•Fundamental interactions and symmetries at low energieswhat does NUPECC say….

•Time-reversal violation and electric dipole moments

•Time-reversal violation and beta decay

•The TRIP facility(Trapped Radioactive Isotopes lab’s for fundamental Physics)

H.W. Wilschut

TRIP: A new facility for test of the Standard Model with radioactive isotopes

Fantom symposium 8-9 may 2003

31 January 2003NuPECC Town Meeting,

January/February 2003@ GSI40

The Nature of Neutrinos Oscillations/ Masses/ 02-decay

T and CP Violation edm’s, D (R) coeff. in -decays, D0

Rare and Forbidden Decays 02-Decay, n-nbar, M-Mbar, e

3e, N e

Correlations in -decay non V-A in -decay

Unitarity of CKM-Matrix n-, -, (superallowed -decays

Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Cs, Fr, Ra

CPT Conservation n, e, p,

Precision Studies within The Standard Model

Constants, QCD,QED, Nuclear Structure

Theoretical Support

Positions at Universities Experimentalists and Theorists

High Power Proton Driver Several MW

Target Research

Cold and Ultracold Neutrons

Low Energy Radioactive Beams

Improved Trapping Facilities

Underground Facilities

Physics TopicsPhysics Topics Adequate EnvironmentAdequate EnvironmentHuman resources

Facilities

Time reversal violation and the Electric Dipole Moment

J

•QM: J//d•any particle will do

• dn 0.6 10-27 em• de < 1.6 10-29 em• de (SM) < 10-39 em

•find suitable object• Schiff

• need amplifier • atomic (Z3)• nuclear

• suitable structure

Consider all nuclidestime time

d

EDM violates parity and time reversal

Why is EDM a TRV observable

EDM: What Object to Choose ?

Theoretical input needed

205Tl: d = -585 de

199Hg: d nuclatom

Ra: Ra/Hg=(10>1)(10>3)

Enhancements in Radium

Nuclei with J=1/2 availableAtomic enhancement more important

some Ra nuclei

EDM Now and in the Future

1.610-27

•

Start TRIP

•199Hg

Radium potential

de (SM) < 10-37

NUPECC list

• R and D test both Time Reversal Violation• D most potential • R scalar and tensor (EDM, a)• technique D measurements gives a, A, b, B

TRV in -decay: Correlation measurement

But first something simple…………

“The Nucleus as micro laboratory”

Fermi transitions 0+ 0+

+

+ N N’ e,

Gamow-Teller 1+ 0+

Decay probability (phase space) (nuclear structure) (weak interact)

neutrinoelectronrecoil

The role of (optical) trappingOptical trap sample• isotope selective, spin manipulation• point source, no substrate• recoil (ion) mass spectrometry

From KVI atomic physics: He2+ + NaS. Knoop

Ideal environment for precision experiments1 a.u.=15 AeV

The effect of the FSI(Theory group/masters thesis Marc van Veenhuizen)

D=0 if all formfactors are real

finite D due to weak magnetism

FSI and TRV can be disentangled

Status and Future of D coefficient

10-5-10-4exotic ferm.

10-5-10-4LR sym

present limitlepto quark

10-7-10-6Susy

10-12CKM

D Im (CVCA*)Theory

•D in neutron (-0.61.7)10-3

•D in 19Ne < (48)10-4

Weak magnetism •DWM (19Ne) = 2.610-4 pe/pmax

•With measurement of D(pe)

momentum dependence two orders of magnitude to be gained. •D in =0.110.10

• KVI goes for• 21Na (3/2+3/2+ ; t1/2=22.5 s) 19Ne (1/2+1/2+ ; t1/2=17.3 s)• 20Na(2+ 2+ + / ; t1/2 =0.5 s) 23Mg (3/2+3/2+ ; t1/2=11.3 s)( Rate of in-trap decays 105/s)

: :

TRIP - Trapped Radioactive Isotopes:-laboratories for fundamental Physics

TRIP

Facility to • produce AGOR• select Separator• collect• hold Traps• manipulate

radioactive nuclei, to study physics beyond the Standard Model

The double mode separator

QDQD

QD QD

AGOR beam

Target chamber 1

Target

chamber 2

Low energy

beam

Traps

Gas cooler, RFQ

Gas-filled recoil mode

Gas-filled recoil separatorBeam rigidity B 3.6 TmProduct rigidity B 3.0 TmAngle, vert., horiz. 30 mradMomentum Acceptance 2.5%Resolving Power 2000 (no gas filling)*Dispersion 3.8 cm/%

* In the gas-filled mode the resolving power is limited by multiple scattering in the gastypical reaction: 206Pb + 12C at 8 MeV/nucleon

DD DD

TRIP

Fragmentation separator Beam rigidity B 3.6 Tm Product rigidity B 3.0 Tm Angle, vert., horiz. 30 mrad Momentum Acceptance 2.5% Resolving Power 1000 Dispersion 2.0 cm/%

