Fundamental Operations in Compunding,Ppt

FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS IN COMPOUNDING

DR.BHARDWAJ,DR.SUKANTA,DR.SATWIKA


• COMPOUNDING & DISPENSING IS CONCERNED WITH THE PREPARATION OF MEDICINES FROM BASIC INGREDIENTS IN SMALL QUANTITIES. THE ACCURATE & ELEGANT COMPOUNDING OF MEDICINES REQUIRES EXPERTISE IN SEVERAL FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS WHICH ARE FOLLOWING :

• 1. WEIGHING, 5. MIXING,• 2. MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS, 6. SIZE REDUCTION,• 3. DISSOLUTION, 7. SIZE SEPARATION.• 4. FILTRATION,


• 1. WEIGHING:• MOST IMPORTANT STEP UPON WHICH SUCCESS OF ALL

THESE OPERATIONS IN PHARMACY DEPENDS.• PROPER WEIGHING DEPENDS ON A THOROUGH

KNOWLEDGE OF BALANCE, ITS PRINCIPLE, ITS CARE & PROPER USE.

• DURING COMPOUNDING & DISPENSING OF MEDICINES, WEIGHING IS CARRIED OUT ON A DISPENSING BALANCE. ALL OF YOU HAVE BEEN PROVIDED WITH SUCH A BALANCE.

• WHEN THE LOAD IS PLACED ON THE PANS OF THE BALANCE, THE HORIZONTAL METAL BEAM MOVES AROUND THE CENTRAL FULCRUM AND DEFLECTION FROM THE HORIZONTAL IS INDICATED BY THE MOVEMENT OF A POINTER FIXED IN THE CENTER OF THE BEAM WHICH COMES IN THE CENTER WHEN THE WEIGHTS IN THE TWO PANS ARE EQUALLY BALANCED.

WEIGHING IN PHARMACY• FOLLOWING TECHNIQUE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE

WEIGHING THE MEDICINAL INGREDIENTS:• PLACE THE BALANCE IN A WELL LIT AREA FREE FROM DUST

& PLACE IT OVER THE RUBBER OR THE MAKENTOSH SHEET TO PROTECT THE BALANCE FROM CORROSION,

• ADJUST THE LEVEL OF THE BALANCE • CLEAN THE BALANCE PANS WITH A DRY DUSTER BEFORE

USE,• KEEP EQUAL SIZE PIECE OF CLEAN WHITE PAPER IN EACH

PAN & BALANCE THE PANS,• PLACE THE REQUIRED WEIGHTS ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE

PAN WITH THE HELP OF FORCEPS SO THAT SWEAT, DUST & GREASE FROM HANDS MAY NOT MAKE THE WEIGHTS INACCURATE,

• CLOSE THE DRAWER OF THE BALANCE IN ORDER TO PREVENT SPILLAGE OF INGREDIENTS ON THE WEIGHTS LYING IN THE DRAWER,

WEIGHING IN PHARMACY• ADD OR REMOVE THE MEDICAMENT IN THE RIGHT HAND PAN WITH

THE HELP OF THE SPATULA UNTIL THE POINTER RETURNS TO THE NULL POINT. REMEMBER IN PHARMACY RIGHT HAND PAN IS USED FOR WEIGHING THE MEDICAMENTS,

• WHEN THE WEIGHING IS COMPLETED PUT THE BALANCE BEAM AGAIN IN FIXED POSITION,

• TRANSFER THE WEIGHED INGREDIENT IN A CONTAINER OR A PIECE OF PAPER, AS PER REQUIREMENT,

• RETURN THE WEIGHTS TO THE DRAWER WITH FORCEPS AND CAREFULLY CLEAN THE BALANCE PAN & THE SPATULA,

• RETURN THE EXCESS LEFT OVER INGREDIENT TO THE STOCK BOTTLE AFTER CAREFULLY READING ITS NAME ON THE LABEL. SIMILARLY WEIGH ALL OTHER INGREDEINTS.

• WITH THE DISPENSING BALANCE PROVIDED TO YOU THE MINIMUM WEIGHABLE QUANTITY IS 100 MG.

MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS

2. MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS IS GENRALLY DONE WITH THE HELP OF VARIOUS CYLINDRICAL OR CONICAL MEASURES PROVIDED TO YOU. BUT THE CONICAL MEASURES ARE PREFERRED BECAUSE IT IS EASY- TO FILL THEM WITHOUT SPILLAGE, - TO DRAIN OUT WHOLE LIQUID,- TO RINSE OUT THE RESIDUE AFTER DRAINING OUT LIQUIDS ESPECIALLY, VISCOUS LIQUIDS AND - ALSO EASY TO CLEAN THEM AS COMPARED TO CYLINDRICAL MEASURES.

* THE MINIMUM MEASUREABLE QUANTITY IS 1 ml. USING A 10ml. CONICAL MEASURE. UPTO 0.1 ml. LIQUID CAN BE MEASURED USING A GRADUATED GLASS PIPETTE.

MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS• Measuring technique for conical measures:• Always use clean & dry measures• Always choose the smallest measure that will hold the required

volume to be measured. Do not split the volume into two measurements as this would double the error,

• Check the label of the stock bottle for the correct name of the liquid to be measured,

• Hold the bottle in the right hand with label in the upper side so that it is visible during measurement & also to prevent its spoilage if some liquid trickles down,

• Remove the stopper of the bottle and hold it between the little finger and palm of the left hand,

• Straighten the conical measure with the graduated side in front and put it on a flat surface or a tile,

MEASUREMENT OF LIQUIDS• Carefully pour the liquid into the centre of the conical measure

and not on the side walls and measure out slightly less than the required volume, let the liquid from the side walls of the measure fall into the centre, and then adjust the volume in the conical measure to exactly the required volume. This precaution is especially important while measuring a viscous liquids like glycerine or oil.

• Hold the measure at the eye level and read the accurate volume to be measured with the appropriate graduation on the conical measure.

• Close the stock bottle,• Recheck the name and volume measured out,• Pour the measured liquid into the vessel in which the

preparation is being made & thoroughly rinse the measure into same vessel.

DISSOLUTION• IT INVOLVES DISSOLVING SOLIDS IN TO LIQUID TO PREPARE A

SOLUTION. • IT IS NECESSARY TO KNOW THE SOLUBILITY OF THE

MEDICAMENTS INTO VARIOUS LIQUIDS OR SOLVENTS.• THE SOLUBILITY OF A LIQUID IN A GIVEN LIQUID CAN BE

INCREASED BY FOLLOWING WAYS:• - POWDER THE SOLID INTO FINE PARTICLES, THIS INCREASES THE

SURFACE AREA FROM WHICH MOLECULES CAN DIFUSE INTO LIQUID,

• - BY AGITATING THE SOLUTION IN A CONICAL FLASK WHICH HELPS RAPID DIPERSION OF THE SOLUTE THROUGHOUT THE LIQUID, AND

• - BY INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE WHICH DECREASES THE VISCOSITY & INCREASES THE DIFFUSION CO-EFFICIENT AND ALSO INCREASES THE SOLUBILITY OF MOST OF THE DRUGS.

DISSOLUTION• TECHNIQUE OF DISSOLUTION:• GENERALLY A CONICAL FLASK IS SELECTED AS A VESSEL FOR MAKING A

SOLUTION BECAUSE OF FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:• - THE CONTENTS CAN BE EASILY AGITATED BY SHAKING WITHOUT ANY

SPILLAGE,• - THE CONTENTS CAN BE READILY HEATED IF DESIRED,• - THE CONTENTS CAN ALSO BE READILY COOLED UNDER RUNNING TAP

WATER WITHOUT CONTAMINATION.

• FOLLOWING STEPS ARE TAKEN IN DISSOLUTION TECHNIQUE:• - POWDER THE DRUG IN MORTAR & WEIGH THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF

THE POWDERED DRUG,• - PUT THE DRUG WITH THE LITTLE VOLUME OF THE SOLVENT IN THE

CONICAL FLASK AND STIR WITH A GLASS ROD & AGITATE BY SHAKING OR BY USING A MECHANICAL STIRRER,

• - HEAT THE SOLUTION IF NEEDED AND OBTAIN A CLEAR SOLUTION,• - BRING THE SOLUTION TO ROOM TEMPERATURE BY COOLING,• - TRANSFER THE SOLUTION TO A CONICAL MEASURE AND ADD MORE

SOLVENT TO MAKE THE REQUIRED VOLUME OF THE SOLUTION

FILTRATION• FILTRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE SOLID PARTICLES ARE

REMOVED FROM LIQUID OR GAS BY PASSING IT THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM WHICH RETAINS THE SOLID PARTICLES BUT ALLOWS THE LIQUID TO PASS.

