Upload
jonionthego
View
15
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
ejk hlkjelkeajch lejzhlkhelkjchlkje z ejkwhjklw jkhkjlhwjk hzhjabhjbjh
Citation preview
TESS expert PhysicsTESS expert Physics11 About PHYWEAbout PHYWE 22
22 MechanicsMechanics 2525
33 Oscillations and Mechanical Waves, AcousticsOscillations and Mechanical Waves, Acoustics 5757
44 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics 8181
55 Electricity and MagnetismElectricity and Magnetism 111111
66 Light and OpticsLight and Optics 157157
77 Quantum PhysicsQuantum Physics 189189
88 Atomic PhysicsAtomic Physics 207207
99 Molecule and Solid State PhysicsMolecule and Solid State Physics 217217
1010 Nano PhysicsNano Physics 237237
1111 Nuclear Physics - RadioactivityNuclear Physics - Radioactivity 243243
1212 Particle PhysicsParticle Physics 259259
1313 X-ray PhysicsX-ray Physics 263263
1414 Laser Physics - PhotonicsLaser Physics - Photonics 295295
1515 IndicesIndices 307307
TESS expert PhysicsTESS expert Physics
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
1
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE
excellence in science
2
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
3
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.1 How to use
excellence in science
4
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.1 How to use
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
5
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.2 Computer Assisted Measurement
excellence in science
6
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.2 Computer Assisted Measurement
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
7
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.2 Computer Assisted Measurement
excellence in science
8
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.2 Computer Assisted Measurement
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
9
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.3 Curriculum
excellence in science
10
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.3 Curriculum
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
11
.FDIBOJDT
2.12.1 Measurement TechniquesMeasurement Techniques
P2110100 Measurement of basic constants: length,weight and time
26
2.22.2 Motion in one DimensionMotion in one Dimension
P2130301 Newton's 2nd law / air track 27
P2130311 Newton's 2nd law/ air track with Cobra3 27
P2130305 Newton's 2nd law/ demonstration track 27
P2130315 Newton's 2nd law/ demonstration trackwith Cobra3
27
P1198860 Uniformly accelerated motion on an in-clined plane, s ~ t with Cobra4 anddemonstration track
27
P6000360 Uniformly accelerated motion caused byan accelerating mass with Cobra4 anddemonstration track
27
P2130711 Free fall Cobra3 29
P2130701 Free fall 29
P2130760 Free fall (interface version with Cobra4)- available 2013
29
P6000460 Free fall with air friction with Cobra4 29
P6000760 Free Fall: determination of the accel-eration of earth (with Cobra 4 Timer-counter)
29
P1199560 Impulse and momentum with Cobra 4 30
P1199660 Conservation of momentum during cent-ral elastic collision with Cobra 4
30
P6000860 Newton's law with Cobra 4 and Timer/Counter sensor
30
2.32.3 Motion in two and three DimensionsMotion in two and three Dimensions
P2131100 Projectile motion 31
P2131200 Ballistic pendulum 32
2.42.4 Linear Momentum and CollisionsLinear Momentum and Collisions
P2130505 Laws of collision/ demonstration trackwith a 4-4 Timer
33
P2130515 Laws of collision/ demonstration trackwith Cobra3
33
P2130501 Laws of collision/ air track 33
P2130511 Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra3 33
P1199560 Impulse and momentum / demonstra-tion track with Cobra4
33
P1199660 Conservation of momentum during cent-ral elastic collision with cobra4
33
P2130560 Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra4 -available 2013
33
2.52.5 Rotational MotionRotational Motion
P2131315 Moment of inertia and angular acceler-ation with Cobra3 with a precision pivotbearing
34
P2131301 Moment of inertia and angular accelera-tion and with an air bearing
34
P2131305 Moment of inertia and angular accelera-tion with a precision pivot bearing
34
P2131311 Moment of inertia and angular accelera-tion with Cobra3 and with an air bearing
34
P2131360 Moment of inertia and angular accelera-tion with Cobra4
34
P2131500 Moment and angular momentum 35
P2131601 Centrifugal force 36
P2131611 Centrifugal force, complete set (interfaceversion)
36
P6000560 Centripetal acceleration with Cobra4 36
P6000660 Centripetal force with Cobra4 36
P2131800 Mechanical conservation of energy /Maxwell's wheel
37
P2131900 Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope 38
P2132000 Laws of gyroscopes / cardanic gyroscope 39
P2132801 Moment of inertia / Steiner's theorem 40
P2132860 Moments of inertia of different bodies /Steiner's theorem with Cobra4
40
2.62.6 Static Equilibrium and ElasticityStatic Equilibrium and Elasticity
P2120100 Moments 41
P1253500 Torque 41
P2120200 Modulus of elasticity 42
P2120300 Mechanical hysteresis 43
P2130111 Hooke's law with Cobra3 44
P2130160 Hooke's law with Cobra4 44
P2133100 Moments of inertia and torsional vibra-tions
45
P2132801 Moment of inertia / Steiner's theorem 45
2.72.7 Gravity / GravitationGravity / Gravitation
P2130901 Determination of the gravitational con-stant / computerised Cavendish balance
46
P6000460 Free fall with air friction with Cobra4 46
P6000760 Free Fall: determination of the accel-eration of earth (with Cobra 4 Timer-counter)
