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7/28/2019 FSR Training Material_1
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Repeater Training
(Frequency Shift Repeater)
December, 2004
Leading the Way to a Wireless Worl
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ContentsContents
Repeater Overview
BTS & Repeater
VFSR-C20 Overview
Pre-installation
Installation
Engineering and Optimization
Application Guideline
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RF Basic TerminologiesRF Basic Terminologies
How to minimizeHow to minimize
degradation of BTSdegradation of BTS
capacity ?capacity ?
FSR, OR, RF,FSR, OR, RF,
M/W, Laser ...M/W, Laser ...
Complex interaction influencing system - wide capacity, coverage and voicequality
Technical Consideration for Repeaters
RX DiversityRX Diversity RX SensitivityRX Sensitivity
MaximumMaximum
Output PowerOutput Power
How to monitor ?How to monitor ?
How to optimizeHow to optimize
BTS ParameterBTS Parameter
Noise FigureNoise Figure
TX SaturationTX Saturation
ReliabilityReliability
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Repeater Appearance Background
There are lots of advantages of deploying repeaters as :
Cell enhancing solution with lower cost
Many kinds of cell enhancing applications available from small room to
large coverage
Lower cost cell coverage extension solution than BTS
Traffic capacity of BTS can be highly utilized
Flexible cell coverage planning
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Example of Shadow area and Repeater Solution
Wide spaced building
(Penetration loss is large)
.
High building around BTS
Repeater
Repeater
Shadowarea
Shadow area
Shadow area
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Example of Shadow area and Repeater Solution
Coverage Hole between cells
Repeater
Good Rx level Weak Ec/Io No dominant pilot Rapid fluctuation of pilot power Frequent handoff High call drop rate
=> On these areas, add repeater from Low-traffic BTS
Shrinking area
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Example of Shadow area and Repeater Solution
Relocation/Cell addition neededbecause of RF signal degradationdue to new buildings or mountains
Coverage hole due to terrains
=> Use repeaters to resolve
coverage holes
Coverage Hole between cells
Repeater
Mountains
New
buildings
Repeater
Fiber Optic Cable
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Example of Shadow area and Repeater Solution
Re-allocation of Traffic
load with repeaters
Optic Repeater
Hot Spot
Re-allocation of Traffic load among cells
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Example of Shadow area and Repeater Solution
Re-allocation of Traffic load among sectors
mBS
Relatively high traffic(causes handoff)Relatively small
traffic
High traffic on Sector causes SoftBlocking. Sectors Traffic is relativelylow
In a HOT SPOT inside Sector, installa repeater connected to Sector
Solves Soft Blocking problem
Increases Channel Element usage
Hot Spot/In-Building Solution
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Example of Shadow area and Repeater Solution
Basement
Tunnel,Underground
Feed Line(7/8")
Repeater
Building
FeedLine
(7/8")
Repeater
BTS
BTS
Isolation
Isolation
TunnelLength
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Introduction of Repeater System
The repeater system enhances the cell coverage in the radio-shadow
area where similar RF performance to the base station is required.
Classification (By the application type and Link)
- On-Frequency Repeater
- Frequency Shifting Repeater : Use unoccupied FA as Link Channel
- Microwave Repeater : Use Microwave Frequency
- Fiber Optic Repeater
- Small Repeater for in-Building
BTS RepeaterMobileStation
Donor Cell
Pick upAntenna
Service
Antenna
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
On-Frequency Repeater
Merits
- Use same TX/RX Frequency
- Multi FA is available
Demerits
- Repeater output power is limited
- High antenna Isolation between RX/TX Antenna is required.
- High gain, Low side/back lobe antenna is required
- Difficult installation of antennas ( Accurate direction setting is required)
Base StationRepeater
Mobile
Station
Donor Cell
Pick upAntenna
ServiceAntenna
F1
F1
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Frequency Shifting Repeater
Merits
- Utilize unoccupied FA as Link FA
- High antenna isolation between a link antenna and a service antenna is not required
Demerits
- limited Service FA.