• THE RATE OF FILTRATION CAN BE INCREASED BY FOLLOWING WAYS:

• - INCREASING THE SURFACE AREA OF THE FILTER,• - REDUCING THE VISCOSITY OF THE LIQUID BY HEATING THE

LIQUID,• - INCREASING THE PRESSURE ACROSS THE FILTERING DEVICE

EITHER BY APPLYING VACCUM BELOW IT OR BY INCREASING THE PRESSURE OVER THE LIQUID BEING FILTERED,

• BY USING HIGH POROSITY FILTERING MEDIUMS SUCH AS SINTERED GLASS FILTER OR MEMBRANE FILTERS. GENERALLY A NO.3 FILTER IS USED FOR SMALL VOLUMES FOR FILTRATION BY GRAVITY AND NO.4 FILTER FOR LARGE VOLUMES BY VACCUM OR PRESSURE.

• SINTERED GLASS FILTERS ARE MADE FROM BOROSILICATE, VERY EXPENSIVE, NOT USED IN PHARMACY LAB. OR FOR ROUTINE USE.

FILTRATION• A HIGH DEGREE OF CLARITY IS REQUIRED IN CASE OF ORAL

SOLUTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FOR APPLICATION TO SKIN OR MUCOUS MEMBRANES OR ULCERATED AREAS.

• IT IS NECESSARY TO ADJUST SOLUTIONS TO VOLUME THROUGH THE FILTER AS FOLLOWS;

• - WASH THROUGH THE FILTER USING A LITTLE OF THE VEHICLE AND DISCARD THE WASHINGS,

• - MAKE THE SOLUTION TO VOLUME AND PASS THROUGH THE FILTER INTO A MEASURING DEVICE,

• RINSE THROUGH THE FILTER WITH THE SUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF VEHICLE TO MAKE THE FINAL REQUIRED VOLUME.

MIXING & MIXTURES• MANY PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS CONSIST OF

HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES OF TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS & DEPENDING UPON THE COMPONENTS THE MIXTURES ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES:

• I. MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS,• II. MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS,• III. MIXTURES OF SOLIDS,• IV. MIXTURES OF SEMISOLIDS.VI. MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS: THESE ARE OF TWO TYPES:VII. A. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS CALLED

SOLUTIONS: Contain readily miscible liquids, a mechanical stirrer or glass rod may be needed to mix them. Sometimes, an electric stirrer may be needed to mix liquids of high viscosity.

MIXING & MIXTURES• B. HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS OR EMULSIONS:• THESE INVOLVE MIXING OF TWO IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS WITH THE

HELP OF SUSPENDING AGENTS OR EMULGENTS AND BY LOCAL MIXING IN WHICH SHEAR IS APPLIED TO THE GLOBULES OF LIQUIDS IN A MORTAR & PESTLE ON SMALL SCALE.

• II. MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS & SOLIDS: THESE ARE ALSO OF TWO TYPES:

• A. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE OR SOLUTIONS: IT INVOLVES SIMPLE DISSOLUTION OF A SOLUBLE SOLID INTO A LIQUID WHICH MAY BE ACHIEVED BY SHAKING OR STIRRING.

• B. HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES OR SUSPENSIONS: IN THIS VARIETY THE DISPENSED SOLID TENDS TO SEPARATE FROM DISPERSION MEDIUM SO PROPER MIXING IS REQUIRED TO OBTAIN A STABLE SUSPENSION. THIS IS GENERALLY DONE USING A MORTAR & PESTLE ON SMALL SCALE.

MIXING & MIXTURES• III. MIXTURES OF SOLIDS:• IT INVOLVES HOMOGENOUS MIXING OF SOLIDS IN POWDER STATE WHICH IS

GENERALLY DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE BECAUSE SOLIDS DO NOT MIX READILY AND ESPECIALY SO WHEN MINUTE QUANTITIES OF ONE SOLID IS TO BE MIXED WITH THE LARGER QUANTITIES OF OTHERS. THIS IS GENERALLY DONE IN MORTAR & PESTEL AND FOLLOWING STEPS ARE OBSERVED IN THE PROCESS:

• - ADD TO THE MORTAR THAT INGREDIENT FIRST WHICH IS PRESENT IN THE SMALLEST QUANTITY AND POWDER,

• - ADD A QUANTITY OF THE SECOND SOLID THAT WILL APPROXIMATELY DOUBLE THE BULK OF MEDICAMENTS ALREADY PRESENT IN THE MORTAR, MIX LIGHTLY TO OBTAIN A POWDER WITHOUT ALLOWING PRESSURE WHICH MAY CAUSE CAKING OF INGREDIENTS.

