1

Future Direct

Potable Water

Reuse

19 October 2018

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Contents

• Treatment objectives

• International best practise

• Current Goreangab DPR

• Future Goreangab DPR

• Challenges

• Next steps

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Treatment objectives

Viruses & Pathogens

RadionuclidesPharmaceuticals

Pesticides & herbicides

Disinfection by-products (DBP)

Organics & Inorganics

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VOC’s & Semi-VOC’s

Parameter Unit USEPA WHO AUS SANS GWRP

VOC’s & Semi-VOC’s

N-nitrosodiethylamine

(NDEA)ng/ℓ - - 10 - -

N-nitrosodimethylamine

(NDMA)µg/ℓ 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1

Sucralose mg/ℓ 150 - - - -

Tris (2-Carboxyethyl)

phosphine hydrochloride

(TCEP)

µg/ℓ 5 - 1.0 - -

Triclosan µg/ℓ 2100 - 0.35 - -

N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide

(DEET)µg/ℓ 200 - 2.5 - -

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Pathogens & Viruses

Pathogens & Viruses

Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Helminths

Burkholderia pseudomallei Adenoviruses Acanthamoeba spp.Dracunculus

medinensis

Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli AstrovirusesCryptosporidium

hominis/parvumSchistosoma spp.

Escherichia coli –

PathogenicEnteroviruses

Cyclospora

cayetanensis

Dracunculus

medinensis

E. coli – Enterohaemorrhagic Hepatitis A virusEntamoeba

histolytica

Francisella tularensis Hepatitis E virus Giardia intestinalis

Legionella spp. Noroviruses Naegleria fowleri

Leptospira Rotaviruses

Mycobacteria

(nontuberculous)Sapoviruses

Salmonella Typhi

Other salmonellae

Shigella spp.

Vibrio cholerae

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Pesticides & Herbicides

Pesticides & Herbicides

Parameter Unit USEPA WHO AU GWRP

Azinphos-methyl µg/ℓ - - 30 30

Diazinon µg/ℓ - - 4 4

Dichlorvos µg/ℓ - - 5 5

Ethion µg/ℓ - - 4 -

Ethoprophos (Mocap) µg/ℓ - - 1 -

Fenthion µg/ℓ - - 7 7

4,4-DDT µg/ℓ - - 9 9

Chlordane µg/ℓ - 0.2 2 -

Thiophanate µg/ℓ - - 5 -

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

(DBCP)µg/ℓ - 1 - 1

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Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals

Product Guideline

Benzo (α) pyrene 10 ng/ℓ

Antibiotics (erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, triclosan, trimethoprim) 17.5 µg/ℓ

Diazepam (Valium) 2.5 µg/ℓ

Carbamazepine 100 µg/ℓ

Diclofenac 1.8 µg/ℓ

Ibufrofen 400 µg/ℓ

Paracetamol 175 µg/ℓ

Steroids (estrogen, estrone, estradiol, estriol, ethynylestradiol) -

Contraception & HRT30 ng/ℓ

Anabolics (progesterone, testosterone) – HRT & performance enhancing

drugs105 µg/ℓ

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Common DBP’s

DBP Unit USEPA WHO AUS SANS GWRP

Trihalomethanes (THM’s)

Chloroform µg/ℓ 80 300 250 300 80

Bromodichloromethane µg/ℓ 80 60 250 60 80

Chlorodibromomethane µg/ℓ 80 100 250 100 80

Bromoform µg/ℓ 80 100 250 100 80

Haloacetic acids (HAAS)

Monohloroacetic acid

(MCAA)µg/ℓ 60 - 150 - 60

Monobromoacetic acid

(MBAA)µg/ℓ 60 - - - 60

Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) µg/ℓ 60 - 100 - 60

Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) µg/ℓ 60 - - - 60

Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) µg/ℓ 60 - 100 - 60

Oxyhalides

Bromate µg/ℓ 10 10 20 - 10

Chlorite µg/ℓ 1000 700 800 -

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Non-common DBP’s

DBP Unit USEPA WHO AU SANS GWRP

Phenol derivatives

2, 4 Dichlorophenol (DCP) µg/ℓ 20 (0.3) - 200 (0.3) - 0.3

2,6 Dichlorophenol (DCP) µg/ℓ - - 10 - -

2,4,6 Trichlorophenol (TCP) µg/ℓ 200 - 20 (2.0) - -

Halogenated acetonitrile's (HAN)