- Likely to degrade performance of a BTS due to using adjacent FA
BaseStation
Base Station Donor
MobileStation
Donor Cell
Link
Antenna
F1
F1
Repeater
LinkAntenna Service
Antenna
F2
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Microwave Repeater
Merits
- Use Microwave Link between a Donor unit and a Remote unit
- Multi FA is available
Demerits
- Line-of-sight between DU and RU is required
- Accurate antenna tilting is necessary
- Susceptible to radio environment
BaseStation
Base Station Donor
Mobile
Station
Donor Cell
M/W LinkAntenna
servicefrequency
F1
Repeater
ServiceAntenna
Microwave
Link
M/W Link
Antenna
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Fiber Optic Repeater
The fiber optic cable links a Donor unit to a Remote unit. A single fiber may
be used to interconnect the units using WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplex).
Merits
- No Limits of FAs
- Long link distance
- Independent of Air interface : Not degrade the BTS performance
- High reliability which has excellent electrical characteristics.
Demerits
- High rental cost by using optical fiber
- Time delay for CDMA
BaseStation
Base Station
MobileStation
Donor Cell
F1
F1
OpticRepeater
ServiceAntenna
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
Small sized & Low output powered Repeater
Applicable to the service inside a building
Limited output power
REM.
BASE
STATION
[Application of a small sized & low output powered repeater]
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Repeater OverviewRepeater Overview
DONOR
BASE
STATION
REMOTE
OPT
ICC
ABLE
Undergroung
[Application of small sized & low output powered Repeater (Optical Link)]
Small sized & Low output powered Repeater
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BTS & RepeaterBTS & Repeater
Optic Cableor RF Link
BTS
Rx sensitivitytest
Rx sensitivitytest
Repeater
Cell coverage and capacity degradation by RX sensitivity degradation due to improperrepeater installment
BTS Rx Sensitivity degradation by reverse link of repeater
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Noise level rise of unoccupied WalshCode by amplitude nonlinearity
IMD on Frequency Domain and Code Domain
BTS & RepeaterBTS & Repeater
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BTS & RepeaterBTS & Repeater
PilotPaging
Synch
BB
R R R R
B B B
R : traffic Ch through repeaterB : traffic Ch through BTS
5dB
Trafficcapacity
BTS HPAmax ouput
Repeater HPAmax output
BTS / Repeater HPA level
Maxcapacity
BTSHP
Aoutput
RepeaterHP
Aoutput
BTS
Repeater
BTS forward
capacity degration
BTS / Repeater HPA level
BTS HPA
max ouput
Repeater HPA
max output
Traffic
capacity
Max
capacity
Ec/Io degradation by Forward Link saturation causes severe forward link capacitydegradation.
Lower Ec/Io mobile requires more forward traffic CH power by Forward Power Control.
BTS connected with a repeater in urban area is easy to be saturated and to be degradedin forward link capacity.
Forward Link capacity degradation by Repeater
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BTS & RepeaterBTS & Repeater
Mobiles for each FA => Hash free mobiles => One mobile for all FAs Inaccuracy of measurement by traffic => Compensation by considering traffic loading factor Automatic measurement of Main TX/RX, Diversity and M+D path Manual FA setting
Rx sensitivity & diversity gain measurement with CLM
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What is FSR?
VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
First donor near the BTS receives signal and converts it into unavailable
signal and transports to remote. Then the remote receives signal and converts
it into original frequency, and service after amplifying
Purpose
- Traffic dispersion in dense urban areas
- Cover the shadowed area/Small-size area
- Seamless Service provided in rural areas or on highways
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
Antenna IsolationI = SG + PL + LGWhere:I = Antenna Isolation in dB.SG = Service Antenna Gain, in the direction of the Link Antenna (vertical gain)LG = Link Antenna Gain, in the direction of the Service Antenna (vertical gain)PL = Path Loss, i.e., the amount of attenuation due to the distance between the antennas.
For example, FSR needs a minimum isolation value of at least 70dB.Rearrange the equation to compute for path loss : PL = I - SG - LG
Question)
1) Service Antenna : BXA-80040/8CF (Amphenol Actel, Inc.)Gain : 20dBi, Electrical Down tilt : 0,Side lobe Suppression at 90 : -26dB
2) Link Antenna : HTPS-08-18/1.2 (Xi'an Haitian Antenna Tech)Gain : 18dBi
Side lobe Suppression at 270 : -28dB
Pathloss ?
