Fundamentals Cyber Law

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Most of us are like overflowing cups - too full of opinions and prejudices To see the light of wisdom we must empty our cup a little

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ʹͲͳʹǤ

ʹͲͳʹǤǤ

Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡǤ

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Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǡ ǡ ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

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Contents

1 Jurisprudence of Cyber Law 8

ͳǤͳǫǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ

ͳǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͷ

2 Overview of Computer amp Web Technology 29

ʹǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ

ʹǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵

ʹǤ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵

ʹǤͶǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͲ

ʹǤͷǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵

ʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ

3 Introduction to Indian Cyber Law 50

͵ǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ

͵ǤʹǡʹͲͲͲǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ

͵Ǥ͵ȋƬȌǡʹͲͲͶǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ

͵ǤͶȋȌǡʹͲͲͲǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ

͵ǤͷȋȌǡʹͲͲͲǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ

͵ǤȋȌǡʹͲͲ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ

͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵

͵ǤͺǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ

͵ǤͻǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ

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͵ǤͳͲǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ

͵ǤͳͳǯǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ

͵ǤͳʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ

͵Ǥͳ͵ȋȌǡʹͲͲͺǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͷ

͵ǤͳͶǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͺ

͵ǤͳͶǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͺ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻʹ

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻͺ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͲ

ͳǤͶǤͷǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ͵

ͳǤͶǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͶ

4 Overview of General Laws and Procedures in India 106

ͶǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͺ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲͻ

ƬǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͲ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͲ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͳ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳʹ

13ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ͵

ȋȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͶ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͶ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͷ

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ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͷ

ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͷ

ͶǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ

ͶǤ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳͺ

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ONE

1 Jurisprudence of Cyber Law

13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ

Legal theory ȋǤǤ Ȍ ǤǤǤǣ

ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

͵Ǥ ǫ

ͶǤ ǫ

ͷǤ ǡǫ

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Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ

Ǥnatural law theory ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǯ ǯǤ Ǥ

legal positivismǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡǤͳǤ

ͳͷͺͶʹ

for the sure and true interpretation of all Statutes in general (be they penal or beneficial restrictive or enlarging of the common law) four things are to be discerned and considered -

ͳ13ǡǣȀȀǤǤȀȀ13ʹ͵ǤǤǢǤǤ͵ǤǤǡȏȋͳͻͷͷȌʹͲ͵ȋʹͺȌȐǤ

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1st What was the common law before the making of the Act

2nd What was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide

3rd What remedy the Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the Common wealth and

4th The true reason of the remedy and then the office of all the judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief and advance the remedy and to suppress subtle inventions and evasions for continuance of the mischief and pro privato commodo and to add force and life to the cure and remedy according to the true intent of the makers of the Act pro bono publico

Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Stare decisis ȋ Stare decisis et non quieta movere ǲ ȌǤ

Stare decisis Ǥ

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ǤǤǡ͵ǡǤǤ13Ǥ ǣ

There is nothing in our Constitution which prevents us from departing from a previous decision if we are convinced of its error and its baneful effect on the general interests of the public

ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ

Stare decisis is usually the wise policy because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled right This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern provided correction can be had by legislation But in cases involving the Federal Constitution where correction through legislative action is practically impossible this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning recognising that the process of trial and error so fruitful in the physical sciences is appropriate also in the judicial function

ͷǡ ǡ ǡ

͵ȋͳͻͷͷȌʹͲ͵ȋʹͺȌͶʹͺͷǤǤ͵ͻ͵ǢǤǤͺͳͷͷǤǤͳͻʹͻǤǤʹͶʹǢǤǤǤͳͻʹͻǤǤͺͶ

12 |

Ǥ ǣ

Their Lordships are unable to hold that this proposition stated in such an extreme from is established It may well be said that the Board would hesitate long before disturbing a solemn decision by a previous Board which raised an identical or even a similar issue for determination but for the proposition that the Board is in all circumstances bound to follow a previous decision as it were blindfold they are unable to discover any adequate authority In other words no inflexible rule which falls in all circumstances to be applied has been laid down

United States of America Ǥ

ǡǡǤ13ǤǯȂAustraliaǡǣ

In my opinion it is impossible to maintain an abstract proposition that Court is either legally or technically bound by previous decisions Indeed it may in a proper case be its duty to disregard them But the rule should be applied with great caution and only when the previous

ǦǡʹǤǡǤͳǤͶǦͷǤȏͳͻͳͶȐͳͺǤǤǤͷͶ

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decision is manifestly wrong as for instance if it proceeded upon the mistaken assumption of the continuance of a repealed or expired Statute or is contrary to a decision of another Court which this Court is bound to follow not I think upon a mere suggestion that some or all of the members of the later Court might arrive at a different conclusion if the matter was res integra Otherwise there would be grave danger of want of continuity in the interpretation of law

ǡǤ ǤArticle 141 of the Constitution of India ǲ ǳͺǤ

Code of Civil Procedure 1908ͻCode of Criminal Procedure 1973ͳͲǤ

ͺ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ȏȋͳͻͷͷȌ ʹ Ͳ͵ ȋʹͺȌȐǡǤ Ǥ13Ǥ ǣ ͳͶͳ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻ͵ͷ Ǥͻ ͵ ǡ ͳͻͲͺǣ ǲ ǡ ǡ ǳǤͳͲ ͳͷȋͳȌ ǡ ͳͻ͵ǣ ǲȋͳȌ 13 13Ǣ 13ǡ 13ǡ13Ǥǳ

14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ

Precedents which enunciate rules of law form the foundation of administration of Justice under our system It has been held time and again that a single Judge of a High Court is ordinarily bound to accept as correct judgments of Courts of coordinate jurisdiction and of Division Benches and of the Full Benches of his Court and of this Court The reason of the rule which makes a precedent binding lies in the desire to secure uniformity and certainty in the law

Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ 13 ͳͲȋͳȌ ǡ ͳͻ͵ǣ ǲȋͳȌ 13 13 Ǥǳ ͳͻȋͳȌ ǡ ͳͻ͵ǣ ǲȋͳȌ 13ǡ ǡ 13ǡ ǤǳͳͳǤǡͳͻͺ͵ʹ

15 |

13Ǥ

11 What is Cyber Law

ǡǤ

ǡ law ǣ ȋͳȌ ǡȋʹȌ ǡȋ͵ȌǤǤ

cyber cyberspace ǡ ǡǡ ǡǡǡǡȋǡ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ definition of cyber law ǲ ǳǤ ǣ

