Fundamental Gas

©2014

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FUNDAMENTALOF GAS

Agenda• Fundamental of Energy

• Gas Introduction and the Sources

• Gas and The Processing Technology

• Gas Products and the Implementation

• Gas Business Prospect

• Transportation and Distribution of LNG

• Risk assessment of LNG Terminal

• Future concept of Energy Distribution

© 2014.TITIS SAMPURNA 2


FUNDAMENTAL OF ENERGY


ENERGY

ENERGYENERGY

Conventional- Petroleum- Natural Gas- Coal- Nuclear

Unconventional (exsamples)- Oil Shale- Natural Gas hydrates in marine sediment


Non – Renewable Energy Source

Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Oil Shale Tar Sands


Types of Fossil Fuels


Renewables Energy Technologies

The Five main forms of energy are:- Heat

- Chemical- Electromagnetic- Nuclear- Mechanical


Forms of Energy


Energy Conversion

Energy can be changed from one to another Changes in the form of energy are called energy conversion All forms of energy can be converted into other forms

- The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted directly into electricity- Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into starches and sugars ( chemical energy)

Other Energy Conversion - In a electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to mechanical energy- The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical energy in a generator


GAS INTRODUCTION& SOURCES


What is Natural Gas


Natural Gas is Hydrocarbon

PARAFIN => ( CnH2n+2)

Methane

OLEFIN (Ethylene Series) = > ( CnH2n)

Ethyelene

DIOLEFIN => ( CnH2n-2)

Butadiene

ACETYLENIC => ( CnH2n-2)Acytilene

AROMATIC => ( CnH2n-6)

Benzene

NAPHTHENE => ( CnH2n)

Cyclo-Hexane


Sources of Gas

Conventional Natural Gas- Free Natural Gas (Non Associated)- Oil Associated Gas

Non – Conventional Natural Gas- Tight Gas- Coal bed methane (CBM)- Aquifier Gas- Gas hydrates


Natural Gas Resources


Associated and Non-Associated Gas

Reservoir with Oil Option 1 : Fully dissolved gasses Option 2 : Gas cap More gas than can be dissolved Pressure (vapor pressure), temperature, quantities of

gas

Reservoir without Oil


Natural Gas Terminology


Typical Composition from Wells

Constituent Typical of Gas Chemical Structure

Heating Value(BTU/scf)

Heating Value(BTU/scf)

Methane 40 – 95 (% mole) CH4 1010 23571

Ethane 2 – 12 (% mole) C2H6 1769.6 22181

Propane 1 – 6 (% mole) C3H8 2516.1 21489

Butane 0.2-2.5 (% mole) C4H10 3251.9 - 3262.3 21079 – 21136

Pentane 0.2 – 1 (% mole) C5H12 4000.9 – 4008.9 20891 - 20923

Hexane plus 0.2 - 1 (% mole) C6H14 (+) 4755.9 20783

Carbon Dioxide 0.5 – 80 (% mole) CO2 0 0

Nitrogen 0.1-5 N2 0 0

Hydrogen Sulphur 0 – 12000 (ppm) H2S 637.1 6897.4

Water Saturated H2O 0 0

Other Sulphur 0 -3000 (ppm) S, RSH 637.1 6897.4

Mercuri 0-0.1 ( gr/ nM3) Hg 0 0




Industrial Natural Gas Usage


Role of Natural Gas


GAS PROCESSING & HANDLING




Natural Gas Transportation System


Gas Processing & Handling Options


Gas Handling Options


Gas Transport and Gas Conversion


Gas to Chemicals Processing Routes


Key Parameter for Selection of Handling Method

Gas Transportation & Handling


PARAMETER Unit GAS PIPELINE LPG CNG LNG

TEMPERATURE oC Ambient Ambient ambient -160

PRESSURE Barg 20 - 70 4- 16 200 - 250 0.25 - 2

DENSITY kg/m3 17 - 66 500-550 200 - 247 435-460

PHASE - Gas Liquid Gas Liquid

HEATING VALUE BTU/scf 950 -1200 2800-3000 950 -1200 1000 - 1200

General Properties

Gas Transportation & Handling


Nomenclature

MMSCFD (Million metric Standard Cubic Feet per Day)Is a unit of gas flow rate measured at the standard state at P = 14.7 psi and T 60 degrees F

SCMH : STANDARD CUBIC METER PER HOURS

GHV : Gross Heating ValueEnergy value resulting from the combustion of a fuel (gas, diesel, premium, etc.) unity of volume or mass

