic design, however, requires a coordinated movement of each of the rotary axes in order for point H to move in a straight line between one point and another. This required coordination can only be accomplished using a computer control system. Therefore, the jointed -arm or anthropomorphic design is used today only by servo - controlled -type robots. Even with

the use of computer systems, providing an anthropomorphic type robot with the ability to develop a straight line between two points in space requires rather sophisticated control capabilities.

In trying to determine which of the robot configurations is best, it is necessary to determine the requirements of the particular application under consideration. Each of the working envelope shapes and mechanical configurations has its particular advantages and disadvantages. It is necessary, when attempting to place an industrial robot in a job, to select those machines whose advantages can be utilized and whose disadvantages can be minimized. Using a machine with the proper mechanical configuration and working envelope can go a long way toward simplifying any particular application.

The definitions and classifications given here are by necessity general, and it must be understood that many variations and permuta- tions exist. Each robot manufacturer is forced to choose from the many options available in designing its product line. Once a general understanding of robotics design and operation has been developed, it will be necessary to compare available robots by looking for each individual manufacturer's product literature. By examining various trade journals and other publications, various robot -to - robot evaluations have been and will continue to be made as an aid to prospective robot users.

as fiL



"Will VS11111

The articles about robots presented in this issue should make it amply clear that the state of the art in robots, at this time, is the industrial robot: a device that can be programmed and repro- grammed to perform any of a number of simple, repetitive tasks that require only the most rudimentary of decision -making ability and no sensory inputs.

This situation could change within the next decade or two, and anthropomorphic robots could be available in large numbers to relieve each of us of tasks like house and yard work.

In fact, a recent article in the

Wall Street Journal reported that last Christmas, Nieman -Marcus, the famous Dallas department store, had robots available for doing the housework. At $75,000 or so per copy, however, not one was sold. The same article further reported that Heath Company of Ann Arbor, MI, is working on a robot that is expected to be available in a year or so, in kit form.

But for today, the industrial robot is the name of the game, and the effects of their existence are expected to be far reaching. A combination of technologies available today could lead to what

has been called the automatic factory: a place where raw materials enter and finished products leave with little or no human interven- tion. The technologies involved are such things as robotics, computer - aided design and manufacturing (CADAM), and electronic inspection techniques.

While industry exploits robots to the fullest extent possible, experimenters are also getting into the act. Several companies have begun offering low-cost robot arms that may be interfaced with personal computers and made to do rudimentary, repetitive tasks in the experimenter's home or lab.


I www.americanradiohistory.com

II

At General Motors Assembly Division plant in South Gate, CA, fourteen Cincinnati Milacron robots spot weld J -car bodies at a rate of 72 bodies per hour. Robots spot an average of 400 welds on each body.

A computer -controlled robot, the T3.586 by Cincinnati Milacron, places spot welds on a car body as it moles past on a conveyor. The tracking capability enables the robot to spot welds without stopping the line.

Refrigerators are only one of hundreds of items being manufactured with the help of robots. This DeVilbiss TRL-3000 is spraying a refrigerator liner with powder coating.

The DeVilbiss/Trallfa TR -3000 rcbct is often used for spraying paint and other elements iivolved in manufacturing. Here, the unit sprays a vehicle component with EH8 airless electrostatic.



Driven by electric servo motors, the GE robot, GP 132, is a 7 -axis, single -arm robot designed for general- purpose material handling.

With a payload capacity of 132 pounds, the GP 132, by GE, is suitable for loading and unloading large workpieces.



The Rhino XR-1, from Sand - hu Machine Design of Champaign, IL, is a low-cost robot designed for educa- tion, research and industry. It stands 32 inches high and contains six motors, one for each axis point in the arm- like mechanism. The unit must be linked to a computer to be operated.

Unimate robots by Unima- tion perform spot welds on an auto body.

An example of continuous -path welding ty a Unimate robot at Air Research.

August 1982 Electonic Servicing & Technology 51


The Series 4000 by Westinghouse is a low-cost, precision, robotic welding system that uses a pulsed gas -metal -arc welding power source. The four major parts of the system are an electric, servo -controlled, arc -welding robot; a computerized robot control; a pulsed -current welding power source; and a wire feeder.

The Series 5000 robot system by Westinghouse is available with one, two or three arms, and can be used to assemble electrical relays and breakers, complex integrated circuit boards, automotive components and complex office machines.



Robotics in practice: Future capabilities By Joseph F. Engelberger, Unimation

Auto spot welding by a Unimate robot. (Photo courtesyofunimation.)

Whatever the intentions of their creators, robots are always going to be compared with men in terms of their attributes and general behavior. Although they might be fine for doing repetitive, dirty, boring, dangerous jobs in fac- tories, and even though they can often do such jobs with positive economic advantages, robots remain stupid, insensitive and limited devices when they are compared with human beings.

No robot can hope to match man with his acute senses, ability for free thought and judgment, ar-

Reprinted with permission of author from Robotics In Practice, published by Avebury Publishing Company.

tistic appreciation, capability for self reproduction, efficient conversion of food into energy and body cells, and properties of recovery from many illnesses and injuries. The gulf between man and robot will always remain, but, although it cannot be closed, this gap is going to be reduced as technology advances.

Future attributes Figure 1 is a recapitulation of

the principal attributes to be found among the range of successful robots in manufacturers' current catalogs. The last item listed is by no means the least important. Any manager who has a possible robot application is obviously going to satisfy himself not only that the

potential robot recruit to his workforce is capable of doing the job, but also that it can be bought or hired for a price that stands up to scrutiny by at least one of the recognized techniques of economic evaluation.

Features that are considered to be desirable goals for future robots are listed in Figure 2. State-of-the- art technology already places several of these characteristics within the grasp of the robot designers, and some are to be seen on experimental robots operating in laboratories. The more sophisticated these devices become, the more they will obviously cost. But, trends toward continuing or even increasing labor cost inflation favor such developments, so it is



I

1. Work space command with six infinitely controllable articulations between the robot base and its hand extremity

2. Teach and playback facilities -realizing fas:, instin tive programming 3. Local and library memories of any practical size desired 4. Random program selection possible by external stinuli 5. Positioning accuracy repeatable to within 03mm 6. Weight handling capability up to 150kg 7. Point-to-point control and continuous -path control, possibly intermixed

in one robot 8. Synchronization with moving workpieces 9. Interface allowing compatibility with a computer

10. Palletizing and depalletizing capability 11. High reliability -with not less than 400 hours MTBF 12. All the capabilities available for a price that allows purchase and opera-

tion within the traditionally accepted rules 'or ecoromic justification of any new equipment

Figure 1. Robot qualities already commercially mailable.

1. Rudimentary sense of vision to provide a) recognition data b) orientation data

2. Tactile sensing giving a) recognition data b) orientation data c) physical interaction data

3. Computer interpretation of the visual and tactile data 4. Multiple appendage hand-to-hand coordination 5. Computer directed appendage trajectories 6. Mobility 7. Minimized spatial instrusion 8. Energy -conserving musculature 9. General-purpose hands

10. Man -robot voice communication 11. Total self -diagnostic fault tracing 12. Inherent safety (Asimov's Laws of Robotics) 13. All the capabilities above available for a price that allows purchase and

operation within the traditionally accepted rules for economic justification of any new equipment

Figure 2. Robot qualities sought for the future.

Kinematics Dynamics Servo design Fluid power Digital electronics Analog electronics Computer structure Integrated circuit

design Computer software Cybernetics

Automation technology Numerical control System engineering Rotating machinery Gear design Structural engineering Tribology Metallurgy Metrology Sensory instrumentation

Figure 3. Disciplines useful to the robotics game.

Character recognition Industrial engineering Manufacturing engineering Physio ogy Bionics Psychc logy Sociology Econonics Futuristics Oceanography

likely that such advances will become economically viable sooner rather than later.

If the features listed in Figure 2 are difficult to achieve, some of them become even more elusive when attempts are made to com- bine them with other features of the same robot. For example, it is possible to mount a small video camera at the end of a robot arm to provide some sort of visual signals, but this would work against

item 7 on the list, minimized spatial intrusion. Another important factor in any new development is the effect on robot reliability. Unless special care is taken in the design and selection of components, and in the quality of construction, added complexity will downgrade the statistical prob- ability of failure from the 400 hours MTBF already achieved.

The problems notwithstanding, it is reasonable to expect that the

attributes of Figure 2 will be at- tained because the technological demands are not outrageous and the merit of the need is clear. One can evaluate prospects for success from the viewpoint taken by the U.S. Department of Defense in a 1967 program titled "Project Hind- sight." The conclusion was that in- novations happen when there is a juxtaposition of:

1. A recognized need 2. Competent people with rele-

vant technology 3. Financial support. Given all the attributes that ro-

bots already offer and the bank of experience that existing robots have accumulated, there is a mounting pressure for additional capability. This is what the Air Force study called "a recognized need." Worldwide, competent people are joining the fray. Robotics is a great fun game and there is im- mense opportunity for satisfaction in making a contribution. The people who elect to become roboticists bring with them a relevant technology.

The relevant technology is broad indeed. Figure 3 catalogs some of the relevant disciplines. The more successful roboticists may very well be technological generalists. The industrial world has the competent people with the relevant technology; the need is recognized; and the third ingredient, financial support, is coming from a myriad of sources. First of all, there are the robot manufacturers who de- vote a percentage of their reve- nues to advanced research and development. These pioneers have been joined by government organi- zations who sponsor research and development in the public interest. Gains in productivity and the release of man from onerous tasks are considered to be in the public interest. Grants go to universities, non-profit research laboratories and even to industrial concerns. The Comecon countries likewise divert a portion of their wherewithal to robotics research and development. The amount of activity generates increasing pressure and the attributes listed in Figure 2 become urgent needs for those with finance, and at- tainable needs for those with the technical expertise. Most, if not all, of these attributes will be on hand before the end of the decade.



CONNECTING LINK

L1

L2

f - Figure 4. The vertical links (B) give a compliance center effectively at infinity, so lateral forces produce only lateral motion. The other links (C) give a compliance center at the end of the peg that allows only angular rotation in response to a moment applied at the tip.

Priorities in development It is important to emphasize that

of the missing robotic attributes, the two crucial ones are vision and tactile sensing.

We all know that human vision serves its possessors in a spectrum that ranges from the near -blind to 20/20 vision. A combination of 20/20 vision and 20/20 ability to analyze scenes is not in the cards for robots in this century, if ever. But each advance that permits a robot to peel away a cloudy curtain and thereby understand its surrounding environment will enhance the robot's utility.

It is a simple vision system indeed that tells a robot whether or not an opaque item is present or absent. Photocell devices to accomplish this binary task have been available for decades. A more advanced vision system can detect not only presence or absence, it can also identify an object that is present. The next step is to not only identify, but to determine the position and orientation of an isolated part, perhaps a black part on a white background. Then, the robot's eye, by increasing discrimi- nation, can detect a part that is one level of gray against the background of another level of gray. Finally, the robot may be given the ability to discriminate among a number of gray parts that are in juxtaposition and perhaps even obscuring one another. At each stage of sophistication, new oppor- tunities will arise for robots in the factory.

The importance of being able to see, to interpret what is seen and to react intelligently to what is seen cannot be overemphasized. The workplace is being rational- ized. More and more often, fac- tories will take pains to preserve orientation, but when the robot can cope with disorientation, then

GT -40 Display

X -Y Display

Solid State 100 x 100

Array Camera

Solid Statte 128 x 1

Array Camera

Solid State 128 x 1

Array Camera

4-

PDP-10 256K - Word Memory

30M - Word Disk 1 Word = 36 Bits

PDP-I 1/40 28K - Word Memory

1.2M - Word Disk 1 Word = 16 Bits

1 64 -Channel

12 -Bit A/D

the application potential will burgeon. This eyesight evolution will move ever faster during the decade of the 1980s and every triumph will be accompanied by a geometric progression in robot utility.