ͳǤ ͳʹ

ͳʹ ǲǣ 13 ǳ ͳͻͺͻǤ ǡǣȋͳȌǤǤǡȋʹȌ ǤǤ ǡ ǡ ǡȋ͵Ȍ ǤǤ Ǥ

16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentȋȌͳǤ

ȀǤͳ͵ Ǥ ȀǤͳͶ ȋͳȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍǡǡǡ ǡ ȋͶȌ ȋͷȌǤͳͷ ǡ ǡǡǤ ͳǦͳͶͳͻͲǤ Ǥ ǣ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ 13ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡǡǡǡǡǡǡǡǡǡǤ

17 |

ͳͻͺ͵ ͳͻͺͷǡ Ǧ Ǥ ͳͻͺͷǡ Ǧ Ǥ

ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ȁ Ȁ ǡ ǡȀǢ

ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |

ͷǤ Ȁ ǡȋȌȋȌǤ

ͳͻͺͷ ͳͻͺͻǡ Ǧ Council of Europe Ǥ Ǥ ȋͺͻȌͻǡ ͳ͵ǡͳͻͺͻǤ

ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |

ͳǤ Computer fraudǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǣ

ʹǤ Computer forgeryǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǣ

͵Ǥ Damage to computer data or computer programsǤǡ ǡ Ǣ

ͶǤ Computer sabotageǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǣ

ͷǤ Unauthorized accessǤ Ǣ

Ǥ Unauthorized interceptionǤ ǡ ǡǡǢ

20 |

Ǥ Unauthorized reproduction of a protected computer programǤ ǡ Ǣ

ͺǤ Unauthorized reproduction of a topographyǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ Alteration of computer data or computer programsǤ Ǣ

ʹǤ Computer espionageǤ ǡ ǡǢ

͵Ǥ Unauthorized use of a computerǤǡ ǣȋȌ ǡ ȋȌ ǡ ȋȌ

21 |

Ǣ

ͶǤ Unauthorized use of a protected computer programǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͻͻͲǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ ͶͷȀͳʹͳǡ ǡǡǡǤ

ȋȌ ͳͻͻǤ Ǥ ǦǡǤ

22 |

Convention on Cybercrime Ǥ Ǥ ͳǤ

Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ

ͳͻǡǤͷͳͳͻͺǡͳͻͺͳͲ͵ͲǡͶͳͺ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ͳͺǤ

17 The signatories to the Convention are Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Ukraine United Kingdom Canada Japan South Africa United States 18 See ldquoComputer Crime Criminal Justice Resource Manualrdquo published in 1989 downloadable from

23 |

ͳͻͺǡ ͳͻͺǡͳͻͺͶǡͳͻǤ

ȋ ͳͻͺȌͳͻͶȋͷǤͷͷʹȌǤ

ȋͳͻͻȌǡȋͳͻͻͺȌǡȋͳͻͻͺȌǡ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǡ ǤǤ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ ȋȌ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ ȋȌ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ƬȋǦȌȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ǯ ȋʹͲͲͳȌ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ

Chinaǡ ǡ ȋͳͻͻȌǡ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ȋͳͻͻȌͳͻͻǤ

httpwwwericedgovERICWebPortalcontentdeliveryservletERICServletaccno=ED332671

24 |

Australia ȋʹͲͲͳȌ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ ǡ ͳͻͻͻǤ ǯȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ

Canadaǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ

Malaysiaǡ ȋͳͻͻȌǤǡ ȋͳͻͻȌǤ

Singapore Ǥ ǡ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ

United Arab Emirates (UAE)ǡ ǤʹʹͲͲǤǡ ǤʹʹͲͲʹ ȂǤ

United Kingdom ȋͳͻͺͳȌǡ ȋͳͻͻͲȌǡȋͳͻͻͺȌǡȋʹͲͲͲȌǡȋʹͲͲͲȌǡǦǡ ȋʹͲͲͳȌ ȋʹͲͲȌǤ ǡ ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ

25 |

Japan ȋǤͳʹͺͳͻͻͻȌȋ13ʹͲͲͺȌǤ

Indiaǡ ȋʹͲͲͲȌȋȌǡʹͲͲͺǤ Ǥ

12 Need for Cyber Law Ǥ ǯ ǫ

conventional crimes are carried out using computers Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ

ǡ Ǥ lsquotheftrsquo of dataǤ ǡ ǲ ǳʹͲǤ

ǡͳͺͻǲǡǳǤǲǡ ǡ ǡ ǳǤ

ͳͻʹͻʹ Ǯǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǯǤ ʹ ʹͲͲͲ ȏ Ȑ ͷ ͷͲͲͲ ȏ ȐǤ ǡ ǡ ʹͲͲͲ ǡ ǤͷͳȏȐͳͲʹȏȐǤʹͲ͵ͺǲ ǡ ǡǤǳ

27 |

ǡ Ǥ

ǮǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǫ Ǥ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥǫǡ Ǥ ǮǯǤǮǯǮǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

lsquopossessionrsquo Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤ ǡ Ǯǯ ǫ Ǯǯ ǫ ǡ ǫ

28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ

lsquomobilityrsquo Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǯǯ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥȋ ȌǤ ǯǤǤ

ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO

2 Overview of Computer amp Web Technology

ǡǡ ǡCharles BabbageǤ ͳͺʹʹǡǡDifference EngineǤ ǡ Ǥ

ǡǦǡAnalytical EngineǤ

ǯ ǡ ȋ Ȍǡ ǯ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ͳͻͺͲǡ ǤǤ ADAǤ

ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ

standalone network Ǥ

ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

Internet ͳͻͲǤ ǲǳ ǲǳ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ

ǲǳ packet of information ǯ Ǥ ǡ ǡǲǳǤ

Ǥ Ǧelectronic mail ȋǦȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ

ǣǦǦǡǦǦǡǡǦǦǤ

ǡ ǲWorld Wide WebǳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǲǦǳǤ

ǡInternet browser ǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ

ͶǤͳʹͷǤʹ͵ǤͳͳͲ

ȋȌǤǤǣȀȀͶǤͳʹͷǤʹ͵ǤͳͳͲǡǤǤ

33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ

ǣȀȀͳʹͶͻͷͳͲǡǤǤ

staticIP addressesǤǤ

ǡ dynamic IP addressesǤ ǡ ȋǤǤ ǡ Ȍ Ǥ

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and NumbersȋȌǤ ȋȌǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

