Review article

Uses of Ajwain in oral and general health

Authors:1. Dr. Mayank Agrawal

Assistant Professor, Dept of Public Health Dentistry,

Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital,

Jaipur , Rajasthan, India

2. Dr. Sonam Agrawal

Lecturer, Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital,

Jaipur , Rajasthan, India

Chocolate_sonam@yahoo.co.in

3. Dr BR Adyanthaya

Professor – Dept of Endodontics And Conservative Dentistry.

Rajasthan Dental College And Hospital. Jaipur , Rajasthan

4. Dr Shipra Singhal

Junior resident, Era’s lucknow medical college.

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India Singhal.shipra@gmail.com

Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Address for correspondence and guarantor :

Dr. Mayank Agrawal

Assistant Professor ,Dept of Public Health Dentistry,

Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur ,

Rajasthan, India

Phone No; +91-9839089215Email Id: mayank400@yahoo.co.in

Uses of Ajwain in oral and general healthAbstract

Trachyspermum ammi commonly known as ‘Ajwain’ is distributed throughout

India and itis mostly cultivated in Gujarat and Rajasthan. The plant is used

traditionally as a stimulant,carminative, flatulence, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea,

abdominal tumours, abdominal pains, piles, and bronchial problems, lack of

appetite, galactogogue, asthma and amenorrhoea. Medicinally, it has been proven

to possess various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antioxidant,

antimicrobial, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity, Hypolipidaemic,

Antihypertensive, antispasmodic, broncho-dilating actions, Antilithiasis, diuretic,

Abortifacient, Antitussive, Nematicidal, Anthelmintic and Antifilarial Activity.

Further, studies reveal the presence of various phytochemical constituents mainly

carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, volatile oil (thymol, γ-

terpinene, para-cymene, and α- and β-pinene), protein, fat, fibre and mineral matter

containing calcium, phosphorous, iron and nicotinic acid. These studies reveal that

T. ammi is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various

pharmacological effects; hence, this drug encourage finding its new therapeutic

uses.

Keywords: Trachyspermum ammi, Apiaceae,fruit,antimicrobial, Ajwain.

Introduction

Ajowan, botanically known as Carum copticum L. syn Trachyspermum ammi

(Linn.) is a Greek work, Trachy= rough & spermum= seeded, whereas ammi is

name of plant in Latin, is an aromatic herb and belongs to family Apiaceae

(Umbelliferae). 1,2,3,4

The name ajwain originated from the Sanskrit words yavanaka or ajomoda. .

Because of their seed-like appearance, the fruit pods are sometimes called seeds;

they are egg-shaped and grayish in colour. 1Trachyspermum ammi, commonly

known as Bishop’s weed 5, Carom seed (English names) and ajowan or ajwain or

omum in Indian languages, is an erect annual herb with striate stem.6

It originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region and in Southwest Asia, probably

in Egypt, and came to India with the Greeks, who were called Yavanas by South

Indians.(Boskabady & Shaikhi, 2000) 7,8,9

It is mostly cultivated in black soil particularly along the riverbanks in Egypt , Iraq,

Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India7,5,10,11,12,13,14. In India, it is cultivated in

Madhyapardesh, Uttarpardesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra,Bihar and West

Bengal 1,15.

The roots are diuretic in nature and the seeds are brownish,gray, hot, pungent,

stomachic, appetizer and possess excellent aphrodisiac properties, carminative,

laxative and diuretic properties .2,8,11,12 It is used in pickles, biscuits, confectionery

and beverages. An important use of seeds in medicine as a remedy for indigestion .1

The seeds contain 2–4.4% brown coloured oil known as ajwain oil. The major

constituent of this oil were thymol (36.5- 41.1), p-cymene (20.9-27.2) and g-

terpinene (25.9 35.7%).1,4,13

Its specific gravity and odour resembles the volatile oil, which is used as

gastrointestinal ailments, lack of appetite and bronchial problems.7,16 The oil

exhibits anti inflammatory, fungicidal, antihelmentic, antioxidant activity,

analgesic antimicrobial, anti spasmodic and anti-aggregatory effects on humans. 4,

8, 10,15, 16, 17, 18, 19

Thymol is used in tooth paste and perfumery. It is also used in the preparation of

lotions and ointment.1 It inhibits the bacterial resistant microbial pathogens and is

useful as a plant based fourth generation herbal antibiotic formulation.8,20Ajwain is

highly esteemed as a remedial agent for flatulence, flatulent colic, atonic

dyspepsia, diarrhoea - in short, as a digestive aid and also as an antiseptic (Bentely

& Trimen, 1999; Kiritikar & Basu, 1999; Cragg & Newman, 2005. 7,8,17

Vernacular names 15,21,8.

