FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING amp COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

UNIT II

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

2 Marks

Computer Software ndashTypes of Software ndash Software Development Steps ndash Internet

Evolution - Basic Internet Terminology ndash Getting connected to

Internet Applications

1 Define Computer Software

Software is a set of programs or collection of programs that is executed by the

Computerrsquos

CPU to function it in a desired way

2 What is meant by Installation and Assembling

Installation ndashIt is the process of loading the software package into the computer

Assembling ndash It is the process of mounting different computer peripherals into

one to make the computer to function properly

3 Define Hardware

Hardware is the physical components of the computer

4 What are the types of Software

1 Application software

2 System software

5 Define OS

An operating system is a set of programs which are used to control and co-

ordinate the computer system

6 What are the basic functions of an OS

bull Process Management

bull Memory Management

bull File Management

bull Device Management

bull Security Management

bull User Interface

7 What are the types of Operating System

bull Single user operating system

bull Multi-user operating system

bull Time sharing operating system

bull Virtual storage operating system

bull Real time operating system

bull Multiprocessing operating system

bull Virtual machine operating system

8 Define Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing is the process of executing a single job by using multiple CPUrsquos

9 What are language translators

The language translators are the programs which come under system software

category They are Compilers Interpreters and Assembler

10 What are a Compiler Assembler and Interpreter

Compiler It is a program which is used to convert the high level language

program into machine language

Assembler It is a program which is used to convert the assembly level language

program into machine language

Interpreter It is a program it takes one statement of a high level language

program translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately

executes the resulting machine language instruction

11 What is Device Driver

In computing a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher- level computer programs to interact with ahardware device

4 What are the types of Software

1 Application software

2 System software

5 Define OS

An operating system is a set of programs which are used to control and co-

ordinate the computer system

6 What are the basic functions of an OS

bull Process Management

bull Memory Management

bull File Management

bull Device Management

bull Security Management

bull User Interface

7 What are the types of Operating System

bull Single user operating system

bull Multi-user operating system

bull Time sharing operating system

bull Virtual storage operating system

bull Real time operating system

bull Multiprocessing operating system

bull Virtual machine operating system

8 Define Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing is the process of executing a single job by using multiple CPUrsquos

9 What are language translators

The language translators are the programs which come under system software

category They are Compilers Interpreters and Assembler

10 What are a Compiler Assembler and Interpreter

Compiler It is a program which is used to convert the high level language

program into machine language

Assembler It is a program which is used to convert the assembly level language

program into machine language

Interpreter It is a program it takes one statement of a high level language

program translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately

executes the resulting machine language instruction

11 What is Device Driver

In computing a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher- level computer programs to interact with ahardware device

bull Real time operating system

bull Multiprocessing operating system

bull Virtual machine operating system

8 Define Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing is the process of executing a single job by using multiple CPUrsquos

9 What are language translators

The language translators are the programs which come under system software

category They are Compilers Interpreters and Assembler

10 What are a Compiler Assembler and Interpreter

Compiler It is a program which is used to convert the high level language

program into machine language

Assembler It is a program which is used to convert the assembly level language

program into machine language

Interpreter It is a program it takes one statement of a high level language

program translates it into machine language instruction and then immediately

executes the resulting machine language instruction

11 What is Device Driver

In computing a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher- level computer programs to interact with ahardware device

A driver typically communicates with the device through thecomputer bus

or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects

12 What is the purpose of a Device Driver

A device driver simplifies programming by acting as a translator between a

hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it Programmers

can write the higher-level application code independently of whatever specific

hardware device it will ultimately control because code and device can interface in

a standard way regardless of the software superstructure or of underlying

hardware Every version of a device such as a printerrequires its own hardware-

specific specialized commands

13 What is a linker

A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable

program

Many programming languages allow you to write different pieces

ofcode called modules separately This simplifies the programming task because

you can break a large program into small more manageable pieces

Modules has to be put together This is the job of the linker

In addition to combining modules a linker also replaces symbolicaddresses with

real addresses Therefore you may need to link aprogram even if it contains only

one module

14 What is a loader

In computing a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for one

of the essential stages in the process of starting a program loading programs that

is starting up programs by reading the contents of executable files (executables-

files containing program text) into memory then carrying out other required

preparatory tasks after which the program code is finally allowed to run and is

started when the operating system passes control to the loaded program code

15 What is Booting

In computing booting (also known as booting up) is a bootstrapping process that

starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer systemA boot

sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is

switched on The boot

loader typically loads the main operating system for the computer

16 What is application software

An application software is a set of programs that allows the computer to perform a