MMBTU : MILLION METRIC BRITISH THERMAL UNITUnit of Energy / Heat Value

LSD : LITER SETARA DIESELEquivalent value between CNG with diesel, which is obtained from the comparison of the value of each fuel fuel

1 Kilo Joule = 0.95 BTU1 Kcal = 3.97 BTU1 Kilo Joule = 0.24 Kcal


Nomenclature (2) UNIT OF PARAMETER

MASS : kg. lb (pound), Ton, VOLUME : m3, ft3, Liter, Barrel, GallonDENSITY : kg/m3, lb/ft3, Ton/m3

1 m3 : 35.31 ft3

1 kg : 2.2 lb1 barrel : 0.16 m31 Gallon(US) : 3.79 liter


LNG


What is Liquefied Natural Gas


LNG enables long distance shipping


Typical LNG Component


Why do we Liquefy Natural Gas

A Cryogenic liquid is the liquid form of any element or compound that liquefied at a temperature below -100 oF (-73 oC ) and atmospheric pressure.

Liquid Hydrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Nitrogen and LNG are common cryogenic liquids.


What is Cryogenic Liquid

LNG Colorless Liquid Boiling Liquid In LNG, ordinary material will became so

brittle and break like gas

LNG requires special low temperature material for storage


LNG is look this


Approximate LNG Conversion Factors

1 MMSCF (LNG) = 19 – 20 Ton

1 m3 (LNG) = 0.437 – 0.470 Ton

1 MMSCF = 40 – 46 m3

1 m3 = 0.021 - 0.025 MMSCFD

1 MMSCF = 1000 – 1160 MMBTU


LNG Heat Value Comparison to Other Fuel

FUEL CONSUMPTION LNG (MMBTU)(*) LNG (MMSCF)(*)

1 TON (LPG) 43.65 +/- 0.0397

1 KL (DIESEL) 36.72 +/- 0.0334

1 KL (MFO) 39.29 +/- 0.0357

1 KL (KEROSEN) 33.27 +/- 0.0302

1 KL (GASOLINE) 30.55 +/- 0.0278

(*) Combustion Efficiency Ignored


Full Conbustion Carbon Coefficients


LNG is Safer Than Other Hydrocarbons

LNG has less fire hazard than other hydrocarbon LNG leaks will be easily detected due to visible

moisture cloud LNG leaks immediately vaporize LNG pool open fire will not cause any explosion LNG flame speed travel slower than people

walking

Low temperature hazard Frost byte Cause structural material brittle and fall


LNG Process


Characteristic of LNG Transportation


Characteristic of LNG Transportation (2)

Integral part of LNG chain Ships dedicated to the Project No Substitute Tonnage Absolute Safety and Reliability Long-term Contract (20-25 years) Competitive Cost

Ship-owners/Manager’s Responsibility is Enormous


GAS BUSINESS


Oil and Gas Business Concept


Typical Oil and Gas Contract Term


Indonesia’s Energy Policy


Law OF Energy


Law OF Energy


Law OF Energy


Law OF Energy


Law OF Energy


Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

LNG is transported over long distances e.g., 2500 miles and more

LNG Technology Capital intensive Onshore and transportation needs Good demand market is essential Steady and large supply of reserves


The LNG Business

LNG the “Commodity”

“The Transportation & Handling”


Global LNG Market = Global Gas Market

LNG is able to move beyond inter-regionally As the number of export and import liquefaction plats rises,

it quite possible that a global LNG market will be created The ultimately points to the development of one or more

price benchmarks, almost certainly Henry Hub price in the US and possibly the Zeebrugge spot price in Europe

This will allow natural gas to become and truly global commodity


LNG “Project Business Model” Structure

• Business structure– Export project (JV of IOCS, NOC & maybe buyers) is the LNG seller– Buyers are monopoly franchised utilities (integrated utilities, ex: Japan)

or merchant gas transportation companies (ex: Korea, Taiwan, Europe)– Trades and facility/shipping services are bilaterally commited

• Commercial structure– Facilities and shipping (optimized and dedicated)– Quality risk – buyer assumes with high take-or-pay commitment– Price risk – seller – Oil – indexed pricing (because no gas market) needs

endorsement by buyers regulatory and political structure– Neither side has incentive to defect with energy market value movements

– restrictions” limit arbitrage


• Purpose– Supply project: to ass ure credit-worthy revenue stream– Demand project: to assure reliable non-oppoutunistic supply

• Limits flexibility to preclude “defection”• Costly to buyers

– Rigid delivery (can’t manage volume mismatch through merchant activity)

• Costly to sellers– “destination restrictions” limit arbitrage

LNG “Project Business Model” Properties


LNG Costs Becoming Even More Competitive


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Fundamental Gas