Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 11€¦ · · 2010-03-03Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 11 ... • Fluoride-containing

Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 11

Dog

Colon

Spiralcolon

Colon

Rectum

Cecum

Cecum

Cecum

Small colon

Pylorus Esophagus

Esophagus

Esophagus

Reticulum

Omasum

Abomasum

Rumen

Apex Haustra

Fundus

Body

Stomach

Stomach

Ileum

Horse

Ruminant

Rectum

Ileum

A

B

C

Figure 11-1Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning



Peristaltic wave of contraction

Segmentation

Musclesconstricted

Musclesrelaxed

A

B



Parasympatheticganglia

MuscleNerveplexus

Opiate or narcoticanalgesic antidiarrheals

work here

Mucosa

MuscleLumen of large

intestine

Anticholinergicantidiarrheal drugs

work here

Protectant/adsorbentantidiarrheal drugs

work here

A

B

C





Parasympatheticganglia

Muscle

Nerveplexus

Emollient laxativeswork here

Osmotic laxativeswork here

Stimulant laxativeswork here

Bulk-forming laxatives work here

Mucosa

MuscleLumen of large

intestine

D

A

B

C



Higher corticalcenters

Vomiting center(medulla)

Vomitingreflex

StomachSmall intestine

Inner ear

Chemoreceptortrigger zone


Figure 11-7ACopyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

StomachHigher centers

(cerebrum)acetylcholine(histamine)

• psychogenic

Vomition acetylcholine

Vomiting Centeracetylcholine

(histamine H1)

Vestibular apparatushistamine (H1)(acetylcholine)

CRTZ

VagusVagal andsympathetic nerves

Peripheral receptors acetylcholine

abdominal and thoracic organs

• irritation• distension• hyperosmolarity• inflammation• neurokinin1 • retrograde antral

contraction• relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter

• elevated CSF pressure• CNS disorders

• motion sickness• labyrinthitis

dopamine • drugs • toxinsserotonin • drugsneurokinin1

A


Figure 11-7BCopyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Stomach

Higher centers• anticholinergics

Vomiting center• anticholinergics

Vestibular apparatus• antihistamines

• phenothiazines• serotonin receptor agonists• procainamide derivatives• NK1 receptor antagonists

VagusVagal andsympathetic nervesPeripheral receptors

• anticholinergics• serotonin receptor agonists• procainamide derivatives• NK1 receptor antagonists

CRTZ

B



Vagus nerve

Acetylcholine

Histamine2 receptor

Stomach cells

H2 blocker(blocks theH2 receptor)

Antacids(neutralize

stomach acid)

Prostaglandin analogs(suppress gastric

secretions)

(increases mucusproduction)

HCl

Coats ulcerMucosalprotective drug

Proton pump inhibitor (binds to enzyme onstomach cell surface

and blocks HClproduction)



Abomasum

Rumen




Table 11-1Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Table 11-1 Veterinary Dental Products and Their Uses

Product Type

Trade Name Considerations

Cleansing • C.E.T.® Dentifrice

• Oxydent®

• Nolvadent® Oral Cleansing Solution

• Oral Dent®

• C.E.T.® Oral Hygiene Spray

• C.E.T.® Chews

• C.E.T.® Toothbrush

• CHX® Oral Cleansing Solution

• MaxiGuard® Oral Cleansing Gel

• Hill’s t/d Diet®

• C.E.T.® Prophypaste (polishing paste)

• C.E.T.® Veggiedent™ Chews

• Purina Dental Health Diets®

• Del Monte Tartar Check® Dog Biscuit

• Friskies Cheweez® Beefhide Treats for Dogs

• These products are used to clean oral surfaces with or without antiseptic components.

• These products may help with plaque removal and breath freshening.

• Most of these prod-ucts need not be rinsed.

• These products con-tain either enzymes such as lactoperoxi-dase or antiseptics such as chlorhexi-dine.

• Dentifrices are sub-stances that clean the teeth.