• - EVERY ADDITION OF INGREDIENT SHOULD BE SUCH THAT IT DOUBLES THE QUANTITY ALREADY PRESENT IN THE MORTAR. THIS ASSISTS HOMOGENOUS MIXING OF SOLIDS. REPEAT THE PROCESS UNTIL ALL THE SOLIDS HAVE BEEN CONSUMED,

• - SEPARATE THE POWDER FROM THE BASE & SIDES OF THE MORTAR USING A SPATULA AND TRANSFER IT ON TO A CLEAN PAPER AND PEPARE THE REQUIED NUMBER OF DOSES BY ACCURATE WEIGHING.

MIXING & MIXTURES• MIXTURES CONTAINING SEMISOLIDS: IT INVOLVES MIXING A

SOLID AND / OR A LIQUID INTO A BASE CONSISTING OF ONE OR MORE SEMISOLIDS. FOR EXAMPLE:

• - OINTMENT,• - PASTE, • - SUPPOSITORIES.• THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE IS ADOPTED:• 1. PREPARE THE BASE OF OINTMENT OR PASTE WHICH MAY

CONTAIN LIQUIDS, SUCH AS LIQUID PARAFFIN, SEMI-SOLIDS SUCH AS WOOL FAT & SOFT PARAFFIN AND ALSO SOLIDS SUCH AS CETOSTEARYL ALCOHOL & HARD-PARAFFIN.

• - THE INGREDIENTS ARE MELTED TOGATHER IN A DISH OVER A WATER BATH AND STIRRED WELL TAKING CARE TO AVOID OVERHEATING. THIS IS DONE TO OBTAIN A HOMOGENOUS MIXTRURE.

MIXING & MIXTURES• MIXTURES CONTAINING SEMISOLIDS:• 2. INCORPOATE ANY SOLID INGREDIENTS BY FIRST

RUBBING THEM INTO A SMALL QUANTITY OF THE BASE. THE REST OF THE BASE IS ADDED GRADUALLY AND MIXING CONTINUED UNTIL THE MEDICAMENTS ARE THOROUGHLY MIXED.

• 3. INCORPORATE ANY LIQUIDS WITH THE BASE , AFTER COOLING IT TO THE ROOM TEMPERATURE. VOLATILE LIQUIDS AND HEAT LABILE LIQUIDS SHOULD NOT BE ADDED UNTIL THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BASE IS BELOW 40-C

• THE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS INGREDIENTS ARE GENERALLY ADDED WITH THE BASE ON LARGE WARM TILE USING A FLEXIBLE SPATULA OR IN A WARM MORTAR USING PESTLE.

SIZE-REDUCTION• SIZE REDUCTION OR COMMUNITION: IS THE PROCESS OF

REDUCING DRUGS INTO SMALLER PIECES WHICH MAY BE COARSE PARTICLES OR FINE POWDERS. THE ADVANTAGES OF SIZE REDUCTION ARE FOLLOWING:

• 1. PROMOTES MIXING,• 2. PROMOTES SUSPENDING,• 3. FACILITATES DISSOLUTION,• 4. INCREASES RATE OF ABSORPTION FROM GIT,• 5. YIELDS PREPARATION SUITABLE FOR USE ON MUCUS

MEMBRANES OR SKIN BECAUSE IT PREVENTS GRITTINESS AND IRRITATION ON APPLICATION.

• ON SMALL SCALE THIS IS ACHIEVED BY THE PROCESSES OF:• - DRY GRINDING, AND• - WET GRINDING OR LEVIGATION

SIZE-REDUCTION

• 1. DRY GRINDING: IT INVOLVES BREAKING THE INGREDIENT IN A MORTAR & PESTLE. SIZE REDUCTION IS DONE BY COMPRESSION BETWEEN THE FLAT HEAD OF PESTLE AND BOTTOM OF THE MORTAR AND ATRITION BY SHEARING ACTION OF THE PESTLE.

