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Fuel From Plastic Waste

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Contents• Introduction• History• Environmental issues• Biodegradable plastics• Commonly used plastics• Pyrolysis• Types of pyrolysis• Principle involved• Advantages• Conclusion• Refrences

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Introduction• Plastic is the common term for a wide range

of synthetic or semisynthetic organic amorphous solid materials used in the manufacture of industrial products.

• Its derived from the Greek word Plastikos meaning fit for molding, plastos meaning molded

• Two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers

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Introduction (cntd…)• Thermosets can melt and take shape once;

after they have solidified, they stay solid.• Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough

heat is applied.• Plastics are chains of repeat units, derived

from monomers to form a polymer• Plastics are composed of polymers of carbon

and hydrogen alone or with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfur

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History • In 1855 Alexander Parkes developed Parkesine; a

substitute to Ivory.• In 1909 Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented the first

plastic based on a synthetic polymer made from phenol (C6H5OH) and formaldehyde (HCOH). This was made by the first viable and cheap synthesis methods.

• Nylon was the first purely synthetic fiber, introduced by DuPont Corporation at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City.

• In 1839, Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber

• In 1910 Lebedev invented synthetic rubber

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Environmental issues• Since the 1950s, one billion tons of plastic has

been discarded which are not degredable• In some cases, burning plastic can release

toxic fumes• The manufacturing of plastics often creates

large quantities of chemical pollutants.• CFCs contributed to the depletion of the

ozone layer; however, non-CFCs are currently used

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Biodegradable (Compostable) plastics• Biodegradable plastics that break down with

exposure to sunlight (e.g., ultra-violet radiation), water or dampness, bacteria, enzymes, wind abrasion

• Bioplastics: Some plastics can be obtained from biomass, including:

from pea starch film from biopetroleum• Oxo-biodegradable: Oxo-biodegradable (OBD)

plastic is polyolefin plastic to which has been added in very small (catalytic ) amounts of metal salts.

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Price, environment, and the future• In recent years the cost of plastics has been

rising dramatically due to sharp rise in cost of petroleum, the raw material that is chemically altered to form commercial plastics.

• Oil shale and tar oil are alternatives for plastic production but are expensive

• One promising and cheap alternative may be fructose

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Common plastics• Polypropylene (PP): Food containers• Polystyrene (PS): Packaging foam• High impact polystyrene (HIPS): Fridge liners• Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): Electronic

equipment• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET): Carbonated drinks

bottles• Polyester (PES): Fibers, textiles• Polyamides (PA) (Nylons): Fibers, toothbrush bristles• Polyurethanes (PU): Cushioning foams• Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) (Saran): Food

packaging

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Effects of Plastics• Chemicals, like benzene and vinyl chloride, are

known to cause cancer, birth defects and damage the nervous system, blood, kidneys and immune systems in humans

• Liquid hydrocarbons, which readily vaporizes pollutes the air

• Resins themselves are flammable• The animal body behaves as a 'sink' for

styrene monomer• PVC is chlorine-based chemical that produces

dioxin on heating

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Pyrolysis• A process of thermal degradation in the

absence of oxygen• Plastic and Rubber waste is continuously

treated in a cylindrical chamber and the pyrolytic gases are condensed in a specially-designed condenser system

• The plastic / Rubber is pyrolised at 370 0 C -420

0 C and the pyrolised gases are condensed in a series of condensers to give a low sulphur content distillate.

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TYPES OF PYROLYSIS TECHNIQUES:Pyrolysis using expensive catalysts:• Catalysts used are metal promoted silica-alumina or

mixtures of metal hydrogenation catalysts.• Liquid yield of about 80% is obtained at a furnace

temperatures of about 600 0C.• Hydro-processing at relatively low hydrogen pressures

(200-500ps) at 430-450 0C either thermally or catalytically converts them into a much lighter product.

• The volatile product obtained from this process is scrubbed and condensed yielding about 10-15%gas and 75-80% of a relatively heavy oil product.

• The yields of pyrolysis oil from polyethylene and polypropylene were 75 to 89%

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Pyrolysis without the use of catalysts: • The process carried out is the same in this case

also but catalysts are not used. Instead the temperature parameters are varied.

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The Process• Under controlled reaction conditions, plastics materials undergo random

de-polymerization and is converted into three products:a) Solid Fuel – Cokeb) Liquid Fuel – Combination of Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel and Lube Oilc) Gaseous Fuel – LPG range gas

• The process consists of two steps:i) Random de-polymerization

- Loading of waste plastics into the reactor along with the catalyst system. - Long chain of polymers break at certain points is de-polymerisation, if this scenario occurs randomly its called Random de-polymerization ii) Fractional Distillation

- Separation of various liquid fuels by virtue of the difference in their boiling points.

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Unique features of the process and product obtained are:

• All types of Plastics Waste including CD’s and Floppies having metal inserts, laminated plastics – can be used in the process without any cleaning operation. Inputs should be dry.

• Bio-medical plastics waste can be used.• About 1 litre of Fuel is produced from 1 kg of Plastics

Waste. Bye-products are Coke and LPG Gaseous Fuel.• Any possible dioxin formation is ruled out during the

reaction, due to the fact that the reaction is carried out in absence of oxygen.

• This is a unique process in which 100% waste is converted into 100% value-added products.

• The process does not create any pollution.

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Zadgaonkars’ Process:Steps Involved:

1.Feed System2. Premelter 3.Melter4.Dechlorination5.Reactor

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Advantages

• Reduces pollution helps in waste plastic degradation.

• Cheaper and quality fuel.• Perfect solution for waste plastic, rubber, tyre

management.• Raw material readily available.• Plant is energy self sufficient.

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Conclusion • This study has shown that it does not matter

whether collected PET is recycled into polyester fibre, sheet, strapping or back into PET bottles: they all offer equal benefits to the ecological profile of PET

• Not many people comprehend that PET bottles, even for single use, are as good as their glass counterparts. This calls for further improvements in balanced, reputable education, and independent

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Refreneces

• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science • http://biodegradableplastics.wordpress.com/2

008/04/15/fuel-from-plastic-waste/

• http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/Plastic_fuel.asp

• http://www.tradekey.com/selloffer_view/id/828854.htm

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Thank you