34 |

ǣ

ͲǤͲǤͲǤͲ ͲǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ͳͲǤͲǤͲǤͲ ͳͲǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ͳʹǤͲǤͲǤͲ ͳʹǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ͳʹͺǤͲǤͲǤͲ ͳʹͺǤͲǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ͳͻǤʹͷͶǤͲǤͲ ͳͻǤʹͷͶǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ͳʹǤͳǤͲǤͲ ͳʹǤ͵ͳǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ͳͻͳǤʹͷͷǤͲǤͲ ͳͻͳǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ͳͻʹǤͲǤͲǤͲ ͳͻʹǤͲǤͲǤʹͷͷ

ͳͻʹǤͳͺǤͲǤͲ ͳͻʹǤͳͺǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

ʹʹ͵ǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷǤͲ ʹʹ͵ǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷǤʹͷͷ

Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ

͵Ǥ incorrect information Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |

22 Working of Email System

ǡʹͶǡͳͺͶͶǡǡǨ

ǡͳͲǡͳͺǡǤǡǢǤ

Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ

ǤǤǲǳǡ ȋȌ SMTP ȋ ȌǤ Ǥ

ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ

23 Domain Name System

ͶǤͳʹͷǤʹ͵ǤͳͳͲ Ǥ Ǥ ǣȀȀͶǤͳʹͷǤʹ͵ǤͳͳͲ ǡ ǤǤ

ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǣȀȀǤǤ ǣȀȀͶǤͳʹͷǤʹ͵ǤͳͳͲǤ

ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |

ȂǲͶǳǲǳǤ ǲǤǳ Ǥ ǲǳ Ǥ ǡ ǲͶǳǦǲǳǤ

Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ

Important facts about domain names

ͳǤ not case sensitiveǤǤͶǤͶǤͶǤ

ʹǤ alphabetsǡnumbershyphensǤ

40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͶǤ whois searchǤǡ Ǥ

24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͷǤ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ͳͲǡͲͲͲ ǡʹͲͲǤ

Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ

Important facts about blogs

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |

25 Peer to peer sharing

ǦǦ ȋʹȌ ȋȌǤ ʹ Ǥ ȋǡ ǡȌǤ

ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ

A non P2P network with the server in the center

44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 Evidence in Computer Devices

Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |

Component Description amp uses Potential Evidence

Ǥ

Computer-Created Files

Other evidence

Ƭ

ȋȌǦǡǦǡǦǡǦǤ

User-Created FilesǦȀǤ

46 |

ȀǤ

User-Protected Files ǦƬ

Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ

User-Protected Files Ǧ Ƭ

49 |

Additional Reference Material

Ͷ

1ͳͻʹǲǳǡ13ǤǤǤǤǤ2ͳͺʹʹǦǦǤ3ͷǡǡǡǡͳͻͶǤ

50 |

THREE

3 Introduction to Indian Cyber Law

ǣ

Year Development2000 1Information Technology Act 2000

2Indian Penal Code 18603Indian Evidence Act 18724ǤBankersrsquo Book Evidence Act 18795Reserve Bank of India Act 19346Information Technology (Certifying Authorities) Rules 20007Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) Rules 2000

2001 Information Technology (Certifying Authority) Regulations 2001

2002 1 Executive Order 2 Guidelines for submission of certificates and certification revocation lists to the Controller of Certifying Authorities for publishing in National Repository of Digital CertificatesǤ3Information Technology (Removal of Difficulties) Order 2002Ǥ

51 |

4Negotiable Instruments (Amendments and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2002Ǥ

2003 1 Information Technology (Qualification and Experience of Adjudicating Officers and Manner of Holding Enquiry) Rules 2003Ǥ2 Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal (Salary Allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Presiding Officer) Rules 2003Ǥ3 Information Technology (Other powers of Civil Court vested in Cyber Appellate Tribunal) Rules 2003 Ǥ4 Information Technology (Other Standards) Rules 2003 5 Information Technology (Certifying Authorities) Rules 2000 Ǥ

2004 1 Information Technology (Use of Electronic Records and Digital Signatures) Rules 2004Ǥ2 Information Technology (Security Procedure) Rules 2004Ǥ3 Information Technology (Certifying Authorities) Rules 2000 Ǥ

2006 Information Technology (Certifying Authorities) Rules 2000 Ǥ

2009 1Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008Ǥ2 Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules 2009 Ǥ3 Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguard for Monitoring and Collecting Traffic Data or Information) Rules 2009 Ǥ

52 |

4 Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking for Access of Information by Public) Rules 2009 Ǥ5 Cyber Appellate Tribunal (Salary Allowances and Other Terms and Conditions of Service of Chairperson and Members) Rules 2009Ǥ6 Cyber Appellate Tribunal (Procedure for Investigation of Misbehaviour or Incapacity of Chairperson and Members) Rules 2009 Ǥ Information Technology (Certifying Authorities) Rules 2000 Ǥ

2011 1 Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules 2011Ǥ2 Information Technology (Intermediaries guidelines) Rules 2011Ǥ3Information Technology (Electronic Service Delivery) Rules 2011Ǥ

31 Chronology of the Indian Cyber Law

ǣ

2000

Information Technology Act 2000 ȋ Information Technology ActȌͳʹͲͲͲǤ

Information Technology Act Ǥ

53 |

Information Technology Act ȋ ͳͲȌǤ

Indian Penal Code ȋ Information Technology ActȌǤ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Indian Evidence Act ȋ Information Technology ActȌǤ

ǡ Bankersrsquo Book Evidence Act ȋ Information Technology ActȌǤ

Code of Criminal ProcedureǡCivil Procedure CodeInformation Technology ActǤ

Reserve Bank of India Act Information Technology ActǤ

ͳ ʹͲͲͲǡ Information Technology (Certifying Authorities) Rules 2000 Ǥ ǡǤǡ Ǥ

Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) Rules 2000ͳʹͲͲͲǤ

54 |

Ǥ

2001

Information Technology (Certifying Authority) Regulations 2001ͻ13ʹͲͲͳǤǤ

Ǥ Information Technology ActǤ ͻ13ʹͲͲͳǤ

2002

Executive Order ͳʹ ʹͲͲʹ Ǥ

Guidelines for submission of certificates and certification revocation lists to the Controller of Certifying Authorities for publishing in National Repository of Digital CertificatesǤͳʹͲͲʹǤ

Information Technology (Removal of Difficulties) Order 2002 ͳͻʹͲͲʹǤ

Information Technology Act Negotiable Instruments (Amendments and Miscellaneous

55 |

Provisions) Act 2002ǤǤ

2003

ͳʹͲͲ͵ǡInformation Technology (Qualification and Experience of Adjudicating Officers and Manner of Holding Enquiry) Rules 2003Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ

ǡʹ͵ʹͲͲ͵ ǲ ǳǤ

Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal (Salary Allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Presiding Officer) Rules 2003 ǡ Ǥ

Information Technology (Other powers of Civil Court vested in Cyber Appellate Tribunal) Rules 2003Ǥ

Information Technology (Other Standards) Rules 2003Ǥ ʹ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǥ ǡȋǦȌȋȌǤ

Information Technology (Certifying Authorities) Rules 2000 Ǥ

2004

Information Technology (Use of Electronic Records and Digital Signatures) Rules 2004

57 |

ǤǤ

Information Technology (Security Procedure) Rules 2004 ʹͻ ʹͲͲͶǤ Ǥ


2006


2009

Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008ǡ ʹ ǡ ʹͲͲͻ Information Technology ActǤ

ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ

ȋͳȌ Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Interception Monitoring and Decryption of Information) Rules 2009

ȋʹȌ Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguard for Monitoring and Collecting Traffic Data or Information) Rules 2009

ȋ͵Ȍ Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking for Access of Information by Public) Rules 2009

58 |

ȋͶȌCyber Appellate Tribunal (Salary Allowances and Other Terms and Conditions of Service of Chairperson and Members) Rules 2009

ȋͷȌ Cyber Appellate Tribunal (Procedure for Investigation of Misbehaviour or Incapacity of Chairperson and Members) Rules 2009Ǥ


2011

Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information) Rules 2011 Ǥ Ǥ

Information Technology (Intermediaries guidelines) Rules 2011ǤǤ

Information Technology (Electronic Service Delivery) Rules 2011Ǥ Ǥ

32 Information Technology Act 2000

ǡʹͲͲͲȋȌͳʹͲͲͲǤͻͶͳ͵Ǥ

ǡǣ

59 |

9 electronic commerceʹͳǡ

9 electronic filing of documents ǡ

9 amend ǡ ǡͳͺʹǡ ǡͳͺͻͳǡͳͻ͵Ͷǡ

9 efficient delivery of Government servicesǡ

9 Model Law on Electronic Commerce ȋȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ Electronic records Ǣ ƬǢ Ƭ Ǣ ǢǢ

ʹͳǦ ǦǤ ȋȌ Ǥ Ǧ Ǥ ȋ Ȍǡ Ǥ ȀȋǡƬȌǤ

60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ

ʹǤ Establishing of authorities Ǣǡ ǢǤ

͵Ǥ Certifying Authorities Ǣ ǡ Ǣ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Cyber crimes Ǣ Ǣ ǡǡǦǡ ǯ ǡ ǡǡ Ǣ Ǣ ǡ ǡ Ǣ Ǥ

ͷǤ Special issues Ǧ ǢǢǤ

61 |

Ǥ Administrative issues Ƭ Ǥ

7 Amendments ǡ ǡ ǯǤ

Extent and jurisdiction of the IT Act

ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ

ͳȋʹȌǣ(2) It shall extend to the whole of India and save as otherwise provided in this Act it applies also to any offence or contravention thereunder committed outside India by any person

ͷ ǣ75 Act to apply for offence or contravention committed outside India

(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) the provisions of this Act shall apply also to any offence or contravention committed outside India by any person irrespective of his nationality

62 |

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1) this Act shall apply to an offence or contravention committed outside India by any person if the act or conduct constituting the offence or contravention involves a computer computer system or computer network located in India

ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ

ǲǳǤ Ǥ ʹʹǡ ʹ͵Ǥ

ʹʹ ͵ͳȋʹȌ ǲ ǡǡǤǳ ͵ͳȋ͵Ȍ ǲ

63 |

Applicability of the IT Act

ǣ

1 a negotiable instrument (other than a cheque)

ͳ͵ȋͳȌ ǡͳͺͺͳ ǲ ǳ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration of a promissory note

Ǥǣ

ǡ ǡ Ǥǳʹ͵ ǲǳͳͻͳǤǲ ǳǤ ȋȌǡͳͻʹǤ ȋ ȌǡͳͻͶǤ

ǡ ǡ ʹͲǡͲͲͲ ͳʹ 13ʹͲͲͻǤȋȌ

64 |

Illustration of a bill of exchange

Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ

ʹͲͲͲǡ Ǥ ȋ Ƭ Ȍ ǡʹͲͲʹǤ

ǡǤ

Ǥ ǲcheque in the electronic formǳǲtruncated chequeǳǤ

Ǥ ǡ ʹͲǡͲͲͲͳʹ13ʹͲͲͻǤȋȌ

65 |

cheque in the electronic form Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Cheque Truncation Ǥ

2 a power-of-attorney

ǦǦ ǤȏͳǦǦǡͳͺͺʹȐ

Illustration

ʹǤ Ǥǲǳ Ǥ ǡ ǯ Ǥ

3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration

ǤͳͲ Ǥ ǲǳǤǲǳǲǳǤǲǳǲǳǡǲǳǤ

ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |

5 Any contract for the sale or conveyance of immovable property or any interest in such property

saleǤConveyanceǤ

Immovable property ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͵ ǡ Ǥ

6 class of documents or transactions Ǥ

68 |

33 IT (Use of Electronic Records amp Digital Signatures) Rules 2004

ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ

Cheques in electronic form ǡǤ

69 |

34 IT (Certifying Authorities) Rules 2000

ȋ Ȍ ǡʹͲͲͲ ȋȌǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ

Information Technology (Certifying Authority) Regulations 2001

ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |

35 CRAT (Procedure) Rules 2000

ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ

Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal (Salary Allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Presiding Officer) Rules 2003 ǡǤ

Information Technology (Other powers of Civil Court vested in Cyber Appellate Tribunal) Rules

72 |

2003 Ǥ

36 Information Technology (Qualification and Experience of Adjudicating Officers and Manner of

Holding Enquiry) Rules 2003

ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |

37 Order Relating to Blocking of Websites

ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ

Ǧ ǡ ǡǡǦͳͳͲͲͲ͵Ǥ

38 Indian Penal Code

ȋȌ 13Ǥʹ͵ͷͳͳǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǲǳ ǲ ǳ ǡ ʹͲͲͲǤ

75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ

defamatoryǡǡͷͲͲǤʹȀǤȋȌȋȌʹͶǤ

39 Indian Evidence Act

Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

24 The relevant extract of section 464 of Indian Penal Code is ldquoA person is said to make a false document or false electronic recordmdashFirstmdashWho dishonestly or fraudulentlymdashhelliphellip(b) makes or transmits any electronic record or part of any electronic recordhellipwith the intention of causing it to be believed that such helliphellipelectronic record hellipwas madehellipby the authority of a person by whom hellipit was not maderdquo