• 2. WET GRINDING OR LEVIGATION: THIS INVOLVES PREPARING AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS. THE INGREDIENTS ARE MADE INTO PASTE WITH WATER AND GROUND IN MORTAR. IN CASE OF PREPARATION OF SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS, THE MEDICAMENT IS RUBBED DOWN WITH THE WARM BASE ON A WARM TILE OR IN WARM MORTAR.

SIZE SEPARATION

• SIZE SEPARATION IS DONE TO SEPARATE PARTCLES OF THE SPECIALIZED SIZE FROM A MEDICAMENT BY SIFTING. GENERALLY WIRE MESH SIEVES ARE USED.

• FOR DUSTING POWDERS FINE POWDERS ARE PASSED THROUGH THE APERTURE OF 180 MICRO-MILIMETER (NO. 85 SIEVE).

• FOR ORAL POWDERS OR FOR POWDERS FOR EXTERNAL USE MESH SIZE OF 250 MICRO MILIMETER OR SIEVE NO. 120 IS USED.

• FOR ABRASIVE TOOTH POWDERS A NO. 60 SIEVE IS USED.

LABELLING OF DISPENSED MEDICINES

• THE CONTAINER CONTAINING THE DISPENSED MEDICINE IS LABELLED PROVIDING ADEQUATE INFORMATION SO THAT THE MEDICINE CAN BE TAKEN OR USED PROPERLY. THE INFORMATION ON THE LABEL SHOULD BE:

• ACCURATE: IT SHOULD BE CHECKED AFTER WRITING & RECHECKED BEFORE PASTING IT ON THE CONTAINER.

• LEGIBLE

• INTELLIGIBLE & UNAMBIGUOUS,

• ADEQUATE & RELEVANT


• I. CAUTIONAY & ADVISORY LABELS:• 1. FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY: IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE APPLIED TO

ALL PREPARATIONS MEANT FOR EXTERNAL APPLICATION SUCH AS:• GELS,• LOTIONS,• OINTMENTS,• CREAMS,• PASTES,• DUSTING POWDERS,• GARGLES,• ANTISEPTIC LOTIONS,• SKIN PROTECTIVES & EMOLIENTS


• PREPARATION OF THE LABELS:• THE LABEL SHOULD PROVIDE FOLLOWING

INFORMATION:• 1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT,• 2. NAME & ADDRESS OF THE SUPPLIER & THE DATE OF

SUPPLY, 3. PRECISE DETAILS REGARDING CONTENTS OF THE

DISPENSED MEDICINE SUCH AS:• - NAME OF THE MEDICINE,• - THE STRENGTH OF THE MEDICINE,• - THE QUANTITY OF THE DISPENSED MEDICINE IS GIVEN IN

WHOLE NUMBER AND ALWAYS PUTTING A ZERO BEFORE EACH DECIMAL QUANTITY,


• 4. STORAGE CONDITIONS & SHELF LIFE OF THE PREPARATION IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE, LIGHT AND HUMIDITY,

• 5. INSTRUCTIONS TO THE PATIENT:• - DIRECTIONS AND METHOD OF TAKING AND USING THE

MEDICINE AS GIVEN IN THE PRESCRIPTION BY THE PRESCRIBER. IT IS BETTER TO USE PHRASES SUCH AS ‘TO BE TAKEN’, ‘TO BE GIVEN’ OR ‘TO BE APPLIED’ INSTEAD OF TAKE, GIVE OR APPLY. THE DIRECTION WRITTEN ON THE LABEL OF A DISPENSED MEDICINE SHOULD BE SIMPLE AND WITHOUT ANY CONFUSION. FOR EXAMPLES

• - SHAKE THE BOTTLE FOR EMULSIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND AEROSOLS

• - FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY,• - TAKE WITH WATER,• - CAUTIONARY OR ADVISORY LABELS


• CAUTIONARY INSTRUCTIONS:• 1. NOT TO BE TAKEN OR SWALLOWED: IT HAS TO

BE APPLIED FOR ALL THOSE PREPARATIONS WHICH ARE MEANT ‘FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY’ BUT NOT TO BE TAKEN ORALLY. FOR EXAMPLE:

• - ‘FOR RECTAL USE ONLY’ FOR RECTAL PREPARATIONS,

• -’FOR VAGINAL USE ONLY’ FOR VAGINAL PREPARATIONS,

• - ‘FOR NASAL USE ONLY’ FOR NASAL PREPARATIONS


• 2. DROWSINESS WARNING:

