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List of participants at N.A.T.O. - A.R.I. Symposium, May 22-26, 1979
Dr. G. Abrahamsen
Dr. M. Alexander
Dr. F. Andersson
Dr. B. Bache
Dr. M. Benarie
Dr. G. Brunskill
Norwegian Forest Research Institute Postbox 61 1432 As-NLH Norway
Dept. of Agronomy 708 Bradfield Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 U.S.A.
Barrskoglandskarets Ekologi Lanllrukshogskolan Box 7008, 5-750 07, Uppsala 7 Sweden
Macauley Research Institute Agricultural Research Council Aberdeen Scotland
Institute National de Recherche Chimique Appliquee
B.P.I. 91710 Vert-Ie-Petit France
Freshwater Institute Department of Environment University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
629
630
Mr. C. Cogbill
Dr. E.B. Cowling
Dr. R.M. Cox
Dr. P. Dillon
Dr. D. Fowler
Dr. J.N. Galloway
Mr. W. Gizyn
Dr. R.A. Goldstein
Dr. E. Gorham
c/o Dr. Maycock Erindale College
PARTICIPANTS
Dept. of Biology University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Plant Pathology and Forest Resources
North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 U.S.A.
Institute of Environmental Studies Haultain Building University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lAl
Ministry of the Environment Resources Road Islington, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Bush Estate Peniciuk Midlothian EH26 ORA Scotland
Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 U.S.A.
Mining Building Department of Botany University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lAl
Environmental Assessment Department 3412 Hillview Avenue Post Office Box 10412 Palo Alto, CA 94303 U.S.A.
University of Minnesota Department of Ecology and
Behavional Biology 108 Zoology Building, 318 Church Street S.E. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 U.S.A.
PARTICIPANTS
Dr. F. Gormley
Dr. F. Gravenhorst
Dr. P. Grennfeldt
Dr. B. Haines
Miss Magda Havas
Dr. P. Havas
Mr. Keith Hendrie
Dr. N.C.B. Hotz
Mr. L.D. Hudon
Manager, Environmental Projects INCO 1 First Canadian Place P.O. Box 44
631
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5X lC4
Institute of Atmospheric Chemistry Kernforschungsanlage Julich D-5l70 Julich Federal Republic of Germany
IVL Box 5207 Sten Sturegatan 42 S-40924 Gothenbuorg 5 Sweden
The University of Georgia Botany Department Athens, Georgia 30602 U.S.A.
Institute for Environmental Studies Haultain Building University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4
Department of Botany University of Oulu SF - 90100 Oulu Finland
c/o Professor F.K. Hare Institute for Environmental Studies University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4
66 Orrin Avenue Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 3X7
Secretary, Ministry of State Science and Technology Canada 270 Albert Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A lAl
632
Dr. T.C. Hutchinson
Dr. J.S. Jacobson
Dr. 1. Johnsen
Dr. D.W. Johnson
Dr. A. Kallend
Dr. K.H. Lakhani
Dr. G.E. Likens
Chairman, Department of Botany University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A1
PARTICIPANTS
Center for Environmental Res. Cornell University Hollister Hall Ithaca 14853, N.Y. U.S.A.
University of Copenhagen Institute of Plant Ecology Oster Farimagsgade 2D DK-1353 Copenhagen, K Denmark
Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 U.S.A.
C.E.G.B. Central Electricity Research
Laboratories Kelvin Avenue Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7SE England
The Inst. of Terrestrial Ecology Monks Wood Experimental Station Abbots Ripton Huntingdon England PEl7 2LS
Section of Ecology and Systematics Division of Biological Sciences Cornell University Bldg., #6, Langmuir Laboratory Ithaca, New York 14850 U.S.A.
PARTICIPANTS
Dr. S. Linzon
Dr. F. Maine
Dr. R. Mayer
Dr. W.W. McFee
Dr. R.E. Munn
Dr. I.A. Nicholson
Dr. P.I. Nilsson
Chief, Air Resources Branch Ministry of the Environment Suite 347 880 Bay Street
633
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lZ8
Ministry of State Science and Technology Canada 270 Albert Street Ottawa, Ontario KIA lAl
Institut fur Bodenkunde und Waldernagrung
Universitat Gottingen 3400 Gottingen Bunsgenweg 2 West Germany
Director, Natural Resources and Environmental
Science Programme Purdue University Life Science Building West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 U.S.A.
Institute for Environmental Studies University of Toronto, Haultain Building Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Banchory Research Station Hill of Brathens Glassel, Banchory Kincardineshire AB3 4 BY Scotland
Dept. of Plant Ecology University of Lund Lund Sweden
634
Dr. S. Oden
Dr. L. Petersen
Dr. K. Puckett
Dr. P.J. Rennie
Dr. J.E. Rippon
Dr. T. M. Roberts
Dr. I. Rorison
Dr. M. Schnitzer
Dr. H. M. Seip
PARTICIPANTS
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Department of Soil Sciences S-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
Department of Soils The Royal Veterinary and
Agricultutral College Copenhagen V Denmark
Environment Canada Atmospheric Environment Service 905 Dufferin Street Dbwnsview, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4
Environmental Analyst Canadian Forestry Service Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KlA OE7
C.E.G.B. Research Division Kelvin Avenue Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7SE England
C.E.R.L. Kelvin Avenue Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7SE England
Nature Conservancy Unit Unit of Comparative Ecology Department of Botany University of Sheffield Sheffield England
Soil Science Research Institute Central Experimental Farm Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
SI, Forskningsv 1 PB 350 Blindern Oslo 3 Norway
PARTICIPANTS
Dr. David Shriner
Dr. S. Stevens
Dr. P.M. Stokes
Dr. R.S. Strayer
Dr. B. Tveite
Dr. H.B. Tukey, Jr.
Dr. B. Ulrich
Dr. L. Wiklander
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Post Office Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 U.S .A.
Air Resources Branch Ministry of the Environment Suite 347 880 Bay Street
635
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lZ8
Institute for Environmental Studies Haultain Building University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S lA4
Dept. of Agronomy 708 Bradfield Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 U.S.A.