The second most important frontier is tactile sensing and here in- vention has already occurred. Draper Labs, in its efforts to computer control the interaction between parts that must be mated, came upon a serendipitous conclusion that such parts -mating can be eased by a completely mechanical passive accommodation. The device known as the Remote Center Compliance (RCC), is shown sche- matically in Figure 4. It is already being used experimentally by re- searchers attacking the problem of programmable assembly.

Sensory perception is getting full measure of attention by industrialists and academics. Con- sider the typical laboratory facility depicted diagrammatically in Figure 5. This is the facility being used by SRI International in its exploration. The system has the hierarchy of computer capability,

Microphone

VIP -100 Phrase

Recognizer

Five -Joint Model 2000A

Unimate

T Joysticks

Six -Axis Wrist

Sensor

16 -Channel, 12 -Bit D/A

LSI 11

8K - Word Memory 1 Word = 16 Bits

Six -Joint Stanford

Arm

Six -Joint Model 2000B

Unimate

Six -Axis Wrist

Sensor

Figure 5. A diagram of a laboratory setup for evaluating robot sensory perception and manipulator dynamics.



I

Figure 6. A human -size robot.

it uses vision input and wrist force sensor input and voice input. Throughout the industrial world, similar facilities under the command of bright technicians are being used to create the missing algorithms of sensory perception.

Future applications Each addition of attributes, or

enhancement of attributes, will open up new application oppor- tunities. It is safe to conjecture regarding some of these that are on the threshold of being realized. However, it may be that the existence of an advanced robot with enhanced attributes will occasion new applications that as yet have not aroused the speculation of roboticists. There is historical precedence because many current applications were hardly in mind during the robot development phase. One thinks, for example, of investment casting, which has become an application exceptional- ly suited to robots with currently available attributes.

One field that is sure to be carved out by robotics is assembly. This is the one future application that will be considered in detail because it is imminent and because it enjoys such intensive development effort today. Before discussing assembly, however, it might be well to describe briefly some prospective applications that have been suggested and for which there is more than a glim- mer of hope for success.

1. Cleaning parts. The require- ment is to remove randomly located flash from plastic parts as well as metal parts. The inelegant solution of cleaning an entire surface, whether it needs it or not, is

Figure 7. The introduction of robot arms into a conventional indexing assembly line.

too time-consuming, but the robot with sensory perception would be able to pick out the areas in need of attention.

2. Automotive paint spraying with absolutely no human presence. If every human being is eliminated from the automotive paint spray booth, then conditions for spraying paint can be optimized and the problems of health hazard and en- vironmental protection can be eliminated. This application is being vigorously attacked by a General Motors team of engineers who have developed an extremely sophisticated paint spraying system that involves robot arms. One could conclude that GM is leaning to the distributive vs. the stand-alone robot.

3. All kinds of packaging and, specifically, packaging that requires vision. An example under current study is the packaging of chocolate candies that arrive at a packaging station in disoriented fashion and which must be found, oriented and nested in candy boxes at a high rate of speed.

4. Electrical harness manufacture. Traditionally, electrical harnesses are made on a "harness board" and human operators lead wires around pins to specified destinations, after which these wires are bundled to complete the harness. Every harness has its own board and this may involve vast amounts of tooling storage. Work is under way to automate this process with a robot arm to lead and bundle the wires. Pro- grammable automation will be used to create a universal harness board.

5. Package distribution. Load- ing of trucks to distribute pack-

ages is a harsh task that may suc- cumb to robotics in conjunction with a supervisory computer to explain to the robot how the pack- ages should best be loaded to achieve a high packing density.

6. Handling soft goods. The robot with both visual and tactile sensing and perhaps a universal gripper may be able to help the hard-pressed garment and shoe industries, which are very labor- intensive and whose work load is slowly being relegated to the Third World.

7. Sheep shearing. Sheep shearing is seriously being considered for robotics by an Australian con- cern that has devised means for immobilizing sheep during the shearing process. The sheep- shearing robot must have contour following capability and it must have force -sensing capability. As the investigators say, if this application were successful, robots would have finally entered a "primary industry."

8. Prosthesis. Work has been done to build extra -skeletal struc- tures around humans who have lost control of their limbs. This has not been very successful to date and, at best, it is a travesty of human dignity. Another solution is to put a robot under voice command of the paraplegic, thereby giving the paraplegic the full-time benefit of an automation servant. This "Man Friday" concept would provide a physical extension of the unfortunate handicapped person without the need for the one-on- one emotional strain of a physically complete human continually serving the handicapped individual. It is possible, it is worthy and it just might obtain sufficient



Figure 8. A human size robot - the Unimate 500.

financial support to become a reality.

9. Service industries. An officer of McDonald's restaurant once asked Unimation if a robot could produce the hamburgers, the fries and the Egg McMuffins. Unima- tion engineers demurred, but with a bit more rationalization in the fast-food business, it might be possible to put sensate robots to work and then hire the youngsters just to entertain the clientele.

Another service application might be the collection of garbage. With garbage picked up curbside in standardized containers, a garbage truck could roll along the street under human command while a robot at the tailgate would pick up, empty and return garbage containers to the curbside.

10. Household robot. Even a household robot may be prac- ticable before the end of the 1980s decade. Given the advanced attributes and a house that is designed to match the needs of both robot and human inhabitants, we might bring the servant class back into being.

Application in assembly work Closer to reality than all the

foregoing, however, is the use of robots in assembly. In the discus- sion of robotics vs. hard automation, it has been noted that a great deal of assembly is already done with special-purpose automation. On the other hand, there is a vast amount of assembly work that does not lend itself to special- purpose automation. The bulk of assembly is still done by people and some 40% of the so-called blue-collar workforce is engaged in assembly.

1. Operates in real time 2. Programmed in joint, world or tool coordinates 3. Coitains editing to add, delete or replace 4. Bu It -in diagnostics 5. Speed scaling 6. Programming interaction while operating 7. Instructions for looping, branching, position indexing 8. Interfacing outputs and inputs 9. Automatic approach and departure

10. Program compensation for workplace orientation 11. OP -line floppy disc program storage 12. Continuous -path operation at constant tool speed 13. Line -tracking capability 14. Sensory perception interface -closed loop and interactive override 15. RS232C computer interface

Figure 9. Attributes of a VAL computer language for addressing a PUMA robot.

Professor Boothroyd of the University of Massachusetts asks why assembly work still requires human attention. He concludes that the bulk of batch production assembly operations will not enjoy conventional automation for a variety of reasons. He points out that conventional automation generally involves a special- purpose one-off machine and therefore cannot be considered for assembly of products other than those satisfying all of the following requirements.

A volume of at least one million per year. A steady volume of production. A market life of at least three years. A size of the order of between 0.5 and 20 inches with individual parts to be automatically assembled generally between 0.05 and 5 inches in their maximum dimensions. Consisting of parts that do not deform significantly under their own weight or will not break when dropped from a height of about 3 inches onto a hard surface. Parts quality must not require human operator adaptability. Part -on -part, "pancake" assembly must be possible.

These are clearly serious con- straints and because we do get all of our various assemblies together, it must be concluded that humans are not so constrained. The hope now is that robots with their new attributes will also not be constrained and therefore able to take over batch production assembly operations.

A program of more than routine

dedication is the General Motors program that carries the acronym PUMA, Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly. In this effort, Unimation is a GM subcon- tractor. GM specified a robot with space intrusion comparable to that of the human being and with a weight -handling capacity of 5 pounds. Surprisingly, the GM analysis indicated that 90% of the parts used in an automobile weigh less than 5 pounds. Figure 6 is the GM spec drawing for a robot designed to human size. Figure 7 is another GM sketch indicating how these robot arms might be introduced into an otherwise conventional indexing assembly line.

Figure 8 is a portrait of the Unimate 500 robot, which has been designed to meet the requirements of the GM PUMA system. It is expected that PUMA systems will be able to do automotive sub- assemblies such as dashboard, tail- lights, window cranks, trans- missions, speedometers, car- buretors, alternators, etc.

Of importance to the ultimate success of this venture will be the VAL language, which is embedded in the Unimate 500 robot's computer control. The functional attributes of this very powerful language are listed in Figure 9. It should be noted that this language equips the robot to accept and act upon sensory perception signals, be they visual or tactile. Original- ly, the GM program expects to use robots without sensory perception, but as this equipment becomes available, the PUMA system should be able to cope with ever- more sophisticated tasks.

SSW



These Photof acts for TV receivers have been released by Howard W. Sams & Company since the last report In ES&T.

GENERAL ELECTRIC Chassis PC -A 2095-1

PHILCO B385PWA 2089-1 Chassis E32-24/25 2090-1 Chassis E31-1/4 2094-1

SANYO Chassis A2P-84000/86000 2092-1

SONY TV -125 2090-2

SYLVANIA Chassis E51-11/13/15/17 2084-1 M WA 156W 2092-2 Chassis E51.23/24/25/26/27/28/34 2094-2

TMK 790C 2078-3 7052 2082-2 725 2087-2 700 2088-3 705 2089-2

TOSHIBA Chassis TAC110/111/112/160/161/162 2090-3 Chassis TAC101/150 2091-1

WARDS G G V 17301 A/7611 B/7781 A 2077-2 G G V 16300A,C/6310A,C/6611 A, GG V 17480A/7611 A/7700A,C/ 7710A,C/7720A/7730A/7750A 2079-2 GEN -11780A 2081-3 GEN -12100A 2082-3 GEN -12100B 2084-2 GGV-17650A,B/660A,B/670A,B/680A,B 2093-1 GEN-11180A,B 2095-2

ZENITH SN2535AR/589AR/593P,SV4531 E 2089-3 SS1925W6 2091-2 Chassis 5NB1X/4X 2092-3 N1310A4, PT4/382W4, N1720W4,V3310C4 2093-2

WU,

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

September

14-16 Wescon '82, Anaheim Conven-

tion Center, Anaheim, CA. For more information, call 1-800-421- 6816.

14-16 Mini/Micro Computer Con-

ference and Exhibition, Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim, CA. Contact Electronic Conventions, 999 N. Sepulveda Blvd., El Segun- do, CA 90245, 1-800-421-6816 (in California, 1-213-772-2965).

29 -Oct. 1

Communications Technology Management's third annual tele-

communications conference, "The Information Services Industry: Blueprint for Corporate Success," Washington, DC. Contact Regina Schewe, 1-703-734-2724.

October

11-13 EIA Fall Conference, Century

Plaza Hotel, Los Angeles, CA. For more information, contact the Electronic Industries Association, 2001 Eye Street N.E., Wash- ington, D.C. 20006.

November

1-2 15th Annual Connector Sym-

posium, sponsored by the Elec- tronic Connector Study Group with cooperation of more than 50 connector manufacturers, Franklin Plaza Hotel, Philadel- phia, PA. Contact Electronic Con-

nector Study Group, P.O. Box No. 167, Fort Washington, PA 19034.

30 -Dec. 2 Midcon/82 High -Technology

Electronics Exhibition and Con- vention, Dallas Convention Center. Contact Electronic Con- ventions, 999 N. Sepulveda Blvd., Etl Segundo, CA 90245, 1-800-421-6816 (in California, 1-213-772-2965).

January

18-20 Southcon/83 High -Technology

Electronics Exhibition and Con- vention, Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta. Contact Elec- tronic Conventions, 999 N. Sepulveda Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, 1-800-421-6186 (in Califor- nia, 1-213-772-2965).



