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Fukushima Nuclear Accident ~ Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~. National Radiological Emergency Preparedness Conference Austin, Texas April 8 th , 2013 Kenji Tateiwa Manager, Nuclear Power Programs Tokyo Electric Power Company, Washington Office [email protected]. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
Fukushima Nuclear AccidentFukushima Nuclear Accident~~Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~Personal Perspective on The Human Impact~
National RadiologicalNational RadiologicalEmergency Preparedness ConferenceEmergency Preparedness Conference
Austin, TexasAustin, TexasApril 8April 8thth, 2013, 2013
Kenji TateiwaKenji TateiwaManager, Nuclear Power ProgramsManager, Nuclear Power Programs
Tokyo Electric Power Company, Washington OfficeTokyo Electric Power Company, Washington [email protected]@tepco.co.jp
2 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
’90~’96: Kyoto University
BS/MS in Nuclear Engineering
’96~: TEPCO
’96~’00: Fukushima Daini NPS
’00~’02: Nuclear Engineering Dept., Tokyo-H/Q
’02~’04: MBA, Stanford Graduate School of Business
’04~’05: Nuclear Engineering Dept.
’05~’11: International Affairs Dept.
Mar.~Sept.’11: Fukushima Response Int’l Team, Tokyo-H/Q Sept. ’11~: Washington DC Office
My Background
Pursued “Nuclear Renaissance” in Texas(June 2010)
TEPCO class of ‘96in Naraha-town, Fukushima(Jan. 2000)
3 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
My Post-Accident Activities
IAEA Preliminary Mission (4/6/2011@1F)IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency
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“Bedroom” of Emergency Response Center (5/21/2011@1F)
My Post-Accident Activities
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Discussion with U.S. INPO-Industry Support Team (8/19/2011@2F)
“Nothing has been more important in my career than supporting TEPCO.”
INPO: Institute of Nuclear Power Operations
My Post-Accident Activities
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http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/Cruise Ship Stranded
Houses Swept Away
March 11, 2011 at 2:46pmMagnitude 9.019,000 dead/missingLargest earthquake/tsunami
in recorded history of Japan
Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE)
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Damage Caused by GEJE (cont’d)
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
Gas Tank Exploded
Fire Truck Abandoned
http://archive.shinsai.yahoo.co.jp/
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Comparison of Seismic Energy (Magnitude)
GEJE (2011)
Keicho-Sanriku(1611)
Jogan(869)
Meiji Sanriku(1896)
Hanshin Awaji(1995)
6,400 casualties
Virginia,USA(2011)
M5.8
x 63,000
http://wcrnews.wordpress.com/2011/08/23/5-9-earthquake-rocks-virginia-d-c/
9 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
Impact of GEJE to TEPCO Facilities
Epicenter
52 GW
31 GW
Beforeearthquake
Shortly afterearthquake
Lost 40% of power supply
capacity
Shutdown: Nuclear power: 7 units Thermal power: 12 units Hydro power: 25 units Substations: 8
Power outage: 4 million households Rolling blackout for 10 days
Massive interruption of infrastructure:
Public transportation Telecommunication Food/water supply
10 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
TEPCO’s Nuclear Power Stations
(source) JAIF
U-1U-2U-3U-4
Fukushima Daini (2F)
U-6U-5
U-1U-2U-3U-4
Fukushima Daiichi (1F)Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (KK)Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (KK)
U-1U-1U-2U-2U-3U-3U-4U-4U-5,6,7U-5,6,7
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TEPCO Emergency Response Centers (ERC)
Video conference
among multiple ERCs played
instrumental role
Tokyo H/Q Fukushima Daiichi
12 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. ( C)GeoEye
Impact of Earthquake/Tsunami at 1F
Unit1
Unit2
Unit3
Unit4
Unit6
Unit5
RadwasteProcessing
building
After the Earthquake (near design-basis):Loss of all off-site powerPlant responded as designed (automatic shutdown of operating units/startup of emergency diesel generators)
After the Tsunami (beyond design-basis):Station Black Out (SBO) for 5 out of 6 unitsLoss of almost all safety system, instrumentation, lighting, etc.