46
P2130711 Free fall with Cobra3 47
P2132200 Reversible pendulum 47
P2132301 Variable g pendulum 47
2.82.8 Mechanics of Fluids and GasesMechanics of Fluids and Gases
P2140100 Density of liquids 48
P2140200 Surface of rotating liquids 49
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
excellence in science
12
P2140300 Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newto-nian liquids (rotary viscometer)
50
P2140400 Viscosity measurement with the fallingball viscometer
51
P2140500 Surface tension with the ring method(Du Nouy method)
52
P2140700 Barometric height formula 53
P5140100 Mechanics of flow 54
0TDJMMBUJPOTBOE.FDIBOJDBM8BWFT
"DPVTUJDT
3.13.1 Oscillatory MotionOscillatory Motion
P2132100 Mathematical pendulum 58
P2132200 Reversible pendulum 58
P2132301 Variable g pendulum 59
P2132311 Variable g pendulum with Cobra3 59
P2132360 Variable g pendulum with Cobra4 59
P2132511 Coupled pendula with Cobra3 60
P2132560 Coupled pendula with Cobra4 60
P2132660 Harmonic oscillations of spiral springs -Spring linked in parallel and series withCobra 4
61
P2132701 Forced oscillations - Pohl's pendulum 62
P2132711 Forced oscillations - Pohl's pendulumwith Cobra3
62
P2132760 Forced oscillations - Pohl's pendulumwith Cobra4
62
P2133000 Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus 63
P2150501 Chladni figures 64
3.23.2 Wave MotionWave Motion
P2133200 Propagation of a periodically excitedcontinuous transverse wave
65
P2133400 Wave phenomena in a ripple tank 66
3.33.3 Sound WavesSound Waves
P2133500 Interference and diffraction of waterwaves with the ripple tank
67
P2150305 Velocity of sound in air with UniversalCounter
68
P2133300 Phase velocity of rope waves / waves ofwires
69
P2150405 Acoustic Doppler effect with universalcounter
70
P2150605 Velocity of sound using Kundt's tube anddigital function generator
71
P2150601 Velocity of sound using Kundt's tube 71
P2150702 Wavelengths and frequencies with aQuincke tube with a multimeter
72
P2150811 Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz res-onators with Cobra3
73
P2150860 Resonance frequencies of Helmholtz res-onators with Cobra4
73
P2151000 Optical determination of the velocity ofsound in liquids
74
P2151100 Phase and group velocity of ultrasoundin liquids
75
P2151200 Temperature dependence of the velocityof ultrasound in liquids
75
P2151515 Ultrasonic diffraction at different singleand double slit systems
76
P2151615 Ultrasonic diffraction at different mul-tiple slit systems
76
P2151715 Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a pinhole and a circular obstacle
76
P2151915 Interference by two identical ultrasonictransmitters
77
P2151300 Stationary ultrasonic waves - determin-ation of wavelength
77
P2151400 Absorption of ultrasound in air 77
P2151800 Ultrasonic diffraction at a Fresnel zoneplate / structure of a Fresnel zone
77
P2152000 Interference of ultrasonic waves by aLloyd mirror
77
P2152115 Determination of the ultrasonic velocity(sonar principle)
77
P2152200 Ultrasonic Michelson interferometer 77
P2152300 Ultrasonic diffraction by a straight edge 77
P2152415 Ultrasonic Doppler effect 78
P2152460 Ultrasonic Doppler effect with Cobra4 78
13900-00 Ultrasound operation unit 78
P5160200 Basic principles of ultrasonic echography(A-Scan)
79
P5160300 Basic principles of ultrasonic echography(B-Scan)
79
P5160700 Frequency dependence of resolutionpower in ultrasonic imaging
79
P5160100 Velocity of ultrasound in solid state ma-terial
80
P5160800 Attenuation of ultrasound in solid statematerials
80
P5160900 Shear waves in solid state materials 80
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
13
5IFSNPEZOBNJDT
4.14.1 Temperature and the Kinetic Theory ofTemperature and the Kinetic Theory ofGasesGases
P2320115 Equation of state for ideal gases with Co-bra3
82
P1223200 The gas laws of Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-Lus-sac and Charles (Amontons)
82
P2320160 Equation of state for ideal gases with Co-bra4 - available 2013
82
P1350060 Charles' law 82
P1350160 Amontons law 82
P1350260 Boyle's law 82
P2320300 Maxwellian velocity distribution 83
P2340100 Vapour pressure of water at high tem-perature
84
P2340200 Vapour pressure of water below 100C -molar heat of vaporisation
84
P2140700 Barometric height formula 84
4.24.2 Heat, Work, and the First Law ofHeat, Work, and the First Law ofThermodynamicsThermodynamics
P2320211 Heat capacity of gases with Cobra3 85
P2320201 Heat capacity of gases 85
P2320260 Heat capacity of gases with Cobra4 85
P2320400 Thermal equation of state and criticalpoint
86
P2320500 Adiabatic coefficient of gases - Flam-mersfeld oscillator
87
P2320600 Joule-Thomson effect 88
P2330111 Heat capacity of metals with Cobra3 89
P2330101 Heat capacity of metals 89
P2330160 Heat capacity of metals with Cobra4 89
P2330200 Mechanical equivalent of heat 90
P2330260 Mechanical equivalent of heat with Co-bra4
90
P2340300 Boiling point elevation 91
P2340400 Freezing point depression 92
P1500060 Cooling by evacuation 93
P2350101 Stefan-Boltzmann's law of radiationwith an amplifier
94
P2350115 Stefan-Boltzmann's law of radiationwith Cobra3
94
P2350160 Stefan-Boltzmann's law of radiationwith Cobra4
94
P2410800 Peltier heat pump 95
P2320115 Equation of state for ideal gases with Co-bra3
96
P2350200 Thermal and electrical conductivity ofmetals
96
P2360100 Solar ray collector 96
P2360360 Heat insulation / heat conduction 97
P2360415 Stirling engine with Cobra3 97
P2410700 Semiconductor thermogenerator 97