Service Manuals

The ever popular SMALL ENGINES Service Manual Fix your own small air cooled engines Covers virtually all makes & models

336 pages $995 8x11" softbound

Chain Saw Chain Saw

<

.WI F IILIIIII411

s

1. Over 300 pages 8x11" softbound

$9.95

Small Engine/ Chain Saw FLAT RATE

Save your shop $ $ $

$8.95

Manuals cover nearly all

makes/models VCheck these other important manuals

Large Air Cooled Engines Snowmobile Small Tractor Vol. 1

Small Tractor Vol. 2 Light Utility Tractor

$8.95 $8.95 $7.95 $7.95 $3.95

Get more details from our FREE catalog...Ask for it!

Walking Lawnmower 12 pages $g 95 8x11" softbound

Riding Lawnmower

192 pages... big 8x11" format

$8.95

Technical Publications invites you to join the thousands that are doing it themselves and saving $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Outboard Motor Vol. 1

236 pages 8x11" softboun Motors below 30hp

$8.9,

23 '' ge 8x11" so

Motors 30h and above

$8.95

Inboard/Outdrive 272 pages 8x11" soft..

'i6oard Engine and Drives

84 pages 8x11" softbound

We've got the Flat Rate

$5.95

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS P.O. Box 12901 Dept. ES Overland Park, KS 66212 (913) 888-4664

Indicate number, expiration date and type of card

No COD outside US POSTAGE PAID when payment accompanies order



Symptoms and cures compiled from field reports of recurring troubles

r

Chassis - RCA CTC97 PHOTOFACT-1862.1

OPEN

C86

7.5 pF I 91pF

Symptom - Distortion and low sound volume on channel; normal noise off chanrel Cure - Check quad coil capacitor C86 and replace if open

1 i Chassis - RCA CT.97 PHOTOFACT-18E21

Chassis - RCA CTC86 3 PHOTOFACT -1807-2

PART OF

T401 FLYBACK

SHORTED

-40V SUPPLY

MDG OO1A Cil VERT MODULE 680

I R28 FF

4.72

HOT

Symptom - No height; new MDG001A vertical module does not help, and resistor R28 on module is too hot Cure -Check diode CR404 and replace with fast - recovery type if shorted

Chassis - RCA CTC92 PHOTOFACT - 1883-3 (1788.21

T402

DRIVER

B+ OPEN WINDING OR WIRING

5

Q401

HORIZ

OUTPUT

HOT

GROUND

Symptom -No sound or picture; tic -tic sound from regulator Cure -Check wiring and windings of driver T402 rror

opens. Repair wiring or replace T402 as required

r

CONTRAST

CONTROL L7

C4

22pF I

Q2

1ST VIDEO TO Q4 BASE

Symptom -Loss of luminance, but color is rormal Cure -Check peaking coil LI and replace if open

2

Chassis - RCA CTC101 4 PHOTOFACT - 1896-2

Q100 TO YOKE

HORIZ OUTPUT A4D FLYBACK

SHORTED

HOT GROUND

Symptom - Line fuse blows; Q100 output appears to be shorted Cure -Check retrace -turning capacitor C117 and replace with original type if shorted

Chassis - RCA CTC92 6

PHOTOFACT - 1883-3 (1788-2

PART OF 1401

FLYBACK

SHORTEO OPEN

R413

1011

C416

50µF

+202V SOURCE

Symptom - Excessive brightness with retrace 'lines; may shutdown after several seconds Cure -Check for shoirr.ed CR406 and open R413. Replace as needed


-A- J


(continued from page 8) four outputs.) I do not see how this could ever work properly. Also, what about the cost of these replacement parts? I feel that it would be unethical to charge the customer for these parts. The profit margin is cut again.

Next is the case of the improper- ly wired power transformer. I must admit Babcoke was thorough. I might have missed this, but I do not think it would have done any damage. The filter capacitors would have formed in at the higher voltage, and if the bias was adjusted correctly, the outputs would not draw excessive current. Still he was correct in rewir- ing the transformer, but how long did it take to draw the schematic? Did he charge the customer for this time? I do not believe it is pro- fitable to attempt repairs to any unit without the factory schematic. A phone call or letter to customer service would probably have gotten him a transformer wiring diagram. Also, the owner's manual usually contains a diagram for multivoltage units. Did he ask the customer?

Another point to touch on is the final check-out of the unit. Bab - coke states that he operated the radio at moderate volume for several hours. What about distortion checks, power -output checks, stereo -separation checks, and phono pre -amp checks? All of this should be a part of professional audio repair. As stated previously, I doubt that the distortion check would be within limits with replacement transistors.

Finally, I reiterate my point

about servicing unfamiliar products. Had Babcoke been an authorized Marantz servicer, he would have known that they issued Service Bulletin number M-2325-2 on October 29, 1975 advising of a problem with the same intermittent diodes that he found after many hours of work. This is certainly a disservice to the customer, as the original problem could have been repaired in a very short time. Also, what about the other channel? I bet he will see this unit again soon.

In conclusion, let me say that I know there is a great temptation to take in anything that comes in the door. I have fallen to this temptation on occasion, and usually find that it costs me time and money. I guarantee you will gain the respect of any potential customer by explaining that you do not have the factory schematic and parts to repair his unit, and advise him of where to take his unit or who to contact about it. You do lose a potential profit by doing this, but I find the customers come back with other products or tell their friends of your honesty. Keep in mind that the profit you lose is only a potential profit. If it turns out not to be an "easy fix" you will probably spend too much time on the repair and lose money.

I invite you to publish my comments in your magazine. They may help someone else avoid a potential disaster. J. Robert Leonard Audio Systems Specialists Metairie, LA

The how-to magazine of electronics.

EIEGTROAIC Servicing &Technology

is Available in T. IL

CLAM :.

1ViICROFOR1Vi .-..

dn,t Iisie BIM

r Li t University Microfilms International -,zel-9 'IIIIIlI11II1I111

300 North Zeeb Road 18 Bedford Row Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106 London, WC1R 4E, U.S.A. England

IIIn1111U1°1

PAT.'S 4,259,705

WARNING! Electric Power Pollution, Spikes, Interference & Lightning HAZARDOUS to HIGH TECH EQUIPMENT!!

MicroComputers, VTR, Hi-Fi, Lasers, Spectrometers are often damaged or dis- rupted due to Power Pollution.

High Tech components may interact!

Our patented ISOLATORS eliminate equipment interaction, curb damaging Power Line Spikes, Tame Lightning bursts & clean up interference.

Isolated 3 -prong sockets; integral Spike/ Lightning Suppressor. 125 V, 15 A, 1875 W Total, 1 KW per socket.

ISO -1 ISOLATOR. 3 Isolated Sockets; Quality Spike Suppression; Basic Protection $69.95

ISO -3 SUPER -ISOLATOR. 3 DUAL Iso- lated Sockets; Suppressor; Com- mercial Protection $104.95

ISO-17MAGNUM ISOLATOR. 4 QUAD Isolated Skts; Suppressor; Labora- tory Grade Protection $181.95

Master -Charge, Visa, American Express

TOLL FREE ORDER DESK 1-800-225-4876 (except AK. HI, MA, PR & Canada)

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED!

ESP

ISO -3

Electronic Specialists. Inc. 171 South Main Street. Natick. MA 01760

Technical & Non -800. 1 617.655.1532


ATTENTION

TECHNICIANS

* JOB OPENINGS

* MONTHLY TECHNICAL

TRAINING PROGRAM

* BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

TRAINING

* LOW COST INSURANCE

* CERTIFICATION

* TECHNICAL SEMINARS

All of this in a nonprofit international association for technicians

FIND OUT MORE:

iI 01k .... ;;ETA

R.R. 3 Box 564 Greencastle, IN 46135



SATELLITE TV SYSTEMS

"COMPARE OUR QUALITY, PRICES AND SERVICE!"

WE MANUFACTURE: PARABOLIC DISHES LNA HOLDERS MOTORIZED SYSTEMS DEMO TRAILERS CUSTOM PARTS ALUMINUM HORNS

WE STOCK: DRAKE SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA POLATRON PIONEER WASHBURN AUTOMATION TECH. KLM AVANTEK AMPLICA ALLIANCE CHAPARRAL AVCOM M.F.J.-MODULATORS CABLE & CONNECTORS SWITCHES & HARDWARE

CALL, OR WRITE FOR OUR LATEST BROCHURE AND PRICES.

AUSTIN C. LEWIS 901-784-2191 LEWIS ELECTRONICS P.O. BOX 100 H U M BO LDT, TN 38343

"WE KEEP A LARGE SUPPLY OF CABLE EQUIPMENT. CALL AND

TELL US YOUR NEEDS."


Your own satellite T Vsystem for $2,586.00

10 FT. PARABOLIC What the system will do:

You can receive up to 60 channels of T.V. direct from sat- ellites to your home receiver. Movies, sporting events, religious programs, other T.V. stations, and much more.

What the system Includes: 1. 10 ft. fiberglass dish made of reflective metal bond

with fiberglass. Weather -resistant and virtually maintenance -free. Dish comes in 4 sections.

2. Single pedestal heavy duty polar mount for extra strength and installation simplicity; easy satellite to satellite adjustment.

3. Four pole rotator mount for more stability, square tube legs and rotator included.

4. All aluminum LNA mount and horn holder for accurate aiming of LNA. All aluminum, weather-proof LNA cover.

5. Drake ESR-24 Receiver or Auto -Tech Receiver. Your choice. Down converter located at the dish.

8. Amplica or Avantek LNA 120° 7. Chapparel Feed Horn for unsurpassed quality. 8. All accessories included.

ALSO 13 FT. PARABOLIC DISHES

Complete Systems, Receivers,

Antennas, LNA's & Accessories

CALL US TODAY! 901-795-4504

TENNESSEE ELECTRONICS P.O. BOX 181108 MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE 38118

NEW PRODUCTS

Test lead set Etronix has introduced a new

universal test lead set. This set comes with interchangeable accessories, which include test probes, tip plugs, alligator clips, spade lugs and banana plugs.


Ratchet screwdriver A new tool combining the speed

of a motor and the strength and touch of a human hand is available from Jergens. The Jergens/Hios DoLucky screwdriver is run by a

motor for 99% of the work and uses a manual twist only for the final securing touch.

Designed as a light tool for maintenance and servicemen in every industry, the tool gives speed, reliability and versatility. The light motor, powered by a low - voltage rechargeable battery, can run a screw more quickly than a manual driver. A built-in rachet allows the operator to apply final torque.


VOM Simpson Electric Company has

introduced the compact Handi- VOM. This new instrument, model

300 20(

,x L/``,((.. S0 100T 6R 50 20 30 200

z

S

6: , n---,--_ ,.5 0' ,50

C_ C-7*_'-'-',2.5'+2 .,

imps`"` 165

,000V0C -760-'

O 1000 VAC

250 250 0050 1 I

VAC

0 10

5-

,00' 500

1 A. 10 1 5

oAa 1 0 4 +

O

COM

4or

165, is pocket -sized, yet has full- size VOM ranges and functions.

The unit features a 31/4in meter with 2 -color scale plus a knife-edge pointer, and 22 ranges achieve full measurement capability for ac/dc voltage, dc current, resistance and dB (four ranges). A single switch selects all functions and ranges, except the 1000Vac and dc ranges, which are on separate input jacks. Full-scale accuracy is ± 3% dc and ±4%ac.


Universal PC board Model H -PCB -1 is the first in a

new series of PC boards from OK Machine and Tool for the serious amateur. The 4" x 4.5" x 1/16" board is made of glass -coated epoxy laminate and features solder -coated lm copper pads. Also, the board has a 22/22 2 -sided edge connector, with contacts on

1{}tllll 11.11

=1

_

ÌÌ .ia iiSr :

standard 0.156 spacing. Edge contacts are non -dedicated for maximum flexibility.