The SNSF- Project Box 61 1432 As-NLH Norway
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Cornell University Department of Floriculture and
Ornamental Horticulture 20 Plant Sciences Building Ithaca, N.Y. 14853 U.S.A.
Institut fur Bodenkunde und Waldernahrung
Universitat Gottingen 3400 Gottingen Busgenweg 2 West Germany
Department of Soil Science Agricultural College Sweden Uppsala Sweden
Species Index
Acer, 146 Acer rubra, 336, 409 Agrostis stolonifera, 295, 409 Agrostis tenuis, 286 Alnus glutinosa, 506 Alternaria solani, 437 Anaptychia ciliaris, 133, 134 Antitrichia curtipendula, 134 Anurida pygmaea, 346, 350
Beta vulgaris, 142 Betula papyrifera, 399, 412 Betula pendula, 506, 510 Brassica napus, 288 Brassica oleracea, 143
Calluna vulgaris, 87, 320 Carya glabra, 336 Carya illinoensis, 336 Cladosporium macrocarpum, 345 Coffea arabica, 143 Cognettia sphagnetorum, 346,
350, 357, 377 Collybia acena, 345 Coniothyrium, 345 Cornus florida, 336
Deschampsia cespitosa, 494 Des champsi a flexuosa, 289,
510 Diervilla lonicera, 409
Elatobium abietinum, 170 Enchytronia parva, 346 Euonymus alatus, 146, 147
Fagus sylvatica, 256, 320, 506
Fusarium oxysporum, 422
Holcus lanatus, 290, 291 Hypnum cupressiforme, 137 Hypogymnia physodes, 137, 139
Ilex aquifolium, 506 Isotoma notabilis, 346, 350 Isotomiella minor, 346, 350
Juniperus chinensis, 143
Larix decidua, 506 Lecanora conizaeoides, 137, 139 Liriodendron tulipifera, 336 Lobaria pulmonaria, 134
Malus domestica, 142 Medicago lupulina, 368 Mesenchytraeus pelicencis, 345 Micromphalia perforans, 345 Mortierella, 421 Mucor, 421 Musa, 143
Nanhermannia, 346 Nothrus silvestris, 346
Oppia obsoleta, 377
penicillium, 421 Pharbitis nil, 148 Phaseolus vulgaris, 142, 144,
439 Physcietum ascendentis, 133 Physconia pulverulenta, 133, 134
~7
638
Picea abies, 123, 129, 142 256, 342
Picea sitchensis, 164 Pinus contorta, 342 Pinus nigra, 161, 162, 382 Pinus strobus, 399, 412, 584 Pinus sylvestris, 123, 142,
320, 374, 381, 382, 384, 509, 510, 539
Polygonum cilinode, 409 Populus tremula, 357 Populus tremuloides, 399, 412 Pseudomonas phaseolicala, 438 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 320 pteridium aquilinum, 506, 510
Quercus coccinea, 336 Quercus prinus, 336 Quercus rubra, 336
Rhizobium, 368, 439, 599
SPECIES INDEX
Scabiosa columbaria, 289 Silene cucubalus, 297 Sphagnum, 506 Stereocaulon nanodes, 139
Theobroma cacao, 143 Thielaviopsis basicola, 370 Trachytes, 377 Trichoderma, 421 Trichoderma harzianum, 345, 352 Trichoderma viride, 359 Tsuga heterophylla, 510 Tullbergia krausbaueri, 346, 350
. 377
vaccinium myrtillus, 506 vaccinium vitis-Idaea, 320
Willemia anophthalma, 346
xanthoria lobulata, 134
Subject Index
Abscisic acid in vegetation, 141, 147
Acetate, 52 Acid deposition, See also Acid
precipitation, Acidification 327, 333, 472, 537, 538
effect on aquatic ecosystems, 465-480,
effect on terrestrial ecosystems, 474
onto lakes, 466 Acid drainage, 493 Acid exchangeable cations, 569 Acid leaching
from soils, 481-495 Acid phosphatase, 399, 413,
415, 423 Acid precipitation, See also
Acid deposition, Acidification 9, 41-53, 69, 89, 123, 185, 255, 280, 283, 381, 459-461, 482, 526
components of, 95-108, 186, 465-467
effects on aquatic ecosystems, 151, 335, 609, 610
effects on decomposition, 341-360
effects on elemental cycling, 335-339, 599, 600
effects on nutrients, 573
effects on pathogens 43~-440, 607, 608
effects on soil, 174,223-235, 389, 494,499-523, 577, 591-596
effects on soil organisms, 341-360, 481
effects on terrestrial output, 465-480, 609, 610
effects on vegetation, 141-148, 151, 158, 305-316, 435, 481, 607, 608
input to terrestrial ecosystems, 29-40
phytotoxic components of, 154 simulated See Simulated acid
precipitation Acid soils, 274, 570
effects on vegetation, 299 Acid sulphate soils, 118, 120,
185, 283, 285, 554, 560 Acid-base status of soils, 327 Acidification, See also Acid
deposition, Acid precipitation
effects on decomposition,. 365-380, 601-606
effects on soil organisms, 375-380, 601-606
effects on terrestrial ecosystems, 186-188
of soils, 183-200, 306, 468 of streamwater, 255
Acidity
639
effects on humic substances, 203-222
effects on microbial processes, 363, 373
Acidity (cont'd) of lakewater, 468 total in soil, 191
Acidity potential of soil, 191
Acids in the atmosphere, 29-40 in lakewater, 467 strong, 100, 106, 234, 235,
459, 573 weak, 100, 106
Acrisols, 575-577 Actinomycetes, 363, 364, 366,
367, 369, 370 Adaptation to acid conditions,