specific

data processing for the user

17 How can you obtain required software

bull Buying Pre-defined software

bull Buying customized software

bull Developing the software

bull Downloading from the Internet

18 What are the categories of application software

bull Customized Application Software

bull General Application Software

19 Define the System

System is a group of interrelated components working together towards a common

goal

20 Specify the personnelrsquos who are responsible for system design and

implementation

bull System Personnel

bull System Analyst

bull System Designer

bull Programmers

bull Users

21 What is system development cycle

System development cycle is the sequence of events considered by the system

developers to build the new system or to replace the old one

22 What are the phases of Software Development Cycle

bull Requirement Analysis

bull Feasibility study

bull System Analysis and Design

bull Coding Development

bull Testing

bull Implementation

bull Maintenance

23 What is Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document

The Software Required Specification (SRS) Document is produced at the end of

Requirement Analysis stage which specifies all requirements of the customer

24 What is meant by Testing

Testing is the process of executing the proposed software with sample or test data

and put into regular use

25 How the system can be tested

bull Unit Testing

bull Integration Testing

bull System Testing

bull User Acceptance Test and Installation Testing

26 What is Design

The Design is the process of specifying the detailed operation of the system

27 Classify the Design phase

bull High-Level Design (System Design)

bull Low-Level Design (Detailed Design)

28 What is meant by Coding

Coding is the process of writing program in a programming language

29 What is Implementation amp Maintenance

Implementation is the process of putting the system into regular use

Maintenance is the process of enhancing the system after installation

30 What is Internet

Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks linked by copper

wires fiber optic cables and wireless connections etc

31 Define protocol

In computing a protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to

communicate with each other across a network A protocol is a convention or

standard that controls or enables the connection communication and data transfer

bull Feasibility study

bull System Analysis and Design

bull Coding Development

bull Testing

bull Implementation

bull Maintenance

23 What is Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document

The Software Required Specification (SRS) Document is produced at the end of

Requirement Analysis stage which specifies all requirements of the customer

24 What is meant by Testing

Testing is the process of executing the proposed software with sample or test data

and put into regular use

25 How the system can be tested

bull Unit Testing

bull Integration Testing

bull System Testing

bull User Acceptance Test and Installation Testing

26 What is Design

The Design is the process of specifying the detailed operation of the system

27 Classify the Design phase

bull High-Level Design (System Design)

bull Low-Level Design (Detailed Design)

28 What is meant by Coding

Coding is the process of writing program in a programming language

29 What is Implementation amp Maintenance

Implementation is the process of putting the system into regular use

Maintenance is the process of enhancing the system after installation

30 What is Internet

Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks linked by copper

wires fiber optic cables and wireless connections etc

31 Define protocol

In computing a protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to

communicate with each other across a network A protocol is a convention or

standard that controls or enables the connection communication and data transfer

26 What is Design

The Design is the process of specifying the detailed operation of the system

27 Classify the Design phase

bull High-Level Design (System Design)

bull Low-Level Design (Detailed Design)

28 What is meant by Coding

Coding is the process of writing program in a programming language

29 What is Implementation amp Maintenance

Implementation is the process of putting the system into regular use

Maintenance is the process of enhancing the system after installation

30 What is Internet

Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks linked by copper

wires fiber optic cables and wireless connections etc

31 Define protocol

In computing a protocol is a set of rules which is used by computers to

communicate with each other across a network A protocol is a convention or

standard that controls or enables the connection communication and data transfer

between computing endpoints In its simplest form a protocol can be defined as

the rules governing the syntax semantics and synchronization of communication

Protocols may be implemented by hardware software or a combination of the two

At the lowest level a protocol defines the behavior of a hardware connection

32 What is Web

The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources linked by

hyperlinks and URLrsquos

33 What is ARPANET

It is acrimony for Advanced Research Project Agency NET created by

Department of

Defence (DOD)

34 What is a Web page

A webpage or web page is a document or resource of information that is suitable

for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser

and displayed on a computer screen This information is usually in HTML

or XHTML format and may provide navigation to other web pages via hypertext

links

35 Define Website

A website is a collection of WebPages images videos or other digital assets that is

based on one or more web servers usually accessible through the Internet

36 What is an IP

IP stands for Internet Protocol which is the language that computer used to

communicate over the Internet

37 Name some of the services of Internet or Internet applications

(JAN 2009)

bull E-Mail

bull Chat

bull Remote Access

bull File Sharing

bull Voice Telephony

bull File Transfer Protocol

bull Telnet

bull Internet Relay Chat

bull Video Conferencing

38 What is HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for

distributed collaborative hypermedia information systems Its use for retrieving

inter-linked resources called hypertext documents led to the establishment of

the World Wide Web in 1990

There are two major versions HTTP10 that uses a separate connection for every

document and HTTP11 that can reuse the same connection to download for

instance images for the just served page Hence HTTP11 may be faster as it takes

time to set up the connections

39 What is TCPIP

Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol the suite of communications

protocols used to connect hosts on the InternetTCPIP uses several protocols the

two main ones being TCP and IP TCPIP is built into the UNIX operating system

and is used by the Internet making it the de facto standard for transmitting data

overnetworks Even network operating systems that have their own protocols such

as Netware also support TCPIP

40 Define URL

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a subset of the Uniform Resource