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
Answer)Accordingly, the isolation can be calculated as follows :
I = -70dB Required IsolationSG = -6dB Service Antenna Gain [20dBi gain. 26dB side lobe suppression]LG = -10dB Link Antenna Gain [18dBi gain . 28dB side lobe suppression]
Next we insert the above numbers into our formula and calculate the path loss required:PL = -70 - (-6) - (-10) = -54dB of Path Loss
Distance :For 850Hz Cellular band: 1 meter of separation = 31dB of lossEach doubling of the distance thereafter adds an additional 6dB of loss.Therefore, the Cellular Band repeater in our example would need more than 16 meters of antennaseparation:
1 meter = 31dB2 meters = 6dB (37dB)4 meters = 6dB (43dB)8 meters = 6dB (49dB)16 meters = 6dB (55dB)
-----------------------------------Total = 55dB of path loss
Note that this is only an estimate. The isolation value will vary based on tower type, system
configuration, nearby obstructions, and wind loading of the tower.
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Connect a signal source to the service antenna cable and inject a CW signal.Connect a spectrum analyzer to the link antenna cable.Measure the power level of the injected signal with the spectrum analyzer.Check the difference between the injected power level and the received signal strength.
For example,A signal source to the service antenna = +10dBmInjected signal with the spectrum analyzer = -70dBmAntenna Isolation : +10dBm - (-70dBm) = 80dB.
Antenna Isolation Test
Output Level: 10dBm
Received Level: -70dBm
Isolation : 10-(-70)=80dB
Isolation(dB)= S/G S/A
Gain(Repeater)Isolation 15dB
VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
Main Features Input overload protection in DU
- If DU forward input level is over +20dBm, DU will shutdown automatically- If DU reverse input level is over -30dBm, DU will shut down automatically
Auto Shutdown for Output power
- When Over Power Alarm occurs, shutdown & retrial of enabling is repeated five times
RX Diversity
- Time Diversity method is adapted in the FSR system
Interface with Duplex type and Simplex type of BTS
- Input and output of Donor Unit is fit for interface with either duplex type or simplex
type BTS
External Alarm port
- the FSR provides an external alarm port to support interface of four alarms
ALC for FWD Output power
- Optimum forward RF output level for the DU is approximately +33dBm(+37dBm max)
ALC for REV Output power
- Optimum reverse RF output level for the RU is approximately +32dBm (+35dBm Max)
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
Mechanical Description
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Module of the Donor Unit
VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
1. PSU (Power Supply Unit)
Input :- 48VDC 20% Low limit shutdown
High limit shutdown
Electrical Power cable connection status indicator
(Green LED)
Output : +27V/4A, +8V/6A
2. FWD UDC (FWD Up Down Converter)
Fwd SVC freq. converts to Fwd link freq.
Inputted forward service freq. converts to IF Freq.
IF Freq. is 160MHz
Consists of Down Conversion circuitry, SAW Filter, Up
Conversion circuitry, Local oscillator.
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
Module of the Donor Unit
7. FEU (Front End Unit)
Consists of a BTS duplexer, a simplexer BPF, a REV LNA
and a FEU connector board.
REV LNA which amplifies and detects reverse link signal.
8. DPX (LinkDuPleXer)
DPX consists of a link duplexer which filters forward
link output signal and reverse link input signal, an
Arrestor.
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VFSR C20 O iVFSR C20 O i
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Module of the Remote Unit
VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
1. PSU (Power Supply Unit)
Input :- 48VDC 20% Low limit shutdown
High limit shutdown
Electrical Power cable connection status
indicator (Green LED)
Output : +27V/13A, +8V/8A
2. FWD UDC (Fwd Up Down Converter)
Fwd link freq. converts to Fwd SVC freq.
Inputted forward service freq. converts to IF Freq.
IF Freq. is 160MHz
Consists of Down Conversion circuitry, SAW Filter, Up Conversion
circuitry, Local oscillator.
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VFSR C20 O iVFSR C20 Overview
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
Module of the Remote Unit
5. FWD HPA (FWD High PowerAmplifier)
Maximum output power is 44.5dBm (About 28W)
Input voltage is 27VDC.
Gain is 50dB
FWD HPA has alarm for high temperature and VSWR.
6. REV HPA (REV High PowerAmplifier)
Maximum output power is 37dBm (8W)
Input voltage is 27VDC.
Gain is 50dB
FWD HPA has alarm for high temperature and VSWR.