297 Adirondack lakes, 493 Adirondack Mountains, 465, 468 Adsorption
by sediments, 470 by vegetation, 295
Adsorption isotherms, 537-550 Aerobic soils, 292 Aerodynamic resistance, 11-13,
15 Aerosol impaction, 58, 61 Agricultural crops, 142, 373 Agricultural land, 185, 193,
467 Agriculture, 255 Air density, 11 Air polluti.on
in Denmark, 133-139 effects on biota, 123-129 effects on soil, 174 effects on vegetation, 10 in Finland, 123-129 from coal combustion, 466 from industrial sources,
466 Alder, 225 Alfalfa, 368 Alfisols, 575 Algae, 485, 363 Aliphatic acids, 206 Alkaline soils, 470 Alkaloids
in vegetation, 141 Alkanes
in precipitation, 466
Alkanes (cont'd) in soil, 206, 209
Allelopathy, 146 A110phane
SUBJECT INDEX
in soil, 193 Alluvial deposits, 574 Aluminum, 190
effects on biota, 469, 485, 493
effects on vegetation, 288, 494
in leachate, 234, 511 in pond and lakewater, 483,
493 in precipitation, 468, 469 in soil, 194, 223-227, 240,
270-273, 286, 468, 526, 570
in streamwater, 444, 445, 485 in the watershed, 326 solubility of, 287, 482
Aluminum buffering in soil, 270
Aluminum hydroxide, 469, 553 Aluminum leaching
from soil, 389, 466, 468, 469, 482
Aluminum mobilization in soil, 187, 188
Aluminum-nitrogen interactions 289
Aluminum oxides in soil, 469, 576
Aluminum phosphate in soil, 470
Aluminum tolerance, 494 Aluminum toxicity, 290, 368, 371
amelioration of, 290 Alumino-silicates
in soil, 186, 193, 468 Amides, 292 Amino acids, 141, 292 Amelioration of metal toxicity,
289, 290 Ammonium
in precipitation, 154, 384, 444, 445, 447
in soil, 287 in streamwater, 445, 469
SUBJECT INDEX
Ammonium deposition, 326 Ammonium leaching
from soil, 389 Ammonium sulphate, 384 Andosols, 193 Antagonism, 156, 289 Anthocyanin pigments, 146 Anthropogenic emissions, 95,
107, 120 Antimony
in sediments, 466 Apatite, 470 Aphids, 170 Apothecia, 134 Apple, 142 Aquatic ecosystems
input from terrestrial eco-systems, 465-480
Arctic, 482 Arenoso1s, 576, 577 Argillaceous sediments, 185 Arid regions, 467 Aridisols, 574 Arsenic emissions, 483 Arthropods, 357, 376 Ash, 225 Asia, 223 Aspen, 357 Atmospheric deposition, 176,
325 effects on aquatic ecosys
tems, 472 effects on vegetation, 583,
584 of heavy metals, 466 upon land, 467
Atmospheric resistance, 13 Atmospheric turbulence, 40 Auxins, 141, 147
Bacteria, 185, 226, 288, 341, 363, 367-371, 376, 377, 389, 437, 438, 440, 471, 519
Baltic Sea, 113 Banana, 143 Bark, 180
pH of, 137, 139 Basalt, 270, 529
Base exchangeable cations, 569 Base saturation, 90, 193, 326,
381, 382, 468, 537, 553, 556, 558, 563, 569, 573, 575, 576
Bases strong, 261
Basidiomycetes, 345
641
Bean, 142, 144, 154, 371, 438 Bedrock, 116, 176, 473, 475 Beech, 170, 177, 178, 180, 185,
225, 256, 259, 268, 271, 280, 320, 322, 467
Benzene, 472 Benzoic acid, 521 Bicarbonate
in precipitation, 445 in stream water, 445
Bicarbonate leaching from soil, 186
Biogeochemistry of sulphur, 69
Birch, 225, 306 Bituminous shale, 482 Black medick, 368 Blue-green algae, 367, 369, 371 Bluff body forces, 12 Bogs, 506 Boreal forest, 341, 570 Boundary layer, 10, 17 Boundary layer resistance, 13 Brachychtoniidae, 346 Brass foundry, 491 British Columbia, 86 British Isles, 148 Brookhaven, 152 Brown earths, 194, 469 Brown forest soil, 197 Brownian diffusion, 17, 19, 20,
21, 35 Bryophytes, 133-139 Budgets, 35-38, 111-121, 174,
176, 467, 508, 581, 582 Buffering
by vegetation, 128, 137, 327, 436, 467
in soils, 183, 184, 186, 188, 192, -194, 224, 234, 255, 269, 270, 272, 273, 276, 291, 327, 335, 381, 387,
642
Buffering in soils (cont'd) 406, 468,
469, 473, 481, 553, 556, 559, 563, 566, 570, 573, 575-577
Buffering capacity, 193, 198, 283, 325, 537, 570, 573, 575
Bulk collectors, 405 Bulk deposition, 396 Bulk precipitation collector,
71
Cabbage, 143 Cadmium
effects on biota, 485 in ponds, 483 in sediments, 466
Cadmium leaching from soils, 482-491
Calcareous soil, 13, 256, 257, 263, 294, 485, 557, 559, 567, 571,
Calcicole, 287-289 Calcifuge, 287, 288, 294, 289 45Calcium, 86
in lakewater, 469 in precipitation, 154, 445,
466, 468 in soil, 191, 406, 467, 470 in streamwater, 444, 445,
469, 485 in the watershed, 326 in vegetation, 409 input to terrestrial eco
systems, 384 loss from bedrock, 468
Calcium carbonate in soil, 473, 542, 547, 563,
574, 575, 576 solubility of, 554
Calcium leaching from soil, 186, 197, 249,
389, 466, 468, 469, 491, 511, 550, 564, 571
from vegetation, 355 Calcium phosphate
solubility of, 287
SUBJECT INDEX
Calcium saturation, 191, 194, 537, 541