76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ

310 Code of Criminal Procedure

ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ

311 Bankersrsquo Books Evidence Act

ǯǡͳͺͻͳ bankersrsquo booksǤ ǡ ǯʹͷ Ǥ

ǯ Ǥ ǲǳǯ ǡ three certificates

Ǥ

25 Bankers books include ledgers day-books cash-books account-books and all other books used in the ordinary business of a bank These can be in paper form or printouts of data stored in bank computers

Note Ǥdo notǤ ǡǤ

78 |

Illustration

͵ Ǥ ǯȋȌ ǯ ͷͲǡͲͲͲǤ ͳ͵ͺ ǲǳǤ

ǯȋ13ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ͵ǣ

Certificate us 2A(a) of the Bankerrsquos Books Evidence Act

ǡǡǣ

ͳǤǤǤͳʹ͵ͶͷǤ

ʹǤ ͳ 13 ʹͲͲͺ ͵ͳ13ʹͲͲͺǤ

ǡ

79 |

Certificate us 2A(b) of the Bankerrsquos Books Evidence Act

ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed

Certificate us 2A(c) of the Bankerrsquos Books Evidence Act

ǡǡǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳ Ǥͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ͳ 13 ʹͲͲͺ ͵ͳ13ʹͲͲͺǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ

312 Relevant Authorities

ǣ

1Controller of Certifying Authorities

ȋȌCertifying AuthoritiesȋȌǤ ǤǤ

investigation powers Ȁʹͺ Ǥ direct a person to decrypt informationǤ

ʹȋʹͲͲ͵ȌͻǤǡȏǤǤǤͳͷͻ͵ʹͲͲͲǣͲͳǤͳͲǤʹͲͲʹȐ

82 |

ȀͻǤ

2 Adjudicating Officers

ȋȌͶ͵ǡͶͶͶͷ ǤǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ

ͻ ȋ Ȍǡ ʹͲͲ͵ Ǥ

The outline of the procedure is as under

1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ

6 Ȃ ȋȌ ǡ ǡǢȋȌ ǢȋȌǤ

7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |

3 Cyber Appellate Tribunal

ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ

ͳǤ ͶͷǤʹǡͲͲͲǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ

Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal (Salary Allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Presiding Officer) Rules 2003ǡǤ

Information Technology (Other powers of Civil Court vested in Cyber Appellate Tribunal) Rules 2003 Ǥ

85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

313 Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008

ȋȌ ǡ ʹͲͲͺ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ

ͳǤ electronic signature Ǥ Ǧ ȋ ȌǤ ǡǤ

ʹǤ ͳ Ͷ͵ Ǥ upper limit for the compensationǤ

86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ͷ͵ ȋ Ȍ negligence security practices Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǡǤ

ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ͵ȋͷȌͷȋ ͳͲȌ Ǥ

ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ

314 Key Terms and Concepts

͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ

access with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions means gaining entry into instructing or communicating with the logical arithmetical or memory function resources of a computer computer system or computer network

ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Grammatical variations ǡǡǤ

Cognate expressions ǤǡǲǳǡǲǳǤ

Gaining entry into Ǥ ǡ ǤȋȌ Ǥ Ǥ

Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ

Instructing ǲ ǳ ǲǳǤ Ǧ Ǥ

Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ not instructed ǡ Ǥ

Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǯ ȋǤǤ Ȍ ͷǤ

ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Communicating with ǦǤ

Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ

computer means any electronic magnetic optical or other high-speed data processing device or system which performs logical arithmetic and memory functions by manipulations of electronic magnetic or optical impulses and includes all input output processing storage computer software or communication facilities which are connected or related to the computer in a computer system or computer network

ǡǣ

ͳǤ Ǧdata processing deviceǤ

ʹǤ electronicǡmagneticǡopticalǤ

͵Ǥ logicalǡ arithmeticǡ memoryfunctions

ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ

ǡ electronic ǡ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ȏͳͷǡͻǡǦǡͲͲȋʹȌǡȐǤ

Magnetic ǢǤǤǤǤǤ

ǡoptical computer ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ

data processing device or system ǦǤ

functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ

Logical functionsǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǤǤ ǡ Ǥ

95 |

Arithmetic functionsǡ ǡ ǡǡǤ

Memory functionsǡǡǤ

Input facilities Ǥ ǤǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡǡǤ

Output facilities ǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Processing facilities ȋȌ ǤǲǳǡǤ

Storage facilities ǤǤ

Computer software facilities Ǥ

96 |

Communication facilities ǡ Ǥ

Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law

ǡ ATMs are not computersǡbut are electronic devices under the Karnataka Sales Tax Act 1957Ǥ

97 |

ȏ ȋȌȐ ȋȌ ǡͳͻͷǤ

computer terminals 4 basic tax ʹͲȋȌȋȌ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ electronic goodsǡ Ǥ 12 basic tax ͶǤ

Ǥ

the IT Act provided an enlarged definition of computersǤ ǡ such a wide definition could not be used for interpreting a taxation related law ǡͳͻͷǤ

98 |

ATM is not a computer by itself it is connected to a computer Ǥ Ǥ

Diebold Systems Pvt Ltd vs Commissioner of Commercial Taxes ILR 2005 KAR 2210 [2006]

144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ

ldquodatardquo means a representation of information knowledge facts concepts or instructions which are being prepared or have been prepared in a formalised manner and is intended to be processed is being processed or has been processed in a computer system or computer network and may be in any form (including computer printouts magnetic or optical storage media punched cards punched tapes) or stored internally in the memory of the computer

99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋbeing processedȌ ȋprocessedȌǤ ȋsought to be processedȌǤ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ executable Ǥ Ǧ install Ǥ

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ

ǡ run the softwareǤ ǡ RAM CPU ȋȌǤ

Ȃsystem softwareapplication softwareǤ

ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ operating systems ǡ

ʹǤ device drivers ǡǡ

102 |

͵Ǥ programming tools ǡ

ͶǤ compilers ǡ

ͷǤ linkers ȋ Ȍ ǡ

Ǥ utility softwareǡǤ

ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ

computer system means a device or collection of devices including input and output support devices and excluding calculators which are not programmable and capable of being used in conjunction with external files which contain computer programs electronic instructions input data and output data that performs logic arithmetic data storage and retrieval communication control and other functions

ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ

ldquocomputer networkrdquo means the inter-connection of one or more computers or computer systems or communication device through ndash

(i) the use of satellite microwave terrestrial line wire wireless or other communication media and

(ii) terminals or a complex consisting of two or more inter-connected computers or communication device whether or not the inter-connection is continuously maintained