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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VFSR C20 OverviewVFSR C20 Overview
FSR - Reverse Gain Budget of DU
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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Donor Unit _ RF Specifications
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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Remote Unit _ RF Specifications (Cont.)
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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Frequency Allocation
VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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Frequency Allocation (Cont.)
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VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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Donor Unit _ Commissioning Test
VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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Remote Unit _ Commissioning Test
VFSR-C20 OverviewVFSR-C20 Overview
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IS-95A/B Standard
Pre-InstallationPre-Installation
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Site Selection
Easily installed antenna with proper height Less interference from other BTS Cells Easy access and maintenance of the equipmentAvoiding direct sunlight to protect equipment
Easy access to electrical powerA dry and cool environment
Pre-InstallationPre-Installation
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Check List for Donor Unit
Check physical damage on the packing box and the Unit
DC input cable
Ground wire with terminal lug
RS-232 serial cable
Screw M6, M8
RF cable connection
Directional Coupler (connection, rated power, coupling value)
Electrical Power (-48Vdc)
Pre-InstallationPre-Installation
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Check List for Remote Unit Check physical damage on the packing box and the Unit
DC input cable
Ground wire with terminal lug
RS-232 serial cable
Screw M6, M8
Door lock key
Antenna port cable connection
Service Antenna installation, Antenna Type, Antenna Direction Service Antenna VSWR / DTF(Distance To Fail)
Power Divider status
(Connection, rated power,number of divide and divide rate)
Electrical Power (-48Vdc)
InstallationInstallation
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Installation procedure overview
() varies with environmental conditions
DU forward input level check
> +20dBm?
Coupler, Cable & Connection Check
Not OKOK
Start
End
Set DU FWD path gain. Input : +11dBm1dB. Output : +33dBm1dB
Set RU FWD path gain setting
Reverse path gain optimization
Set DU REV path gain (Min.)
Set RU REV path gain setting (100 ~ 110dB)
InstallationInstallation
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Forward Path Output Power Setting
Input Power MeasurementOf the Donor Unit
+11dBm1dB/Total?
- Coupling Port Check
- Connection Check
Not OKOK
Start
Output Power Adjust by
NMS FWD attenuation [dBm] Measurementof the Coupling Port
Output Power Measurement
+33dBm1dB/Total?
Not OK
- RF Cable Check- Connection Check
Output Power MeasurementOf the Remote Unit
+40dBm/Total?
End
Not OK
OK
- RF Cable / Connection Check- NMS Normal Operating Status Check
- RG Cable / Connection Check- NMS Normal Operating Status Check
Donor Site
Remote Site
OK
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InstallationInstallation
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Remote Unit Output Power Measurement
- Target RU output power : +40dBm
1dB/Total- Coupling Port : 30dB
- RU Coupler output : +10dBm1dB/Total
Remote Unit Output Power Setting
- Determine output power according to radio environment and numbers of operating FA.- Check the final output power on the Operating Software if it is the target output power
and compare it with that measured at the coupling port.
Forward Path Output Power Setting Remote Unit
InstallationInstallation
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Reverse Path Gain Setting (Example : Not Use CLM)
-75dBm Injection at Rx Input Port
Output Power ?
- Directional Coupler Check- Connection Check
Not OK
Start
Output Power Measurementof the Donor Unit Input Level
Not OK
Output Power Measurementof the Donor Unit Input Level
Reverse Gain?
End
OK
- Reverse Gain Adjust
Donor Site
Remote Site
OK
InstallationInstallation
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-75dBm Injection at Rx Input Port (Remote Site)
- Signal Generator Setting : -75dBm/CW
- Input Port (Filter) : REV Main / REV Div
Output Power Measurement of the Donor Unit Input Level (Donor Site)
- Checks reverse path output power of the reverse main and diversity.
- Reverse Gain : Donor Output Level (Main / Diversity) - Remote Input Level (-75dBm)
Output Power Measurement of the Donor Module Input Level (Donor Site)
- Real reverse gain connecting BTS : BTS coupler output - Remote Input Level (-75dBm)
Reverse Path Gain Setting (Example : Not Use CLM)
InstallationInstallation
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Reverse Path Gain Optimization (Example : Not Use CLM)
Noise Floor Measurement at Output ofREV path(RU)
Noise FloorDegradation xdB ?
