Upload
isaac-nichols
View
220
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
FUNDAMENTALS OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
RONALD J. COMER
Chapter 1
Abnormal Psychology:
Past and Present
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Do We Mean by Abnormality?
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Elements of Abnormality
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Elements of Abnormality
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The DSM-5 Definition
MENTALDISORDER
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Treatment
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
7
What Is Treatment?
• Jerome Frank claims that all forms of therapy have three essential features:
1. A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer2. A trained healer3. A series of contacts through which the healer tries
to produce certain changes in the sufferer’s emotional state, attitudes, and behavior
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Ancient skull with holes from trephination8
9
Greek and Roman Views and Treatments• 500 B.C.E.• Hippocrates believed and taught that illnesses
had natural causes– He looked to an unbalance of the four fluids, or
humors
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
• mentally ill labeled witches connected to satan
• Lycanthropy – people were possessed by wolves
LO 14.1 How has mental illness been explained? How is abnormality defined?500-1350 A.D. – Middle Ages
The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment
– Pinel (France) and Tuke (England) advocated moral treatment – care that emphasized moral guidance and humane techniques
• State hospitals created
11
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
12
The Nineteenth Century: Reform and Moral Treatment• reversal of the moral treatment movement
due to:– Money and staff shortages– Declining recovery rates– Overcrowding– Emergence of prejudice
• long-term hospitalization
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
13
The Early Twentieth Century:
– The Somatogenic Perspective
• Abnormal functioning has physical causes
– The Psychogenic Perspective
• Abnormal functioning has psychological causes
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Emil Kraepelin(1856-1926)
Franz Mesmer (1734 - 1815) Sigmund Freud1856-1939
Current Trends
– 43% believe that people bring mental health disorders upon themselves
– 35% consider mental health disorders to be caused by sinful behavior
14
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
15
• In the 1950s, researchers discovered psychotropic medications:– Antipsychotic drugs– Antidepressant drugs– Antianxiety drugs
• led to deinstitutionalization and a rise in outpatient care
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
• The growing influence of managed care program (HMOs) determines key care issues– reimbursements for mental disorders tend to
be lower than those for medical disorders
16
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
How Are People with Less Severe Disturbances Treated?
• 1 in 6 adults in the US receives treatment for psychological disorders in the course of a year, the majority for fewer than 5 sessions
17
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
What Are Today’s Leading Theories and Professions?
• abnormal psychology has numerous theoretical perspectives, including:– Psychoanalytic– Biological– Behavioral– Cognitive– Humanistic-existential
18
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
19
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Case Studies
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Self-Report Data
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Observational Approaches
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Correlation – how variables are related
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Strength or magnitude = 0 to 1.0Direction of relationship = + or -
Figure 1.2: Measuring Correlation
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Correlations and Causality
If two variables are correlated, there are multiple possible reasons for this.
How many reasons can you identify?
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Correlations and Causality
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prevalence
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incidence
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal
Psychology
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal
Psychology
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
34
Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Alternative Experimental Designs
Quasi-experimental designs – no random assignment
Natural experiment
Analogue experiment
Single-Case Experimental Designs
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 1.4: An ABAB Experimental Design: Kris’s Treatment
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.