Identifier (URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the

mechanism for retrieving it In popular usage and in many technical documents and

verbal discussions it is often incorrectly used as a synonym for URI[1] In popular

language a URI is also referred to as a Web address

41 Define ISP

An Internet service provider (ISP also called Internet access provider or IAP)

is a company that offers its customerrsquos access to the Internet The ISP connects to

its customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering

Internet Protocol datagramrsquos such as dial-up DSL cable modem wireless or

dedicated high-speed interconnects

ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to

communicate with one another by sending and receiving electronic messages

through their ISPs servers

ISPs may provide other services such as remotely storing data fileson behalf of

their customers as well as other services unique to each particular ISP

42 Define Home page

The homepage (often written as home page) is the URL or local file that

automatically loads when a web browser starts or when the browsers home

button is pressed One can turn this feature off and on as well as specify a URL for

the page to be loaded The term is also used to refer to the front page web server

directory index or main web page of a website of a group company organization

or individual

43 Define Web Browser

A web browser is a software application for retrieving presenting and traversing

information resources on the World Wide Web An information resource is

identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page image

video or other piece of content Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to

easily navigate their browsers to related resources

The major web browsers are Windows Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox Apple

Safari Google Chrome and Opera

44 Differentiate Application and System Software (JAN FEB 2009)

S No Application Software System Software

1 Used to perform specific

data

processing or

System software is the code

that controls

the hardware

computational tasks to

the user

2 It runs on top of the

operating system

and performs a number of

tasks for the computer

system

It forms the foundation and

takes care of

the most basic tasks of the

computer system

3 Example MS-Word Example Operating System

45 Difference between web page and website (JAN 2009JAN 2010)

S No Web page Web site

1 A web page is one

screen full of

information (from a web

site) that may contain

links to other pages in

the web

site or links to external

information

A website is a collection of

one or more

web pages designed to convey

information on a particular

subject or

theme to a web user

2 Every webpage should

contain a Page

Title in the head section

A web page may contain

text animation or

graphics elements

Website will have a domain

name

Example A company will

have a web site providing

structured information

about the company

3 Web page is an single

entity

Web site can have more than

one web

page

46 Differentiate machine language and high level language (JAN 2010)

S No Machine language High level Language

1 Represented in numbers Human readable form

2 Directly executed by the

Central

Processing Unit

Should be translated into

machine code

by compiler interpreter

3 Example ADD A B

where A and B

are operands and ADD is

an opcode

Example C C++

47 Difference between Compiler and Interpreter (JAN 2010)

S No Compiler Interpreter

1 Executes source code

into target or

assembly code

Executes source code directly

or to an

intermediate form

2 Compilers convert once

the source

program

Interpreter converts every time

the

program runs

3 Languages for compiler

conversion C

C++

Languages for interpreter

conversion

MATLAB Python

48 What is IP Address (JAN 2009)

Internet protocol address is the address of a device attached to an IP network

(TCPIP

network) Every client server and network device is assigned an IP address and

every IP packet traversing an IP network contains a source IP address and a

destination IP address

49 Name any four application software packages (JAN 2009)

Word Processors

Spreadsheets

Data bases

Graphics Presentations

Web browsers

50 What is soft loading (JAN 2009)

A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer under

software

control without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line It usually

though not always refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine

The Control-Alt-Delete key combination is used to allow the soft rebooting the

system

51 What are the steps involved in booting (JAN 2009) First the Power On

Self Tests (POST) is conducted These tests verify that the system is

operating correctly and will display an error message andor output a series

of beeps known as beep codes depending on the BIOS manufacturer

Second is initialization in which the BIOS look for the video card built in BIOS

program and runs it The BIOS then looks for other devices ROMs to see if any of

them have BIOSes and they are executed as well

Third is to initiate the boot process The BIOS looks for boot information that is

contained in file called the master boot record (MBR) at the first sector on the disk

