Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion978-94-009-4932-4/1.pdf · conference on the Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ... J. C. Hsu and J. PETERS 38

Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion

Fundamentals of Thermochemical

Biomass Conversion

Edited by

R. P. OVEREND National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada

T. A. MILNE Solar Energy Research Institute, Colorado, USA

and

L. K. MUDGE Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Washington, USA

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LONDON and NEW YORK

ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD Crown House, Linton Road, Barking, Essex IGII 8UJ, England

Sole Distributor in the USA and Canada ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING CO., INC.

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

International Conference on Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion (1982: Estes Park, Colo.) Fundamentals of thermochemical biomass conversion. I. Fuelwood 2. Biomass energy 1. Title II. Overend, R. P. III. Milne, T. A. IV. Mudge, L. K. 662'.6 TP324

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8685-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4932-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4932-4

WITH 539 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 216 TABLES

~ ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD 1985

rJ US GOVERNMENT 1985: Chapters 20, 25, 30, 53, 60 and 62

&! GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 1985: Chapters 45 and 54

Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover I st edition 1985

The selection and presentation of material and the opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors concerned

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, Crown House, Linton Road, Barking, Essex IGII 8UJ,

England

Preface

Throughout the world many projects have been underway to investigate the conversion of renewable biomass into energy and synthetic fuels by thermochemical methods such as combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction. While many of these represent prior art used during the early 20th century, the recent decade since the 1970s oil shock has immeasurably increased the knowledge base for such processes. Much of the new knowledge has been gained by persons who were not trained in classical wood chemistry and there have not yet been many attempts to synthesize the knowledge into a corpus of systematic information.

To bring this about the International Energy Agency's Forestry Energy collaboration, the Gas Research Institute, the National Research Council of Canada and the US Department of Energy jointly sponsored a conference on the Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion in Estes Park, Colorado which was held on October 18-22, 1982.

The Conference, which was structured around invited plenary papers and contributions from researchers, served as the basis for the papers in this volume which reflect the substantial conclusions of the Conference. During the planning for the Conference, it was realized by the editors in their capacity as Co-chairmen that a major problem in biomass research was the lack of reproducibility between reported experiments and their intercomparison on account of the heterogeneity of biomass materials. A wellknown wood chemist, George M. Barton, was persuaded to prepare a survey of thermochemical researchers' interests in specified standard biomass materials. The results of this were presented at Estes Park and a panel discussion on the topic held which the editors believe has made an advance in improving the data base for all biomass research.

This volume brings together, in one place, the state-of-the-art in the v

VI Preface

many disciplines of thermochemical biomass conversion ranging from wood ultrastructure studies, wood chemistry, through to reaction kinetics. In addition, the conference's contribution to the evolution of standard reference materials research has been made the subject of the final chapter. The International Organizing Committee for the Conference consisted of:

Michael Antal, USA Dan Asplund, Finland Anthony Bridgwater, UK John Cox, USA Simon Friedrich, USA Nils Lindman, Sweden Oskar Zaborsky, USA

who join with the editors in hoping that this contribution to the science of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion will be of continuing use to scientists in this field.

During the final editing of this book, the editors were saddened to hear of the death of Professor Fred Shafizadeh, one of the senior contributors to this volume. His contribution to the understanding of the pyrolysis of biomass materials had been immense and he will be sorely missed by his scientific colleagues.

R. P. OVEREND

National Research Council of Canada

T. A. MILNE

Solar Energy Research Institute

L. K. MUDGE

Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors.