Monochloroacetonitrile

(MCAN)µg/ℓ - - - - -

Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) µg/ℓ - 20 0.2 - -

Trihloroacetonitrile (TCAN) µg/ℓ - - - - -

Monobromoacetonitrile

(MBAN)µg/ℓ - - - - -

Dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) µg/ℓ - 70 - - -

Nitro amine derivatives

N-nitrosodiethylamine

(NDEA)ng/ℓ - - 10 - -

N-nitrosodimethylamine

(NDMA)µg/ℓ - 0.1 0.1 - 0.1

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Emerging DBP’s

Emerging DBP’s

E-DBP Guideline

Halonitromethanes (HNM’s) -

Iodo acids & Iodo THM’s -

MX & MBX (halofuranones) -

Haloamides -

Tribromopyrrole -

Chlorate 700 µg/ℓ

Polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) 0.5 µg/ℓ

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Radioactivity

ParameterUSEPA Max contaminant level

(MCL)

Radionuclides

Gross alpha particle emitters 0.5 Bq/ℓ

Gross Beta/photon emitters 1.0 Bq/ℓ

Uranium 30 µg/ℓ

Radium 226 / Radium 228 5 pCi/ℓ or 0.19 Bq/ℓ

pCi = picocuries

Becquerel (Bq) = 1 nucleas decay per second

1 Bq ≅ 27 pCi

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Toolbox - Process train barriers

Available process train barriers

Contaminant of concern Process barrier

Organics & Inorganics CAS, AC, IX, AOP, RO

Pharmaceuticals CAS, AC, AOP, RO

Pathogens (excluding viruses) AOP, SF, UF, RO, Cl2

Viruses AOP, RO, Cl2

Pesticides & herbicides AC, AOP, RO

DBP’s AC, IX, AOP, RO

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Toolbox - Process Log reduction credits

Log reduction credits

Micro pollutant of

concernAS MBR O3 SF UF RO

UV

AOPCl2

Viruses

(rotavirus &

adenovirus)

2 1.5 5 1.5 0 2 6 2

Cryptosporidium

(protozoa &

helminths)

0 2 0 2.0 4 2 6 0

Parasites

(Giardia)0 0 3 2.0 4 2 6 0

Bacteria

(coliform or

campylobacter)

3 4 2 0 3 2 6 3

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International Best Practise California approach

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International Best Practise Texas approach

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International Best Practise Australian approach

Campylobacter

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Current Goreangab LRV credits

Wingoc current process

Micro pollutant of

concernAS

Pre

O3DAF SF O3 BAC GAC UF Cl2

Viruses

(rotavirus &

adenovirus)

2 2 1 1 5 0 0 0 2

Cryptosporidium

(protozoa &

helminths)

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0

Parasites

(Giardia)0 1 1 1 3 0 0 4 0

Bacteria

(coliform or

campylobacter)

3 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 3

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Current Goreangab LRV credits

Log reduction credits

Micro pollutant of concern Current Wingoc California

Viruses (rotavirus & adenovirus) 12

Cryptosporidium (protozoa & helminths) 10

Parasites (Giardia) 10

Bacteria (coliform or campylobacter) 9

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6

10

12

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Future Goreangab DPR

Ultrafiltration

Reverse

Osmosis

UV Based AOP

BACOzonation

Wastewater

plant

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Increasing RO recovery

Flow

Time

Permeate

Brine

Conventional RO

Time

Flow

Permeate

Brine Brine

Permeate Permeate

Pulsed flow RO

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RO scaling steps

Crystallization steps (time)

Cry

sta

l fo

rma

tio

n

Induction Nucleation Crystal formation

& growth

Standard RO brine

concentration

Anti-scalant

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Log reduction credits

Micro pollutant of concern Future Goreangab California

Viruses (rotavirus & adenovirus) 12

Cryptosporidium (protozoa & helminths) 10

Parasites (Giardia) 10

Bacteria (coliform or campylobacter) 9

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12

15

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Future Goreangab LRV credits

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Ultrafiltration

Reverse

Osmosis

UV Based AOP

Further work required

BACOzonation

Wastewater

plant

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Organic IX removal

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Organic IX removal

Raw water

Treated water

Resin recycle

Regeneration

vessel

Waste

regenerant

Regenerant

tank

Reactor

vessel

Make-up resin

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Organic IX removal

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Next steps - pilot

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