ǡ

ǣʹǤȏǤͳͺͻͳͻͻͻȋǤǤǤǡ13ʹǡʹͲͲȌȐǤǤ ǲ ǤǳȏͷʹͳǤǤͺͶͶǡͳͳǤǤʹ͵ʹͻǡͳ͵ͺǤǤʹͺͶǡͺͺͶȋͳͻͻȌȐ

105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

bull terrestrial line

ǡǤ

bull other communication media

ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR

4 Overview of General Laws and Procedures in India

41 Basic terms and concepts

ǡlegislationǡstatutelawǤ

ǤǤ ǡǤ Central Acts Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration

ͳͷ ʹͲͲͲǤ ͳʹͲͲͲǤ

ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ

ǤǤ ǤState Acts Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ

ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡǡǡͳͺʹǡǡͳͺͻͳǡ ͳͻ͵Ͷ Ǥ ȀȀͷͳȀͳʹǡ ͵Ͳ 13ǡ ͳͻͻ Ǣǡ Ǧ Ǣ Ǥ

109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ

ʹͻ ȋͳͻͷͺȌǡ ȋͳͻͻȌǡ ȋͳͻͺȌǡ ͳͻͻȌǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋͳͻ͵Ȍǡ ȋͳͻͺͻȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ȋͳͻͻȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͷȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͷȌǡȋʹͲͲͷȌǡȋȌȋʹͲͲͶȌǡȋʹͲͲͷȌǡȋʹͲͲȌǡ ȋʹͲͲȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͷȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ ȋʹͲͲȌ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ ȋͳͻͳȌǡ ȋͳͻͻȌǡ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ ȋͳͻͺȌǡ ȋͳͻʹȌǡ ȋͳͻͺȌǡ ȋͳͻ͵Ȍǡ ȋͳͻȌǡȋͳͻͺʹȌȋʹͲͲʹȌǤǣ

110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration

ͺ Ǥ ȋ ȌǡʹͲͲ͵Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ Ͷ13ʹͲͳʹǤ

111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ

state of mindmens reaǤǤ

Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

common intentionǡǤǤ

instigates ǡǤ

Illustration ǯǤ ǯǤ

113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13

person cannot be tried more than once for an offenceǤ ǡǤ

Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ

cognizable offence Ǥ ǤǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǤǤǤplusmn plusmnǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡsimplerigorousȋǤǤȌǤ Ǥ

Life imprisonment Ǥ ͳͶǤ

115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ Compensatory damages Ǥ

Illustration ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

ʹǤ Consequential damages Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ

3 Exemplary or punitive damages Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ

4 General damages ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |

42 Criminal Courts in India

Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ

Sessions Court District Court Additional Sessions ȋǤ

Ȍ

Assistant Sessions Court ȋͳͲȌ

Chief Judicial Magistrate Chief Metropolitan Magistrate ȋȌ

Metropolitan Magistrate Judicial First Class Magistrate ȋ͵Ȍ

Judicial Second Class Magistrate ȋͳȌ

118 |

43 Investigation and Trial of Criminal Cases

ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ

͵Ǥ cognizable offence ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ

Exception Ǥ ͳͳ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ

ͳͻǤ ǡ Ǥ Ȁ Ǥ Ǥ

ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References

ͳǤ ǣ 13 ǳͳͻͺͻ

ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

2 |

Most of us are like overflowing cups - too full of opinions and prejudices To see the light of wisdom we must empty our cup a little

3 |

ʹͲͳʹǤ

ʹͲͳʹǤǤ

Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡǤ

4 |

Ǥ Ǥ


5 |

Contents





















6 |

























7 |





8 |

ONE


13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ


ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

͵Ǥ ǫ

ͶǤ ǫ

ͷǤ ǡǫ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

3 |

ʹͲͳʹǤ

ʹͲͳʹǤǤ

Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǡǤ

4 |

Ǥ Ǥ


5 |

Contents





















6 |

























7 |





8 |

ONE


13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ


ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

͵Ǥ ǫ

ͶǤ ǫ

ͷǤ ǡǫ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

4 |

Ǥ Ǥ


5 |

Contents





















6 |

























7 |





8 |

ONE


13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ


ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

͵Ǥ ǫ

ͶǤ ǫ

ͷǤ ǡǫ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

5 |

Contents





















6 |

























7 |





8 |

ONE


13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ


ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

͵Ǥ ǫ

ͶǤ ǫ

ͷǤ ǡǫ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

6 |

























7 |





8 |

ONE


13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ


ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

͵Ǥ ǫ

ͶǤ ǫ

ͷǤ ǡǫ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

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ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

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ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

7 |





8 |

ONE


13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ


ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

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ͷǤ ǡǫ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

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ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

8 |

ONE


13 Ǥ13ǣ

ȋͳȌǡ

ȋʹȌ


ͳǤ ǫ

ʹǤ ǫ

͵Ǥ ǫ

ͶǤ ǫ

ͷǤ ǡǫ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

9 |

Ǥ ǫ

Ǥ ǫ

ͺǤ ǫ

ͻǤ ǫ



ͳͷͺͶʹ



10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

10 |





Case law Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


Stare decisis Ǥ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

11 |



ǤƬͶǡǡ13Ǥǣ


ͷǡ ǡ ǡ


12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

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Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

12 |

Ǥ ǣ






13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

13 |





14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

14 |

13 ǤǤ ͳͳǣ


Ǥ ǡ 13 ǡ Ǥ


15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

15 |

13Ǥ


ǡǤ



ͳǤ ͳʹ


16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

16 |

ʹǤ ͳ͵͵Ǥ

ͳͶͶǤ Ƭͳͷ



17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

17 |


ͳͻͺǡ ǡǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ Ȁ ȀǢ


ͶǤ Ǣ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

18 |



ǡ ǡ ǦǤǤǤ Ǥ

ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

Ǧ ǣ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

19 |







20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

20 |



ǣ




21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

21 |

Ǣ





22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

22 |


Ǥ

ǡ ǡUSAǤ



23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

23 |






24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

24 |







25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

25 |





ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

26 |

Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ͳͻǤ




27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

27 |

ǡ Ǥ




28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

28 |

Ǥ ǡ Ǯǯǫ



ǯǤ

ǤǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

29 |

TWO






ǯ Ǧ ǡ ǡǦǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

30 |

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡǤ


ǡ ǡ ǡǤ


31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

31 |

ǡ ǡǡǤ

ǲǳ ǡ ǤǲǳǤ

ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǯǤ



Ǥ Ǥ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

32 |

ǲ ǳ Ǥ Ǥ




hyperlinksǤ

21 IP Addresses

ȋȌǤ ǣ



33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

33 |

ǡ ͲʹͷͷǡʹͺǤ

ͶǤ͵Ǥ

decimal format

ͳʹͶͻͷͳͲ





34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

34 |

ǣ











Ǥ Ǥ ǣ

ͳǤ logsǡ

ʹǤ headers

͵Ǥ records

ͶǤ records

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

35 |

ͷǤ logs

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ


ͶǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

IPv4Ǥ IPv6Ǥ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

36 |




Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ Ǥ

Ǥǡ ǲǳ ǤȋȌǤ


ǯǤ ǡȋȌǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

37 |

POP3ȋ͵ȌǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ spoofedfakedǤ

ʹǤ maskproxyǤ



ǡǤȋǤȌǤ ȋȌǤ


ǣ

ͶǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

38 |


Ǧ 13ͳͻͺͷǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥǣ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ Ȁ

