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Human Scale Development and Fundamental Human Needs
Manfred Max-Neef
From “Real-Life Economics, Understanding Wealth Creation”
Ed. Paul Etkins and Manfred Max-Neef
Routledge, 1992
Human Scale Development
• GNP (economic growth) vs ‘Development’ based on the greatest improvement in people’s quality of life.
• What determines people’s quality of life depends on how adequately their fundamental human needs are satisfied.
• Human needs – inter-related and interactive• Unsatisfied needs lead to poverties and
pathologies.
Matrix of Needs and Satisfyers
Temporal and spatial plasticity
Choose, take risks, be different, be dissident, disobey, self-awareness, engage
Equal rightsAutonomy, self esteem, rebellious mind, tolerance, openess of mind
Freedom
Grassroots NGO, daily life, stages of development, social rythms
Integrate, engage, self awareness, confront, grow
Symbols, languages, religions, customs, sexuality, values
Sense of belonging, self esteem, differenciation
Identity
Workshops, schools, creative spaces, freedom and time
Invent, build, compose, interpret
Methods, skills, tools, gifts, work
Passion, determination, intuition, curiosity
Creativity
Intimacy, private life, free time, contact with nature
Meditate, relax, play, dream
Games, shows, peaceful mind, parties
Curiosity, imagination, humour, idleness
Leasure
Grassroots organisations, trade-unions, political parties, churches, communities
Vote, express one’s opinions, disobey, agree, co-operate
Rights, responsibility, privileges, work, duties
Adaptabilty, humour, openess of mind, dedication, will
Participation
Universities, schools, family, adult training, placements etc.
Research, study, meditate, work, analyse
Litterature, educational methods, teachers
Critical mind, openess of mind, intuition, rationality
Understanding
Privatelife, intimacy, being together, homes
Make love, caress, express one’s emotions, cultivate, share
Friendships, family, contact with nature,
Self-esteem, respect, tolerance, generosity, passion, sensuality
Affection
Homes, social spaces, social environment
Co-operate, prevent, take care of, cure
Insurance, social security, social rights
Solidarity, autonomy, balance, adaptability
Protection
Human interactions, social environment
To eat, work, procreateFood, water, shelter, fuelPhysical and psychological health
Subsistence
To Inter-actTo DoTo HaveTo BeSatisfaction/Needs
Human Scale Development
• Satisfied human needs;
• Increasing self-reliance (small settings and direct/participatory democracy);
• Organic articulation – natural and common sense interaction bet. nature and technology, bet. global processes and local activities, and bet. state and civil society
Fundamental Human Needs
• Inter-related and interactive – all needs are seen as equal apart from subsistence;
• Deprivation or potential? Needs engage, motivate and mobilise people;
• Satisfiers are not the available economic goods but are related to everything which contributes to the actualisation of human needs (incl. forms of organisation, political structures, social practices etc.).
Matrix of Needs and Satisfyers
Satisfaction/Needs To Be To Have To Do To Inter-act
Subsistence Physical and psychological health
Food, water, shelter, fuel To eat, work, procreate Human interactions, social environment
Protection Solidarity, autonomy, balance, adaptability
Insurance, social security, social rights
Co-operate, prevent, take care of, cure
Homes, social spaces, social environment
Affection Self-esteem, respect, tolerance, generosity, passion, sensuality
Friendships, family, contact with nature,
Make love, caress, express one’s emotions, cultivate, share
Privatelife, intimacy, being together, homes
Understanding Critical mind, openess of mind, intuition, rationality
Litterature, educational methods, teachers
Research, study, meditate, work, analyse
Universities, schools, family, adult training, placements etc.
Participation Adaptabilty, humour, openess of mind, dedication, will
Rights, responsibility, privileges, work, duties
Vote, express one’s opinions, disobey, agree, co-operate
Grassroots organisations, trade-unions, political parties, churches, communities
Leasure Curiosity, imagination, humour, idleness
Games, shows, peaceful mind, parties
Meditate, relax, play, dream
Intimacy, private life, free time, contact with nature
Creativity Passion, determination, intuition, curiosity
Methods, skills, tools, gifts, work
Invent, build, compose, interpret
Workshops, schools, creative spaces, freedom and time
Identity Sense of belonging, self esteem, differenciation
Symbols, languages, religions, customs, sexuality, values
Integrate, engage, self awareness, confront, grow
Grassroots NGO, daily life, stages of development, social rythms
Freedom Autonomy, self esteem, rebellious mind, tolerance, openess of mind
Equal rights Choose, take risks, be different, be dissident, disobey, self-awareness, engage
Temporal and spatial plasticity
SUBSISTENCE
PROTEC
TION
UNDERSTANDING
CREATION
PARTICIPATION
IDENTITY
LEASURE
FREEDOM
AFFECTION
The Wheel of Fundamental Human Needs
• Destructive or Violating satisfiers (e.g. arms trade, exile, censure, authoritarianism);
• Pseudo-satisfiers (prostitution, fashion, charity);
• Inhibiting satisfiers (authoritarian pedagogy, competitivity, protective family, paternalism);
• Singular satisfiers (army, insurance system, bottle feeding);
• Synergetic satisfiers (breast feeding, preventive medicine, democratic structures, meditation);
Satisfiers
Destructive satisfiersSupposed Satisfier
Need to be supposedly satisfied
Needs whose satisfaction it impairs
Arms race Protection Subsistence, Affection, Participation, Freedom
Exile Protection Affection, Participation, Identity, Freedom
Bureaucracy Protection Creativity, Identity, Affection, Understanding, Participation, Freedom
Censorship Protection Understanding, Participation, Creativity, Leasure, Identity
Autoritarism Protection Affection, Participation, Créativity, Identity, Freedom
Pseudo-Satisfiers
Satisfier Need that it seemingly satisfies
Fashion Identity
Social Status Identity
Mechanistic medicine « A pill for every ill »
Protection
Over-exploitation of national resources
Subsistence
Stereotypes Understanding
Prostitution Affection
Charity Subsistence
Inhibiting SatisfiersSatisfier Need Needs whose satisfaction is
inhibited
Taylorist-type of production
Subsistence Understanding, Participation, Leasure, Identity, Freedom
Over-protective family
Protection Affection, Understanding, Identity, Freedom, Leasure
Authoritarian pedagogy
Understanding Identity, Understanding, Creativity, Participation, Freedom
Obsessive competitiveness
Freedom Protection, Subsistence, Affection, Identity, Leasure
Unlimited permissiveness
Freedom Affection, Protection, Participation, Identity
Singular Satisfiers
Satisfier Need which it satisfies
Aid programmes Subsistence
Curative medicine Subsistence
Insurance systems Protection
Army Protection
Nationality Identité
Guided tours Leasure
Gifts Affection
Synergic Satisfiers
Satisfier Need Needs whose satisfaction is stimulates
Popular education Understanding Protection, participation, Creativity, Identity, Freedom
Breast feeding Subsistence Protection, Affection, Identity
Democratic Organisations
Participation Protection, Affection, Identity, Leasure, Creativity
Educational games
Leasure Affection, Understanding, Participation, Creativity
Preventive medicine
Protection Understanding, Participation, Susbsistence
Meditation Understanding Leasure, Creativity, Identity, Freedom