Fuel For ExerciseFuel For Exercise

The body uses CHO, fat and protein The body uses CHO, fat and protein to provide energy.to provide energy.

During exercise, primary nutrients During exercise, primary nutrients used are fat, CHO and protein in a used are fat, CHO and protein in a small amount..small amount..

Carbohydrate (CHO)Carbohydrate (CHO) Stored CHO provided the body with a Stored CHO provided the body with a

rapidly form of energy.rapidly form of energy. 1 gm of CHO produces approximately 4 1 gm of CHO produces approximately 4

kcal of energy kcal of energy (McMurray, 1977)(McMurray, 1977)

CHO exist in forms:CHO exist in forms: MonosaccharideMonosaccharide DisaccharideDisaccharide PolysaccharidePolysaccharide

MonosaccharideMonosaccharide simple sugars such as glucose simple sugars such as glucose and fructoseand fructose Glucose is familiar often reffered as Glucose is familiar often reffered as blood glucoseblood glucose Fructose is contained in fruits or Fructose is contained in fruits or honeyhoney

DisaccharideDisaccharide Are form from 2 molecule of glucose.Are form from 2 molecule of glucose. Table sugar is called sucrose and Table sugar is called sucrose and

composed by glucose and fructosecomposed by glucose and fructose Maltose also a disaccharide.Maltose also a disaccharide. 25 % of total caloric intake of most 25 % of total caloric intake of most

American is sucrose American is sucrose (McArdle et al., 1991)(McArdle et al., 1991)

PolysaccharidePolysaccharide Contain three or more monosacharides.Contain three or more monosacharides. The two common forms of plant The two common forms of plant

polysaccharide are cellulose and starchpolysaccharide are cellulose and starch Starch the type important source of CHO Starch the type important source of CHO

among Malaysian.among Malaysian. Glycogen – the term used for Glycogen – the term used for

plolysaccharide stored in animal tissue plolysaccharide stored in animal tissue and liver.and liver.

FatFat Body system used fat as fuel during prolonged Body system used fat as fuel during prolonged

exercise.exercise. One gram of fat contains 9 kcal of energy.One gram of fat contains 9 kcal of energy. Fat can be categorized into:Fat can be categorized into: 1. fatty acid1. fatty acid 2. triglycerides2. triglycerides 3. phospholipids3. phospholipids 4. steroid4. steroid Body stored fat as triglycerides.Body stored fat as triglycerides.

ProteinProtein Composed by MANY TINY SUBUNIT Composed by MANY TINY SUBUNIT

CALLED AMINO ACIDS.CALLED AMINO ACIDS. At least 20 types of AA are needed by At least 20 types of AA are needed by

the body to form various tissues, the body to form various tissues, enzymes, blood protein.enzymes, blood protein.

9 essential amino acid should be 9 essential amino acid should be supplied.supplied.

Protein contain appproximately 4 kcal/gProtein contain appproximately 4 kcal/g

High-Energy PhosphatesHigh-Energy Phosphates The immediate source of energy is the The immediate source of energy is the

compound compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP)adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The formation of ATP occurs by:The formation of ATP occurs by: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and

inorganic phosphate (Pinorganic phosphate (Pii))

Anaerobic ATP Anaerobic ATP ProductionProduction

PC + ADP ATP + CPC + ADP ATP + C At the onset of exercise:At the onset of exercise: ATP ADP + PiATP ADP + Pi Muscle cells stored limited of PC Muscle cells stored limited of PC

therefore the total amount of ATP that therefore the total amount of ATP that can be performed limited.can be performed limited.

This combination are called the This combination are called the ATP-PC ATP-PC systemsystem

Creatine kinase

1. ATP-PC System1. ATP-PC System Also called as phospagen system.Also called as phospagen system. Provides energy for muscular contraction Provides energy for muscular contraction

at the at the onset of exercise onset of exercise Short and HI exercise.Short and HI exercise. Lasting within 3 -15 second Lasting within 3 -15 second (di Prampero et al, (di Prampero et al,

1983, Costill, 1994)1983, Costill, 1994)

In sprint or maximal exercise to continue:In sprint or maximal exercise to continue: ATP must generating rapidlyATP must generating rapidly All the sprint event use the anaerobic All the sprint event use the anaerobic

pathway to synthesis ATP.pathway to synthesis ATP. The capacity of cell to stored PC were 75 The capacity of cell to stored PC were 75

mmol/kgmmol/kg

2. Glycolysis2. Glycolysis Glycolysis involves the breakdown of Glycolysis involves the breakdown of

glucose/glycogen to pyruvic than to lactic acid.glucose/glycogen to pyruvic than to lactic acid. Requires 12 enzymes in cytoplasma to Requires 12 enzymes in cytoplasma to

breakdown glucose to lactic acidbreakdown glucose to lactic acid The nett ATP produces only 2 mol.The nett ATP produces only 2 mol. This system and 1This system and 1stst can supply within 2 can supply within 2

minutes.minutes. Lactic acid level increase from 1mmol/kg to 25 Lactic acid level increase from 1mmol/kg to 25

mmol/kg. This situation can decreases the mmol/kg. This situation can decreases the fibers Cafibers Ca2+2+ binding thus may impede muscle binding thus may impede muscle contractioncontraction

Aerobic ATP productionAerobic ATP production Aerobic production occur in the Aerobic production occur in the

mitochondria.mitochondria. With OWith O22, the oxydation phosphorylation , the oxydation phosphorylation

will take place to:will take place to: 1.1. Crebs cycleCrebs cycle 2. Electrone transport chain2. Electrone transport chain

How ATP productionHow ATP production Glycolysis – 2 ATPGlycolysis – 2 ATP Glycolysis – 4 ATPGlycolysis – 4 ATP Pyruvate to acetyl co A 6 ATPPyruvate to acetyl co A 6 ATP Krebs cycle – 2 ATPKrebs cycle – 2 ATP Krebs cycle -22 ATPKrebs cycle -22 ATP Total - 36 ATPTotal - 36 ATP