The board contains a matrix of 0.040in-diameter holes on 0.100in centers. The component side contains 76 2 -hole pads that can ac- commodate any dip size from 6 to




40 pins, as well as discrete components.


Wire strippers The 70372 multipurpose wire

stripper from Vaco Products Com- pany meets a multitude of electrical wiring needs. It strips solid or stranded, copper or aluminum wire from 18 to 8 gauge. It also

cuts wires, cuts three popular bolt sizes, features a serrated plier nose for pulling wire and has holes for looping and bending wire.

The 70373 precision wire stripper also accommodates a number of wiring functions. It strips solid or stranded, copper or alum-

inum wire from 26 to 14 gauge and 0.1 to 2.1 metric wire. It also performs wire cutting, pulling, looping and bending functions.


Preamp kit Winegard Company has an-

nounced the introduction of a new preamplifier kit, model GA -870K, which converts a consumer's TV system to low -loss cable, while providing amplification of signals received by the antenna.

The kit includes the GA -8700

N

p K

high -input Gold Star preamplifier, 50ft of coaxial cable with connectors, and 6ft of coaxial cable with VHF/UHF band separator. The preamplifier, which mounts to any new or existing antenna, will strengthen weak, distant TV stations and amplify distant FM stations.


Wireless surveillance camera The Aleph model CP-35 wireless

remote surveillance camera creates a photographic record of protected areas when triggered by a hard -wired or wireless detection device or when triggered by the hand-held wireless remote control unit. The unit allows up to 36 sequential photographs to be made without reloading and permits manual or automatic interval tim- ing between exposures.

The wide-angle camera and receiver unit is mounted using two screws. An LED readout displays

Opportunity knocks. The professional world of the Electronics Service Dealer is rough.

That's why we're working so hard to make it easier for you to operate a cost effective business. NESDA offers substantial savings on bank - card and insurance rates, business contacts, technical and management certification, and that's just the beginning.

Our members are kept informed about industry developments, and are offered the most comprehensive managerial and technical training programs available. Opportunity knocks. Don't let it pass you by.

For more information about the National Electronics Service Dealers Association, write to: NESDA, 2708 W. Berry St., Ft. Worth, TX 76109.

NAME

FIRM NAME

FIRM ADDRESS Member of State Local 11 Assn.

CITY STATE ZIP PHONE



ESR METER checks electrolytics

IN -CIRCUIT and is TV shop FIELD-TESTED:

The most fantastic instrument I've ever bought-Billings, Mt. Used it 3 months; it only missed once- Marinette, Wis. (Typical). Squeal & no sync: 3 bad caps in B + &

AGC; Many Thanks-Taos, N.M. Please ship another; very satisfied-Glen Rock, Pa. It's fantastic -St. Joseph, Mo. Please rush; heard good reports-Hicksville, N.Y. One tremendous meter- Alexandria, Minn. Send your Super meter; heard about it-N. Olmstead, Ohio. Love that ESR Meter-Acton, Mass. Used it in- tensively for 30 days; it's been 100% effective-Pittsburgh, Pa.

Ideal for preventive maintenance: measures electrolyte dryness & shows up intermittent opens.

60 -day Satisfaction Guarantee. Send check or M.O. or call

(313) 435-8916 for COD Or write for free brochure to:

Creative electronic -3

ESR Brochure $ 99.00 1417 N. Selfridge postpaid

Clawson, Mich. 48017 USA & CAN.


It's no puzzle I to order Oelrich , \ Service Forms For TV -radio and two-way radio service -

legal forms for Calif., Florida and Utah

Now at parts jobbers or write for cat. B64.

OELRICH PUBLICATIONS 4040 N. Nashville Ave., Chicago, IL 60634

Now call toll -free! 800-621-0105


Your ad gets quick

results. Advertise

in classifieds.

the number of exposures remain- ing on the film and a warning melody sounds for two minutes when six exposures remain and when the film supply is exhausted.


Fiber-optic instrument A new fiber-optic test instru-

ment is now available from Fotec that measures in units of watts or decibels simultaneously. This dual output simplifies measurement of fiber attenuation or connector loss in decibels as well as allowing measurement of other parameters in absolute power. Similar to other Fotec fiber-optic converters, the

cóc,

new Fotec C200 uses an external voltmeter to display the results of the measurement.


Power consoles PMC Industries has introduced a

new line of rack -mounted power

consoles with built-in ac line tran- sient surge suppression. They are for use in research, production, and OEM applications where valuable equipment, computers and microprocessor -based instruments are to be protected from line surges and spikes caused by lightning, and internal and external building equipment.

Both models include a main On - Off switch, indicator light and resettable 15A circuit breaker. One unit with seven outlets turns all power on and off by one switch only. The other unit has each of its 10 outlets individually switched with lighted rocker switches.


Anti -static dip removers Three sizes of anti -static dip

removers have been introduced by ITT Pomona Electronics.

Molded with anti -static glass - filled nylon, models 5016, 5024 and 5040 are designed to pull stubborn component leads from printed circuit boards and other electrical connections. The removers help prevent electro-static buildup and

a resistivity of 10351 per square controls surface charges and pro- tects sensitive electronic circuits.


Oscilloscope With the introduction of the

V-209 20MHz, dual -trace oscilloscope, Hitachi Denshi America continues the expansion of its new field -service scope line.

The 10 -pound mini -portable V-209 offers a 31/ein rectangular CRT, a standard internal rechargeable battery and high sensitivity (1mV/div. at 10MHz). Other features include a built-in TV sync separator circuit, auto -



focus and human -engineered front panel layout that groups controls into functionally related clusters.


Power head and holder The Edsyn DS317 low static

potential silverstatt Auto -vac power head and holder is a pin-

point vacuum cleaner for hard -to - reach places. The power desolder- ing system requires only an automatic vacuum -controlled source to become operational. It is designed for use with all electronic circuit components, but specifically MOS-LSI semiconductor devices sensitive to static electricity. The DS317 features fully automatic operation and comes with a combination tip cleaner and tool holder.


Testing device A P Products has introduced

Probe -It plunger -actuated clips for

testing electronic connections. The Probe -It cap is pressed to

extend the hook contact placed on the lead or wire under test. Releas- ing the cap provides hands -free trouble -shooting and circuit testing. The hook contact retracts

into the plastic tip when removed from the Iead, minimizing the possibility of shorting components.


Solder system A modular, temperature -

controlled soldering system' has been added to the soldering system 9000 series by the Ungar Division of Eldon Industries.

The System 9200 is intended for use where variable soldering temperature is not desired.

Operating temperature of 600°F, 700°F or 800°F is determined by the selection of a modular heater, which can be quickly changed. The new system utilizes Ungar's recently developed Thermo-Duric heater, which combines a heater/temperature sensor.


ESA,

OPTIMA VALUE SALE TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-327-0244

G.E., SYLVANIA, ZENITH, 75% Ott LIST NEW -BOXED

3A3 5 FOR $13.69 6JE6 5 FOR $28.44 6BK4 5 FOR $25.38 6LB6 5 FOR $27.38 6CJ3 5 FOR $12.75 6LF6 5 FOR $29.94 6F07 5 FOR $10.56 17JZ8 5 FOR $14.88 6GH8 5 FOR $10.81 38HE7 5 FOR $26.13

All Tubes Not Advertised, Write in at 75% off list. Sleeves Only. Singles 72% off list HORIZONTAL OUTPUT TRANSISTORS

Min. 10...2 year replacement warranty 2SC1172B $1.95 ECG 238 $1.95 2SC1308K $1.95 ECG 165 $1.95

Quantity Prices Available ECG REPLACEMENT TRIPLERS

G 500A $11.50 523 $13.50 522 $11.50 526A $14.95

HI-DIV-3 (Rep. 800-616) Focus Divider $3.95 TRANSISTORS d I.C: s...MIN. 10, Can Alfa

D 2SC1114 $3.75 731 $1.50 2SC1034 $5.95 D 740 $2.00 2SD870 $4.75 791 $1.85 DA101 $5.75 792 $1.85 DM133 $5.95 793 $2.35 HA1377 $3.25 D 808 $1.50 HA1388 $5.25 819 $1.50

D M5151581_ $3.25 820 $2.10 M51517L $2.95 AN2140 $1.50 LA4440 $2.95 GH3F Diode $1.00 2SD478 - REP. ECG 375, Min. 10 69e

GENERAL

2.5 Amp. 1000 PIV Rect 100 for $ 8.75 VEH0070 Video Head $49.95 Auto Reverse Cassette Head $ 7.95 AN16 Trinitron Dual Ant. for Sony $ 7.50

D F59 Connectors w/ferrule 100 for $11.95 6 h. Cheater Cords 10 for$ 7.95 (Heavy Duty - UL App. 7Amp. 125V. P&NP)

D 800-860 Zen. Safety Cap $ 3.95 Quantity Prices Available

Letters of credit and all checks placed on deposit with Bank of Hallendale, FL. VISA & Master Charge accepted. Min. order $75. FOB Dania, FL. Catalog $3. refundable upon order.

SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO:

OPTIMA ELECTRONICS 2022 Tigertail Blvd., Dania, FL 33004

Phone (305) 920-3550 TOLL FREE: 1-800-327-0224

Circle (24) on Reply Card ND FOR reeSE40 PAGE

BLACK PLASTIC CASE

PAC -TEC. SERIES C

BLACK PLASTIC

ENCLOSURE ADJUSTABLE HEIGHT FRCH 1.63" TO 2.93"

WIDTH 6.85"; DEPTH 8". PANELS NOT INCLUDED..

55.25 PER CASE

rr

Vol

OUR NEW e; CATALOG FTe

2 VCT at 250 MILL TRANSFORMER

$2.00 each COMPUTER GRADE

CAPACITOR sPEC1A 185,000 mfd. at 6V

215" DIA X 415" HIGH 51. 0

VARACTOR DIODE BB 103 3 FOR 51.00

100 FOR 030.00 33 1

ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 905 S. Vermont Ave. TERMS

P.O. BOX 20406 Los Angeles, Calif. 90006

TOLL FREE ORDER NO. 800-826-5432

AK -HI-CA (213)380-8000 Mon. - Fri. Saturday

9AM-5PM 10AM3PM

Ouantd,es Um,ted Min Order x7000

Add $2.50 Shipping USA Calit. Res. Add 6° Prompt Shoppm9 NO C.O.D.!

t3:1 41110


FREE CATALOG HARD -TO -FIND PRECISION TOOLS Lists more than 2000 items. pliers, tweezers, wire strippers. vacuum systems, relay tools. op- tical equipment, tool kits and cases. Send for your free copy today!

JENSEN TOOLS INC. 1230 SOUTh PRIEST DRIVE ' TEmpE, ARIZONA 85281


Use ES&T classified ads



Now, more than ever ...Men who KNOW soy...

IS THE ANSWER

HELP NATESA HELP YOU

BY DOING YOUR PART

Are YOU the operator of an

ethical, professional caliber tv -

radio -home electr3nics service

business?

Write for details on how you can

gain great benefits and participate in the destinies of this great

industry.

NATESA 5930 S. Pulaski Road

Chicago, Illinois 60629

MOVING? If you're planning a move in the near future, don't risk missing an issue of Elec- tronic Servicing & Technology. Please give us 6-8 weeks notice if you're planning on changing your address. Just write in your new address below and mail this coupon, WITH YOUR SUBSCRIPTION MAILING LABEL, to:

GLEÇTii©fliC Subscriber Services

P. 0. Box 12901 Overland Park, KS 66212

Name Address City

State Zip

NEW LITERATURE

A new catalog of hard -to -find tools for electronic assembly and precision mechanics is free from Jensen Tools. The catalog features test equipment and in- troduces six new kits to the Jensen product line.