Sanskrit: Yamini, Yaminiki, Yaviniki;

Assamese: Jain;

English: Bishop's weed;

Hindi:Ajwain, Jevain ;

Bengali: Yamani, Yauvan, Yavan, Javan, Yavani, Yoyana; Gujrati: Ajma, Ajmo,

Yavan, Javain;

Kannada: Oma, Yom, Omu;

Malayalam: Oman,Ayanodakan;

Marathi: Onva;

Oriya: Juani;

Tamil: Omam;

Telugu: Vamu

Urdu : Ajmod

Punjabi : Valjawain, Ajmod

Taxonomical classification 15,21,8

Kingdom: Plantae, Plant

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Vascular plant

Superdivision: Spermatophyta, Seed plants

Division: Magnoliophyta, Flowering plants

Class: Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledons

Order: Apiales

Family: Apiaceae

Genus: Trachyspermum

Species: ammi

Botanical description 15,6,21,8,22,23

It is widely grown in arid and semi-arid regions where soils contain the high levels

of salts. Ajwain is a erect, profusely branched, annual herb, 60-90 cm tall. Stem is

striated;inflorescence compound umbel with 16 umbellets, each containing up to

16 flowers; flowers actinomorphic, white, male and bisexual; corolla 5, petals

bilobed; stamens 5, alternating with the petals; ovary inferior; stigma knob-like;

fruit aromatic, ovoid, cordate, cremocarp with a persistent stylopodium; Leaves

pinnate, with a terminal and 7 pairs of lateral leaflets. Fruit, consists of two

mericarps, grayish brown, ovoid, compressed, about 2 mm long and 1.7 mm wide,

5 ridges and 6 vittae in each mericarp, usually separate, 5 primary ridges.

Microscopic description 15,21,8,22,24

Transverse section of fruit shows two hexagonal structures attached with each

other by a carpophores, epicarps consists of a single layer of tangentially elongated

tabular cells, mesocarp consists of moderately thick-walled, rectangular to

polygonal tangentially elongated cells having some vittae, carpophores and

vascular bundles present as groups of thick-walled radically elongated cells,

integument, barrel shaped of tangentially elongated cells, endosperm consists of

thin walled cells filled with embryo, oil globules, small and circular, composed of

polygonal thin walled cells. The powder microscopic shows the

presence of oil globules and groups of endosperm cells.

Phytochemical studies 15,5,25

Ajwain seed analysis has revealed it to contain fibre (11.9%), carbohydrates

(38.6%), tannins, glycosides, moisture (8.9%), protein (15.4%), fat (18.1%),

saponins, flavone and mineral matter (7.1%) containing calcium, phosphorous, iron

and nicotinic acid. The Ajwain fruits yields 2% to 4% brownish essential oil, with

thymol as the major constituent (35% to 60%). The nonthymol fraction (thymene)

contains para-cymene, γ-terpenine, α- and β-pinenes, dipentene, α-terpinene, and

carvacrol.

Medicinal and Pharmacological Properties

Ajowan seed has been popular from ancient times for its use in folk medicines. The

seeds contain an essential oil with 50% thymol, which is a strong germicide,

antispasmodic and fungicide.

Ajwain with its characteristic aromatic smell and pungent taste is widely used as a

spice in curries. Its seeds are used in small quantities for flavouring numerous

foods, as preservatives, in medicine and for the manufacture of essential oil in

perfumery. Thymol isolated from the oil is a powerful antiseptic and an ingredient

in a number of skin ointments/powders, deodorants, mouthwashes, toothpastes 26

and gargles.27

In Indian system of medicine, ajwain is administered as a stomach disorders, a

paste of crushed fruits is applied externally for relieving colic pains; and a hot and

dry fomentation of the fruits applied on chest for asthma. T. ammi has been shown

to possess Antimicrobial, Hypolipidaemic, Digestive stimulant, Antihypertensive,

Hepatoprotective, Antispasmodic, Broncho-dilating, Antilithiasis, diuretic,

Abortifacient, galactogogic, Antiplatelet-Aggregatory, Antiinflammatory,

Antitussive Effects, Antifilarial, Gestroprotective, Nematicidal, Anthelmintic,

Detoxification of aflatoxins, Ameliorative effect.

Therapeutic uses of T. ammi fruits include; stomachic, carminative and

expectorant, antiseptic and amoebiasis, antimicrobial seeds soaked in lemon juice

with Prunus amygdalus (Badam) given in amenhorroea it is also used as

Antipyretic, febrifugal and in the treatment of typhoid fever.