4.34.3 Heat Engines, Entropy, and the SecondHeat Engines, Entropy, and the SecondLaw of ThermodynamicsLaw of Thermodynamics
P2360200 Electric compression heat pump 98
13715-93 Work and power meter 98
P2360415 Stirling engine with Cobra3 99
P2360401 Stirling engine with an oscilloscope 99
P2360460 Stirling engine with Cobra4 99
P2320115 Equation of state for ideal gases with Co-bra3
100
P2320400 Thermal equation of state and criticalpoint
100
P2320500 Adiabatic coefficient of gases - Flam-mersfeld oscillator
100
4.44.4 Thermal Properties and ProcessesThermal Properties and Processes
P2310200 Thermal expansion in solids 101
P2310300 Thermal expansion in liquids 102
P2340100 Vapour pressure of water at high tem-perature
103
P2340200 Vapour pressure of water below 100C -molar heat of vaporisation
104
P2350200 Thermal and electrical conductivity ofmetals
105
P2360100 Solar ray collector 106
P2360360 Heat insulation / heat conduction 107
P1500060 Cooling by evacuation 108
P2320211 Heat capacity of gases with Cobra3 108
P2320500 Adiabatic coefficient of gases - Flam-mersfeld oscillator
108
P2330111 Heat capacity of metals with Cobra3 109
P2340300 Boiling point elevation 109
P2340400 Freezing point depression 109
4.54.5 LiteratureLiterature
01196-12 Handbook Glass jacket system 110
&MFDUSJDJUZBOE.BHOFUJTN
5.15.1 Electric Charge and Electric FieldElectric Charge and Electric Field
P2420100 Electric fields and potentials in the platecapacitor
112
P2420401 Coulomb's law / image charge 113
P2420500 Coulomb potential and Coulomb field ofmetal spheres
114
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
excellence in science
14
P2510100 Elementary charge and Millikan experi-ment
115
P2511200 Electron spin resonance 115
5.25.2 Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy,Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy,StorageStorage
P2411100 Characteristic curve and efficiency of aPEM fuel cell and a PEM electrolyser
116
P2411200 Faraday's law 117
P2420201 Charging curve of a capacitor / chargingand discharging of a capacitor
118
P2420260 Switch-on behaviour of a capacitor andan inductivity with Cobra4
118
P2420300 Capacitance of metal spheres and of aspherical capacitor
119
P2420600 Dielectric constant of different materials 120
P2420100 Electric fields and potentials in the platecapacitor
120
5.35.3 Electric Current and ResistanceElectric Current and Resistance
P2410101 4 Point Method / Measurement of lowresistances / Ohm's Law
121
P2410115 Ohm's law with Cobra3 122
P2410160 Ohm's law with Cobra4 122
P2410200 Wheatstone bridge 123
P2410500 Kirchhoff's laws 123
P2410901 Characteristic curves of a solar cell 124
P2410915 Characteristic curves of semiconductorswith Cobra3 and FG module
125
P2410960 Characteristic curves of semicconductorwith Cobra4
125
P2411315 Second order conductors - electrolysiswith the FG module
126
P2411360 Second order conductors. Electrolysiswith Cobra4
126
P2410700 Semiconductor thermogenerator 127
P2411100 Characteristic curve and efficiency of aPEM fuel cell and a PEM electrolyser
127
P2420201 Charging curve of a capacitor / chargingand discharging of a capacitor
127
5.45.4 Direct-Current CircuitsDirect-Current Circuits
P2410415 Temperature dependence of differentresistors and diodes with Cobra3
128
P2410401 Temperature dependence of differentresistors and diodes with a multimeter
128
P2410460 Temperature dependance of differentresistors and diodes with Cobra4
128
P2410500 Kirchhoff's laws 129
P2410200 Wheatstone bridge 129
P2410101 4 Point Method / Measurement of lowresistances Ohm's Law
130
P2410115 Ohm's law with Cobra3 130
P2410901 Characteristic curves of a solar cell 130
P2410915 Characteristic curves of semiconductorswith Cobra3 and FG module
131
P2411100 Characteristic curve and efficiency of aPEM fuel cell and a PEM electrolyser
131
P2411315 Second order conductors - electrolysiswith Cobra3 and FG module
131
5.55.5 Magnetic Field and Magenetic ForcesMagnetic Field and Magenetic Forces
P2410601 Current balance/ force acting on acurrent-carrying conductor with anamperemeter
132
P2410660 Current balance / Force acting on acurrent-carrying cond. with Cobra4
132
P2430215 Magnetic field of single coils/ Biot-Sav-art's law with Cobra3
133
P2430201 Magnetic field of single coils/ Biot-Sav-art's law with a teslameter
133
P2430260 Magnetic field of single coils/ Biot-Sav-art's law with Cobra4
133
P2430315 Magnetic field of paired coils in a Helm-holtz arrangement with Cobra3
134
P2430301 Magnetic field of paired coils in a Helm-holtz arrangement with a teslameter
134
P2430360 Magnetic field of paired coils in a Helm-holtz arrangement with Cobra4
134
P2430400 Magnetic moment in the magnetic field 135
P2430605 Magnetic field inside a conductor withdigital function generator
136
P2430600 Magnetic field inside a conductor 136
P2260106 Faraday effect with optical base plate 137
P2430100 Determination of the earth's magneticfield
137
P2430500 Magnetic field outside a straight con-ductor
137
P2430711 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with Cobra3 138
P2430800 Magnetostriction with the Michelson in-terferometer
138
P2530111 Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3 138
5.65.6 Sources of Magnetic FieldSources of Magnetic Field
P2430100 Determination of the earth's magneticfield
139
P2430500 Magnetic field outside a straight con-ductor
140
P2430215 Magnetic field of single coils/ Biot-Sav-art's law with Cobra3
141
P2430315 Magnetic field of paired coils in a Helm-holtz arrangement with Cobra3