If it is

searching a floppy disk it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a

volume boot sector Once an acceptable boot record is found the operating system

is loaded which takes over control of the computer

52 What is the difference between text and graphical browsers (JAN 2010)

S No Text browser Graphical browser

1 No GUI Based on GUI

2 Links are based on text

entry

Links are present as

icons or images

3 Allow users to display

and interact

only with text on the

web pages

Allow users to display

and interact with

various images present

on the web pages

4 Example Lynx web

browser

Example Internet

Explorer Netscape

Navigator

Part B- 16 mark

1 Give the categories of Software with example (JAN 2009 MAY 2009)

SOFTWARE TYPES

Computer software is normally classified into two broad categories

bull Application Software

bull System software

System Software

It is a generic term for referring to any computer program whose purpose is

to help user to run the computer system

An instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the

computer for operation of computer system as a whole

When you switch on the computer the programs written in ROM is

executed which activates different units of your computer and makes it

ready for you to work on it This set of program can be called system

software

Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more

programs designed to control the operation of computer system

It acts as an interface between the hardware of the computer and the

software applications

System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such

as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the

computer

It communicates with printers card reader disk tapes etc monitor the use

of various hardware like memory CPU etc

Also system software is essential for the development of

applications software

System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer

with less time and effort

Operating system

- First layer of software loaded into the computer memory when it starts up

- Organizes and controls the hardware

Basic Functions

Process Management Handles the creation deletion suspension

resumption and synchronization of processes

Memory management Handles allocation and de-allocation of memory

space as required by various programs

File Management Responsible for creation deletion and other

basic operations on files and directories

Device management Manages all devices of the computer system

Security management Protects system resources and information

against destruction and other unauthorized use

User Interface Provides interface between user and the hardware

Device drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a device

A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is

connected

When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver the driver issues

commands to the device

Once the device sends data back to the driver the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific They

usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary

asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface

Language translators

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program

written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent

program written in another computer language (called the output

object or target language) Most compilers translate source code written

in a high level language to object code or machine language that may

be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine

Interpreter

A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the

program at the same time It translates one program statement into machine

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

S No Machine language High level Language

1 Represented in numbers Human readable form

2 Directly executed by the

Central

Processing Unit

Should be translated into

machine code

by compiler interpreter

3 Example ADD A B

where A and B

are operands and ADD is

an opcode

Example C C++

47 Difference between Compiler and Interpreter (JAN 2010)

S No Compiler Interpreter

1 Executes source code

into target or

assembly code

Executes source code directly

or to an

intermediate form

2 Compilers convert once

the source

program

Interpreter converts every time

the

program runs

3 Languages for compiler

conversion C

C++

Languages for interpreter

conversion

MATLAB Python

48 What is IP Address (JAN 2009)

Internet protocol address is the address of a device attached to an IP network

(TCPIP

network) Every client server and network device is assigned an IP address and

every IP packet traversing an IP network contains a source IP address and a

destination IP address

49 Name any four application software packages (JAN 2009)

Word Processors

Spreadsheets

Data bases

Graphics Presentations

Web browsers

50 What is soft loading (JAN 2009)

A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer under

software

control without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line It usually

though not always refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine

The Control-Alt-Delete key combination is used to allow the soft rebooting the

system

51 What are the steps involved in booting (JAN 2009) First the Power On

Self Tests (POST) is conducted These tests verify that the system is

operating correctly and will display an error message andor output a series

of beeps known as beep codes depending on the BIOS manufacturer

Second is initialization in which the BIOS look for the video card built in BIOS

program and runs it The BIOS then looks for other devices ROMs to see if any of

them have BIOSes and they are executed as well

Third is to initiate the boot process The BIOS looks for boot information that is

contained in file called the master boot record (MBR) at the first sector on the disk

If it is

searching a floppy disk it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a

volume boot sector Once an acceptable boot record is found the operating system

is loaded which takes over control of the computer

52 What is the difference between text and graphical browsers (JAN 2010)

S No Text browser Graphical browser

1 No GUI Based on GUI

2 Links are based on text

entry

Links are present as

icons or images

3 Allow users to display

and interact

only with text on the

web pages

Allow users to display

and interact with

various images present

on the web pages

4 Example Lynx web

browser

Example Internet

Explorer Netscape

Navigator

Part B- 16 mark

1 Give the categories of Software with example (JAN 2009 MAY 2009)

SOFTWARE TYPES

Computer software is normally classified into two broad categories

bull Application Software

bull System software

System Software

It is a generic term for referring to any computer program whose purpose is

to help user to run the computer system

An instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the

computer for operation of computer system as a whole

When you switch on the computer the programs written in ROM is

executed which activates different units of your computer and makes it

ready for you to work on it This set of program can be called system

software

Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more

programs designed to control the operation of computer system

It acts as an interface between the hardware of the computer and the

software applications

System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such

as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the

computer

It communicates with printers card reader disk tapes etc monitor the use

of various hardware like memory CPU etc

Also system software is essential for the development of

applications software

System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer

with less time and effort

Operating system

- First layer of software loaded into the computer memory when it starts up

- Organizes and controls the hardware

Basic Functions

Process Management Handles the creation deletion suspension

resumption and synchronization of processes

Memory management Handles allocation and de-allocation of memory

space as required by various programs

File Management Responsible for creation deletion and other

basic operations on files and directories

Device management Manages all devices of the computer system

Security management Protects system resources and information

against destruction and other unauthorized use

User Interface Provides interface between user and the hardware

Device drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a device

A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is

connected

When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver the driver issues

commands to the device

Once the device sends data back to the driver the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific They

usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary

asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface

Language translators

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program

written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent

program written in another computer language (called the output

object or target language) Most compilers translate source code written

in a high level language to object code or machine language that may

be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine

Interpreter

A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the

program at the same time It translates one program statement into machine

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

49 Name any four application software packages (JAN 2009)

Word Processors

Spreadsheets

Data bases

Graphics Presentations

Web browsers

50 What is soft loading (JAN 2009)

A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer under

software

control without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line It usually

though not always refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine

The Control-Alt-Delete key combination is used to allow the soft rebooting the

system

51 What are the steps involved in booting (JAN 2009) First the Power On

Self Tests (POST) is conducted These tests verify that the system is

operating correctly and will display an error message andor output a series

of beeps known as beep codes depending on the BIOS manufacturer

Second is initialization in which the BIOS look for the video card built in BIOS

program and runs it The BIOS then looks for other devices ROMs to see if any of

them have BIOSes and they are executed as well

Third is to initiate the boot process The BIOS looks for boot information that is

contained in file called the master boot record (MBR) at the first sector on the disk

If it is

searching a floppy disk it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a

volume boot sector Once an acceptable boot record is found the operating system

is loaded which takes over control of the computer

52 What is the difference between text and graphical browsers (JAN 2010)

S No Text browser Graphical browser

1 No GUI Based on GUI

2 Links are based on text

entry

Links are present as

icons or images

3 Allow users to display

and interact

only with text on the

web pages

Allow users to display

and interact with

various images present

on the web pages

4 Example Lynx web

browser

Example Internet

Explorer Netscape

Navigator

Part B- 16 mark

1 Give the categories of Software with example (JAN 2009 MAY 2009)

SOFTWARE TYPES

Computer software is normally classified into two broad categories

bull Application Software

bull System software

System Software

It is a generic term for referring to any computer program whose purpose is

to help user to run the computer system

An instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the

computer for operation of computer system as a whole

When you switch on the computer the programs written in ROM is

executed which activates different units of your computer and makes it

ready for you to work on it This set of program can be called system

software

Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more

programs designed to control the operation of computer system

It acts as an interface between the hardware of the computer and the

software applications

System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such

as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the

computer

It communicates with printers card reader disk tapes etc monitor the use

of various hardware like memory CPU etc

Also system software is essential for the development of

applications software

System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer

with less time and effort

Operating system

- First layer of software loaded into the computer memory when it starts up

- Organizes and controls the hardware

Basic Functions

Process Management Handles the creation deletion suspension

resumption and synchronization of processes

Memory management Handles allocation and de-allocation of memory

space as required by various programs

File Management Responsible for creation deletion and other

basic operations on files and directories

Device management Manages all devices of the computer system

Security management Protects system resources and information

against destruction and other unauthorized use

User Interface Provides interface between user and the hardware

Device drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a device

A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is

connected

When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver the driver issues

commands to the device

Once the device sends data back to the driver the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific They

usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary

asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface

Language translators

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program

written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent

program written in another computer language (called the output

object or target language) Most compilers translate source code written

in a high level language to object code or machine language that may

be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine

Interpreter

A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the

program at the same time It translates one program statement into machine

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Third is to initiate the boot process The BIOS looks for boot information that is

contained in file called the master boot record (MBR) at the first sector on the disk