California, 148 Calsite, 257 Cambisols, 240, 245, 253, 254,
563,567, 574, 577 Canada, 34 Canopy, 33, 39, 40,
141, 163, 180, 259, 383, 389,
60, 63, 65, 164, 173, 174, 265, 266, 283, 459, 474, 475
Canopy resistance, 15 Cape Bathurst, 482 Carbohydrates, 142, 147 14Carbon, 521 Carbon
organic See Organic carbon Carbon cycle, 203, 365 Carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere, 203 in soil, 185, 292, 399, 413,
415, 422, 423, 554 Carbon dioxide production
by micro-organisms, 554 by vegetation, 554
Carbon leaching from soil, 227
Carbon monoxide emission of, 365
Carbon turnover, 359 Carbonic acid
in soil, 322, 560, 573 Carboxylic acid, 206, 215 Catalytic reaction, 30-31 Catchment studies, 501-508 Cation
loss from soil, 481-495 Cation exchange capacity, 262,
263, 270, 272, 382, 5'/6 of soil, 193, 194, 241, 245,
246, 252, 254, 381, 467, 511, 516, 547
of vegetation, 481 Cation exchange equilibrium, 188-
192 Cation exchange processes
in soil, 494 Cation exchange resins, See Resins Cell wall, 297
SUBJECT INDEX
Cellulose, 357 Cement dust
effects on vegetation, 439 Cereal crop, 15 Channelled flow, 195, 571 Chelation, 185, 216, 292
by vegetation, 296 Chloride
in precipitation, 154, 445 in streamwater, 445
Chloride leaching from soil, 186
Chlorophyll, 155 Chloroplast, 129 Chromium
in sediments, 466 Chromium
residence time in soils, 493 Chromium leaching
from soils, 482, 491 Chrysanthemum, 143, 147 Clay, 188, 197, 233, 241, 366,
541, 547, 550, 567, 574, 576
Clay minerals, 194, 221, 274, 470, 481, 550, 557
Clover, 368 Coal, 204 Coal combustion, 466, 474 Cobalt
in lake water. 485 in soil, 494
Cobalt emissions, 483, 493 Cocao, 143 Coffee, 143 Collectors
precipitation, 60, 71, 405 Collembola, 345, 346, 350,
358, 359, 377 Colloids
in soil, 538 Condensation nuclei, 21, 41 Conductivity, 90 Conifers, 35, 38, 106, 124,
128, 142, 155, 176, 185, 223, 263, 264, 377, 481, 556, 567
Coniston, 396, 405, 483, 485, 491
Copenhagen, 137, 139 Copper
emission of, 483 in lakewater, 469, 485, 493 in sediments, 470 in snow, 401 in soil, 405, 415, 494
Copper Cliff smelter, 395-426, 483, 487, 494
Copper leaching
643
from soil, 250, 482, 491 Cultivated soils, 559, 567 Cuticle, 10, 15, 38, 126, 143,
144, 154, 155, 170, 436, 438
Cycling of elements, 9, 203, 328 335, 341, 365, 472, 516 599, 600
Cytoplasmic pH, 292 Czechoslovakia, 86
Deciduous forests, 123, 142, 176, 337
Deciduous trees, 134, 155 Deciduous vegetation, 456 Decomposition, 177, 185, 255,
267, 319, 328, 341, 368, 377, 381-392, 395-426, 537
Deforestation, 459 Delamare forest, 384 Denitrification, 365, 369, 370 Denmark, l33 Deposition budget, 35-38 Deposition models, 38 Deposition velocity, 23, 34, 35,
37, 39, 64, 65, 71, 78, 401, 506
Derbyshire, 499 Detritus, 204 Diatomaceous earth, 225 Diatoms, 116 Diffusiophoresis, 19 Douglas fir, 320 Drainage basin, 468, 474 Drainage water, 456 Dry deposition, 9-25, 51, 53, 57-
66, 69-74, 78, 95, 100, 161-163, 170, 173, 176-178, 180, 259, 265, 266,
Dry deposition (cont'd) 276, 279, 326, 381, 383, 384, 401, 426, 499, 508, 579-582
Dry fallout, 61, 63, 111 Dry transfer, 61
Ecosystem simulation model, 337-339
Eddy diffusion, 10 EDTA, 218 Effect of pH
on metal toxicity, 368 Eluvial horizon, 223, 224, 227 Electric power plant emissions,
95 Emissions
from soils, 467 Enchytraeids, 345, 346, 350,
376, 377 England, 33, 421 English Lake District, 468 Entiso1s, 574, 577 Enzymatic activity, 298, 521 Enzymes, 147, 297 Epicuticu1ar wax, 438 Epidermus, 154 Ericaceae, 287 Erosion, 470, 475 Esker, 539 Esters
in precipitation, 466 Estuarine muds, 185 Europe, 25, 98, 111, 115, 134,
223, 255, 256, 263, 272, 278-280, 335, 465, 466
Evaporation, 155 Evapotranspiration, 444 Exchange capacity
of soils, 469, 481 Exchange complexes, 467 Exchange sites
in soils, 335 Exudate, 292
Fallout, 111, 118, 120-121, 466
SUBJECT INDEX
FA~-UNESCO
soil classification system, 575-577
Fatty acids, 206 Ferra1s01s, 576, 577 Fertilization, 112, 115, 157, 185
243, 252, 255, 278, 289, 306, 363, 365, 367, 368, 372, 467, 474, 539
Finland, 113, 123, 124, 126-128 Finnmark, 83 Fir trees, 63 Fish, 100 Fish mortality, 493 F10cu1ation, 119 Fluorides, 126, 127 F1uviso1s, 574 Fly ash, 440 Fog, 30 Food web, 341 Forest fires, 474 Forest soils, 570 Fossil fuels, 21, 264 Fractionation, 82 Frankfurt, 43, 47, 50, 51 Freezing point depression, 78 Friction velocity, 11 Fu1vic acids, 100, 103, 106, 204,
215, 218, 221, 222, 267, 272, 481, 556
chemistry of, 206 degradation of, 206-209 in aquatic ecosystems, 472 solubility of, 470