1. Wood and Biomass Ultrastructure W. E. HILLIS

2. Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Extractives O. THEANDER

3. Lignin W. G. GLASSER

4. Pretreatment of Biomass for Thermochemical Biomass

v

xv

35

61

Conversion 77 E. S. LIPINSKY

5. A Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Thermal Dehydration of Cellobiose . 89 M. D. SCHEER

6. Gasification and Liquefaction of Forest Products in Super-critical Water 95 M. MODELL

7. Thermochemical Fractionation and Liquefaction of Wood 121 R. A. YOUNG and J. L. DAVIS

vii

viii Contents

8. The Pyrolysis and Gasification of Wood in Molten Hydroxide Eutectics 143 P. J. IREDALE and B. W. HATT

9. Influence of Alkali Carbonates on Biomass Volatilization 157 R. T. HALLEN, L. J. SEALOCK JR and R. CUELLO

10. Flash Pyrolysis of Biomass with Reactive and Non-reactive Gases. 167 M. S. SUNDARAM, M. STEINBERG and P. T. FALLON

11. Pyrolytic Reactions and Products of Biomass 183 The late F. SHAFIZADEH

12. Product Formation in the Pyrolysis of Large Wood Particles 219 W.-C. R. CHAN, M. KELBON and B. B. KRIEGER

13. The Pyrolysis Under Vacuum of Aspen Poplar 237 C. Roy, B. DE CAUMIA, D. BROUILLARD and H. MENARD

14. Simulation of Kraft Lignin Pyrolysis 257 F. P. PETROCELLI and M. T. KLEIN

15. Kinetics of Wood Gasification by Carbon Dioxide and Steam 275 W. F. DEGROOT and the late F. SHAFIZADEH

16. Studies of the Rapid Pyrolysis of Sweet Gum Hardwood 293 T. R. NUNN, J. B. HOWARD, J. P. LONGWELL and W. A. PETERS

17. Pyrolysis and Hydropyrolysis of Peat at High Heating Rates 315 H. EKLUND and W. WANZL

18. Flash Pyrolysis of Lignin 329 E. AVNI, F. DAVOUDZADEH and R. W. COUGHLIN

19. Devolatilization of Maple Hardwood 345 G. ROSE and R. ZABRANSKY

Contents ix

20. The Direct, Mass-Spectrometric Study of the Primary and Secondary Pyrolysis Behavior of Biomass and its Constituents 361 T. A. MILNE and M. N. SOLTYS

21. Kinetics of Gas Formation from Cellulose and Wood Pyrolysis 385 G. M. SIMMONS and W. H. LEE

22. Fast Pyrolysis (Ultrapyrolysis) of Biomass Using Solid Heat Carriers 397 R. G. GRAHAM, M. A. BERGOUGNOU, L. K. S. MOK and H.!. DE LAsA

23. Calorific Value of Wood as Affected by Sample Particle Size and Radial Position in Stem 411 J. M. KRYLA

24. The Effects of Atmosphere on Pyrolysis of Solid Fuels Produced in Finland . 429 M. AHO and J. HUOTARI

25. Thermoanalytical Studies of Carbohydrate Pyrolysis 437 A. E. PAVLATH and K. S. GREGORSKI

26. Thermal Degradation of Rice Straw and its Components 453 A. E. LiPSKA-QUINN, S. H. ZERONIAN and K. M. MCGEE

27. Research on the Gasification of Biomass at the University of Aston in Birmingham 473 B. W. HATT, P. J. IREDALE, G. A. IRLAM, R. N. SHAND, H. H. SHEENA and E. L. SMITH

28. Char Properties and Gasification 485 P. L. WALKER JR

29. A Review of the Vapor Phase Pyrolysis of Biomass Derived Volatile Matter. 511 M. J. ANTAL JR

x Contents

30. Ablative Pyrolysis of Biomass in Solid-Convective Heat Transfer Environments 539 J. DIEBOLD and J. SCAHILL

31. The Gasification of Ponderosa Pine Charcoal 557 R. EDRICH, T. BRADLEY and M. S. GRABOSKI

32. Gasification of Chars Obtained from Maple and Jack Pine VVoods 567 S. P. NANDI and M. ONISCHAK

33. Gasification of Charcoal: Influence of VVater Vapor 589 J. R. RICHARD, M. CATHONNET and J. P. ROUAN

34. Catalytic Conversion of Tars, Carbon Black and Methane from Pyrolysis/Gasification of Biomass 60 I C. EKSTROM, N. LINDMAN and R. PETTERSSON

35. Modelling of Biomass Gasification 619 A. G. BUEKENS and J. G. SCHOETERS

36. VVood Pyrolysis and Carbon Dioxide Char Gasification Kinetics in a Fluidized Bed 691 F. G. VAN DEN AARSEN, A. A. C. M. BEENACKERS and VV. P. M. VAN SWAAIJ

37. Modelling of Fluidized Bed VV ood Gasifiers 717 D. VV. BACON, J. DOWNIE, J. C. Hsu and J. PETERS

38. Thermal Cracking of Tars and Hydrocarbons by Addition of Steam and Oxygen in the Cracking Zone 733 O. JONSSON

39. A Pressurized Thermo Balance for Pyrolysis and Gasification Studies of Biomass, VVood and Peat 747 VV. BLACKADDER and E. RENSFELT