The contents include more than 1000 tools of interest to field engineers, technicians, telecom- munications technicians, instrument mechanics, locksmiths and electronic hobbyists.

Major categories covered are tool kits and tool cases, test equipment, tweezers, screwdrivers, cut- ters, drafting supplies and power tools.


MCM Electronics has an- nounced the publication of its new 96 -page, electronic -parts catalog, featuring more than 3000 items. A few of the items in their expanded line include Atari home computer equipment, Hunter tools, AC energy centers, video belts, Audio Technica headphones and microphones, telephone accessories and car stereos.


The 1982 edition of the Con- sumer Electronics Annual Review, now in its 15th year, is a definitive guide to production and sales statistics for the major consumer electronics products during the last decade.

"It also provides," according to Jack Wayman, senior vice president, Electronic Industries Association (EIA) Consumer Electronics Group, "important information on recent marketing developments and product trends."

Two pages in the publication provide a catalog of pamphlets, books and films provided for the consumer and the trade by the

EIA Consumer Electronics Group. The origin and history of consumer electronics plus a chronology of industry highlights appear in the back of the booklet, which also has a history of the industry's allied trade associations.


A new 16 -page catalog has been published by BP Electronics that describes and illustrates almost 200 video products.

Included are converters, switch - ers, control centers, a variety of switches, amplifiers, strippers, tools, quick connects, wall plates, cables, clamps, connectors, adap- tors, plugs, splitters, directional taps, separators, couplers, mixers, matching transformers and antennas.


A new 216 -page catalog published by Tucker Electronics Company lists approximately 3800 different pieces of reconditioned electronic test equipment and microwave components. Instru- ment categories include amplifier, analyzers, bridges, frequency measuring equipment, signal generators, lab standards, meters, scopes, power supplies, recorders, RFI/EMI equipment and more. Each unit is described and priced. All instruments are available for either sale or short-term rental and all units are reconditioned and calibrated to manufacturer's specifications.


The Eraser Company has put together a new brochure with photos and descriptions of their hand tools that are specifically useful in the manufacture of electronic equipment.

Pictured are tools ranging from the $3.45 industrial fyberglass brush for cleaning printed circuits, up to the $199 Multi -Former, which cuts and forms both axial and radial leads on electronic components.




rd MC ELECTRON

SANYO

STK-0050

$620 F (Minimum 10)

nt The LARGEST selection of ics Japanese semiconductors!

Popular Diode GH3F (for SONY)

95 Q (1Ö_99) °Ì (Minimum 10) (Minimum 10)

(The above special prices are effective until October 1, 1982)

SANYO 2SD613

70e (Minimum 10)

Matching XFMR

JB-300

44 ¢(100 -up)

48

semiconductors Tren- 4htor4 30-99 10-29 1-9 250097 1 20 1 30

A509 35 40 A510 200 220 A525 50 60 A537 2 10 2 30 4539 35 40 A545 50 55 0561 30 35 A562 30 35 A564 30 35 A565 60 70

'A566 240 280 A606 1 30 1 50 4607 1 60 1 80 A608 35 40 0609 60 70 A610 320 340 A616 320 340 A620 70 80 A621 1 10 1 25 A627 310 330 A628 30 35 A634 45 50 A636 85 1 10 A640 30 35 A641 30 35 A642 30 35 A643 45 50 A649 5 00 5 25 A653 2 70 2 90 A659 35 40 A661 60 65 A663 3 70 3 90 A666 35 40 A670 90 100 A671 80 90 4672 30 35 A673 35 40

'A678 35 40 'A679 375 400 A682 70 80 A683 40 45 0684 35 40 A695 25 28 A6976 35 40 46994 60 65 4705 45 50 0706 1 10 1 30 A715 50 60 A719 25 30 4720 25 30 0721 25 30 A722 25 30 A725 25 30 4726 25 30 4733 25 30 0738 45 50 A740 2.20 245 0743 60 70 A744A 440 460 4745A 4 40 4 70 A746A 4.60 4 90 A747A 4.80 540 A748 75 85 4750 40 45 4753 360 390 0755 70 100 A757 420 460 4758 320 360 A762 310 340 4763 40 45 4764 3 20 3 40 4765 3 20 3 40 4768 1 20 1 30 A769 130 140 A771 280 320 0773 70 80 0777 40 50 A790 40 50 A7946 70 80 4798 45 55 0808 3 60 3 BO A809 2 40 2 60 0810 1 90 2 10 4814 80 90 4815 80 90 4816 50 60 A817 35 40 A818 70 80 A826 35 40 A835 160 200 0836 30 35 A837 2 10 2 30 A839 90 100 A840 1 00 1 10 A841 25 30 4842 30 35 A844 25 30 A847 30 35 A%0 40 50 0858 1 15 1.30 0872 30 40 A885 60 65 A886 40 45 A893 25 28 4899 50 55 0904 40 50 0905 50 60 0906 40 50 0907 5 20 5 60

1 40 45

240 70

250

60 40 40 40 80

320 1 70 200

45 80

380 380 1 10 1 65 360

40 55

1 30 40

40 55

5 50 3 10 45 70

4 10 45

1 20 100

40 % 45

4 25 90 50 45 30 45 70 55

1 40 70 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 55

2 75 eo

490 490 540 590

95 55

4 30 1 20 520 420 360

50 360 360 1 60 1 70 3 40

60 60 90 60

400 280 240 1 00 1 00

70 45 90 45

220 40

2 50 1 10 1 20

35 40 35 40 60

1 60 50 70 50 30 60 60 70 60

590

0908 7 00 0909 7 80 A912 55 6913 60 A914 70 A915 50 A916 90 A917 80 4918 40 A921 40 A929 35 A934 50 A939 1.60 0940 1 40 A942 1 20 6948 35 6949 70 A%2 25 A%3 35 A954 40 A%5 90 A966 35 A968 70 A970 40 A979 55 A981 490 A%2 490 A984 30 A992 50 A995 70 A999 35 A10068 1 20 A1007 360 A1011 75 A1015 40 A1017 60 A1019 60 61020 50 A1021 1 10 A1047 55 A1048 35 A1049 35 A105C 4 80 A1051 460 A1062 405 A1075 340 A1076 340 A1077 1 90 A1094 300 A1095 4 20 A1102 260 A1103 290 61104 3 10 A1106 330 A1107 320 A1108 3 20 61110 55 A1111 90 A1112 1 50 41116 7 80 A1124 .50 01135 240 61141 2 80 61144 1 15 A1145 .% 61146 4 20 A1169 630 01170 7 20 A1175 30 81179 30 A1184 110 A1186 3 20 41187 400 81215 840 A1216 860

25E1476 80 8481 BO 6492 80 5507 70 B509 1 10 B511 65 B512 65 8514 65 6519 400 B524 80 8525 35 B526 70 O 527 70 6528 80 8530 2 60 B531 2 40 8536 80 8537 80 65396 1 6 O 5416 300 5544 50 13545 3 80 13546 60 8549 75 B554 4 40 8555 3 6 5556 3 20 8557 280 8560 40 8561 35 B562 40 9564 30 8566 1 80 8568 1 40 8595 85 8596 80 13600 5 20

7a0 8

70 80 60

1 10 90

7 80 8.60

75 BO 90 70

1 30 1 10

50 60 50 60 45 55 60 70

170 180 160 180 160 190

45 60 80 90 30 35 40 45

00 1 10 40 45 80 90 45 50 60 65

540

1 10 1 70 8 2 60 300 1 35 95

450 6.60 7

35 1 0 340 430 860 8

90 es as

1 20 80 75 80

4 40 1 00

s0 eo

1 00 90

280 260

90 90

280 320 4 20

70

5.20 535

60 80 40

140 1 6 3.90 4.20

45 50

540 40 70 90 45

.80 .90 50 90 70 80 70 80 60 70

130 150 70 80 40 45 40 45

5 40 5 90 480 520 430 450 360 380 360 380 210 230 3 40 3 80 040 460 280 320 3 10 3 30 330 350 3 60 3.80 340 360 340 360

65 75 1 30 1.90 880

70 280 340

1 50 105

4 75 690 780 40 40

1 50 360 460 890 940 1 00 1 00 1 10

90 90

85 90

480 1 20

45 90

1 20 1 00 300 280 1 00 1 00 300 360

70 445

ao 95

460 460 380 420 340 360 300 320

45 50 40 45 45 50 35 40

200 1 50

% 85

220 1 65 1 10

95 550 590

70 01307 2 10 2 40 2 80

1 70 1% C13088 2 60 2 90 3 40 C1312 25 30 35 210 2.30 C1313 .25 30 .35 C1316 400 4.60 4.80 C1317 25 .30 .35 50 60 C1318 30 40 .50 C1327 25 30 35 C1328 25 30 35 01335 .30 35 40

2.30 250

190 200 90 60 90

60 1 50 1 80 200

30 b 1 80

60 60 50

200 220

90 % C1342 40 50. .60

C1343 3.40 380 4.20 1.00

670

60C1346 55 65. .75

90 C1358 4.00 4.30 4.60 C1359 25 30 35 C1382 35 40 .45 C1363 40 60 70 C1364 30 40 .50 C1368 .50 60 70 01377 3.20 340 3.60 C1382 65 15 90 01383 40 50 60 01384 .40 50 60 C1389 40 50 .60 01390 00 45 50 013981400 1 95 1.1555 .70 45r5 /. 014024 3.40 3.60 3 90 014038 3.60 3.60 420 014138 4.80 580 620 01416 1 10 130 1 40 01417 30 35 .40 .1419 70 .50 .90 -21438 30 35 .40 2.1439 80 95 120 21444 180 2.10 2.30 21445 2.50 2.70 2.90 21447 .60 .70 80 31448 .90 1_00 1.10 2.1449 80 80 90

1454 3.20 350 3 90 21472 30 .35 40 21475 .70 .80 90 21501 1.00 120 1 50 8764 35 .40 45 :1507 1.00 120 1.30 B772 55 65 75 21509 .45 55 65 B773 3 20 3 50 3 80 21514 1.10 1.30 1 50 B775 170 1.90 2 10 2.1520 1.00 1.30 1.60 8776 1 80 2 00 2.20 :1567 70 .80 90 8808 30 35 40 01568 .80 90 1.03 8813 80 1 00 1 20 01569 1 00 1.20 1.40 B815 30 35 40 C1571 65 80 .90 8816 1 90 2.20 2 60 C1573 60 70 60

8825 2

Ó 2. 3. 01579 5.20 5.60 5.80

8826 1. 40 1.60 1 90 C 1583 50 60. .90 01584 5.90 6.20 6.80 8827 160 1.90 220 01585 6.40 6.65 6.90 9828 2.40 2 90 2 90 01586 6.40 64 7.40 5634 80 90 100 01689 3.90 420 4.50 5837 75 85 100

Befit 110 1.25 140 01619 225 2.50 2.75 01624 70 .80 .170 2SC968 1 10 120 1 30 C1625 1.00 1 40 1.90 C971 70 80 90 C1626 70 .80 .90 C983 60 70 80 01627 .40 50 .60 C1C1

130 140 150 01628 .60 .70 .80

C1013 65 75 85 C1629 140 1.80 1.90

C1014 40 60 70 C1647 .70 .80 .90 01848 .25 .30 .35 C1017 60 70 80 01863 2.00 2.20 2.50 C1018 55 65 75

01025 100 120 140 C1884A 220 2.50 2.80

C1030 240 280 310 C1667 2.90 3.20 3.40

00 C1869 .60 1.00 1.10 C1034 6 00 6 40 7 C1670 100 1.10 1.20

C1050 2 40 2.60 2 80 C1047 35 40 50 Ci674 30 .35 .40

C1675 .30 35 .40 C1051 2 80 3 20 3 40 C1676 30 40 50 C1059 160 180 200 C1678 80 .30 100 C1060 60 70 80 C1681 25 .30 35 C1061 60 70 C1096 .50 60