Fumigation of sulphur compounds, 482, 483
Fungi, 288, 341, 342, 345, 358, 359, 363, 364, 367, 369-371, 376, 377, 389, 400, 419, 421, 437, 438, 440, 471, 472, 519
Galactose, 354, 355 Ga1~ formation, 154 Gamma irradiation, 350 Gapon equation, 191 Gaseous absorption, 58, 61, 475 Gaseous emission, 475 Geneva, 447
SUBJECT INDEX
Germany, 50, 51, 53, 134, 170, 185, 278, 320, 467
Gibberellins in vegetation, 141
Gibbsite, 271, 469 Glaciation, 473 Glacier, 78 Glacifluvial sediments, 342 Glucose, 354 Goethite, 241 Gold
in sediments, 466 Grain, 142, 146 Granitic bedrock, 467, ·468 Grapes, 142, 148 Grasses, 88, 142 Greenland, 121 Groundwater, 176, 306, 312,
316, 342, 467, 475 acidification of, 563
Guard cell, 437 Gyttja soils, 554
Hardwood forest, 69 Headwater, 473 Heath, 87, 88, 185, 223 Heavy metals
deposition of, 538 effect on biota, 485 in lake water, 467 in precipitation, 466 in snow, 83
Heavy metal tolerance in vegetation, 295
Heavy metal toxicity to vegetation, 286
Histosols, 576 Homogeneous gasphase reac-
tions, 95 Homolytic reaction, 216 Horizontal windspeed, 11 Host, 363, 436-438 Hubbard Brook, 69-74, 443-462,
467, 532 Humic acids, 100, 103, 106,
204, 211, 215, 222, 422
chemistry of, 206 degradation of 206-209
Humic acid (cont'd) in soil, 481
Humic substances
645
chemistry of 209-216, 218-221 in aquatic ecosystems, 472 in soil, 203-222
Humid climates, 224, 468 Humification, 576 Humin, 204, 206 Humus, 87, 119, 185, 186, 188,
190, 194, 197, 198, 223, 225, 226, 255, 261-264, 278, 320, 322, 327, 345, 350, 357, 359, 364, 368, 376, 471, 510, 519, 521, 547, 556, 575, 576
Hydrocarbons emission of, 365 in sediments, 466 in precipitation, 466
Hydrochloric acid, 38, 556 Hydrogen bond, 211, 215 Hydrogen ion
consumption of, 255-280 in leachate, 511, 521 in precipitation, 443-445, 447,
450-454, 459, 506 in soil, 467, 523, 537, 550 in streamwater, 445, 459 input to terrestrial ecosystems,
383 input to watersheds, 326, 468 loss from watershed, 504 production of, 255-280
Hydrogen ion budget, 319-333 Hydrologic flows, 322, 325 Hydrologic flux, 444 Hydroxy-complexes
in soil, 472
Ice nuclei, 78 Illitic soils, 193, 194, 557 Illuvial horizon, 223, 224, 226,
227, 233 Inceptosols, 574, 577 India, 148 Indiana, 471 Indicator organisms, 366 Industrial spoils, 283
646
Integrating collectors, 60 International Nickel Comp
any, 395-397 Intracellular pH, 292 Invertebrates, 341, 345-351,
357, 501, 504 l25Iodine, 86 Ion adsorption
mechanisms of, 240-246 Ion exchange equilibrium, 218 Iron
effect on vegetation, 288 in pond and lakewater,
483, 493 in precipitation, 45 in snow, 401 in soil, 223-227, 240, 286,
405, 511 in streamwater, 485 solubility of, 287, 482 toxicity of, 288, 368, 371
Iron citrate, 226 Iron cycle, 345 Iron hydroxide, 225, 226, 553 Iron leaching
from soil, 466, 481, 482, 487, 491
Iron oxides in soil, 469, 526, 576
Iron pan, 382, 510 Iron phosphates
in soil, 470 Irrigation, 539, 542 Isoenzymes, 301 Ithaca, 447
Jutland, 137 Jadraos, 320, 322, 325 Juniper, 143
Kaolinite, 193, 194, 469, 576 Kenya, 240
Lady Clough, 501, 504 Lake Constance, 466 Lake Vlinern, 115 Lakes
acidification of, 563 Lateral flow, 195
SUBJECT INDEX
Lateritic soil, 240, 243, 557 Latosols, 240, 243, 245, 246,
253, 254, 567 Leachate, 337, 469, 482 Leachate chemistry, 64, 141, 186,
232, 382, 383, 389, 487, 491, 511, 564, 566
Leaching from vegetation, 63, 64, 86,
141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 155, 161-171, 177, 259, 260, 336, 337, 355, 384, 413, 437
from soils, 174, 184, 198, 222, 224, 229, 234, 239-254, 257, 268, 270, 274, 276, 286, 319, 331, 335, 337, 384-387, 467-491, 481-495,499,508,525,533, 550, 556, 560, 566, 575
Lead, 459 in 1akewater, 466 in sediments, 466 residence time in soil, 493,
494 Lead candles, 72 Lead leaching
from soils, 482, 487, 491 Lead retention
by plants, 482 Legumes, 367, 368, 371 Leucoanthocyanins, 146 Lichens, 133-139, 320, 481 Lignin, 209, 376 Lignite combustion, 474 Lime potential, 191, 192, 197,
198, 569, 570 Limestone, 280 Limestone dust
effect on vegetation, 439 Liming, 185, 278, 286, 306, 309,
312, 313, 368, 381, 467, 474, 539, 550, 567, 571, 572
effect on decomposition, 341-360
effect on soil organisms, 341-360
Liquid phase reaction, 95 Lisselbo, 539
SUBJECT INDEX
Lithosols, 571, 577 Litter, 106, 170, 177, 178,
225, 259, 263, 264, 267, 278, 291, 322, 325, 328, 332, 337, 345, 368, 369, 398, 400, 481, 510, 556, 563, 567
Litter bags, 387, 389, 398, 412, 423
