Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene

6th Edition

Chapter 8:Particulate Matter

Compiled by Allen Sullivan,

Assistant Professor, Safety and Health ManagementCentral Washington University

Introduction

• Background• historical notes• route of entry• labeling

• nuisance dusts• PNOC• PNOR

• nanoparticles• pneumoconiosis

Basic Concepts and Examples

• Particle Deposition Mechanisms• inertial impaction• interception• sedimentation• electrostatic attraction• diffusion

• Brownian movement

Particle Filtration Mechanisms

• Filter Types• HEPA• ULPA• Electret

• (thermal rebound effect)

Particle Size Distributions

• Particle Size Distributions• particle cloud• particle size

• monodisperse• polydisperse

• particle concentration• particle count• particle mass• particle surface area

Determining Acceptable Exposure

• Critical Factors• chemical composition• isotopic composition• crystalline structure• shape of particle• size of particle

• aerodynamic equivalent diameter

• dose• exposure limits

• references• time bases

Determining Acceptable Exposure (cont.)

• Critical Factors (cont.)• pre-existing health/genetics• concurrent exposure

• non-interactive• additive• synergistic

Biological Reactions

• Biological Reactions• sensory irritation• rapid, shallow breathing• lung edema• acute/chronic bronchitis• allergic sensitization• fibrosis• emphysema• systemic toxicity• lymphatic toxicity• oncogenesis• infection• metal fume fever

Engineered Nanoparticles

• Engineered Nanoparticles• four characteristics• chemical and physical behavior• crossing anatomical barriers

1 mg of particles of 1 nm3 has the same surface area as 1 kg of particles of 1 mm3

Various forms of nano zinc oxide.

Sampling Particulate Matter

• Sampling Particulate Matter• air samples• surface samples• biological samples

• Types of Air Samples• breathing zone sampling• general air sampling

• Analysis of PM Samples• microscopic counting• respirable mass fraction

Specific PM Sampling

• Dual-Phase Monitoring• Microbial• Radon

Specific PM Sampling (cont.)

• Diesel Particulate Matter• Engineered Nanoparticles• Isokinetic Sampling

Specific PM Sampling (cont.)

• Surface Sampling• dry swipe• wet swipe• vacuum collection• lift tape• direct-read instruments

Analysis of Air Samples

• Analysis of Air Samples• Metals

• spectroscopic analysis

• Free-Crystalline Silica• infrared spectrophotometry• powder x-ray diffraction

Analysis of Air Samples (cont.)

• Asbestos• issues

• non-specific• resolution• fiber counting• fiber size

Analysis of Air Samples (cont.)

• Radioactive Particles• scintillator• Geiger-Mueller tube• liquid scintillation

• Gravimetric Analysis• methodology

Analysis of Air Samples (cont.)

• Microorganisms• viability• lack of specificity

• Organic Particles• gas chromotography

Direct-Read Particle Detectors

• Direct-Read Particle Detectors• sample collection device + sample analysis device

• condensation nuclei counters