C1683 1.60 180 2 00

01098 55 65 75 C168/ .30 .35 40 C1685 .25 30 35 C1106 2% 3 45 3.% 01887 30 .35 40 C1107 75 85 95 01706 .30 .35 40 C1114 4 00 4 00 4 60 C1723 90 1.10 t 90 C1115 J.30 J 70 3.60 C1728 70 .60 90 C1116A 410 430 460 C1730 .35 .40 .15 C1117 1 20 1.30 1 40 C1735 .30 90 1 00

C1121 2.90 290 320 C1710 30 35 40 C1124 95 110 130 C1755 90 11J0 1.20 C1126 1 20 1 40 1 60 C1756 90 1 10 1 20 C1127 1 20 1 40 1.60 C1757 90 1.00 1 10 C1151 5 20 5.80 6 20 C1760 85 .80 90 C1153 5 20 5 60 6 20 C1775 .30 35 16 C1161 150 170 190 C1776 40 45 50 C1162 55 60 70 C1810 2.75 3.00 J 50

CC1166 35 40 45 C1811 120 130 t 50 1168 1 60 1.80 200 C1815 .30 40 60 C11728 d20 460 490 C1816 2.20 2.10 2.60 C1173

420 <.Ó 49p C1826 90 1.10 1.30 C1827 80 .90 1.00

C1175 35 45 55 C1828 3.00 3.20 3.10 01177 10 90 11 60 12 BO 01829 6.50 7.00 7 10 01209 25 30 35 C1845 30 35 40 C1210 50 55 60 01846 35 40 45 C1211 .30 35 40 01847 .60 .70 .90 012128 75 90 1 00 01650 .70 .80 90 C1213 25 30 35 C1675 3.00 3.40 3 BO C1222 25 30 35 01895 50 60 70 02801 C1226A 50 60 70 C1990 25 .30 38 02704 C1237 140 160 160 01904 40 50 .80 02705 C1239 2 20 2 40 2 0 01906 40 50 60 02706 C1285 30 40 50 C1907 40 50 60 02773 C1295 3 20 < 40 4 90 C1908 % 40 .50 C2774 C1306 1 20 t 45 1 fiD C1909 190 2 00 2.20 C2812

ble. For complete listing of IC's, r

6605 86166 B617A B618A 8620 8621 8628 5630 Bfi31 Bfi32 8633 B645 6646 B647A 0648 B649A 8656A 5666 B673 B675 13681 8682 B688A

9690A B691

B692 B697 8700 8702 0703 8705 0708A 8718 B719 B720 8722 8737 8740 8748 B753 6754 8755 B757

640 C1344 45 50 55 50 01345 45 50 .55 40

420 2 10 330 2 10 420 1 20 210 240 1 25 230 2.60 2.60 2.80 2.75 420

1 20 300 350 280 1 55 1 65 290

50

1 20 3.25 2.80 3 10 420

beo

45 65

1 00 4.50 220 3.65 250 440 1 30 2.30 2.60 1.40 280 2.80 2.80 2.80 3.45 460 1.40 3.40 3.80 300 1.75 1 85 3 10

.60

.70 1.40 356 3.20 3.50 4.50

.50 .70

1.10 4.80 240 390 280 460 1.50

250 280 1 00 290 320 3.10 3.10 3 95 490 160 3.% 420 340 i.% 2.05 3.40

.70

.80 1.60 3.80 3.40 3.80 480

C1913 C1914A C1915 C1919 C1921 C1923 C1940 C1941 C 1942 C1951 C1953 C1957 C1959 C1962 C1969 C1973 01974 C1975 C1980 C1%3 C1984

C2001 02002 C2003 C2006 C2009 C2021 C2028 C2029 C2034 C2057 02060 C2068 C2071 02073 C2074 02075 02076 C2078 C2096 C2068 C2089 C2091 C2092 C2116 C2153 C2166 C2209 02210 C2228 02229 02230 C2231 C2235 02236 C2237 02238 C2240 02242 C2259 02281 C2282 C2270 C2271 C2274K 02275 C2278

2291 02298 C2308 C2314 C2315 C2320 C2344

C2382 C2373 02375 C2441

C2481 C2482 C2486 C2491 02497 C2525 C2526 02527 C2543 C2564 02585 C2575 C2577 C2578 02579 C2580 C2581 C25888 02590 C2591 02592 02807 02611 C2821 02632

C2665 C2689

40 50 30

25 aa

1 20 260

30 1 60 1 60

80 150

1.00 1.80 1 95 .35

0 40 65 30 60

1.90 220

30 80

120

1.20 0 1.60

30

.50

.55

.30 90

1.60 2 75

90 120

70 .30 0 86 80 .ó 50 3. A5

1.35 .60

420 420

.80

.45 35 60

70 .50 25

1 .80

1 00 .70 i. .55 25

1.10 1.00 420 225 3.20 350 3.90 3.35

40 3.80 5

2.20 2A0 2.80 320 3.63 2.90 1.20

1.55

7

80 .65 .70 .50 .35

240 30

3 20 1.% .%

3.90 6 35 ]

90 1 00 50 6D 80 70 35 40 80 .70

30 .35

45 50 150 1.80 3 10 3 30 1 50 1 CO

70 .80

70 .80 35 10

1 80 2 00 170 160

90 1 00 170 1% 1.70 1.90

80 .65 1 20 1 40 2.00 2 40 225 250

40 .45 50 .60 80 90 15 50 75 % 35 .40 70 .80

2 10 2 25 2 40 2 60

35 40 100 1.20 140 1.55 100 110 1 40 1.60

75 .80 1.60 2.00

35 40 120 140

60 70 60 65 35 40

100 120 1.80 2.20 3.00 3.25

% 108 1 30 1 40 BO 90 35 40 80 .90 80 .95 80 1.00

t 50 1.60 .80 100 60 0

3.0 4.00 60 .90 56 .65

155 1.70 .0 .90

4.40 4.80 440 4.80 0 .80

80 .0 45 .60 75 .90 90 1.90 .80 90 80 .0 28 .33

60 t00 160 1.80

10 .45 90 1.90

1 30 1.60 60 90

1.96 1.75 86 .0 70 .60 30 35

120 1.30 1.10 120 4.50 4.0 245 265 3.50 3 80 410 445 4 20 4.65 3.75 3.% .50 80

4.00 420 560 5.%

45 .50 2.60 3.00 2.80 3.00 300 3 40 3.50 3.90 3 80 4.60 3.20 340 1.30 1.40 1.00 1.20 1 75 1.% 820 860

75 % 80 .90 80 .70 40 45

2 60 2 60 35 40

340 3 70 1.25 1.45

% 1.% 4 20 4 45 6% 740 7 90 B 25

35 40

D895 2 20 260 290 C2813 30 35 D896 2.20 260 290 C2814 30 40 D903 4 00 4 40 480 C2824 1 10 1 n 1 35 D904 3.90 4 30 460 C2837 540 560 590 D947 50 60 70 C2838 02839

s 6.00 35

620 w

D993 D994

2.95 4 30

3.30 4 60

360 490

C2921 C2922

840 860

860 890

8.90 940

13995 D1012

4 80 30

5 20 35

560 40

260227 25 30 35 01029 55 65 75 D234 60 70 ao 131046 1 70 1.95 2 15 D235 D257

60 220

70 210

80 2.45

01047 D1048

2.60 30

2 90 35

3.40

D261 D272

35 390 4.20

45

460 D1060 D1061

1 10 110

1 30 1.30

1 50 1 50

D287A 290 3 10 3.25 D1062 1 40 1 60 1 90 D290 0291

2.40 1 55

2.65 1.75

295 1%

01063 D1064

1.60 2.40

1 90 2 6 2.20

2% 0292 1 93 2 10 230 131077 65 80 90 0313 65 75 as 01111 80 1 00 1 20 0315 D325

80 50

90 70

1 00 90

D1138 .00 % MISC. TRANSISTORS

1 10

D330 0331

70 80

80 90

95 1 10

8U208 BUV69A

4.00 4.00

440 4.40

4.80 480

0335 320 3.40 365 SE1010 30 40 50 D341 340 3.80 4 20 5E5020 95 110 1.20 0348 330 355 360 50609 6.20 6.70 7 40 D350 D355

400 40

425 50

450 55

981329 25F248

6.20 6 80

6 70 7.20

7 00 7 50

0356 80 90 1 % MARANTZ TRANSISTORS D357 D358

80 70

90 BO

1.% .%

532519-2 840446

2.60 2 20

2 80 2 40

3 20 2 60

D359 D361

65 70

75 80

85 95

56080A 560808

4 20 4 40

4 45 4 70

4.60 4 90

D371 1.80 195 2.15 56087A 6 90 7.20 7 40 D381 80 100 120 580878 6 90 7.20 7 40 0386A eo % 1 15 AMERICAN TRANSISTORS D388A D389

240 80

2 85 90

2 85 1.%

BF155 MJE2965

BO

2 % 90

3.20 1 00 3.80

C400 40 45 .50 MJE3055 2 75 2.60 3 40 D401A D414

.95 80

1 10 90

1 20 1 00

SJE2003 71529

250 50

2.65 60

2.75 70

D415 0424

70 390

80 s40

90 1.90

TIP30C TIP31C

60 80

70 90

80 Cl].

D425 D426

295 295

3.45 325

3 80 3.50

TIP32C 71533

80 90

90 1.00

00 10

0427 220 2.45 2/0 TIP34 90 1.00 10 D437 D438

400 45

440 60

490 70

TIP36C 10,41

120 90

140 1.00

60 10

0467 D468

35 50

40 80

.45

.0 TIP42C TIP618

1.10 65

1.20 75

30 95

047 04710A

3.20 .30

3.40 .36

360 45

TiP122 7IP127

1 20 1.20

1.35 1.35

45 45

0478 0478

1.05 80

1.20 90

1.35 1.00

7152955 28173

3.30 2.90

3.60 3.50

390 3 90

D525 D526

80 60

100 75

1.20 85

28176 28918

1 60 75

1.80 90

2 00 1.20

D551 4.20 4.50 4.80 28990 1.20 1.50 1.60 13555 4.90 5.20 5.50 2811724 10.40 11 40 12 80 D571 D575

50 2.70

65 3.00

75 3.25

2812089 282219

95 1 30

1.20 1.40

35 50

D582 2.75 320 340 2N2222A 35 40 45 0586A 140 1.90 2.20 282487 140 160 80 D587A D588A

1 80 1 80

2.20 2.40

2.60 2.80

282857 282905

140 90

160 100

80 10

D592 45 55 70 2N3053 80 95 10 0600 0608

45 1 90

55 2 20

70 2.50

283054 283055

1.20 100

140 t.20

60 30

0610 06129

1 10 .45

1 25 86

1 35 75

2143405 2N3739

100 1.40

120 165

30 90

0613 70 90 1.00 283741 1 60 1 80 2 20 D627 2 70 2.% 3.20 2103766 1 40 1 60 1 90 0635 0665

1 75 6.00

2 00 5.35

2.25 5.75

283771 283772

2 00 2.20

2 20 2 60

2 60 3.20

0666A 0667A

40 40

50 55

60 65

2N3773 2N3879

3.40 1.60

3 80 190

4 40 2.00

D669A 70 85 95 2314351 220 2 40 2.60 D712 75 90 100 2N4900 2.40 2.80 3.20 D716 D718A

135 2.00

1.55 2.20

1.90 2 40

2N4912 2794918

1 80 130

2 10 140

2 60 150

D721 3 20 3.50 3.75 2N1921 1 50 1 60 1 0 0725 5.00 5.40 5 80 2145190 2 80 3.00 3 20 D726 .80 95 1 05 285193 1 40 1 50 1.60 D727 D728