Digestive stimulant actions in vivo and in vitro 15,21,27,8,28

T. ammi would increase the secretion of gastric acid. The gastric acid secretion

was increased nearly fourfold by T. ammi22. T. ammi on the food transit time in

experimental rats in vivo, the addition of T. ammi to the diet reduced food transit

time and also enhanced the activity of digestive enzymes and/or caused a higher

secretion of bile acids.

Antihypertensive, antispasmodic and broncho-dilating activity 8,15,21,27

The antihypertensive effect of T. ammi administered intravenously in vivo, and the

antispasmodic and broncho-dilating actions in vitro. The studied of calcium

channel blockade that has been found to mediate the spasmolytic effects of plant

materials and considered that this mechanism contributed to their observed result

and supported the traditional use of T. ammi in hyperactive disease states of the gut

such as colic and diarrhoea as well as in hypertension

Antibacterial activity8,15,21,27

The antibacterial activity of homogenized seed oil and residues indicates that the

powdered seeds of C. copticum exhibit antibacterial activity against

Staphylococcus aureus only and not E. coli.

Antioxidant activity8,15,21,27

The oils of ajowan show excellent antioxidant effects (better than those of the

synthetic antioxidant and butylated hydroxytoluene; Gurdip et al., 1998). Mehta et

al. (1994) demonstrated ajowan as a source of natural lipid antioxidant. Soybean

oil treated with methanolic extracts has been subjected to storage and heating tests,

which showed a marked decrease in oxidation of the oil as measured using

peroxide values, conjugated diene values and GC analysis of oxidized fatty acid

methyl esters. The formation of primary and secondary oxidation products of

oxidized soybean oil was significantly lower for oil treated with ajowan extracts

than control.

Antiplatelet-aggregatory8,15,21,27

Antiplatelet-Aggregatory experiments in vitro with blood from human volunteers,

it showed that a dried ethereal extract of T. ammi seeds, inhibited aggregation of

platelets induced by arachidonic acid, collagen and epinephrine. Prothrombin time

was increased with ajawain extract ,similar to that of warfarin suggestin its

possible effects on the extrinsic pathwayand PTT was not altered suggesting that it

might hav no effect on the extrinsic pathway4

Hypolipidaemic action in vivo

Antihyperlipidaemic effect of T. ammi seed has been obtained in albino rabbits. It

was assessed that T. ammi powder at dose rate of 2 g/kg body weight and its

equivalent methanol extract were extensively effective lipid lowering action by

decreased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids.

Antitussive effects8,15,21,27

The antitussive effects of aerosols of two different concentrations of aqueous and

macerated extracts and carvacrol, codeine, and saline were tested by counting the

number of coughs produced. The results showed significant reduction of cough

number obtained in the presence of both concentrations of aqueous and macerated

extracts and codeine (p <

0.01 for extracts and p < 0.01 for codeine)19.

Antifilarial activity8,15,21,27

In vitro activity of a methanolic extract of fruits of Trachyspermum ammi

(Apiaceae) against Setaria digitata worms has been investigated. The crude extract

and the active fraction showed significant activity against the adult S. digitata by

both a worm motility and MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-

diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction assays. The isolated active principle

phenolic monoterpene screened for in vivo antifilarial activity against the human

filarial worm B. malayi in Mastomys coucha, showing macrofilaricidal activity and

female worm sterility in vivo against B. malayi. T. ammi crude extract exhibited

macrofilaricidal activity.

Anthelmintic Activity8,15,21,27

Anthelmintic activity of T. ammi, shows its effect against specific helminths, e.g.

Ascaris lumbricoides in humans and Haemonchus contortus in sheep54.

Anthelmintic Activity T. ammi exert by interference with the energy metabolism of

parasites through potentiation of ATPase activity and thus loss of energy

reserves55. The plant has also been reported to possess cholinergic activity with

peristaltic movements of the gut, thus helping in expulsion of intestinal parasites

which might also be a contributory factor to its anthelmintic

activity56-57.

Nematicidal activity29

Essential oils of Carum carvi, Have been reported to show nematicidal activity at 2

mg/ml. Among essential oils tested, ajowan oil was the most toxic, followed by

litsea and allspice.

Antimicrobial actions in vitro5

The antimicrobial action of T. ammi, in the protection of foodstuffs against

microbial spoilage, conducting laboratory assays of antimicrobial efficacy in vitro

was studied. The active principles thought to be responsible for the antimicrobial

activity of ajwain were reported to be carvacol and thymol43. ‘Thymol‘kill the

bacteria resistant to even prevalent third generation antibiotics and multi-drug

resistant microbial pathogens and thus work as a plant based 4th generation herbal

antibiotic formulation44. Antifungal action of volatile constituents of T. ammi

seeds on ten fungi (Acrophialophora fusispora, Curvularia lunata,

Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. poae, Myrothecium roridum, Papulaspora sp.,

Alternaria grisea, A. tenuissima, Drechslera tetramera,., and Rhizoctonia solani). T.

ammi seeds were found to inhibit the growth of all test fungi by 72-90%45.