141
P2430711 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with Cobra3 141
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
15
5.75.7 Electromagnetic Induction and FaradaysElectromagnetic Induction and FaradaysLawLaw
P2440100 Transformer 142
P2440201 Magnetic induction 143
P2440215 Magnetic induction with the FG moduleand Cobra3
143
P2440260 Magnetic Induction with Cobra4 143
P2441211 Induction impulse 144
P2441260 Induction impulse with Cobra4 144
5.85.8 Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations,Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations,AC CircuitsAC Circuits
P2440311 Inductance of solenoids with Cobra3 145
P2440301 Inductance of solenoids 145
P2440360 Inductance of solenoids with Cobra4 145
P2440411 Coil in the AC circuit with Cobra3 and theFG module
146
P2440401 Coil in the AC circuit 146
P2440460 Coil in the AC circuit with Cobra4 146
P2440515 Capacitor in the AC circuit with Cobra3and the FG module
147
P2440501 Capacitor in the AC circuit 147
P2440560 Capacitor in the AC circuit with Cobra4 147
P2440611 RLC circuit with Cobra3 and the FG mod-ule
148
P2440601 RLC circuit 148
P2440660 RLC circuit with Cobra4 148
P2440700 Rectifier circuits 149
P2440801 RC filters 150
P2440905 High-pass and low-pass filters with di-gital function generator
151
P2440915 High-pass and low-pass filters with theFG module
151
P2441101 Resistance, phase shift and power in ACcircuits with digital function generator
152
P2450201 Coupled resonant circuits 153
P2450301 Forced oscillations of a nonlinear elec-trical series resonant circuit - chaotic os-cillation
154
5.95.9 Maxwells Equitations, Magnetism,Maxwells Equitations, Magnetism,Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic Waves
P2430711 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with Cobra3 155
P1221300 Ferromagnetism, paramagnetism anddiamagnetism
155
P2430760 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with Cobra4 155
P2430800 Magnetostriction with the Michelson in-terferometer
156
-JHIUBOE0QUJDT
6.16.1 Nature and Propagation of LightNature and Propagation of Light
P2210101 Measuring the velocity of light 158
P2210111 Measuring the velocity of light using thesoftware measure
158
P2240211 Photometric inverse-square law - Cobra3
159
P2240201 Photometric inverse-square law 159
P2240260 Photometric invers-square law - Cobra 4 159
P2240405 Lambert's law of radiation on opticalbase plate
160
P2240400 Lambert's law 160
P2210300 Dispersion and resolving power of aprism and a grating spectroscope
161
P2220100 Interference of light 161
P2230405 Diffraction of light through a double slitor by a grid with optical base plate
161
P2250305 Fresnel's law - theory of reflection 162
P2261000 Fibre optics 162
6.26.2 Geometric OpticsGeometric Optics
P2210200 Law of lenses and optical instruments 163
6.36.3 Diffraction and InterferenceDiffraction and Interference
P2210300 Dispersion and resolving power of aprism and a grating spectroscope
164
P2220100 Interference of light 165
P2220205 Newton's rings with optical base plate 166
P2220200 Newton's rings with interference filters 166
P2220300 Interference at a mica plate according toPohl
167
P2220400 Structure of a Fresnel zone / zone plate 168
P2220505 Michelson interferometer with opticalbase plate
169
P2220500 Michelson interferometer with opticalprofile bench
169
P2220600 Coherence and width of spectral lineswith the Michelson interferometer withoptical profile bench
170
P2220705 Refraction index of CO2 with the Michel-son interferometer with optical baseplate
171
P2220700 Refraction index of air and CO2 with theMichelson interferometer with opticalprofile bench
171
P2220900 Michelson interferometer - High Resolu-tion with optical base plate
172
P2221100 Refraction index of air with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with opticalbase plate
173
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
excellence in science
16
P2221205 Fabry-Perot interferometer - determina-tion of the wavelength of laser light onoptical base plate
174
P2230205 Diffraction of light at a slit and at anedge on optical base plate
175
P2230200 Diffraction of light at a slit and an edgewith optical profile bench
175
P2230300 Intensity of diffractions due to pin holediaphragms and circular obstacles withoptical profile bench
176
P2230405 Diffraction of light through a double slitor by a grid with optical base plate
177
P2230400 Diffraction intensity due to multiple slitsand grids with optical profile bench
177
P2230500 Diffraction intensity at slit and doubleslit systems with optical profile bench
178
P2230605 Diffraction intensity at a slit and at awire - Babinet's theorem with opticalbase plate
179
P2230600 Diffraction intensity at a slit and at awire - Babinet's theorem with opticalprofile bench
179
P2261100 Fourier optics - 2f arrangement 180
P2261200 Fourier optics - 4f arrangement - filter-ing and reconstruction
180
P2220800 Quantum eraser with optical base plate 181
P2221206 Fabry-Perot interferometer - determina-tion of the wavelength of laser light withoptical base plate
181
P2230105 Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg's un-certainty principle with optical baseplate
181
P2430800 Magnetostriction with the Michelson in-terferometer with optical base plate
182
P2541301 Examination of the structure of NaClmonocrystals with different orientations
182
P2541601 X-ray investigation of crystal structures /Laue method
182
6.46.4 PolarizationPolarization