Seismically Isolated Bldg. (ERC)
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11 22
33 44
Breakwater(height: 10m)
Tsunami Observed at 1F
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撮影日 : 2011/3/11 15:42
Tsunami Observed at 1F (cont’d)
撮影日: 2011/3/11 15:42 撮影日: 2011/3/11 15:43
撮影日: 2011/3/11 15:43 撮影日: 2011/3/11 15:43 撮影日: 2011/3/11 15:44
重油タンクTank (height:5.5m)
Ground Level (10m above sea)
Car Stuck in the BuildingTank Fully Submerged
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Accident Response at 1F: In the Field
Roads blocked by tsunami debris
Roads damaged by earthquake
Continual aftershocks, tsunami alerts, open manholes, etc. exacerbated the situation.
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Supervised operation wearing full-face mask.
Checked instrumentation in near-complete darkness.
Brought in heavy batteries to restore instrumentations.
Lack of: instrumentation, communication
means, lighting, food, water, sleep, ...Increase in: radiation level, fatigue, fear, despair, ...
Accident Response at 1F: In the Main Control Room
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72AO
ボンベ
210MO ラプチャーディスク
排気筒
1AO
ボンベ
閉
閉
83AO
閉
閉90AO
0.549MPabsで破壊
RPV
D/W
RPVRPV
D/W
IA
IA
D/W最高使用圧力0.528MPabs
ベント実施圧力0.954MPabs
電磁弁
電磁弁
213AO
Remote operation unavailable due to SBO.
MO
AO
AO
AO
AO
MO
Exhaust stack
Rupture disc
Six men formed 3 “last-resort teams” to manually open 2 valves in highly-radioactive area.
Core damage already progressing by this time (3/12 9:04-9:30).
One operator exceeded 100 mSv (10 rem).
Venting required to
avoid catastrophic
failure.
Accident Response at 1F: Containment Venting (Unit 1)
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inoperable
standby
Shallow Draft Quay
Sea
Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit Valve Pit
Fire Cistern
Fire Cistern
Fire Cistern
Fire CisternFire
Cistern
Fire trucks played critical role in injecting water into reactors.
Fire brigade operated fire trucks amidst high radiation/successive explosions.
Status as of 3/14/2011
Accident Response at 1F: Water Injection by Fire Trucks
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Date1F 2F
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16-19
3/20
3/14 17:00
3/14 1:24RHR
3/14 7:13RHR
3/14 15:42RHR
3/14 18:00
3/15 7:15
3/12 12:15
3/20 14:30
3/19 22:14RHR
3/12 8:13D/G-6B
3/22 10:35P/C-4D
3/22 10:36P/C-4D
3/20 15:46P/C-2C
3/20 15:46P/C-2C
3/19 5:00RHR
3/20 14:30
Station Blackout
Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink
Cold Shutdown
3/12 15:36 Unit 1 Explosion
3/15 6:00-6:10 Unit 4 Explosion
3/14 11:01 Unit 3 Explosion
3/11 15:27 1st Tsunami, 15:35 2nd Tsunami 3/11 15:22~ Tsunamis
Water Injection: NOHeat Removal: NO
Water Injection: YESHeat Removal: NO
Water Injection: YESHeat Removal: YES
Overview of the 10-Unit Simultaneous Accidents
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16
3/17
3/18
3/19
3/20
3/21
3/22
3/23
3/24
3/25
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Daily
Cumulative
Hundreds of Aftershocks Greater than M 5.0D
aily
Num
ber
of A
fter
shoc
ks
Cum
ulat
ive
Num
ber
of A
fter
shoc
ks
On March 11th alone179 times > M 5.038 times > M6.03 times > M7.0
cf. Earthquake in Virginia on Aug. 23, 2011: M 5.8
(Source) Japan Meteorological Agency
21 All Rights Reserved ©2013 Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
“In an attempt to check the status of Unit 4 D/G, I was trapped inside the security gate compartment. Soon the tsunami came and I was minutes away from being drowned, when my colleague smash opened the window and saved my life.”
“In total darkness, I could hear the unearthly sound of SRV dumping steam into the torus. I stepped on the torus to open the S/C spray valve, and my rubber boot melted.”
“Unit 3 could explode anytime soon, but it was my turn to go to the main control room. I called my dad and asked him to take good care of my wife and kids should I die.”
Voices from the Field
Unit 1 Main Control Room
Torus Room
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“I was determined to stay behind to my death; however I was resolved to send my men back home alive.”