Ǥ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

39 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǡ ǲǤǳǲǤǳǤ




40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

40 |

͵Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ


24 Blogs

ǤǡǤ

Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ȋȌǡ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

41 |

ʹǤ ȋȌǡ

͵Ǥ ȋȌǡ

ͶǤ ȋȌǡ

ͷǤ ȋ͵Ȍǡ

Ǥ ȋȌ

Ǧ Ǥ

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǯ Ǧ ǦǤ

ʹǤ Ǥ ǤǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ʹͲͲǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

42 |

ͶǤ ǡ 13 ǡ ǡ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ ǣǤǤ


ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǣ

Ǥ Ǧ

Ǥ

Ǥ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

43 |



ʹ Ǥ ǤǤǤǤ


44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

44 |

ǦǦ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ


Ǥ

A P2P network

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

45 |


Ǥ


Other evidence

Ƭ



46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

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Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

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ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

46 |

ȀǤ


Ǥ

ǯǤ

ȀǤ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

47 |

Ǥ

ǦǦǡǦǡǦǤ

ǡȀǤ

ǡǡǡǡǡǤ

ǡȀǤ

ȋȌǤ

ǦǦǦǦǦ

ȋȌ

ǦǤ

User-Created Files

ǦƬȀȀ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

48 |

ǤȀǤ


49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

49 |


Ͷ


50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

50 |

THREE


ǣ





51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

51 |






52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

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ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

52 |




ǣ

2000



53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

53 |









54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

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ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

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ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

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͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

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ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

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Ǥ Ǥ

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73 |


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ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

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ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

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ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

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Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

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ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

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7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

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ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

54 |

Ǥ

2001



2002





55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

55 |


2003



Ǥ

Ǧ ȋȌȋȌǤ

ʹ ǤȋȌǤ

ǡ ͻʹͲͲʹǡ Ǥ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

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͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

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Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

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Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

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ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

56 |

ǯ13ǤǤǯ13 Ǥ






2004


57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

57 |

ǤǤ



2006


2009


ʹǡʹͲͲͻǣ




58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

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ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

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ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

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͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

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ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

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ͷǤ ǡ

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73 |


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ͷǤ ǡǤ

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ͻǤ

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ͳͳǤ

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ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

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ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

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Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

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͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


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ͳǤ ǡ

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Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

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Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

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8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


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ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

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Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

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ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

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ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

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Ǥ ȋȌǡ

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121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

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ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

58 |




2011






ǡǣ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

59 |






ǣ



60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

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ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

60 |

ǡ Ǣ ǡǤ





61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

61 |




ǡ ͳȋʹȌͷǤ




62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

62 |


ǡǡǡǤ

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤ



63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

63 |


ǣ




Ǥǣ



64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

64 |


Ǥǣ

cheque Ǥ Ǥ


ǡǤ



65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

65 |





Illustration


3 a trust

͵ ǡͳͺͺʹǡ Ǥ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

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103 |

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ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

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ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

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ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

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ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


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Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

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Illustration

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Illustration

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112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

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Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

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Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

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13


Exception

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114 |

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Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


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Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

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121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

66 |

Illustration


ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

4 a will

ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ǡ ǤǡǤ

Codicilǡǡ Ǥ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

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Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

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ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

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͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

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Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

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ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

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ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

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Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

67 |


saleǤConveyanceǤ



68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

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Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

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Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

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͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

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Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

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ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

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bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

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110 |

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111 |

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Illustration

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112 |

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instigates ǡǤ


113 |

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13


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114 |

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Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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Illustration

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116 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

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120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

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121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

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122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

68 |



ǣ

ȋͳȌǯǡ

ȋʹȌǡ

ȋ͵Ȍǡ

ȋͶȌǡ

ȋͷȌ ǡ

ȋȌǤ


69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

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Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

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ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

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Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


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Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

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͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

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Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

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ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

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Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

69 |



ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

ͻǤ ǡ

ͳͲǤ ǡ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

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ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

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ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

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ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

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Illustration ǡ Ǥ


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ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

70 |

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ Ǥ


ʹguidelinesǣ

ȋͳȌ ǡ

ȋʹȌ Ǥ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

71 |


ȋȌǤ Ǥ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ Ǧǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡǤ



72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

72 |

2003 Ǥ



ȋȌ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

73 |


ȋǦȌ Ǥ

Ǧ Ǥ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡǤȋȌ

ͶǤ 13

ͷǤ ǡǤ

Ǥ ǡǤ

Ǥ ȋȌ

ͺǤ ȋȌǡ

ͻǤ

ͳͲǤ

ͳͳǤ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ13

ͳ͵Ǥ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

74 |

ͳͶǤ

ͳͷǤ ǡ

ͳǤ

ͳǤ

Ǧ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ

ȋȌǤ




Ǥ ǡ Ǥ


75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

75 |

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ



Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

76 |

ǡ Ǥ

ͷ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǤ


ǡ ͳͻ͵ ȋȌ Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

ͺǤ ǡ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

77 |

ͻǤ ǡǡ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ




Ǥ



78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

78 |

Illustration




ǡǡǣ



ǡ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

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ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

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͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

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89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


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Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

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ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

79 |


ǡǡ ǲ ǳ ǣ

ȋȌǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ ǡǡ ǦǢ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌǢ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

80 |

ȋȌ Ǣ

ȋȌ Ǥ

ǡ

Enclosed


ǡǡǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

ǡ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

81 |

ǤʹǤ

ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ǯǤ

ȋȌǤ

Ǥ


ǣ





82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

82 |

ȀͻǤ



Ǥ



1 Ǥ Ǥ

2 Ǥ Ǥ

3 ǡ Ǥ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

83 |

4 ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

5 Ǧ Ǥ


7ǦǤ

8 ͳͳ ǡǤ

9 ǡ ǡǤ

10Ǥ

11 ǡ Ȁ ǦǤ

ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀǦǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