P2250105 Polarisation through quarter-waveplates with optical base plate
183
P2250100 Polarisation through quarter-waveplates with optical profile bench
183
P2250200 Polarimetry 183
P2250305 Fresnel's law - theory of reflection withoptical base plate
184
P2250300 Fresnel's equations - theory of reflectionwith optical profile bench
184
P2250400 Malus' law 185
P2250505 Polarimetry with optical base plate 186
P2260106 Faraday effect with optical base plate 187
P2260100 Faraday effect with optical profile bench 187
2VBOUVN1IZTJDT
7.17.1 Quantum eraserQuantum eraser
P2220800 Quantum eraser 190
7.27.2 Heisenberg's uncertainty principleHeisenberg's uncertainty principle
P2230105 Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg's un-certainty principle with optical baseplate
191
P2230100 Diffraction at a slit and Heisenberg's un-certainty principle with optical bench
191
7.37.3 Millikan experimentMillikan experiment
P2510100 Elementary charge and Millikan experi-ment
192
7.47.4 Specific charge of the electronSpecific charge of the electron
P2510200 Specific charge of the electron e/m 193
7.57.5 Franck-Hertz experimentFranck-Hertz experiment
P2510311 Franck-Hertz experiment with a Hg tube 194
P2510315 Franck-Hertz experiment with a Ne tube 195
7.67.6 Planck's "quantum of action" andPlanck's "quantum of action" andphotoelectric effectphotoelectric effect
P2510402 Planck's "quantum of action" and pho-toelectric effect (line separation by in-terference filters)
196
P2510502 Planck's "quantum of action" and externphotoelectric effec effect (line separa-tion by a diffraction grating)
196
7.77.7 Stern-Gerlach experimentStern-Gerlach experiment
P2511111 Stern-Gerlach experiment with a steppermotor and interface
197
P2511101 Stern-Gerlach experiment (classical ver-sion)
197
7.87.8 Zeeman effectZeeman effect
P2511001 Zeeman effect with an electromagnetand optical bench
198
P2511005 Zeeman effect with an electromagnetand CCD camera including the measure-ment software
198
P2511006 Zeeman effect with a variable magneticsystem
199
P2511007 Zeeman effect with a variable magneticsystem and a CCD camera including themeasurement software
199
7.97.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR, MRT) -Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR, MRT) -Electron spin resonance (ESR)Electron spin resonance (ESR)
P5942100 Basic principles in Nuclear Magnetic Res-onance (NMR)
200
P5942200 Relaxation times in Nuclear MagneticResonance
200
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
17
P5942300 Spatial encoding in Nuclear MagneticResonance
200
P5942400 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) I 200
09500-99 Compact magnetic resonance tomograph(MRT), incl. sample set, software andhandbook on USB stick , in a sturdy car-rying case
201
P2511200 Electron spin resonance 202
7.107.10 Electron diffractionElectron diffraction
P2511300 Electron diffraction 203
7.117.11 Compton effectCompton effect
P2524415 Compton effect with the multi-channelanalyser
204
P2546001 Compton effect - energy-dispersive dir-ect measurement
205
P2541701 Compton scattering of X-rays 205
7.127.12 Duane-Hunt displacement lawDuane-Hunt displacement law
P2540901 Duane-Hunt displacement law andPlanck's "quantum of action"
206
"UPNJD1IZTJDT
8.18.1 One and two electron spectraOne and two electron spectra
P2510600 Fine structure: one and two electronspectra
208
8.28.2 Balmer series/ determination of Rydberg'sBalmer series/ determination of Rydberg'sconstantconstant
P2510700 Balmer series/ determination of Ry-dberg's constant
209
P2510800 Atomic spectra of two-electron system:He, Hg
209
8.38.3 X-ray fluorescence and Moseley's lawX-ray fluorescence and Moseley's law
P2524715 X-ray fluorescence and Moseley's lawwith the multi channel analyser
210
P2541001 Characteristic X-ray lines of different an-ode materials / Moseley's law
211
P2541201 K and L absorption edges of X-rays /Moseley's law and the Rydberg constant
212
8.48.4 Characteristic X-raysCharacteristic X-rays
P2540101 Characteristic X-rays of copper 213
P2540201 Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum 213
P2540301 Characteristic X-rays of iron 213
P2542801 Characteristic X-rays of tungsten 213
8.58.5 K alpha double splitting of molybdenumK alpha double splitting of molybdenumX-raysX-rays
P2540701 K alpha double splitting of molybdenumX-rays/ fine structure
214
P2540801 K alpha doublet splitting of iron X-rays /fine structure
214
8.68.6 Related ExperimentsRelated Experiments
P2260701 Helium neon laser, basic set 215
P2260800 Optical pumping 215
P2511001 Zeeman effect with an electromagnet 215
P2511111 Stern-Gerlach experiment with a steppermotor and interface
216
P2511200 Electron spin resonance 216
P2522115 Rutherford experiment with MCA 216
.PMFDVMFBOE4PMJE4UBUF1IZTJDT
9.19.1 MagnetostrictionMagnetostriction
P2430800 Magnetostriction with the Michelson in-terferometer
218
9.29.2 Semiconductor thermogeneratorSemiconductor thermogenerator
P2410700 Semiconductor thermogenerator 219
9.39.3 Beta spectroscopyBeta spectroscopy
P2523200 Beta spectroscopy 220
9.49.4 Hall effectHall effect
P2530111 Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3 221
P2530101 Hall effect in p-germanium (with theteslameter)
221
P2530201 Hall effect in n-germanium (with theteslameter)
221
P2530211 Hall effect in n-germanium (with Co-bra3)
221
P2530401 Band gap of germanium 221
P2530411 Band gap of germanium (with Cobra3) 221
P2530160 Hall effect in p-germanium (with Co-bra4)
221