(continued )


Table 11-1 continuedCopyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Product Type

Trade Name Considerations

• Greenies® Edible Dog Treats

• Iams Chunk Dental Defense Diet for Dogs®

• Science Diet Oral Care Diet for Dogs®

Fluoride containing

• C.E.T.® Oral Hygiene Spray with Fluoride

• FluroFom®

• Fluoride-containing products designed for animals have lower concentrations of fl uoride than human products.

• Fluoride desensitizes exposed dentin, strengthens tooth enamel, and stimu-lates remineraliza-tion of the enamel.

Disclosing • First Sight® Disclosing Swab

• 2-Tone® Disclosing Solution

• Plak-Check ® Disclos-ing Solution

• Reveal ® Disclosing Solution

• Single color systems may have dyes (such as fl uorescein or

stain plaque

• 2-color systems stain new plaque red and old plaque blue.

• Disclosing solu-tions are used as client education or after dental prophy-laxis to check dental technique.

Vaccine • Porphyromonas den-ticanis-gulae-salivosa Bacterin ®

• Inactivated P. denti-canis, P. gulae, and P. salivosa bacterin

• Approved for the vac-cination of healthy dogs to aid in pre-venting periodontitis (demonstrated by a reduction in bone changes [osteolysis/osteosclerosis]).

• Healthy dogs should receive 2 doses administered 3 weeks apart.

• Duration of immu-nity for this product has not been deter-mined; 6 and 12 month intervals are being evaluated.


Table 11-2Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Table 11-2 Drugs Covered in This Chapter

selpmaxEyrogetaC

Antisialogues • Anticholinergics: glycopyrrolate and atropine

Antidiarrheals • Anticholinergics: atropine, aminopentamide, isopropamide, propantheline, methscopolamine, and N-butylscopolammonium bromide

• Protectants/adsorbents: bismuth subsalicylate, kaolin/pectin, and activated charcoal

• Opiate or narcotic agents: diphenoxylate, loperamide, and paregoric

• Probiotics: benefi cial bacteria-containing products

• Anaerobic antibiotic: metronidazole

(continued )



selpmaxEyrogetaC

Laxatives • Osmotics: lactulose, sodium phosphate with sodium biphosphate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, and polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution

• Stimulant: bisacodyl and castor oil

• Bulk forming: psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid, polycarbophil, and bran

• Emollients: docusate sodium, docusate calcium, docusate potassium, and petroleum products

Antiemetics • Phenothiazine derivatives: acepromazine, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, and perphenazine

• Antihistamines: trimethobenzamide, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, and meclizine

• Anticholinergics: aminopentamide, atropine, and propantheline

• Procainamide derivatives: metoclopramide

• Serotonin receptor antagonists: ondansetron and dolasetron

• Neurokinin receptor antagonist: maropitant citrate

Emetics • Centrally acting: apomorphine and xylazine

• Peripherally acting: ipecac syrup and various home remedies

Antiulcer drugs • Systemic antacids: sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate

• Nonsystemic antacids: magnesium hydroxide, aluminum/magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide

• H2-receptor antagonists: cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine

• Mucosal protective drugs: sucralfate

• Prostaglandin analogs: misoprostol

• Proton pump inhibitors: omeprazole and lansoprazole

Antifoaming agents

• Defoaming agents: poloxalene and polymerized methyl silicone

Prokinetic agents • Parasympathomimetic agents: neostigmine and dexpanthenol

• Dopaminergic antagonists: metoclopramide and domperidone

• Serotonergic agents: cisapride

Digestive enzyme supplements

• Digestive enzyme replacement: pancrealipase

(continued )



Table 11-2 (Continued )

selpmaxEyrogetaC

Appetite stimulants

• Serotonin antagonist antihistamine: cyproheptadine

• Benzodiazepines: diazepam and oxazepam

• Tetracyclic antidepressant: mirtazapine

• Glucocorticoids: prednisone

• Anabolic steroid: boldenone undecylenate

• Progestin: megestrol acetate

Appetite depressants

• Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor: dirlotapide (weight management)

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Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 11€¦ · · 2010-03-03Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 11 ... • Fluoride-containing