40. Effect of Size, Shape, Density, Moisture and Furnace VVall Temperature on Burning Times of VVood Pieces 761 E. R. HUFF

Contents XI

41. Single Particle Combustion Analysis of Wood 777 W. W. SIMMONS and K. W. RAGLAND

42. Plane Flame Furnace Combustion Studies of Pulverized Wood 793 J. J. REUTHER, G. G. KARSNER and S. T. JACK

43. Analysis of Condensate and Gases Formed in Combustion of Model Wood Volatile Compounds 811 M. M. THORNTON and P. C. MALTE

44. Dissolution of Peat and Wood in Tetralin Compared with Coal 827 C. HORNELL, P. BJORNBOM, E. BJORNBOM, A. BERGSTROM, G. KARLSSON, O. KARLSSON, B. OLSSON, Y. SOLANTAUSTA and B. AHGREN

45. Fluidodynamic Effects in the Fractional Solubilization of Biomass Leading to Liquefaction 839 E. CHORNET, D. EUGENE and R. P. OVEREND

46. The Determination of the Most Important Flame Character-istics of Pellet Burners 849 V.-P. HEISKANEN, J. HUOTARI and D. ASPLUND

47. Catalysis of Gas-Phase Reactions in Steam Gasification of Biomass 863 E. G. BAKER, L. K. MUDGE and W. A. WILCOX

48. Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel Potential of Agricultural Materials 875 J. L. KUESTER, C. M. FERNANDEZ, T.-C. WANG and G. HEATH

49. Steam Gasification of Alpha Cellulose in a Fluid Bed Reactor 897 W. P. WALAWENDER, D. A. HOVELAND and L. T. FAN

50 . Wood Chip Gasification in a Commercial Downdraft Gasifier 911 W. P. WALAWENDER, S. M. CHERN and L. T. FAN

51. Methane Yield from Biomass Gasification at High Tempera-ture and Pressure 923 L. LIINANKI, N. LINDMAN, S.-O. SJOBERG and E. STROM

XII Contents

52. Low Temperature Gasification of Biomass Under Pressure 937 D. C. ELLIOTT and L. J. SEALOCK JR

53. Biomass Gasification Reaction Velocities 951 T. B. REED and M. MARKSON

54. Biomass Liquefaction: An Overview 967 E. CHORNET and R. P. OVEREND

55. Analysis and Comparison of Products from Wood Liquefaction 1003 D. C. ELLIOTT

56. Characterization of Peat and Biomass Liquids 1019 O. KARLSSON and P. BJORNBOM

57. The Products of Direct Liquefaction of Biomass 1027 H. G. DAVIS, M. A. EAMES, C. FIGUEROA, R. R. GANSLEY, L. L. SCHALEGER and D. W. WATT

58. Formation of Aromatic Compounds from Condensation Reactions of Cellulose Degradation Products-II 1039 D. A. NELSON, J. A. RUSSELL and P. M. MOLTON

59. Liquefaction of Aspen Poplar to Produce an Oil and Chemicals . 1051 R. L. EAGER, J. F. MATHEWS and J. M. PEPPER

60. Thermal Degradation of Cellulose in Alkali 1073 J. M. KROCHTA, J. S. HUDSON, C. W. DRAKE, T. R. MON and A. E. PAVLATH

61. The Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass-Derived Compounds 1087 J. H. P. UTLEY

62. Electrochemistry of Lignin Materials and Derived Compounds 1103 H. L. CHUM, D. W. SOPHER and H. A. SCHROEDER

63. The Electrolysis ofLignosite at a Reticulated Vitreous Carbon Electrode 1115 V. R. KOCH

Contents XlIJ

64. Specification of Standard Biomass Materials for Thermo-chemical Research 1127 G. M. BARTON

65. Definition of Biomass Samples Involving Wood, Bark and Foliage 1137 G. M. BARTON

Index 1145

List of Contributors

F. G. VAN DEN AARSEN

Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Twente University of Technology, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

B. AHGREN

Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

M.AHO

Technical Research Centre of Finland, PL 221, 40101 lyviiskylii 10, Finland

M. J. ANTAL JR

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2540 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

D. ASPLUND

Technical Research Centre of Finland, Domestic Fuel Laboratory, PL 221,40101 lyviiskylii 10, Finland

E. AVNI

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA

D. W. BACON

Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

xv

xvi List of Contributors

E. G. BAKER

Fuels and Mineral Technology Section, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, PO Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA

G. M. BARTON

530 Bayview Road, PO Box 308, Lion's Bay, British Columbia, VON 2EO, Canada

A. A. C. M. BEENACKERS


M. A. BERGOUGNOU

Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada

A. BERGSTROM

Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, S-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden

E. BJORNBOM


P. BJORNBOM


W. BLACKADDER

Fuel Technology Department, Studsvik Energiteknik AB, S-611 82 Nykoping, Sweden

T. BRADLEY

Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA

D. BROUILLARD

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, JJ K 2R1, Canada

A. G. BUEKENs

University of Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium

List of Contributors xvii

M. CATHONNET

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Chimie de la Combustion et des Hautes Temperatures, 1 C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45045, Orleans Cedex, France

B. DE CAUMIA

Department of Chemical Engineering, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Jl K 2Rl, Canada

w.-c. R. CHAN

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

S. M. CHERN

Department of Chemical Engineering, Durland Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA

E. CHORNET

Departement de Genie Chimique, Faculte des Sciences Appliquees, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Jl K 2Rl, Canada

H. L. CHUM

Solar Energy Research Institute, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA

R. W. COUGHLIN


R. CUELLO

Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, PO Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA

H. G. DAVIS

Energy and Environment Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

J. L. DAVIS

Department of Forestry, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

xviii List of Contributors

F. DAVOUDZADEH


W. F. DEGROOT

Wood Chemistry Laboratory, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA

1. DIEBOLD


1. DOWNIE

Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, KlL 3N6, Canada

c. W. DRAKE

Western Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Berkeley, California 94710, USA

R. L. EAGER

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7 N 0 WO, Canada

M. A. EAMES

Energy and Environment Dirision, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

R. EDRICH


H. EKLUND

Bergbau-Forschung GmbH, Franz-Fischer-Weg61, D-4300 Essen 13, Federal Republic of Germany

C. EKSTROM


List of Contributors xix

D. C. ELLIOTT


D. EUGENE

Departement de Genie Chimique, Faculte des Sciences Appliquees, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1 K 2Rl, Canada

P. T. FALLON

Process Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Department of Energy and Environment, Upton, New York 11973, USA

L. T. FAN


C. M. FERNANDEZ

Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA

C. FIGUEROA

Energy and Environment Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

R. R. GANSLEY


W. G. GLASSER

Department of Forest Products, 210 Cheatham Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA

M. S. GRABOSKI


R. G. GRAHAM

Forintek Canada Corporation, 800 Montreal Road, Ottawa, KIA 3Z5, Canada

xx List of Contributors

K. S. GREGORSKI

US Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Berkeley, California 94710, USA

R. T. HALLEN


B. W. HATT

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Aston in Birmingham, Gosta Green, Birminghan B4 7 ET, UK

G. HEATH

Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State UniL-ersity, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA

V.-P. HEISKANEN

Technical Research Centre of Finland, Domestic Fuel Laboratory, PL 221,40101 Jyvaskyla 10, Finland

W. E. HILLIS

Chief Research Scientist, Division of Chemical Technology, CSIRO, PO Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia

C. HORNELL


D. A. HOVELAND


J. B. HOWARD

Energy Laboratory and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute 0[" Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

J. C. Hsu Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

List of Contributors xxi

J. S. HUDSON

Western Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Berkeley, California 947iO, USA

E. R. HUFF

Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA

J. HUOTARI

Technical Research Centre of Finland, Domestic Fuel Laboratory, PL 221,40101 JYL'askyla 10, Finland

P. J. IREDALE

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Aston in Birmingham, Gosta Green, Birmingham B4 7 ET, UK

G. A. IRLAM


S. T. JACK

217 Academic Projects Building, Pennsylvania State University, UniL'ersity Park, Pennsyhania 16802, USA

O. JONSSON

Lund institute oj Technology, Box 740, 220 ()7 Lund 7, Sweden

G. KARLSSON

Royal institute oj Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, S-10() 44 Stockholm, Sweden

O. KARLSSON

Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, S- 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

G. G. KARSNER

Energy and Enl'ironmental Science Dil·i.~ion, WTC-1 B34, Weyerhaeuser Company, Tacoma, Washington 98477, USA

M. KELBON

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195. USA

xxii List of Contributors

M. T. KLEIN

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA

V. R. KOCH

Covalent Associates, Inc., 52 Oragon Court, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, USA

B. B. KRIEGER

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

J. M. KROCHTA


J. M. KRYLA

Forintek Canada Corporation, 800 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 3Z5, Canada