If it is

searching a floppy disk it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a

volume boot sector Once an acceptable boot record is found the operating system

is loaded which takes over control of the computer

52 What is the difference between text and graphical browsers (JAN 2010)

S No Text browser Graphical browser

1 No GUI Based on GUI

2 Links are based on text

entry

Links are present as

icons or images

3 Allow users to display

and interact

only with text on the

web pages

Allow users to display

and interact with

various images present

on the web pages

4 Example Lynx web

browser

Example Internet

Explorer Netscape

Navigator

Part B- 16 mark

1 Give the categories of Software with example (JAN 2009 MAY 2009)

SOFTWARE TYPES

Computer software is normally classified into two broad categories

bull Application Software

bull System software

System Software

It is a generic term for referring to any computer program whose purpose is

to help user to run the computer system

An instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the

computer for operation of computer system as a whole

When you switch on the computer the programs written in ROM is

executed which activates different units of your computer and makes it

ready for you to work on it This set of program can be called system

software

Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more

programs designed to control the operation of computer system

It acts as an interface between the hardware of the computer and the

software applications

System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such

as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the

computer

It communicates with printers card reader disk tapes etc monitor the use

of various hardware like memory CPU etc

Also system software is essential for the development of

applications software

System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer

with less time and effort

Operating system

- First layer of software loaded into the computer memory when it starts up

- Organizes and controls the hardware

Basic Functions

Process Management Handles the creation deletion suspension

resumption and synchronization of processes

Memory management Handles allocation and de-allocation of memory

space as required by various programs

File Management Responsible for creation deletion and other

basic operations on files and directories

Device management Manages all devices of the computer system

Security management Protects system resources and information

against destruction and other unauthorized use

User Interface Provides interface between user and the hardware

Device drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a device

A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is

connected

When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver the driver issues

commands to the device

Once the device sends data back to the driver the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific They

usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary

asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface

Language translators

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program

written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent

program written in another computer language (called the output

object or target language) Most compilers translate source code written

in a high level language to object code or machine language that may

be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine

Interpreter

A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the

program at the same time It translates one program statement into machine

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Part B- 16 mark

1 Give the categories of Software with example (JAN 2009 MAY 2009)

SOFTWARE TYPES

Computer software is normally classified into two broad categories

bull Application Software

bull System software

System Software

It is a generic term for referring to any computer program whose purpose is

to help user to run the computer system

An instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the

computer for operation of computer system as a whole

When you switch on the computer the programs written in ROM is

executed which activates different units of your computer and makes it

ready for you to work on it This set of program can be called system

software

Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more

programs designed to control the operation of computer system

It acts as an interface between the hardware of the computer and the

software applications

System software are general programs designed for performing tasks such

as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the

computer

It communicates with printers card reader disk tapes etc monitor the use

of various hardware like memory CPU etc

Also system software is essential for the development of

applications software

System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer

with less time and effort

Operating system

- First layer of software loaded into the computer memory when it starts up

- Organizes and controls the hardware

Basic Functions

Process Management Handles the creation deletion suspension

resumption and synchronization of processes

Memory management Handles allocation and de-allocation of memory

space as required by various programs

File Management Responsible for creation deletion and other

basic operations on files and directories

Device management Manages all devices of the computer system

Security management Protects system resources and information

against destruction and other unauthorized use

User Interface Provides interface between user and the hardware

Device drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a device

A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is

connected

When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver the driver issues

commands to the device

Once the device sends data back to the driver the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific They

usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary

asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface

Language translators

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program

written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent

program written in another computer language (called the output

object or target language) Most compilers translate source code written

in a high level language to object code or machine language that may

be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine

Interpreter

A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the

program at the same time It translates one program statement into machine

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

System Software allows application packages to be run on the computer

with less time and effort

Operating system

- First layer of software loaded into the computer memory when it starts up

- Organizes and controls the hardware

Basic Functions

Process Management Handles the creation deletion suspension

resumption and synchronization of processes

Memory management Handles allocation and de-allocation of memory

space as required by various programs

File Management Responsible for creation deletion and other

basic operations on files and directories

Device management Manages all devices of the computer system

Security management Protects system resources and information

against destruction and other unauthorized use

User Interface Provides interface between user and the hardware

Device drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a device

A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is

connected

When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver the driver issues

commands to the device

Once the device sends data back to the driver the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific They

usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary

asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface

Language translators

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program

written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent

program written in another computer language (called the output

object or target language) Most compilers translate source code written

in a high level language to object code or machine language that may

be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine

Interpreter

A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the

program at the same time It translates one program statement into machine

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Device drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing

higher-level computer programs to interact with a device

A driver typically communicates with the device through the

computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is

connected

When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver the driver issues

commands to the device

Once the device sends data back to the driver the driver may invoke

routines in the original calling program

Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific They

usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary

asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface

Language translators

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program

written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent

program written in another computer language (called the output

object or target language) Most compilers translate source code written

in a high level language to object code or machine language that may

be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine

Interpreter

A high-level programming language translator that translates and runs the

program at the same time It translates one program statement into machine

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

language executes it and then proceeds to the next statement This differs from

regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded

instructions Interpreted programs remain in the source language the

programmer wrote in which is human readable text

Assembler

Software that translates assembly language into machine language

Contrast with compiler which is used to translate a high-level language such as

COBOL or C into assembly language first and then into machine language

System utility

Perform tasks related to maintenance of the computer

These programs used to supportenhance and secure existing programs and

data

Application software

It employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user

wishes to perform

Accomplish specific tasks

It may consists of single or collection of programs (Software packages)

