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Comparison between Comparison between filtration and centrifugation filtration and centrifugation
processprocess
Course: Bio-separationInstructor: Dr Nguyen Van Toan
(PhD)Presented by Group 7
GROUP’S MEMBERSGROUP’S MEMBERS
Pham Anh Vu BTIU08
ContentContentI. Introduction to Liquid-Solid Separation
techniquesII. Two common techniques1. Filtrationa. Fundamental of filtrationb. Types of filtrations2. Centrifugationa. Fundamental of centrifugationb. Types of centrifugations
III. Comparison between Filtration and Centrifugation
IV. Discussion
WHAT IS HE DOING ???
I. Introduction to Liquid-Solid I. Introduction to Liquid-Solid SeparationSeparation
Solid-Liquid Separation is a major unit operation that exists in almost every industrial bioseparation.
It is the removal of insoluble solids from the fermentation beer.
The concentration and size of these insolubles are different
We have two common techniques: filtration and centrifugation
II. Two common techniquesII. Two common techniques11. Filtration. Filtrationa. Fundamentala. Fundamental
- Filtration is a technique used either to remove impurities from an organic solution or to isolate an organic solid
oversize particles in the feed cannot
pass through the lattice structure
of the filter, while fluid and small particles pass through,
becoming filtrate
b. Types of Filtrationb. Types of Filtration
The two types of filtration commonly used in organic chemistry laboratories are gravity filtration and vacuum or suction filtration.
Gravity FiltrationThe method of choice to remove solid
impurities from an organic liquidThe "impurity" can be a drying agent or an
undesired side product or leftover reactantFiltration separates solids from a liquid by
forcing the liquid through a solid support or inter-medium.
Gravity filtration can be used to collect solid product, although generally vacuum filtration is used for this purpose because it is faster.
Procedure for standard gravity filtration
1)Select and fold the filter paper
1 2
2) Filter the solution
Vacuum filtrations- Is used to collect a desired solid- Particle size: greater than 10 µm,
yeast, mold, animal or plant cells. - EX: the collection of crystals in a re-
crystallization procedure.
- The solvent or solution and air is forced through the filter paper by the application of reduced pressure
- Faster than gravity filtration
The reduced pressure requires special equipments
Buchner or Hirsch funnel Heavy-walled, side arm filtering flask Rubber adaptor or stopper to seal the
funnel to the flask when under vacuum Vacuum source
Recommendation of using Recommendation of using filtrationfiltrationGravity filtrationThe mixture is hot
(above room temperature)
The liquid is saturated with one or more reagents
The solvent is very volatile (chloroform, alcohols, ethers).
Vacuum filtrationThe conditions
where gravity filtration is recommended are NOT present
A quick separation is required
Some others types of Some others types of FiltrationFiltration
Microfiltration is a filtration process which removes contaminants from a fluid (liquid & gas) by passage through a microporous membrane. Use pressure as a means of forcing water to go from low pressure to high pressure. ◦ Particle size: 0.1 - 10 µm, bacterial and yeast
cells.
Ultrafiltration is a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane.
- Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained, - Water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane
Particle size: 10-200 Å, Cell debris, macromolecules
II. CentrifugationII. Centrifugationa. Fundamental
- Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures- Centrifugation utilizes the density difference between the solids and the surrounding fluid. - More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge- Less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
Supernatant liquid
Precipitate (pellet)
2. Types of centrifugation2. Types of centrifugation
a. Differential centrifugation- Based on the size of the particles- Commonly used in simple pelleting
and in obtaining partially-pure preparation of subcellular organelles and macromolecules
- Ex: For the study of subcellular organelles, tissue or cells are first disrupted to release their internal contents. (Figure below)
b. Density gradient centrifugation- To purify subcellular organelles
and macromolecules- Density gradient separation can
be classified into two categories. + Rate-zonal (size) separation. + Isopycnic (density) separation.
+ Rate-zonal (size) separation. Rate-zonal separation takes advantage of particle size and mass instead of particle density for sedimentation
Ex: Antibody classes all have very similar densities, but different masses.
-> separation based on mass will separate the different classes, whereas separation based on density will not be able to resolve these antibody classes.
Isopycnic separationA particle of a particular density
will sink during centrifugation until a position is reached where the density of the surrounding solution is exactly the same as the density of the particle
EX: separation of nucleic acids in a CsCl gradient
III. III. Comparison between Filtration and Centrifugation Comparison between Filtration and Centrifugation processesprocesses
SIMILARITIES
Chemical Unit
Operation
Separated Objects
Suspended solids from the fluid phage
Separate Water by using Force
DifferencesDifferencesFiltration Centrifugation
1 Gravity or vacuum Centrifugal force
2 Simple More complicated
3 Insolubles are dilute, large, and rigid
size ranges from microorganisms (d=1µm) to insoluble nutrients(d=1mm)
4 Cheaper Expensive
5 Lower solid concentrate produced by filtration
Higher solid concentrate produced by filtration
6 Lower concentrated suspension
More concentrated suspension.
7 Filtration produces a relatively dry cake
Not produce dry cake
SummarySummary
DISCUSSION
In 2007, At An Binh I Primary in Can Tho City, there are 18 pupils were poisoned after drinking water which are
purified at the school
3 Hours
WHY???
REFERENCESREFERENCES D. Khanh. 2007. Ngo doc nuoc. [Internet]. [Cited: Oct
8, 2010]. Available from: http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Uong-nuoc-loc-18-hoc-sinh-nhap-vien/62187918/248/
Cole-Pamer. Technological Library. Basic of Centrifugation. [Internet]. [Cited: Oct 8, 2010]. Available from: http://www.coleparmer.com/techinfo/techinfo.asp?htmlfile=basic-centrifugation.htm&ID=30
GEA Filtration. Cross-flow membrane filtration systems and replacement membranes . [Internet]. [Cited: Oct 8, 2010]. Available from: http://www.geafiltration.com/index.asp
Thank you for your kindly listening!!!