9.59.5 Examination of the structure ofExamination of the structure ofmonocrystalsmonocrystals
P2541301 Examination of the structure of NaClmonocrystals with dif-ferent orienta-tions
222
9.69.6 Investigation of cubic crystal structuresInvestigation of cubic crystal structures
P2541401 X-ray investigation of cubic crystal struc-tures / Debye- Scherrer powder method
223
9.79.7 Laue methodLaue method
P2541601 X-ray investigation of crystal structures /Laue method
224
P2541501 X-ray investigation of hexagonal crystalstructures / Debye-Scherrer powdermethod
224
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
excellence in science
18
9.89.8 Debye-Scherrer diffraction patternsDebye-Scherrer diffraction patterns
P2542101 Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns ofpowder samples with three cubic Bravaislattices (Bragg-Brentano-geometry)
225
P2542201 Debye-Scherrer diffractions pattern ofpowder samples with a diamond struc-ture (according to Bragg-Brentano)
225
P2542301 Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns ofpowder samples with a hexagonal latticestructure (according to Bragg-Brentano)
225
P2542401 Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns ofpowder samples with a tetragonal latticestructure (according to Bragg-Brentano)
225
P2542501 Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns witha cubic powder sample (according toBragg-Brentano)
225
9.99.9 Energy-dispersive measurementsEnergy-dispersive measurements
P2546101 Energy-dispersive measurements of K-and L-absorption edges
226
9.109.10 Lattice constants of a monocrystalLattice constants of a monocrystal
P2546201 Determination of the lattice constants ofa monocrystal
227
9.119.11 Duane-Hunt displacement lawDuane-Hunt displacement law
P2546301 Duane-Hunt displacement law 228
9.129.12 Velocity of ultrasound in solid stateVelocity of ultrasound in solid statematerialmaterial
P5160100 Velocity of ultrasound in solid state ma-terial
229
9.139.13 Attenuation of ultrasound in solid stateAttenuation of ultrasound in solid statematerialsmaterials
P5160800 Attenuation of ultrasound in solid statematerials
230
9.149.14 Shear waves in solid state materialsShear waves in solid state materials
P5160900 Shear waves in solid state materials 231
P2260106 Faraday effect with optical base plate 232
9.159.15 Related ExperimentsRelated Experiments
P2120200 Modulus of elasticity 233
P2120300 Mechanical hysteresis 233
P2130111 Hooke's law with Cobra3 233
P2260900 Nd:YAG laser 234
P2410800 Peltier heat pump 234
P2410901 Characteristic curves of a solar cell 234
P2410915 Characteristic curves of semiconductorswith the FG module
235
P2420600 Dielectric constant of different materials 235
P2430711 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with Cobra3 235
P2430800 Magnetostriction with the Michelson in-terferometer with optical base plate
236
P2532000 Atomic Resolution of the graphite sur-face by STM (scanning tunnelling micro-scope)
236
/BOP1IZTJDT
10.110.1 Atomic Resolution by STM (ScanningAtomic Resolution by STM (ScanningTunnelling Microscope)Tunnelling Microscope)
09600-99 Compact-Scanning Tunneling Microscope(STM)
238
P2532000 Atomic Resolution of the graphite sur-face by STM (Scanning Tunnelling Micro-scope)
239
P2532500 Investigate in surface atomic structuresand defects of diffrent samples by STM(Scanning Tunneling Microscopy)
239
P2533000 Nanoscale workfunction measurementsby STS (Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
239
10.210.2 Nanoscale electrical charakteristics byNanoscale electrical charakteristics bySTMSTM
P2533500 Nanoscale electrical charakteristics ofdifferent samples by STS (Scanning Tun-nelling Spectroscopy)
240
10.310.3 Quantum mechanics by STM / AFMQuantum mechanics by STM / AFM
P2535000 Quantum Mechanics by STM - TunnelingEffect and Charge Density Waves
241
P2537000 Roughness and nanomorhology of differ-ent metal samples using by STM
241
09700-99 Compact-Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 242
/VDMFBS1IZTJDT3BEJPBDUJWJUZ
11.111.1 Half-life and radioactive equilibriumHalf-life and radioactive equilibrium
P2520101 Half-life and radioactive equilibrium 244
P2520111 Half-life and radioactive equilibriumwith Cobra3
244
P2520160 Half-life and radioactive equilibriumwith Cobra4
244
11.211.2 Poisson's and Gaussian distribution ofPoisson's and Gaussian distribution ofradioactive decayradioactive decay
P2520311 Poisson's and Gaussian distribution ofradioactive decay (Influence of the deadtime of the counter tube)
245
P2520360 Poisson's and Gaussian distribution ofradioactive decay with Cobra4 (Influenceof the dead time of the counter tube)
245
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
19
11.311.3 Alpha Particles - Energy - RutherfordAlpha Particles - Energy - RutherfordExperimentExperiment
P2522015 Alpha energies of different sources withMulti Channel Analyser (MCA)
246
P2522115 Rutherford experiment with Multi Chan-nel Analyser (MCA)
247
P2522101 Rutherford experiment with the digitalcounter
247
P2522215 Fine structure of the alpha spectrum ofAm-241 with Multi Channel Analyser(MCA) / alpha spectroscopy
248
P2522315 Study of the alpha energies of Ra-226with Multi Channel Analyser (MCA)
249
P2522415 Energy loss of alpha particles in gaseswith Multi Channel Analyser (MCA)
250
11.411.4 Beta Particles - Electron AbsorptionBeta Particles - Electron Absorption
P2523100 Electron absorption 251
P2523200 Beta spectroscopy 252
11.511.5 Gamma Particles - Energy - ComptonGamma Particles - Energy - ComptonEffectEffect