- Reverse Gain Adjustment
Not OK
Start
Connecting Repeater, Noise FloorMeasurement at Reverse Output(DU)
End
OK
Donor Site
Engineering & OptimizationEngineering & Optimization
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Repeater Delay Calculation
Delay Calculation
- CDMA Bandwidth : 1.2288MHz(1.2288Mcps)
- Time per 1Chip(t) = 1 F = 1 1.23Mcps = 0.814- Electromagnetic wave velocity(c) = 3 10 m/s
- Propagation distance per 1Chip(s) = t c =244.2m
- Distance of between RU and H/O area(L1) => Delay Chip = L1 c
- Distance of between BTS and H/O area(L2) => Delay Chip = L2 c
Air Delay
- Delay Chip per 1Km = d t = 3.33 0.814 = 4.091Chips
Repeater Delay
- Repeater Delay Spec(e) : 5
- Delay Chips = e t = 5 0.814 = 6.1425Chips
8
Engineering & OptimizationEngineering & Optimization
Parameter Setting Criteria
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Parameter Setting Criteria
Parameter concerning call setup
Parameter setting criterion according to path
At call setup, search window size of BTS searching MSaccess probe
Classification
PAM_WIN_L
Parameter
PAM_WIN_L : Preamble_Window_Length
SRCH_WIN_A_LSRCH_WIN_N_L
H/O of between OR and neighbor BTS
Forward Path
SRCH_WIN_A_LH/O of between OR and BTS
Signal Tracking at same PNReverse Path
Classification
DEMODE_ WIN _L
Parameter
SRCH_WIN_A_L : Search_Window_Active Length
DEMODE_WIN_L : Demodulation_Window_Length
Basic Concept of CDMA Air parameter window
Engineering & OptimizationEngineering & Optimization
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Available regionfor all mobiles
possible or impossible,
depends on MIN
Impossible region forall mobiles,even
Rx level is enough
BTS
A : 2 Km (8.2 chips)
B : 4 Km (16.4 chips)
SRCH_WIN_A8.2 chips
Active Window parameter
Reverse Cell coverage by Access Ch parameter windowsize
18.4 chips
PN1
PN2
20.1 chips
PN2
PN1
PN 1 PN 2
0.1km (0.4 chips)
5km (20.5 chips)
5.5km(22.5 chips)
1km (4.1 chips)
Neighbor Window parameter for Handoff
Wherever I am, time differencebetween PN2 and PN1 is less than 21chips !! So SRCH_WIN_N should beover 21 chips !!
1.2288Mcps, 0.814usec/chip Propagation delay : 3.3usec/Km, 4chip/Km Window parameter : Active, Neighbor,
Remaining, Demodulation, Access window
Access Probe intentional delay : RN, RS, PD.
Basic Concept of CDMA Air parameter window
Engineering & OptimizationEngineering & Optimization
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BTS for low traffic and frequent H/O
Repeater Engineering Criterion by BTS
After
u-Cell
BSC
FSR
T1/E1
Before
Omni
BSC
T1/E1
Engineering & OptimizationEngineering & Optimization
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BTS of large number of FA with low traffic loading
( suburban area, satellite city and middle sized city)
Before After
BSC
T1/E1
BSC
FSR FSR
T1/E1
u-Cell u-Cell
Repeater Engineering Criterion by BTS
Engineering & OptimizationEngineering & Optimization
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Large sized building
Before After
Shadowed Area
FSR
Large sized building
u-Cell
ANT
Repeater Engineering Criterion by BTS
Application GuidelineApplication Guideline
7/28/2019 FSR Training Material_1
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Field Verification after Repeater Installation (Sample)
Conducted inside Coverage
. Small repeater : 6call /FA (1Call for Call Test)
. Standard repeater : 11call /FA (1Call for Call Test)
. Performance should be no less than 5% lower than that in unloaded condition.
CapacityTest
Call origination / termination : Area where 90% of 40 consecutive M to M calls are
successful is considered good
Call Drop : Area with less than 5% is considered good
Exception :If input power to donor antenna of repeater is very low, performancewith 5% lower than expected is considered acceptable.
Call Test
Target : Coverage extension
. Rx Level with no traffic : above -85dBm
. Ec/Io with no traffic : above -8dB
. Forward FER : less than 1 %
Coverageverification