84 |


ȋȌ ȋȌǤ

ȋȌ ǡʹͲͲͲǤǣ


ʹǤ Ǥ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ Ǥ



85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

85 |

4 Police

ǤǡǤ

5 Courts

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ





86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

86 |

͵Ǥ section 43ǣ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ͷǤ ͷ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ ǡǣ

Ǥ ǡǡ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

87 |

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ǡ


ͻǤ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

88 |

ȋȌǤ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ Ǥ


͵ǤͳͶǤͳ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǲǳ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

89 |

ʹǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǤ

͵Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ




Illustration 1

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

90 |

Illustration 2

Ǥ ǤǤ


Illustration 1


Illustration 2

Ǥǣ

ͳǤ ǲǳǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

91 |

ʹǤ ǯ Ǥ


ͶǤ ǲǤǳǲǳǤ

ͷǤ ǲǤǳǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯǤ ǯǤ ǡ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

92 |

ǯ ǤǯǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤʹ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡǣ




ͶǤ ǡǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

93 |

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǡ

ͷǤ ǡ

Ǥ

Ǥ

ǣ





94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

94 |

ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

Optical fibre Ǥ

Ǥ


functions Ǥ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull ǡ

bull Ǥ


95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

95 |





ǡ ǡ Ǥ




96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

96 |


Illustrations

ǲǳǣ

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull

bull ȋȌ

bull ǲǳ

Relevant Case Law


97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

97 |




Ǥ


98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

98 |



144 STC 59(Kar)

͵ǤͳͶǤ͵

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

99 |

ǡ

ͳǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ

ʹǤ ǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǤǤǡ

͵Ǥ ǤǤǡǡ

ͶǤ ǤǤǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

100 |

Illustration

ǲǳǤ ǲǳǤ

͵ǤͳͶǤͶ

software ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ

͵Ǥ Ǥ

hardwareǡ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration


ȋ Ȍ Ǥ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

101 |

ȋǤǤȌȋǤǤȌǤ



ǤǯǤ

Analogy

ǤǤȂ ǤȂǤ

ǣ



102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

102 |


ͶǤ compilers ǡ



ͳǤ ȋǤǤȌǡ

ʹǤ ȋǤǤȌ

͵Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͶǤ ȋǤȌ

ͷǤ ȋǤǤǡȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤǡǦȌ

Ǥ ȋǤǤȌ

ͺǤ ȋǤǤȌ

ͻǤ ȋǤǤȌ

Ǥ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

103 |

ͳǤͶǤͷ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ


ǡ ǣ

ͳǤ ǡ

ʹǤ ǡ ǡǡ

͵Ǥ ǡ

ͶǤ ǦǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

104 |

Illustrations

Ǧ

ǡ InternetʹǤ

ͳǤͶǤ

ʹȋͳȌȋȌ




ǡ


105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

105 |

bull satellite

Ǥ ǯ ȋ Ȁ ȌǤ Ǥ

bull microwave

Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ


ǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ

ǡǡǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

106 |

FOUR





ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ

ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



Ǥ Ǥ



115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥǣ




Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

107 |

Illustration


ͳʹͲͲͲǡǤ


ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ǣ

bull Preamble

bull

bull Definitions

bull provisions

bull punishments

bull

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

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ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

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Illustration


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111 |

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ǡǤ

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112 |

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instigates ǡǤ


113 |

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13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

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114 |

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115 |

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Illustration

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116 |

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ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


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Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


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ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

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ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

108 |

intentionǡ ǦǤ

Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ʹͺǤ

28 ǡʹͲͲͲǣ


109 |

Ǥ

Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ

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ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

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ǤǲǳǤ

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Ǥ Ǥ

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ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

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ǡǤ

Illustration

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Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

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112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

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instigates ǡǤ


113 |

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Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

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13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

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114 |

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115 |

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Illustration

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116 |

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ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


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117 |


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Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


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ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

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119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

109 |

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Illustration

Ǥ Ǥ

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ǡͳͻʹʹͻǤ


110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


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ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

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ǡǤ

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ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

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112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

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ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

110 |

Ƭ

ǤǲǳǤ

Illustration


Ǥ Ǥ

ǡ Ǥ

Illustration

ǯ ǲǳǤǯǡ


111 |

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ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

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112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

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Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

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ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

111 |

Ǥ

ǡǤ

Illustration

ͻ Ǥ Ǥ ͻǤ


Illustration

ǯǤ Ǥ ǤǤ

Ǥ Ǥ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

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Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

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ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

112 |

Ǥ ǯ ͵ȀǤʹǤ

ǡ ǯ ǡ ǯǤ Ǥ Ǥ

ǯǡǤǯǤ

Ǥ Ǥ


instigates ǡǤ


113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

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119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

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ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

113 |

Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ǯǤ

Ǥ

13


Exception

ǯ Ǥ ʹǤ

ǯ Ǥ Ǥ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

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119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͺǤ ǡ ǤǤ

ͻǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͲǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

ͳͳǤ Ǥ

ͳʹǤ ʹͶǤǣ

Ǥ ǡ

Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

ͳ͵Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

114 |

ȋȌ

Ǥ Ǥ



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115 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ

116 |

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Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

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119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

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120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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Ǥ ȋȌǡ

Ǥ ȋ ȀȌǤ

121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳͶǤ ǡ Ǥ

ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

115 |

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ

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ǯ Ǥ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

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119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

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120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

116 |

Ǥ Ǥ


Illustration

ǯ Ǥ ǯ Ǥ ͳͲǤ


Illustration

Ǥ ǯǤ ͳͲ Ǥ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

Ǧ Ǥ


ǤǤǤ ͵ Ǥ

119 |

Illustration

ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

ͶǤ ǤǡǤ

ͷǤ Ǥ


Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

Note Ǥ

120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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ͳͷǤ ǡǤ

ͳǤ ȀǤ

ͳǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ

122 |

ͳͺǤ ǡ Ǥ

Illustration ǡ Ǥ


ʹͲǤ ǤǤ

ʹͳǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

123 |

References


ʹǤ Ǧ Ǧ

Websites Referred

ǣȀȀǤǤȀ

ǣȀȀǤǤȀǤ

ǣȀȀǤǤǤȀȀǤ

117 |


Ǥ

Supreme Court ȋȌ

High Court ȋȌ


Ȍ





118 |


ȋǣȌǣ

ͳǤ Ǥ

ʹǤ Ǥ Ǧ ǦǤǤ

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119 |

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ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ

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120 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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121 |

Ǥ Ǥ

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122 |

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Fundamentals Cyber Law