Functional Biology of Plants Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chapter 9 Environmental Stresses © 2012 by John Wiley

Functional Biology of PlantsMartin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chapter 9

Environmental Stresses

© 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Figure 9.1 Frost polygons caused by freezing and thawing of the rock at the summit of Plateau Mountain, near Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada. This photograph was taken in the summer and shows an alpine flora inhabits this inhospitable environment.Photo: MJH.


Figure 9.2 Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) growing in Krummholz formation at the summit of Plateau Mountain, near Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada. Photo: MJH.


Figure 9.3 The saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is a tree-sized cactus species. It is native to the southwestern USA and part of Mexico, and is here photographed north of Phoenix, Arizona. Photo: Margot Hodson.


Figure 9.4 A woodland in the Monchique mountains in Southern Portugal. There had been a fire in the previous year, and this shows the first shoots of the recovery. Most of the trees are cork oak (Quercus suber), but there are also a few maritime pine present (Pinus pinaster). Photo: Will Simonson.


Figure 9.5 Sensing, signalling and cell-level responses to drought stress. Key: ABA-responsive element (ABRE); ABRE binding protein (ABREBP); 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC); Arabidopsis thaliana histidine kinase (AtHK1); a phospho-relay intermediate (ATHP); a response regulator (ATRR); Ca2+ dependent kinases (CDPK); dehydration-responsive element (DRE); DRE binding protein (DREBP); ethylene- responsive element (ERE); ERE binding protein (EREBP); a high affinity K+ transporter (HKT1); mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED). From Chaves et al., 2003. (Reproduced by Permission of CSIRO Publishing, Australia).


Figure 9.6 Coastal scene at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, England, revealing several maritime habitats. In the distance are the mud flats, and there are sand dunes in the middle foreground and a creek in the foreground. Photo: MJH.


Figure 9.7 Marsh samphire (Salicornia europaea), a succulent thalophyte, here growing on the salt marsh at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, England. Photo: MJH.


Figure 9.8 Generalized growth responses of various species to increased salinity. Key: I, Halophytes; II, crops like sugar beet that have halophytes as ancestors; III, salt tolerant crops like barley; IV, salt sensitive crops like beans. From Greenway & Munns, 1980. (Reproduced with permission of Annual Reviews, Inc.)


Figure 9.9 Parys Mountain, on the island of Anglesey in Wales, is the site of a copper mine. More than 200 years after the mine reached its peak and closed, the mine spoil and contaminated soil is still too toxic for most plants to grow. Photo: MJH.


Figure 9.10 The Prunéřov coal-fired power station, near Kadaň , is the largest in the Czech Republic and has been retrofitted with flue gas desulphurization. Photo: MJH.


Figure 9.11 An experimental plot of Norway spruce (Picea abies) at Solling, Germany. Rain that has fallen through the canopy and plant needles are collected.Photo: MJH.


Figure 9.12 Bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) flowering under hazel coppice (Corylus avellana) in early May, photographed near Fawley, Berkshire, England.Photo: Margot Hodson.

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Functional Biology of Plants Martin J. Hodson and John A. Bryant © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chapter 9 Environmental Stresses © 2012 by John Wiley