Fragmentation mode

21Na, 20Na, 19Ne

Production and separation in fragmentation moderecoil separator vs. fragment separator = 1 step vs. 2 step separation

(Semi) direct reactions on p or d + “large” cross sections + well focused large yields – close to projectile

Example: Production via (semi)direct reactionProduct Beam Energy

[MeV/u]Target [mbarn] Rate [pps/kW] B [%]

20Na 20Ne 10-20 p 5 108 > 10%21Na 20Ne 10-20 d 50 109 > 7%

Criterion for target thickness: B=1% differential stopping in target,e.g. 3.5 mg/cm2 (D2)

Example: Production via fragmentationProduct Beam Energy

[MeV/u]Target [mbarn] (A/Z) selection/

total rate[pps/kW]

(Z2)selectionfactor(*)

32Ar 36Ar 40 12C 2·10-3 103/107 <1032Ar 36Ar 70 12C 2·10-3 104/4·107 ~1036Si 40Ar 40 12C 6·10-3 103/107 ~10036Si 40Ar 70 12C 6·10-3 104/107 >100

* 50% typical loss after degrader2nd separation for proton rich isotopes is poor

Fragmentation isotope production + thick targets + wide range of fragments – non selective, small yields

TRIP

• new RIB facilities propose gascatchers

• He gas stops products as 1+ ions (ionization potential difference)

• Does it work?• It works in Argonne• more input needed

Catching the fast ions (ouch!)

TRITRIPP

RFQ CoolerRFQ Cooler

• optical laboratory built upoptical laboratory built up• home product: diode lasers home product: diode lasers • II22 spectroscopy successful spectroscopy successful• Ba optical trap under wayBa optical trap under way• Ti:sapphire, dye, pump lasers Ti:sapphire, dye, pump lasers coming incoming in

InfrastructureInfrastructure being preparedbeing prepared

TRIP Group at KVI

TRIP

Scientists:G.P. BergU. DammalapatiP.G. DendoovenO. Dermois M.N. Harakeh K. JungmannA. RogachevskiyM. Sanchez-Vega R. Timmermans, (theory)E. TraykovL. Willmann H.W. Wilschutyou? (Graduate students)you? (Post docs)

collaborations:NIPNETIonCatcher

Research technicians:L. HuismanH. KiewietM. Stokroos

KVI atomic phyisicsR. Hoekstra R. Morgenstern S. KnoopS. Hoekstra

Nuclear physics

Atomic physics

Fundamental Interactions

-decay

Atomic moments Electric dipole

Nuclear moments

Nuclear structure - and -decay

Atomic structure chemistry

condensates

very rare isotope

detection

Summary and outlook

Applied physics

• The abundance of 41Ca• 4 stages• laser focusing• Zeeman slower• optical molasses• MOT (ready)• 10 orders of

magnitude to go

Applied physics: AlCatrazKVI atomic physics project

410-5

The physics aims of measuring Parity Non-Conserving (PNC) transitions in atom

PNC in atom indicates 1) weak interaction of electron with nucleus

measures nuclear weak charge2) electromagnetic interaction PNC moment of nucleus

measures nuclear anapole moment

QW and a have been measured for Cs

a

J

mir

ror

a

J

Importance of atomic traps

•ultra selective isotopic and isomeric•collect in one cold point reduce phase space •hold slightly shallow potential•manipulate position polarization

and orientationPrecision allows one to obtain (New) Physics:

weak charge, anapoles, electric dipole moments, beta decay correlations

We start with:Hot soup of fast moving atoms with random orientationand end with:Precisely defined single species (with orientation)

Atomic Traps for -decay studies

• Why is atomic trapping important in nuclear and particle physics

• -decay correlationskinematical correlations+polarization

• Approaches to correlation measurementso MOTo TOPo FORT

H.W. Wilschut

example TOP spin degrees of freedom

Time orbiting potential <J> vs measures A“Wu experiment”

Vieira et al. (LANL) 82Rb (t1/2=75 s; 1+ 0+, (2+) )

Appears to have been abandoned FORT

Time Reversal Violation (TRV) in atoms (electric dipole moment)

Dipole moment is both TRV and PNC

To see PNC or TRV need atomic enhancement: Near degenerate states with opposite parity.

J

time time

d

Trapping facilitates the study of transitions in atoms with a (radioactive) nucleus, chosen for its suitability (high Z, hyperfine structure, anapole moment, e.g Cs and Fr).

Principle of EDM measurement

B

E

B

E

- =

statepreparation

detection

prec

essi

on

Washington Seattle

Structure of the weak interactionOf all possible interactions only few are allowed

characterization by the Dirac matrices involved

T

A

V

P

S 1

5

5

Scalar

Pseudo Scalar

Vector (GV)

Axial Vector (GA)

Tensor

Structure is V - A=left handed interaction

“beyond” =right handednessnew bosonsmore Higgs’s or…..

=S, P or T