• PATIENT SHOULD BE WARNED IF THEIR MEDICAMENT IS LIKELY TO CAUSE DROWSINESS, DIZZINESS, BLURRED VISION, OR MAY IMPAIR THEIR ABILITY TO DRIVE OR OPERATE MACHINES SAFELY AS FOLLOWS:

• ‘ WARNING: MAY CUASE DROWSINESS. IF AFECTED DO NOT DRIVE, OPERATE MACHINES, OR SWIM AND AVOID ALCOHOLIC DRINKS’


• 3. POTENTIAL INTERACTION WITH FOOD OR DRINK:• i- FOR DRUGS IN WHICH EITHER ABSORPTION IS INCREASED

IF TAKEN BEFORE FOOD OR DECREASED IF TAKEN AFTER FOOD:

• ‘ TO BE TAKEN AN HOUR BEFORE FOOD OR ON EMPTY STOMACH’

• ii- FOR DRUGS CAUSING GIT IRRITATION OR BETTER ABSORBED WITH FOOD:

• ‘ TO BE TAKEN WITH OR AFTER FOOD’• iii. FOR DRUGS SUCH AS ANTIBIOTICS WHERE ABSORPTION

IS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED BY THE PRESENCE OF FOOD & ACID IN STOMACH:

• ‘WARNING: TO BE TAKEN AN HOUR BEFORE FOOD OR ON EMPTY STOMACH’


• 4. POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER MEDICINES OR SUBSTANCES IN THE STOMACH:

• - FOR DRUGS WHICH CHELATE WITH CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM AND IRON ARE NOT WELL ABSORBED IN THEIR PRESENCE OR SUBSTANCES CONTAINING THEM:

• ‘ DO NOT TAKE MILK OR IRON PREPARATIONS WITH THIS MEDICINE’

• - DRUGS WHOSE ACTIVITY IS REDUCED BY ASPIRIN:

• ‘ DO NOT TAKE ASPIRIN WHILE TAKING THIS MEDICNE’


• 5. SPECIAL METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION:• ‘ TO BE SUCKED OR CHEWED’ FOR LOZENGES OR DRUGS

FOR LOCAL ACTION IN THROAT OR ORAL CAVITY• ‘ TO BE DISSOLVED UNDER TONGUE NOT TO BE SUCKED OR

SWALLOWED’ FOR SUBLINGUAL ADMINISTRATION,• ‘DISSOLVE OR MIX WITH WATER BEFORE TAKING’ FOR

POWDERS OR O.R.S OR SOLUBLE GRANULES TO BE DISPERSED IN WATER BEFORE TAKING,

• ‘TO BE TAKEN WITH PLENTY OF WATER’ FOR DRUGS WHICH WILL CAUSE GIT IRRITATION UNLESS DILUTED.

• ‘TO BE SWALLOWED WHOLE, NOT TO BE CHEWED OR CRUSHED’ FOR ENTERIC COATED PREPARATION OR G.I.T.S. OR HAVING UNPLEASANT TASTE


• 6. CAUTIONS IN USE:

• ‘ AVOID EXPOSURE TO DIRECT SUNLIGHT’ FOR DRUGS CAUSING PHOTO-SENSITIZATION,

• ‘ THE PREPARATION MAY COLOR THE URINE OR STOOL’ FOR DRUGS CHANGING THE COLOR OF URINE OR FAECES,

• ‘KEEP AWAY FROM NAKED FLAME’ FOR INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES


• 7. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PARTICULAR TYPE OF DOASAGE FORM:

• FOR CREAMS:• -‘FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY. STORE IN COOL PLACE’• FOR EMULSIONS: ‘ SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE’• FOR GARGLES & MOUTH WASHES:• -‘NOT TO BE SWALLOWD IN LARGE AMOUNTS’• FOR LINIMENTS & LOTIONS:• ‘ FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY’• ‘SHAKE THE BOTTLE BEFORE USE’• ‘DO NOT APPLY ON BROKEN SKIN’• FOR MIXTURES:• ‘SHAKE THE BOTTLE BEFORE USE’• ‘TO BE TAKEN AFTER DILUTING WITH WATER’• FOR OINTMENTS, PASTES, PAINTS,SOLUTIONS:• ‘ FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY’

LABELLING

THANK YOU !

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Fundamental Operations in Compunding,Ppt