1.90 330

2.00 3.60

2.30 3.95

2105458 2N5490

2.80 65

3.10 75

3 40 %

127338 13736A

2.60 2.90

3.20 3.40

3 60 3.60

2815589 2715590

7 W 8 60

7 80 9.60

8 80 10.80

D738 D743

390 85

420 %

460 110

285591 2816081

9 60 990

10 60 1040

12.20 1080

0745 2.90 3 30 3.60 2816082 10 20 10 80 11 40 074611 D755

4.40 80

4 75 90

5 10 1.00

2816084 2E16102

12 90 65

13 60 75

14.60 95

D766 D758

50 1 00

60 1.20

70 1.40

286121 2146125

65 65

75 75

95 .%

D759 0760

90 135

100 1.60

110 1.85

286126 2816387

65 65

75 75

95 95

13761 1.00 1 20 1.30 286516 50 60 70 0762 D766

60 1 90

75 2.20

85 2.50

78L05 AD161

1 00 2 50

1.20 2 75

1 40 2.90

0770 0789

35 35

40 45

45 55

MPS -606 MPS -A13

45 45

50 .50

60 60

0790 0793

75 280

80 300

65 3.20

MPS -656 MPS -U07

50 95

65 115

75 130

0794 60 70 80 MPS -U57 96 115 130 D822 4.50 4.95 5.30 RE OUTPUTS D833 250 275 3.05 MRF-450A 16 50 17 00 17 50 D838 4 40

250 4 75 270

5 10 290

MRF454 MRF454A

2260 23 80

2360 24 60

24.60 25.80

13844 240 2.80 320 MRF455 17.80 16 BO 19 80 0845 D847

5.60 340

6.00 3.75

6 40 405

MR F455A MRF644

18.80 28 80

19.80 29.90

20 80 30 60

0848 D869

3.80 4.95

4.20 5.45

4.40 5 85

MRF646 MRF648

30 60 40.80

31.60 41.80

33.60 43.80

D870 540 70

580 80

620 90

MRF901 MRF8004

4.20 420

4.50 4 60

4 60 4 %

D882 0883

40 2 90

50 320

60 360 44 I00V

TRIACS 1 20 1.40 1 50

page cr' log.

1-800-543-4330 E! teil 1-800-762-4315 NATIONAL WATS LINE 858 CONGRESS PARK DRIVE OHIO WATS LINE CENTERVILLE.OHIO 45459

1-513-434-0031

Circle (26) n" Reply Card



THE MARKETPLACE

Advertising rates in the Classified Section are 50

cents per word, each insertion, and must be accompanied by payment to insure publication.

Each initial or abbreviation counts a full word.

Minimum classified charge $10.00.

For ads on which replies are sent to us for forwarding (blind ads), there is an additional charge of $3.00 per

Insertion to cover department number, processing of replies, and mailing costs.

Classified columns are not open to advertising of any

products regularly produced by manufacturers unless used and no longer owned by the manufacturer or

distributor.

For Sale

THE GREAT CTRONIC

THINGS & IDEAS HUNDREDS OF

UNUSUAL PARTS, GADGETS a IDEA ITEMS, UNAVAILABLE IN STORES OR CATALOGS ANYWHERE! Bargem ',noes on ererythmg!

New Items m every Issue! Rush postcard for your copy,

ELECTRONICS Dept. 311 Plattsburgh, N.V. 12901.

-BB7 BtBt--- E Circle (27) on Reply Card

AUTOMOBILE RADIO AND TAPE REPLACEMENT

PARTS: Delco, Chrysler, Philco-Ford, Motorola,

Panasonic and many others. Large Inventory. Laren

Electronics Inc., 3788 Boxton Road, Bronx, NY 10469

(212) 881-9600 out of New York state (800) 2238314. 5.82-tf

ELECTRONIC SURPLUS: CLOSEOUTS, LIQUIDA.

TIONSI Parts, equipment stereo, industrial, educa-

tional. Amazing values! Fascinating items unavailable in stores or catalogs anywhere. Unusual FREE catalog ETCO-011, Box 762, Plattsburgh, N.Y. 12901. 6-78-tf

SCRAMBLED TELEVISION, encoding/decoding. New

book. Theory/circuits. $9.95 plus $1 shipping. Workshop, Box 393ES, Dept. E, Bethpage, N.Y. 11714.

7-80-íf

PRINTED CIRCUIT boards from your sketch or art-

work. Affordable prices. Also fun kit projects. Free

details. DANOCINTHS INC. Dept. ES, Box 261,

Westland, MI 48185. 5.81-tfn

SONY-PANASONIC-RCA.ZENITH-EXACT REPLACE-

MENT PARTS -LARGE INVENTORIES -SEND PART OR MODEL NUMBERS -WILL UPS OR COD -GREEN TELE

RADIO DISTRIBUTORS, 172 SUNRISE HIGHWAY, ROCKVILLE CENTRE, N.Y. 11570. 5.82-tf

REPLACEMENT COLOR YOKES -DEALERS ONLY.

Zenith 95-2501-2532-2887 etc. $22.95. Magnavox 36180-1 etc. $24.95. Sylvania $24.95. American -made

fuses in bulk. Request circular on your letterhead. .

David Sims Enterprises, Inc., 665 East Jericho Tpke.,

Huntington Sta., NY 11746. 800-645-5030, NY State

(516) 549-3925-1592. 5-82-tfn

TUBES-Receiving, Industrial and Semi -conductors factory boxed. Free price list. Low, low prices TRANSLETERONIC INC., 1365 -39th Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11218E, 800-221-5802, 212-633-2800. 5-82-tf

TCG REPLACEMENT SEMICONDUCTORS -73 to 83% off list price. Send orders or price sheet requests on company P.O. or letterhead. Electronic Parts Co.,

1015 S. Escondido Blvd., Escondido, CA 92025. (714)

741-2300. 4-82-tfn

RG.59N COAX ASSEMBLIES, F-59 connector on each

end, packaged -3'-89e; 6'-$1.05; 8'-$1.10; 12'-$1.20;

20'-$1.50; 25'-$1.60; 50'-$3.25; 75'-$3.95; 100'-$5.95. Call

or write for our free catalog. CZ Labs, 55 Railroad Avenue, Garnerville, NY 10923. 914-947-1554. 582-tfn

MOST POPULAR CRITICAL SAFETY COMPONENTS: Magnavox 250663-11 and 250663-17; G.E. EP25x60 and

EP25x75, $3.49 each, 10 for $32.00. 430Mfd ® 200 WV

(Mallory) axial electrolytics $2.45 each, 10 for $22.00. NORFOLK ELECTRONICS, P.O. Box 91, 55 Railroad Avenue, Garnersvil le, N.Y. 10923. 7-82-61

TV TROUBLE ANALYSIS TIPS. Over 300 symptoms/remedies by circuit area; tough ones over the years. Save time and money. Send $12.50 to CHAN TV,

8151 Grandview Rd., Chanhassen, Mn. 55317. 5-82-tfn

FOR SALE B&K 820 Digital Capacitor Meter,Excellent condition with Nicads, Charger, and case. $125.00- Heathkit oscilloscope I0-4205 Dual Trace, Excellent condition-Built by FCC 1st class. $315.00. Call 412-

6948822. Sam Jacobs, Derry Electronics, 511 W. 4th Ave., Derry PA 15627 8.82.1t

FOR SALE: Heath kit IB-1103 180MHz frequency counter $200.00, Heahtkit IM -2202 3'/: digit DVM

$150.00, Lear Lite Model A-120 communications re-

ceiver $15.00. Write Ralph Deterling III, 62 Conant Road, Lincoln, MA 01773 8.82.1t

SPECIALS, RG.59N COAX CABLE. 100% shielded- $49/M: F-59 connectors with separate ring $11.95/100.

75-300 OHM Matching transformers $39/100. CZ Labs, 55 Railroad Ave., Gavnerville, NY 10923 (914)947-1554,

882-tfn

FOR SALE B&K Precision 3020 Sweep/Function Generator, New $200: Al Rose, 650 Daphne St., Broom - f leld, CO 80020 8-82-1t

RETIREMENT PENDING - 1. B&K 466 CRT tester and rejevenator, 2. B&K 606 tube tester, 3. Sencore 156

align-o-pak; 4. Sencore FC 245 Freq Counter with PR47

Prescaler to 600 Mz, with external antenna and cables; 5. B&K 283 digital multimeter with isolation and demodulation probes; 6. B&K 280 digital voltmeter with stand; 7. B&K 510 transistor checker; 8. B&K 820 capacitor checker, 9. Zenith modules, caddies and

tubes, call after 5 pm central time and we'll deal. Davis 317-463-5273. 8-82-1t

NEW SONY VARACTOR TUNER ASSEMBLIES. In-

cludes BT -852 U -V tuner, control panel, printed boards and cables, $29.95 postpaid, HTS ELECTRONICS,

4400 S. Wayside, Houston, TX 77087. 8-82.1t

SATELLITE EARTH STATION-Complete system $2,985 retail. Aluminum dish, polar mount, 120° K

LNA, modulator, rotor, 24 -channel receiver, 150' of cable. Dealer's price list and free brochures. Call 618-397-5755 or write D.K. Electronics, 5 Frederick Street, Belleville, IL62223. 8-82-2t

Wanted WANTED FOR CASH: 53, 7F7, 7N7, 6AF6, 6HU8,

304TL, 4CX1000A, 4-1000A, all transmitting, special purpose tubes of Eimac/Varian. DCO, Inc., 10 Schuyler Avenue, North Arlington, New Jersey 07032, Toll Free

(800) 526-1270. 5 -82 -tin

NEEDED: SENCOR VA48 good condition, Francisco Aznar, Box 207, Paterson, NJ 07503 201.523.4302 after 6 pm. 8-82-1t

ADVERTISERS' INDEX

Service Page

Number Number

29 All Electronics

16 Automated Production Equipment Corp

6 The Cooper Group

23 Creative Electronics

17 Digitron Electronics

Eta

27 ETCO

20 Electronic Specialists, Inc.

15 H & R Communications, Inc

13 Inter-Tec

25 Jensen Tools & Alloys

5 Keithley Instruments Div.

11 Leader

21 Lewis Electronics

26 M C M Audio Inc.

Business Opportunity TV TECHNICIANI Increase your income up to $60,000

yearly. Rent -lease -sell TVs new -used, even from com-

fort of your home. Basic Preliminaries $10.00. Perrys

TV Systems, Hwy 181, Box 142, Route 01, Bremen, KY

42325. 12-81-tf

MECHANICALLY INCLINED INDIVIDUALS: Assemble electronic devices in your home. Knowledge or ex-

perience not necessary. Get started in spare time. Turn your spare or full time into cash. NO investment. Write for free details. ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT LAB, Box 1560ES, Pinellas Park, FL 33565. 5-82-tfn

LEARN TO REPAIR ATARI'S: Did you know that more

than 2 million Atari Home Video games have been

sold and that most of them are now out of warranty? Why not learn how to repair these games and expand your shop's earning potential. At Electronic Institute of Brooklyn we have put together a Video Taped course for the T.V. technician which will take the mystery out of repairing Atari games. These repairs

can be done using equipment you probably already own. Included in the course are the video tape,

schematics for the two different boards, technical literature for the IC's, and a list of sources for replace-

ment parts. We have condensed months of research Into a neat package that will enable you to start repair-

ing Atari's right now! Our course is available on VHS

or Beta system tapes. For more Information or to order CALL TOLL FREE 1-800.221-0834 or (212) 377-0369.