J. L. KUESTER


H. I. DE LAsA


W. H. LEE

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, USA

L. LIINANKI


N. LINDMAN


List of Contributors xxiii

E. S. LIPINSKY

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA

A. E. LIPSKA-QUINN

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA

J. P. LONGWELL

Energy Laboratory and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

K. M. MCGEE

University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA

P. C. MALTE

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

M. MARKSON


1. F. MATHEWS

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N OWO, Canada

H. MENARD

Department of Chemistry, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, JIK 2Rl, Canada

T. A. MILNE

Thermochemical and Electrochemical Research Branch, Solar Energy Research Institute, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA

M. MODELL

MaDAR Inc., 14 Tech Circle, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, USA

xxiv List of Contributors

L. K. S. MOK


P. M. MOLTON


T. R. MON


L. K. MUDGE


S. P. NANDI

Institute of Gas Technology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA

D. A. NELSON


T. R. NUNN


B. OLSSON


M.ONISCHAK


R. P. OVEREND

Energy Project, Task Coordinator Renewable Energy, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, KIA OR6, Canada

List of Contributors xxv

A. E. PAVLATH


1. M. PEPPER

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7 N 0 WO, Canada

1. PETERS

Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

W. A. PETERS


F. P. PETROCELLI

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA

R. PETTERSSON


K. W. RAGLAND

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

T. B. REED


E. RENSFELT

Fuel Technology Department, Studsvik Energiteknik AB, S-611 82 Nykoping, Sweden

1. 1. REUTHER

Fuels and Combustion Laboratory, 320 Steidle Building, Pennsylvania State Unh'ersity, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA

)(xvi List of Contributors

J. R. RICHARD

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Chimie de la Combustion et des Hautes Temperatures, lC Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45045 Orleans Cedex, France

G. ROSE


J. P.ROUAN

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Chimie de la Combustion et des Hautes Temperatures, 1 C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45045 Orleans Cedex, France

C. Roy Department of Chemical Engineering, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J 1 K 2Rl, Canada

J. A. RUSSELL


J. SCAHILL


L. L. SCHALEGER


M. D. SCHEER

Chemical Kinetics Division, National Bureau of Standards, Room A241, Building 222, Washington DC 20234, USA

J. G. SCHOETERS

University of Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, B-1050, Belgium

H. A. SCHROEDER

Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Col/ins, Colorado 80523, USA

List of Contributors xxvii

L. J. SEALOCK J R


The late F. SHAFIZADEH

Wood Chemistry Laboratory, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA

R. N. SHAND

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Aston in Birmingham, Gosta Green, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK

H. H. SHEENA


G. M. SIMMONS

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, USA

w. W. SIMMONS

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

S.-o. SJOBERG Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Technology, S-JOO 44 Stockholm, Sweden

E. L. SMITH

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Aston in Birmingham, Gosta Green, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK

Y. SOLANTAUSTA

Technical Research Centre of Finland, Fuel and Lubricant Research Laboratory, Espoo SF-02150, Finland

M. N. SOLTYS

Thermochemical and Electrochemical Research Branch, Solar Energy Research Institute, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA

xxviii List of Contributors

D. W. SOPHER

Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Colorado State Un iL-ersity, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA

M. STEINBERG

Process Sciences Dicision, Brookha1"en National Laboratory, Department of Energy and Em'ironment, Upton, New York 11973, USA

E. STROM


M. S. SUNDARAM

Process Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Department of Energy and Em'ironment, Upton, New York 11973, USA

W. P. M. VAN SWAAIJ


O. THEANDER

Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

M. M. THORNTON

Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

J. H. P. UTLEY

Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary College, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

W. P. WALAWENDER


P. L. WALKER JR Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 320 Steidle Building, Unicersity Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA

List of Contributors xxix

T.-c. WANG


W. WANZL

Bergbau-Forschung GmbH, Fran-Fischer-Weg 61, D-4300 Essen 13, federal Republic of Germany

D.W.WATT

Energy and Environment Didsion, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Unirersity of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA

W. A. WILCOX


R. A. YOUNG

Department of Forestry, UniL"ersity of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

R. ZABRANSKY

Institute of Gas Technology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, lIIinois 60616, USA

S. H. ZERONIAN

Unirersity of California at Daris, Davis, California 95616, USA

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Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion978-94-009-4932-4/1.pdf · conference on the Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion ... J. C. Hsu and J. PETERS 38