Loam, 87, 197 Loblolly pine, 33 Lodgepole pine, 306, 312, 313,
342, 352 Loss on ignition, 376, 540 Lundgren impactor, 72 Luvisols, 575 Lysimeters, 79, 177, 197, 234,
253, 271, 322, 337, 350, 352, 353, 382, 384, 389, 468, 471, 499, 508, 510, 511, 521
Magnesium in precipitation, 154, 445,
468 in soil, 191, 406 in streamwater, 469 in the watershed, ~26 in vegetation, 409 loss from drainage basin,
408 Magnesium carbonate
in soil, 467 Magnesium leaching
from soil, 186, 249, 389, 468, 511, 564
from vegetation, 355 Manchester, 501 Manganese
effect on vegetation, 289 in pond and 1akewater, 483,
493 in precipitation, 45 in soil, 286 in streamwater, 444, 485 retention in soil, 493, 494 solubility of, 482 toxicity of~ 368, 371
647
Manganese leaching from soils, 466, 482, 487, 491,
560 from vegetation, 355
Mannose, 354, 355 Maples, 146 Marsh plants, 288 Marsta, 560 Mass balance, 466, 467 Mass flow coefficient, 259 Mass transfer, 12, 96 Mechanisms of tolerance
in vegetation, 294 Meltwater
chemistry of, 83-89 effect on aquatic ecosystems,
83, effect on terrestrial ecosys
tems, 83-89 Mercury
in sediments, 466 Merseyside, 381 Mesophy11, 129 Metabolites, 298 Metal binding, 472 Metal loading
in soil, 491 Metal resistant enzymes, 297 Metal toxicity, 405, 493 Metalloproteins, 298 Metal-organic interactions, 216-
220 Metals
effect on fungi, 421, 422 Methane, 365 Mica, 218 Microfauna, 358 Micro-organisms, 203, 291, 364,
365, 399, 400, 419, 423, 471, 517
Mineral acids, 560 Mineral soil, 266, 268, 322, 576 Mineralization, 255, 261, 263,
267, 319, 321, 325, 326, 328, 331, 332, 355, 387, 495, 521, 537
Miscible displacement, 571 Mississippi, 460 Mites, 345, 346, 357, 359 Mobility of elements, 493, 495
648
Moder, 262, 264 Molecular diffusion, 10, 12,
15 Mollisols, 575 Molybdenum, 368, 371, 372 Momentum flux, 11 Momentum transfer, 11, 12 Monosaccharides, 353, 354 Montana, 421 Montmorillonite, 193, 194,
221 Mor, 223, 491 Morning glory, 147, 148 Mosses, 128, 146, 154, 320,
471, 481 Mull, 262 Mycorrhiza, 288
Natural gas, 204 Netherlands, 134 New England, 459 New Hampshire, 69, 443, 471,
532 New York, 447 New Zealand, 176 Nickel
effect on biota, 485 emissions of, 483, 493 in pond and lakewater, 469,
483, 485, 493 in sediments, 466, 470 in snow,. 401 in soil, 405, 415, 494 in vegetation, 409
Nickel leaching from soils, 482, 491
Nitrate reductase activity, 287, 297
Nitric acid deposition of, 556 in precipitation, 452, 453
Nitrification, 185, 262~264, 287, 294, 325, 367, 369, 384, 387, 556
Nitrogen cycling of, 328, 365, 472,
516, 599, 600 deposition of, 29-40, 328 effects on tree growth,
319-333
SUBJECT INDEX
Nitrogen (cont'd) in the atmosphere, 9-25, 32,
33, 96, 107, 331, 368 in ice, 78 in precipitation,. 38, 154, 443-
445, 447, 452, 453, 466 in soil, 13-15, 185, 253, 280,
287, 294, 305, 316 in streamwater, 444, 445 in vegetation, 312, 313, 315,
316, 376 input to terrestrial ecosystems,
384 mass balance of, 467 mobilization of, 470, 471 transformation of, 468
Nitrogen-aluminum interactions, 289
Nitrogen budget, 320 Nitrogen fixation, 30, 365, 367-
369, 371, 372 Nitrogen leaching
from soil, 186, 333 from vegetation, 355
Nitrous oxides absorption by lakes, 466 deposition of, 556 emission of, 279
Nodulation, 368, 371 Non-calcareous soil, 469, 471,
473, 558, 566, 571 Non-tolerant populations, 286 North America, 25, 223, 305, 465 North Carolina, 335 North Sea, 113 Norway, 77, 78, 83, 86, 89, 98,
100, 255, 305, 326, 342, 465, 468, 470, 473, 508, 510
Norway spruce, 123, 312, 313, 316, 342
Nucleation, 41 Nutrients, 567
availability of, 494 in precipitation, 466 in soils, 224 mobilization of, 316, 470
Nutrient cycling, 335, 341, 471 Nutrient leaching
from soils, 336
SUBJECT INDEX
Oak, 225 Ohm's law, 11 Oligochaeta, 345 Ontario, 469, 482 Open pit roasting, 396 Organic acids, 100, 103, 106,
298, 556 in soil, 225, 234, 322, 481 in vegetation, 141
Organic carbon in precipitation, 445,466,472 in streamwater, 445
Organic compounds in lakewater, 467, 472 in soil, 475
Organic matter in soil, 203-206, 223,
376, 540, 550, 576 in water, 224-227 input to aquatic ecosystems,
470 Organic phosphorus, 288 Orthoclase, 268, 269 Oslo, 306 Oulu, 124, 126, 127 Output
from terrestrial ecosystems, 475
Oxidation in soil, 554
2gisols, 576, 577 Oxygen, 86
Ozone, 9, 19, 156, 369, 370 Palisade cells, 154 Parasites, 363, 370, 439 Particle impaction, 475 Particulate emissions, 396 Pathogens, 370, 436, 438, 439,
440 Peat, 186, 194, 268, 350,