Phenolic compounds, such as thymol and carvacol, are known to be either

bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents depending on the concentration used\.

Phytomedicine 27

Ajowan is known to traditional healers to have hypotensive properties. Among

other products, ajowan salt is prepared commercially by mixing finely ground rock

salt and is used mostly for folk remedies of digestive problems .Ajowan seeds are

reported to be useful in flatulence, colic, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea, cholera,

hysteria and spasmodic affections of the bowel. The seed produces a feeling of

warmth and relieves the sinking and fainting feelings which accompany bowel

disorders. Ajowan seed in conjunction with asafoetida, myrobalan and rock salt

proved beneficial in stomach ache problems. A hot poultice of seed is used as a dry

fomentation to the chest in asthma and expectoration from bronchitis.

Indian folk remedies suggest that ajowan seed with a little rock salt mixture daily

after meals improves indigestion and irregular diet.

Ajwain Herbal Remedies5

Some of the common herbal remedies of ajwain seeds are as follows -

1) During Pregnancy- In some regions, ajwain seeds are taken during pregnancy.

The seeds are taken with gaud as it is believed that it purifies the blood and reduces

lumbago.

2) Venomous insect bite – In traditional Vedic medicine, paste of ajwain seeds is

mentioned as a remedy for venomous insect bite such as scorpion bite, as it has

pain killing properties.

3) Toothache, headache– Ajwain fumes are also inhaled to cure toothache, which

is caused by decaying tooth. In an acute attack of common cold or migraine

headache, put ajwain powder in a thin cloth and smell this frequently. It gives

tremendous symptomatic relief according to some ayurvedic experts.

4) Hiccups – To instantly stop hiccups, ajwain seeds are taken with one or two sips

water.

5) Kidney stone – Ajwain seeds are taken regularly with vinegar or honey for a

week. This remedy removes kidney stone with the urinal flow.

6) Stomach tonic – Ajwain seeds soaked in water for a night and its water is taken

next morning. This helps in stomach diseases as it cures digestion and acute

dyspepsia.

7) Acidity – Dry roast one teaspoon of ajwain seeds and cumin seeds. Add to it one

cup of water and bring it to boil and strain it. Add some sugar and take one

teaspoon as a remedy for indigestion and acidity.

Toxicity5

Spices are important vectors for various microorganism implication possible health

problems for consumers as well as quality and shelf-life problems for foods.

Trachycpermum ammi contain only B. erueus 56-B2 and Cl. Perfringens 72-C1

(Banerjee and Sarkar, 2004). Aflatoxins, the mycotoxins produced mainly by

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, represent a worldwide threat to

public health due to their frequent occurrence in food and feed. But

Trachycpermum ammi did not contain these aflatoxins. The undiluted oil is a

mucous membrane and dermal irritant. Due to the high thymol content it should be

avoided in pregnancy.

(according to Regulation (EU) No. 1907/2006) (45)

Harmful if swallowed.

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction.

Precautionary Statements:

P273: Avoid release to the environment.

P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.

P301+P310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or

doctor/physician.

P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.

P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all

contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower.

P331: Do NOT induce vomiting.

Conclusion 5

The part used of the plant is the seeds or fruit. It looks like cumin or caraway

seeds. It has a bitter taste like thyme only stronger. The seeds are small, gray-green

in color and quite peppery when raw, but milder when cooked. Ajwain is a small,

erect, annual shrub with soft fine hairs. It has many branches of leafy stems, small

feather like leaves, 4 to 12 rays of flower heads, each bearing 6 to 16 flowers. The

fruits are minute, egg shaped and grayish. According to ayurveda, ajwain is a

powerful cleanser. It is helpful for stimulating the appetite and enhancing

digestion. It is recommended to help alleviate gas and discomfort in the stomach. It

is also helpful for the functioning of the respiratory system and the kidneys.

Ajwain is also useful in toothache, earache and rheumatism, as we can use the oil

as eardrops and use the oil as a massage for neuralgia. In an acute attack of

common cold or migraine headache, put ajwain powder in a thin cloth and smell

this frequently. It gives tremendous symptomatic relief according to some

ayurvedic experts. Ajwain also the rich source of moisture, protein, fat, minerals,

fiber, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamin, riboflavin and

niacin also. It is the most known spice in our kitchen so we can easily take it in our

daily diet and cure or prevent many more diseases of life.

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Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.