P2524101 Inverse-square law and absorption ofgamma or beta rays with the Geiger-Mller counter
253
P2524215 Energy dependence of the gamma ab-sorption coefficient with Multi ChannelAnalyser (MCA) / Gamma spectroscopy
254
P2524515 Internal conversion in 137m Ba withMulti Channel Analyser (MCA)
255
P2524615 Photonuclear cross-section/ Comptonscattering cross-section with Multi Chan-nel Analyser (MCA)
256
11.611.6 Counter tube characteristicsCounter tube characteristics
P2540010 Counter tube characteristics with XR 4.0X-ray expert unit
257
11.711.7 X-ray dosimetryX-ray dosimetry
P2541801 X-ray dosimetry with XR 4.0 X-ray expertunit
258
1BSUJDMF1IZTJDT
12.112.1 Visualisation of radioactive particlesVisualisation of radioactive particles
P2520400 Visualisation of radioactive particleswith the diffusion cloud chamber PJ45
261
12.212.2 Cosmic Muon Lifetime - KamiocanCosmic Muon Lifetime - Kamiocan
P2520800 Cosmic Muon Lifetime measurement -Kamiocan -
262
9SBZ1IZTJDT
13.113.1 Characteristic of X-raysCharacteristic of X-rays
P2540101 Characteristic X-rays of copper 267
P2540201 Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum 267
P2540301 Characteristic X-rays of iron 267
P2542801 Characteristic X-rays of tungsten 267
P2540401 The intensity of characteristic X-rays as afunction of anode current and voltage
268
P2540501 Monochromatisation of molybdenum 269
P2540601 Monochromatisation of copper X-rays 269
P2540701 K alpha double splitting of molybdenumX-rays/ fine structure
270
P2540801 K alpha doublet splitting of iron X-rays /fine structure
270
P2540901 Duane-Hunt displacement law andPlanck's "quantum of action"
270
P2541001 Characteristic X-ray lines of different an-ode materials / Moseley's law
270
13.213.2 RadiographyRadiography
P2540020 Radiographic examination of objects 271
P2541901 Contrast medium experiment with ablood vessel model
272
P2542001 Determination of length and position ofan object which can not be seen
273
13.313.3 Absorption of X-rays - DosimetryAbsorption of X-rays - Dosimetry
P2540030 Qualitative examination of absorption 274
P2541101 Absorption of X-rays 275
P2541201 K and L absorption edges of X-rays /Moseley's law and the Rydberg constant
276
P2541801 X-ray dosimetry 277
P2540040 Ionizing effect of X-radiation 277
13.413.4 Debye-Scherrer diffractionDebye-Scherrer diffraction
P2541401 X-ray of cubic crystal structures / Debye-Scherrer powder method
278
P2541501 X-ray of hexagonal crystal structures /Debye-Scherrer powder method
278
P2542601 Diffraction measurements to determinethe intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexesusing a cubic powder sample
279
P2542101 Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern ofpowder samples, cubic Bravais lattices
279
P2542201 Debye-Scherrer diffractions pattern ofpowder samples, diamond structure
279
P2542301 Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern ofpowder samples, hexagonal latticestructure
279
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
excellence in science
20
P2542401 Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern ofpowder samples, tetragonal latticestructure
279
P2542501 Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern ofpowder samples, cubic lattice structure
279
P2542701 Debye-Scherrer diffraction measure-ments for the examination of the textureof rolled sheets
280
13.513.5 Laue diffractionLaue diffraction
P2541602 X-ray of crystal structures/Laue methodwith digital X-ray image sensor (XRIS)
281
P2541601 X-ray investigation of crystal structures /Laue method with X-ray film
281
13.613.6 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopyX-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
P2544001 X-ray energy spectroscopy - calibrationof the X-ray energy detector
282
P2544101 Energy resolution of the X-ray energy de-tector
283
P2544201 Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector
284
P2544501 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence spectro-scopy of metals - Moseley's law
285
P2544601 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis ofalloyed materials
285
P2544701 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis ofpowder samples
285
P2544801 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis ofsolutions
285
P2544901 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis ofore samples
285
P2545001 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysisof alloyed materials
286
P2545101 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysisof solutions
286
P2545201 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy / layerthickness determination
287
P2546001 Compton effect - energy-dispersive dir-ect measurement
288
P2541701 Compton scattering of X-rays 288
P2546101 Energy-dispersive measurements of K-and L-absorption edges
289
P2546201 Determination of the lattice constants 289
P2546301 Duane-Hunt displacement law 289
13.713.7 Computed TomographyComputed Tomography
P2550100 Computed tomography 290
P2541602 X-ray of crystal structures/Laue methodwith digital X-ray image sensor (XRIS)
290
13.813.8 Related ExperimentsRelated Experiments
P2540010 Counter tube characteristics 292
P2541301 Examination of NaCl monocrystals 293
-BTFS1IZTJDT1IPUPOJDT
14.114.1 Doppler effect with the MichelsonDoppler effect with the Michelsoninterferometerinterferometer
P2221000 Doppler effect with the Michelson inter-ferometer with optical base plate
296
14.214.2 Determination of the wavelength of laserDetermination of the wavelength of laserlightlight