369, 474, 516 Pedogenic processes, 557 Pennsylvania, 421 Percolation, 247, 322, 566 Peroxidase, 297 Pesticides, 365, 367, 370 Petroleum, 204
pH effect on humic substances,
203-222
649
effect on metal toxicity, 368, 371
effect on stability constants, 218
intracellular, 292 of bark, 137 of cytoplasm, 292 of leachate, 511, 516, 519, 521 of pond and lakewater, 465, 483 of precipitation, 51, 89, 96,
444,445,462, 468 of soil, 191, 197, 222, 336
468, 471, 516, 560, 573 of streamwater, 445 of snow, 82, 87
Phenolic acids, 185, 206 Phenols, 141, 226, 262 Phorophyte, 133, 134 Phosphatase, 521 Phosphorus
availability of, 294 in precipitation, 445, 466 in soil, 240, 287, 369, 474,
533 in streamwater, 444,445 in vegetation, 290
Phosphorus cycle, 365 Phosphorus leaching
from vegetation, 355 Phosphorus mobilization, 470 Photochemical processes, 9 Photochemical reaction, 30,31 Photoperiod, 148 Photosynthesis, 124, 128, 129
154, 367 Phthalates, 206 Phytotoxicity, 158, 364, 494 Pine, 15, 128, 142, 170, 225,
263, 306, 387 Plasmalemma, 297, 298 Plume, 95 Podsolization, 223-235 Podsols, 116, 120, 194, 197, 198,
216, 222-228, 232, 235, 240, 243-247, 250, 253, 254, 262, 320, 375, 382, 389, 468, 469, 481, 491
650
Podso1s (cont'd) 508, 532, 538, 556, 557, 563, 564, 566, 567, 576, 577
Poland, 134 Polychlorinated bipheno1s,
466 Polysaccharides, 204 Pondwater chemistry, 482, 484,
485 Potash, 278 Potassium
in precipitation, 154, 466 in streamwater, 444, 469 in soil, 240, 468, in vegetation, 409
Potassium leaching from soils, 186, 249, 384,
389, 466, 468, 511, 564
from vegetation, 169, 355 Potato scab, 370 Powdery mildew, 437 Precipitation
annual inputs, 447-454 effect on vegetation, 141-148 simulated See Simulated acid
precipitation Precipitation chemistry, 51,
96-99, 443-462 Primary production, 328, 369 Productivity, 337 Proteins
in vegetation, 315 Protoplasm, 297 Protozoa, 363, 370 Pyrite, 185 Pyritic waste, 286
Radio-isotopes, 174 Rain gauges, 162, 164, 177 Rainout, 19-21, 95, 96, 98,
473 Ramse Brook, 103, 106 Reclamation, 286 Reducing conditions
in soil, 285, 554 Regoso1s, 574, 577 Residence time
of metals in soil, 482
SUBJECT INDEX
Resins, 226, 228, 229, 232 Respiration, 128, 129
by roots, 260 in soil, 184, 256-258, 389, 519
Retention by terrestrial ecosystems,
471, 472 Retention time
of metals, 494 Rhizosphere, 260, 291, 292, 368,
467 Roadsa1t, 117 R6backsda1en, 560 Root exudate, 437 Root surfaces, 367 Rooting zone See Rhizosphere Roots, 295 Run-off, 77, 83, 85-88, 90, 176,
195, 255, 459, 467, 553, 563, 571
Saccharides, 353 Sandy soil, 197, 224, 233, 306,
510, 547, 571, 576 Sassafras, 439 Scandinavia, 34, 134, 255, 306,
320, 465, 537, 538 Senescence, 143 Scotland, 164, 171, 508 Scots pine, 123, 305, 306, 309,
312, 313, 316, 328, 357 375-380, 539
Sediments, 204 Sensitivity to acid precipitation,
156 Sepiolite, 221 Sewage sludge, 365, 367, 481 Shale, 482 Sheffield, 501 Shrubs, 128 Silica
in precipitation, 445 in soils, 116, 467 in strearnwater, 445
Silica minerals, 268 Si1icaceous rock, 529 Silt, 306 Silver
in sediments, 466
SUBJECT INDEX
Simulated acid precipitation, 156, 158, 178, 234, 305-316, 336, 341-360, 375-392, 468
Site sensitivity to acid precipitation,
525-534 Sitka spruce, 164 Slag, 483 Smelters, 395-426, 466, 469,
472, 481, 483, 493 Smoking Hills, 482, 495 Snow, 30, 34, 447, 459
pH of, 87 Snow chemistry, 77-92, 401,
579-582 Snowflakes, 78 Snowmelt, 77-92, 103, 444,
459, 494, 553 Snowpack, 473 SNSF Project, 482 Sodium
in precipitation, 154, 384, 445
in streamwater, 444, 445 Sodium leaching
from soil, 186, 248, 249, 389, 511, 564
from vegetation, 165 Soil
acidification of, 77, 183-200, 263, 264, 278, 326, 556, 558, 559, 563
chemistry of, 188, 189, 240, 245-247, 273-278, 294, 405, 415
exchange sites in, 481 structure of, 364, 571
Soil acidification effects on vegetation,
482 sources of, 553-556
Soil acidity, 183, 191, 255 effects on vegetation, 283-
301, 597, 598 Soil air, 185, 292 Soil classification
FAO-UNESCO system, 574-577
Soil classification (cont'd) U.S. system, 574, 577
Soil colloids, 538 Soil enzymes, 366, 521 Soil environment, 284 Soil horizons, 232, 516, 521,
523, 570 Soil inputs
influenced by vegetation, 585-590
Soil minerals, 576 Soil organisms, 341, 474, 495,
516
651
Soil pH, 13, 222, 269, 270, 286, 336
effects of plants on, 291-294 Soil profile, 90, 195, 198, 261,
288, 320, 333, 366, 481, 526, 542, 548, 570
Soil reclamation, 283 Soil respiration See Respiration Soil retention, 475 Soil sensitivity
to acidification, 333, 469-472, 553-566, 573-577