(Ikuo Izawa, Shift Manager)
“Let me go and vent the containment. I know where the valve is and I can run fast. Let me protect the unit that I love.”
(Kazuhiro Yoshida, Deputy Shift Manager)
Voices from the Field (cont’d)
“The Man Who SawThe Brink of Death”
“Book reveals human drama in Fukushima No. 1 crisis”
The Japan Times 12/11/2012http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/12/11/national/book-reveals-human-drama-in-fukushima-no-1-crisis/
“At that time, I was conjuring up faces of fellow colleagues who would die with me.”(Masao Yoshida, Site Superintendent)
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Current Status of 1F
Live Camera Image(as of 3/10/2013)http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/f1-np/camera/index-e.html
All reactors stably cooled by circulating water system Radioactivity release significantly reduced Preparation ongoing for removal of fuels from spent fuel pools Progress being made in investigating inside containment vessels
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1 μSv/h = 8.76 mSv/y2.3 μSv/h = 20 mSv/y
Evacuation zones to be relaxed for areas below 20 mSv/y
Int’l consensus on health impact of low-dose radiation urgently needed
http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/20130307_shiryo1-1.pdf
Aerial Radiation Dose Map(μSv/h at 1 m above ground; as of Dec. 2012)
Evacuation Zones(from April 2013)
1F
Mea
sure
dV
alue
1F
10km20km
30km
:Evacuation Release Prepared Area
:Residence Restricted Area
:Return Difficulty Area
:Restricted Area
:Deliberate Evacuation Area
Current Status of 1F: Off-site Radiation Dose and Evacuation Zones
http://ramap.jaea.go.jp/map/map.html
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Water-tight doorsSeawall
D/G trucks (500kVA): 23GTG trucks (4500kVA): 2Fire trucks: 8
CurrentCurrent
AfterAfter
Width: 15 mWidth: 15 m
Length: 1.5 kmLength: 1.5 km
Hei
gh
t: 1
0 m
(15
m a
bove
se
a)H
eig
ht:
10
m(1
5 m
abo
ve s
ea)
Safety Enhancement Measures at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPS
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Reforming TEPCO’s Nuclear Operation
Nuclear Reform Monitoring CommitteeDr. Dale Klein, Chairman (Former Chairman, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission)Lady Barbara Judge, Deputy Chairman (Former Chairman, U.K. Atomic Energy Authority)Dr. Kenichi Ohmae, Member (CEO, Business Breakthrough, Inc.)Mr. Masafumi Sakurai, Member (Former Superintendent Public Prosecutor)Mr. Kazuhiko Shimokobe, Member (Chairman, TEPCO)Mr. Kazuhiro Suzuki, Secretary-General (CEO, Nuclear Fuel Transport Co.)
TE
PC
O B
oa
rd o
f D
ire
cto
rs
Reporting Observation / Supervision
Supervision
TEPCO Nuclear Reform Special Task forceMr. Naomi Hirose (President)
Mr. Zengo Aizawa (Chief Nuclear Officer)
Mr. Takafumi Anegawa (General Manager, Nuclear Asset Management Dept.)
ReferenceReporting
Observation
Request
Proposal
Execution
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My Post-Accident Activities in the U.S.
Nuclear Industry Gov’t Agencies
Professional Organizations, Think Tanks, NPOs
AcademiaGlobal Organizations
Committed to disseminating lessons learned globally and working together to make nuclear power plants safer.
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References[Japan] Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/nu/fukushima-np/index-e.html
Nuclear Reform Monitoring Committee of TEPCO
http://www.nrmc.jp/en/index-e.html
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
http://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/
Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/
Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF) http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/
Japan Nuclear Safety Institute (JANSI) http://www.genanshin.jp/english/index.html
[USA] Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (IN
PO) http://www.nei.org/filefolder/INPO_11-005_Fukushima_Addendum_1.pdf
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) http://www.epri.com/Pages/Default.aspx
Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) http://safetyfirst.nei.org/japan/
National Academy of Science—Fukushima Lessons Learned Committee
http://www8.nationalacademies.org/cp/projectview.aspx?key=49465
[International] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAE
A) http://www.iaea.org/
World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO)
http://www.wano.info/
World Health Organization (WHO)http://www.who.int/entity/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/fukushima_rep
ort/en/index.html