which work together to accomplish a task

It dependent on system software

Some application software are

Word processor-compose edit print documents

Spreadsheet-generating report egMS excel

Image editor- capturingcreatingeditingmanipulating images

eg Adobe photoshop

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Database management system-store modify data in database

egFoxProOracle

Presentation Applications-creating presentation slidesegMS power point

Desktop publishing software-creation of printed documents create

magazine books newsletters etc eg Quark Express and Adobe Page

Maker

2 Explain in detail the steps involved in Software Development Process The process of developing a computer program to solve a specific problem

Software development involves the following steps

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Analysing the

requirements

Feasibility Analysis

Creating the design

Developing Code

Testing the Software

Deploying the software

Maintaining the software

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Analysing the requirements

Important step in the process of developing software

Requirements related to software which is to be developed are

understood

Software is abstract in nature Users may not be able to provide the

complete set of requirements

Continuous interaction is needed between the software development team

and the end users

This task is performed by a business analyst

Feasibility Analysis

Feasibility of developing the software in terms of resources and cost is

ascertained

Existing system of the user is analyzed properly

The analysis is done in this step is documented in a standard document

called feasibility report which contains the observation and

recommendations related to the task of software development

Important activities performed during the feasibility analysis stage are

1 Determing development alternatives

There are four alternatives They are

Allowing the existing system without developing new software

Specific programming language like javaC++

Architectural technologies

Buy already developed software

2 Analysing economic feasibility

Financially benefit or not

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

3 Assessing technical feasibility

Analysing performance of technologies ease of installation

and ease of expansion or reduction in size interoperability

4 Analysing operational feasibility

Type of tools needed for operating the software

Skill set

Documentation and other support

Creating the design

Logical model or basic structure of new software

The flow of development process is mainly illustrated in this stage using a

special language known as Unified Modelling Language(UML)

UML uses pictorial representation methods for depicting the flow of data in

the software

Key features to be consideres in this step are

o Modularity

Software should be modular in nature

Parallel development of the various software modules

o Extensibility

Design of the software should be extensible to allw additional

option

Architecture should be flexible

o Compatibility

Software should run correctly in older versionexisting system

o Security

Should control unauthorized access

o Fault tolerance

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

o Maintainability

Developing code

Code of the different modules of the new software is developed

Programmers will use tools like computersinterpretersand debuggers to

finding errors and converting the code into machine language

Code can be written using CC++java

Key points for developing code

o Proper indentation in code

o Proper naming conventions for naming the variablesmethods and

program files

o Proper comments to ensure ease of understanding

o Code should be simple to understand

o Code should be logically correct to minimize logical errors

Testing the software

Detecting errors in new software

Two activities during testing are

1 Verification

Process of checking the software based on some pre-defined

specifications

2 Validation

Testing the product to ascertain whether it meets the users

requirements

Various testing methodologies are

1 Blackbox testing

2 White box testing

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

3 Gray box testing

4 Non functional testing

5 Unit testing

6 Integration testing

7 System testing

8 Acceptance testing

Deploying the software

Newly developed and fully tested software is installed in its target

environment

Maintaining the software

Continuous support is needed

Virus infection file corruption fatal error are some situations

3 Write a short note on evolution of Internet (FEB2009FEB2010)

bull The Internet is a network of networks

bull Computer users on the Internet can contact one another anywhere in the world

bull In Internet a huge resource of information is accessible to people across the world

bull Information in every field starting from education science health medicine

history and geography to business news etc can be retrieved through Internet

bull You can also download programs and software packages from anywhere in the

world

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

bull In 1969 Department of Defense (DOD) of USA started a network called

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network )

bull Around 1970 NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network) was created

With the advancement of modern communication facilities

bull By 1990 many computers were looking up to NSFNET giving birth to Internet

bull Internet is not a governmental organization

bull The ultimate authority of the Internet is the Internet Society

bull This is a voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to promote global

information exchange

bull Internet has more than one million computers attached to it

bull Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and

workstations were developed to get connected to LAN

bull Computers connected to ARPANET used a standard or rule to communicate with

each other with NCP (National Control Protocol)

bull Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for

communication

bull Rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought TCPIP

(Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol) in to the world of networking

bull The Internet is a rare example of a large democracy with no state of head no

official censors no bosses and no board of directors Nobody controls the Internet

and in principle any computer can speak to any other computer as long as it obeys

the technical rules of the TCPIP protocol

bull This freedom of Internet helped it to move out of its original base in military and