Electronic Institute of Brooklyn, 4823 Ave. N,

Brooklyn, N.Y. 11234. 7-82-4t

HIGH PROFITS-LOW INVESTMENT: with our CRT

rebuilding equipment. Complete training and technical assistance. Guaranteed result. Atoll Televi- sion, 6425 Irving Park, Chicago, Illinois 60634; PH. 312-

545-6687 8-82-3t

TV/AUDIO SERVICE SHOP IN SUNNY PHOENIX. War-

ranty station for over 30 manufacturers. Excellent location & customer base. Priced for quick sale.

Phone 602-955-8181 8-82-1t

MAKE MONMEY FIXING OLD TVS AND RADIOS!

Sams Fotofact Vols. 300 to 1000, $3.95 each-$350 each 3 or more, B&K 1077 B $350.00. Beltvon Kine

restorer $85.00, 2 JFD UHF Amplifiers model 3140- $40.00 each-Maurer TV, 29 S. 4th St., Lebanon, PA

17042. 8-82-1t

Help Wanted TV end 2 -way Technicians wanted. $15K to $22K per

year. Benefits include employee stock purchase plan, In the largest Retail Service Center in Northwest Kan-

sas Friendly community, good schools, short drive to the Rockies. Equal Opportunity Employer Miller's Electronics Inc . Goodland, KS 67735 913-899-2386

10.81-tfn

Use ES&T classified ads

65 - .30

NATESA

NESDA

66

63

7 28 Oelrich Publications 64

64 14 Omnitron Electronics 31

30 24 Optima Electronics 65

61 7 Philips ECG 9

68 1 PTS Corp. IFC

61 10 Petersen Mfg. Co 15

25 18 Primefax 23

21 3,4 Sencore, Inc. BC

65 8,9 Sencore Inc. 10-13

3 19 Sentry 23

17 12 Simple Simon Electronic Kits, Inc. 19

62 22 Tennessee Electronics 62

67 Zenith IBC



Switch to ZENITH ZINIVERSAL TRIFLERS

and get more than just a tripler... get a complete package.

A95-5314 977 -Z9500 -A

ECG 500A

ECG 521

ECG 522

ECG 523

977 -Z9500 -A

800-791

977-Z9522

977-36

ECG 526A

ECG 528

ECG 529

ECG 530

ECG 531

977 -Z9526 -A

977-41

977-Z9529

977-Z9530

977-Z9531

ECG 532

ECG 533

ECG 534

ECG 535

ECG 536A ECG 537

ECG 538

ECG 539

977-Z9532

977-Z9533 977-Z9534

977-Z9535 977 -Z9536 -A

977-Z9537 977-Z9538

977-Z9539

GE 521

GE 522

GE 523

GE 524

GE 525 GE 526 GE 527

GE 528

GE 529

GE 534

GE 535

GE 536

GE 537

GE 538

GE 539

GE 540

977 -Z9526 -A 977 -Z9536 -A

977-Z9522

977-Z9531 977-Z9532 977-29533 977 -Z95.00 -A

977-36

977-Z9529

977-29534 977-Z9535

977-Z9537 977-Z9538 977-Z9539 800-791

977-Z9530

N2A 977-Z9529 l

N2A-1 977-Z9529

.2 977-Z9529

SK 3301 SK 3302

SK 3303 SK 3304 SK 3305

SK 3306

SK 3307

SK 3308

97'7-Z9531 977-Z9533

977-29522 977 -Z9500 -A

977-Z9534 977-36

977-Z9529 977 -Z9526 -A

146348-1

148348-2 146348-3

146348-4 146348-5

977-36 977-36

977-36 977-36 977-36

28-32-0X 977 -Z9500 -A

28-35-01 977-46

32-29778-2 977 -Z9500 -A

32-29778-3 977 -Z9500 -A

32-33057-2 977-29522

32-33057-3 977 -Z9500 -A

32-33057-4 977 -Z9500 -A

32-33057-5 977 -Z9500 -A

32-33094-1 977-Z9522

32-33094-2 977-Z9522

32-33094-3 977-Z9522

32-33094-4 977-Z9522

32-33094-5 977-29522

32-33094-6 977-Z9522

32-35894-1 977 -Z9500 -A

32-35894-3 977-Z9522

32-35894-4 977-Z9522

32-35894-5 977-Z9500-7'

32-35894-6 977-Z9527

32-35894-7 977-295;

32-39091-1 977-36

32-39091-2 977-36

32-39091-3 977-Z95:

32-39091-4 977-36

32-39091-5 977-36

32-39091-6 977-36

32-39091-7 977 -Z9526 -A

32-39091-8 977 -Z9526 -A

32-39091-9 977-36

32-39704-1 977-Z9522

32-39704-2 977-Z9522

66F-1591"" 66 F-159-2

66F-159-3

66X0060-( 66X0060-(

76-14327-1

76-14327-2

76-14327 `

76 , 1. 977 -Z9500 -A -,?'7í1500-A

ow

Now in stock at a full line of universal tripiers.

Packaged with each Zenith tripler is a cross-reference guide with a no-nonsense numbering system that relates ECG® GE, and RCA Universal lines and 22 other manufacturers to Zenith part numbers... plus detailed installation and safety instructions...and a wire tie and sealant at no extra cost.

That's why you get more than just a tripler when you switch to Zenith Universal Tripiers.

See your distributor for Zenith's Universal Tripler Cross Reference Guide (#902-2011)...and Zenith's Universal Semiconductor Guide. ECG is a registered trademark of f ,iilips ECG. Inc.

165-1

530165-2 530165-3

530165-4

530165-6 0165"8 -- -- -

`0165-10

0.11 y j a -h

977-Z9522 977-29522

977-Z9530

977-Z9530

77-36

977-Z9522 977-Z9522

977-Z9522 977-Z9522 977-Z9522

977-Z9529 977-Z9534

'%),77-Z9534

Z9529 R9529

535

34

34

5

977-Z9522

977-29522

your Zenith distributor's -

The quality goes in before the name goes on®

Zenith Radio Corporation / Service, Parts & Accessories Division 11000 Seymour Avenue / Franklin Park, Illinois 60131

57-90

57-98

977-Z9530

977-29530

66F-054-3 977 -Z9500 -A

93096-2 977 -Z9500 -A

93D96-3

93D99-2 931399.3

977-29500-A 977-29538 977-Z9538

72180 977-36

146364-1 977-29536-A

1464607-1 977-29532 93099-4 977.29538

66F-054-4 977-29500-A 93099-5 977-Z9539 1464607-2 977-Z9532

66F-112-1 977-29522 1464607-3 977-Z9532 93099-6 977-Z9539

66F-112-2 977-Z9522 1464607-4 977-Z9532

66F-181-1 977-Z9522 93099-7 977-Z9539

1464607-5 977-A9532

800-000-025 977 -Z9500 -A

1464607-6 1464607-7

1464607-8

1464607-9

1464607-10

1464984-1

1464984-2 1466860-1

1466860-2

1466865-1

977-Z9532

977-Z9531 977-Z9531

977-Z9533

977-29533

977-29532

977-Z9532 977.29532 977-Z9537 977-Z9532

1826065-1

1826065-2

1826065-3

977-Z9532

977-Z9532 977-Z9531

S-88569

S-88593

S-91731

800.791

800-791

800-791

212-102

212-103 212.104

212-105

212-106

800-791 800-791

800-791

800-791

800-791

212-108 212-109 212-110

212-128

212-129

212-130

212-131 212-132

212-133 212-134

800-791 800-791

800-791

800-791

800-791

800-791

800-791

800-791

800-791

800-791

212-135 212-136

212-137 212-138

212-140

800-791

800-791 800-791 800-791 800-791

212-140-01 212-141

212-141

212-141-01

212-141-01

800-791

977-36

977-36

977-36

977-35

212-141-01

212-141-01

212-141-02

212-141-02 212-141-03

977-36

977-36 977-36 977-36

977-37

212-142 212-142 212-142-02

212-143

212-145

977-46

977-38

977-46

977-40

977-41

212-145-01

212.145-01 212-146 212-146.01

212.146-01

212-147 212-149

977-42

977-41

977-42 977-41

977-41

977-42 977-43

977-45

977-41


Nov Cut Your TV -VCR Service Time

Absolutely In Half.

$1395

VNf CIM0011

CHANNEL 20

., 20

UHT lb

40

O 50 s .9 00 UHF

IU

11

4 5 MH, CRYS TAI

OFF - ON

VIDEO PATTERN

CROSS 0015 tDIDR HAIC.H HANS

SINGLE FAR OOI SWEEP

S111G1k CHROMA CROSS RAR SWEEP

SE VCOF2 MODEL VA48

BAR SWEEP CHROMA BAR SWEEP

' t I

_I I

11

33333 3113 [1Axr- .... (`

RF -IF SIGNALS J00 11 INPU1

TNO II INPUI _

AOJ wewO

WWI 1W0

NOJWSOI00

1U00 IIY

BIAS & B+ SUB II 00

I0 . 't

't rb

JO

TV-VTR-MATV VIDEO ANALYZER

METER RINGING TEST %OOVPP NMMOANCI MATCNNe I,I

100000 - - DRIN! J»YPP SIGNAL

MONO. 1UVOP `j' RINGING

1E51

DRIVE SIGNALS NORMA A1 LIMN;1

00111 ;0MAL WTPUI . H COMP SYNC

VIII wOU1PUT,

AUDIO eOOO, ti 7 N

HOC

VefO POI TRW

V[OIICI-OUTPUr

WI IMO (MINI

UU110N

DRIVE LEVEL 4H10

Os .340

OCV OUTPUT

00 WW WAX

MGYM i vas MW. A M

RI It Uulrul METER MU COMMUN

HT N!! OD

RINGING TISI

o V ut

SI 44114110 U Ul

(tit) 1"'41 iIuVv4rR INI

u ,.,, uwu.

A4

Cut your time in half. You WILL cut your service time in half with a Sencore VA48 Video Analyzer. Over 1500 VA48 owners nationwide report an average time savings of 54%! These techs quickly and easily learned the VA48's Signal Substitution Method of troubleshooting. It's the key to DOUBLING your service output.

Signal Substitution is the key. Our double -patented Signal Substitution Method lets you inject known good signals from the VA48 into any stage of a TV or VCR. If you get a good picture, you know everything is working from that point forward. You backup stage by

For information Circle (3) on Reply Card For Demonstration Circle (4) on Reply Card

stage until the defect appears on the screen. You then know you are injecting into the defective stage. It's just that simple, and only the VA48 provides ALL signals necessary to inject from antenna to CRT. It literally cuts your service time in HALF

Join the thousands ... 22,000 VA48 users know this video analyzer is the new standard of the industry. So do manufacturers who are specifying the VA48's patented Bar Sweep patterns on their schematics. Look in Sams Photofact schematics. The VA48 Bar Sweep is there, too.

Money back guarantee. We're

so sure you'll cut your TV -VCR service time in half, we offer your money back in 30 days if you're not absolutely satisfied. PLUS, when you order now, you'll receive a FREE copy of Bob Goodman's new $18.95 best seller, "Practical TV Trouble- shooting With A Video Analyzer. yours to keep FREE rega s `s.

Call toll -free. Call now to order or to talk about the VA48 features with a qualified Sencore enginerring representativé. NCO --

3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, SD 57107 605/339-0100 TWX: 910-660-0300

For More Information or To Order 1 800 843 3338 Phone Toll -Free ü/V In Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada, phone collect: 605/339-0100


Documents

G1E01910110 - WorldRadioHistory.Com...The Sencore SC61 Waveform Analyzer By Carl Babcoke, CET This new scope has several features that can shorten diagnostic time significantly and