Soil solution, 538, 540, 550, 569
Soil water, 256 SoIling, 177, 320, 322, 325 Soloncheks, 574 Solonetz, 574 Soybeans, 368 Spodoso1s, 576, 577 Spring thaw, 473 Spruce, 142, 170, 177, 178, 180,
256, 263, 268, 273, 276, 306, 352, 491
Stability constants, 218 Stemflow, 162, 170, 259, 268,
322, 326 Stockholm, 539 Stratosphere, 9 Streamwater chemistry, 95-108,
443-462, 485 Sub-alpine forest, 471 Subsoil, 198, 559, 571 Sudbury, 395-426, 469, 470, 472,
474, 482-495 Sugar beets, 142, 439
652
Sugars in vegetation, 141
Su1phatase, 521 Sulphate
in leachate, 471, 511, 521 in pondwater, 483 in precipitation, 154, 401,
444-447, 451-453, 506 in streamwater, 115, 444,
445, 459, 485, 506, 523
in soil, 240, 289, 523 loss from catchment, 504 mobility of, 525, 529, 533 reduction of, 523
Sulphate adsorption by soil, 526-533
Sulphate leaching from soil, 186, 516
Su1phation, 396, 397, 405 Sulphur, 124
deficiency of, 289, 315 deposition of, 29-40, 69-
74 effect on decomposition,
381-392 effect on nutrient leaching,
381-392 emissions of, 444, 494 in the atmosphere, 9-25, 30,
96, 107, 108 in fertilizers, 118, 119 in organic matter, 119, 120 in precipitation, 20, 29,
38, 41-53, 69-74, 83, 234, 443, 456, 466
in sediments, 120 in soils, 116, 405 in streamwater, 113-115 in vegetation, 312, 313, 315,
316 input to terrestrial ecosys-
tems, 383 marine, 117, 118 mass balance of, 467 weathering of~ 116
Sulphur budget, 111-121, 174, 176, 508, 581, 582
Sulphur cycle, 9, 365
Sulphur dioxide, 506 deposition of, 38
SUBJECT INDEX
effect on vegetation, 15, 133-139, 494
emissions of, 279 in the atmosphere, 156 in precipitation, 21, 41-53
Sulphur fallout, 119-121 Sulphur flux
in forest ecosystem, 459 Sulphur fumigations, 469, 470,
482, 483, 493 Sulphur leaching
from soil, 389, 482, 560 Sulphur transformations, 468 Sulphur oxides
absorption by lakes, 466 Sulphuric acid
deposition of, 556 effect on vegetation, 437 in the atmosphere, 525, 533 in precipitation, 234, 452,
468 Sulphuric acid leaching, 532 Surface resistance, 13, 15 Surface water, 100, 108, 499 Surrey, 499, 510 Swamps, 176 Sweden, 32, 33, 35, 111-121, 278,
320, 357, 375, 465, 468, 491, 554
Symbiosis, 368 Synergism, 47, 156, 438
Techniques for measuring deposition, 57-
66 Te1emark, 89 Terrestrial ecosystem
effects on aquatic ecosystem, 465-480, 609, 610
Thermophoresis, 19 Thomason's Hollow, 504 Throughfa11, 63, 65, 161, 162,
170, 174, 259, 322, 326 Thunderstorms, 186 Til1ingbourne, 499, 504, 506,
508, 523 Tolerant plants
selection of, 301
SUBJECT INDEX
Tomato, 294, 437 Tonnop1ast, 297 Topography, 472, 473 Topsoil, 90, 185, 571 Tornado, 474 Tovdal. 100, 103, 106, 107 Transpiration, 127, 147, 171,
174 Tree growth, 319-333, 369 Tricarboxylic acid, 298 Trichomes, 154 Tritium, 86 Tropical rainforest, 146, 255 Tropical regions, 576 Troposphere, 9, 10, 50 Tulip poplar, 359 Turbulent diffusion, 10, 17 Thylakoids, 129
Ultisols, 575-577 Ultraviolet radiation, 369,
370 United Kingdom, 98, 381, 501,
508 United States, 151, 152, 155,
176, 320, 335, 443, 460, 461, 465, 466, 468, 471, 574
Uric acid, 521
Vacuoles, 297 Van der Vaal's forces, 215 Vanadium
in sediments, 466 residence time in soils,
493 Vanadium leaching
from soils, 482, 491 Vapour phase, 78 Vascular tissue, 154 Vegetation
chemical composition of, 312, 313, 315, 353-357, 409
effects on soil, 173-180 filtering by, 176
Vermiculite, 193 Vertisols, 576 Vitamins
in vegetation, 141, 146
Volcanoes, 120, 474
Washington, 526, 532 Washoff, 64 Water balance
in vegetation, 128-129 Water bodies
acidification of, 563 Water movement
in soil, 195, 196
653
Water vapour transfer, 15 Watershed, 176, 319, 326, 336,
337, 468, 475 Washout, 18, 21-23, 95, 96, 98,
107, 473 Wawa, 469 Weathering, 321, 322, 326, 327,
560 Weathering
of minerals, 467 of rocks, 469 of soils, 316, 468, 556, 573
West-Ga£ke method, 72 Wet deposition, 9-25, 57-66, 69-
74, 161, 162, 173, 176 180, 264, 265, 276, 279, 322, 579-582
Wet deposition collectors, 59, 71 Wet-dry precipitation collectors,
71 Wet fallout, 65, 111 White Mountain National Forest,
443 Willow oak, 438 Wind tunnel, 10 Winter injury
caused by air pollution, 123-129
Xerosols, 574 Xylose, 354, 355
Yermoso1s, 574
Zilonase, 521 Zinc
effect on biota, 485 in pond and lakewater, 466,
483, 493
654
Zinc (cont'd) in sediments, 466 in soil, 406, 415, 471 in streamwater, 485 residence time in soils, 494
SUBJECT INDEX
Zinc leaching from soil, 482, 491
Zinc retention by plants, 482
Zinc tolerant population, 297