research institutions into elementary and high schools colleges public libraries

commercial sectors

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

4 Explain various types of Internet Connections

(There are two main ways for users to connect to the Internet through dial-up

access or by using a LAN connection

Dial-up Access Dial-up access allows access to the Internet over a standard

telephone line by using a computer and a modem to dial into an ISP or VAN

connection Dial-up access is a feature typically included with the software

provided by an ISP Using a regular telephone line is usually the slowest

telecommunications medium for setting up an individual Internet account

through a dial-up ISP

Local Area Network (LAN) Connection LAN connections provide faster and

more direct Internet access by connecting users to an ISP on a direct wire at

speeds 30 or more times faster than can be achieved through a dial-up modem

Because they are more expensive than dial-up access LAN connections are

more commonly found in the workplace Despite the increased cost there are

approximately forty million LAN users in the United States using cable and DSL

connections to connect from their homes

Cable Modem Television cable companies provide a special modem and

software for broadband (high-speed) Internet access This service offers the

advantage of simultaneous Web access and telephone calls but is not available

everywhere In addition the service slows down as more subscribers sign up in a

neighborhood or location The cost is about $50 monthly plus a possible

installation fee

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) DSL Internet service is as fast as cable modem

and provides simultaneous Web access and telephone use but the service is

usually available only to users within three miles of the telephone carrierrsquos

central switching office The line is dedicated to one household and is not

shared with neighbors Wireless The fastest growing segment of Internet service

involves wireless connections to the Internet Thousands of Wireless ldquohot-spotrdquo

portals are springing up allowing access in public places and even aboard

airplanes

Wireless connections are inherently less secure than wired ones A user

setting up a wireless router in their home could find that their neighbor is

using that wireless service without their knowledge or payment Security

can be set up to help prevent this but it requires a bit of knowledge and

effort

Satellite Downloading Web files is quick via satellite but users cannot talk on

the phone and surf the Web at the same time Uploading is not as fast as

downloading

5Define various Internet Terminologies (MAY 2009)

Webpage

On the World Wide Web a page is a single file written with the Hypertext Markup

Language (HTML) Usually it contains text and specifications about where

images or other files are to be placed when the page is displayed by a

browser A webpage (also spelled - Web page) is part of a Web site

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

Website

A website is a collection of Web files on a particular subject that includes a

beginning file called a home page A website lives on the Internet and is

normally accessible from anywhere in the world 24 hours a day seven days a

week A browser is necessary to see the contents of any website

Home page

1) For a Web user the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after

starting a Web browser like Netscapes Navigator or Microsofts Internet Explorer

2) For a Web site developer a home page is the first page presented when a user

selects a site or presence on the World Wide Web The usual address for a Web

site is the home page address although you can enter the address (URL Uniform

Resource Locator) of any page and have that page sent to you

Browser An application program that provides a way to look at and interact with

all the information on the World Wide Web The word browser seems to have

originated prior to the Web as a generic term for a user interface that let you

browse (navigate through and read) text files online Technically a Web browser is

a client program that uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to make requests

of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Uniform Resource Locator is the address of

a file (or resource) on the Internet Using the World Wide Webs protocol known

as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the resource can be an HTML page (like

this one youre reading) an image file a program or any other file supported by

HTTP The URL contains

1 The name of the protocol required to access the resource

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

2 a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet and

3 a description of a file location on that computer

Each of the above 3 parts is separated by a (forward slash) Notice that after 1

the protocol type there are two forward slashes On the Web an example of a

URL is httpwwwprofitgatenetmusicmusichtml which describes a Web

page to be accessed with an http (Web browser application) that is located on a

computer named wwwprofitgatenet The directory named music contains the

specific file musichtml A URL can be used for any Web page not just a home

page or individual file

Hypertext

This is what makes the Web work Hypertext is a link between some text at point

A and something related to this at point B For example you might have a word

like automoble (point A) - linked to a photo of a particular car (point B) Hypertext

was the main concept that led to the invention of the World Wide Web which is

nothing more (or less) than an enormous amount of information connected by an

enormous number of hypertext links

ISP (Internet service provider)

A company that provides individuals and companies access to the Internet and

other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting The larger

ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are less dependent on the

telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers An

ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider) ISP is

sometimes used as an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish

a service provider that is an independent separate company from a telephone

company

Web server

A Web server is a program that using the clientserver system and the World Wide

Webs Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) serves the files that form Web pages

to users Every computer on the Internet that contains a Web site must have a Web

server program

Download

Downloading is the transmission of a file from one computer system to another

From the Internet users point-of-view to download a file is to request it from a

Web page in order to receive it

Upload

Uploading is transmission in the other direction from one computer to another

From an Internet users point-of-view uploading is sending a file to a computer

that is set up to receive it