P2221206 Fabry-Perot interferometer - wavelengthof laser light with optical base plate
297
14.314.3 HolographyHolography
P2260300 Recording and reconstruction of holo-grams with optical base plate
298
P2260305 Transfer hologram - master hologram 298
P2260306 Holography - Real time procedure 298
14.414.4 LDA - Laser Doppler AnemometryLDA - Laser Doppler Anemometry
P2260511 LDA - laser Doppler anemometry withoptical base plate
299
14.514.5 Helium neon laserHelium neon laser
P2260701 Helium neon laser, basic set 300
P2260705 Helium neon laser, advanced set 300
14.614.6 Optical pumpingOptical pumping
P2260800 Optical pumping 301
14.714.7 Nd:YAG laserNd:YAG laser
P2260900 Nd:YAG laser 302
14.814.8 Fibre opticsFibre optics
P2261000 Fibre optics 303
14.914.9 Related ExperimentsRelated Experiments
P2220600 Coherence, width of spectral lines,Michelson interferometer, optical base-plate
304
P2220705 Refraction index of CO2, Michelson inter-ferometer with optical base plate
304
P2220800 Quantum eraser with optical base plate 304
P2220900 Michelson interferometer - High Resolu-tion with optical base plate
305
P2221100 Refraction index of air, Mach-Zehnderinterferometer with optical base plate
305
P2221205 Fabry-Perot interferometer - wavelengthof laser light with optical base plate
305
P2250105 Polarisation through quarter-waveplates with optical base plate
306
P2261100 Fourier optics - 2f arrangement with op-tical base plate
306
P2430800 Magnetostriction with the Michelson in-terferometer with optical base plate
306
Overview TESS expertOverview TESS expert
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
21
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.5 Nobel Prize Experiments
excellence in science
22
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.5 Nobel Prize Experiments
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
23
1 About PHYWE1 About PHYWE1.6 Cooperations
excellence in science
24
262627273131333334344141464648485555
MechanicsMechanics2.12.1 Measurement TechniquesMeasurement Techniques2.22.2 Motion in one DimensionMotion in one Dimension2.32.3 Motion in two and three DimensionsMotion in two and three Dimensions2.42.4 Linear Momentum and CollisionsLinear Momentum and Collisions2.52.5 Rotational MotionRotational Motion2.62.6 Static Equilibrium and ElasticityStatic Equilibrium and Elasticity2.72.7 Gravity / GravitationGravity / Gravitation2.82.8 Mechanics of Fluids and GasesMechanics of Fluids and Gases2.92.9 Literature and SoftwareLiterature and Software
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
25
PrinciplePrinciple
Caliper gauges, micrometers and spherometers are used for theaccurate measurement of lengths, thicknesses, diameters andcurvatures. A mechanical balance is used for weight determina-tions, a decade counter is used for accurate time measurements.Measuring procedures, accuracy of measurement and reading ac-curacy are demonstrated.
TasksTasks
1. Determination of the volume of tubes with the caliper gauge.2. Determination of the thickness of wires, cubes and plates
with the micrometer.3. Determination of the thickness of plates and the radius of
curvature of watch glasses with the spherometer.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Length Diameter Inside diameter thickness Curvature Vernier Weight resolution Time measurement
Main articlesMain articles
Universal Counter 13601-99 1
Spherometer 03017-00 1
Precision balance,2 pans,500g 44011-50 1
Set of precision weights,1mg-200g 44070-20 1
Light barrier, compact 11207-20 1
Micrometer 03012-00 1
Vernier caliper 03010-00 1
Aluminium foil, set of 4 sheets 06270-00 1
Cubes, set of 8 02214-00 1
Universal CounterUniversal Counter
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
The universal counter is used for measuring time, frequency, pulserates, pulse counting, periodic times, speeds and velocities.
BenefitsBenefits
The device has all the qualities that are expected of a modernuniversal counter and is also equipped with a number of tech-nical specifics of how it specifically arise from the require-ments of science teaching practice.
For the scientifically correct representation of each measure-ment is shown in principle with the associated unit. With theoverflow of the display is automatically switched into the nextarea.
Before the measurement starts it can be manually adjusted toa maximum of 6 decades defined range, eg to suppress is notphysically meaningful digits on the display.
A special jack for direct connection of a GM counter tube isavailable for radioactivity experiments. The required voltagecan be changed manually to determine the characteristics ofa counter tubes to.
13601-9913601-99
P2110100P2110100 Measurement of basic constants: length, weight and timeMeasurement of basic constants: length, weight and time
Vernier caliper
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.1 Measurement Techniques
excellence in science
26
PrinciplePrinciple
The distance-time law, the velocity time law, and the relationshipbetween mass, acceleration and force are determined with the aidof the air track rail for uniformly accelerated motion in a straightline.
TasksTasks
Determination of:
1. Distance travelled as a function of time2. Velocity as a function of time3. Acceleration as a function of the accelerated mass4. Acceleration as a function of force.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Velocity, Acceleration Force, Acceleration of gravity
Main articlesMain articles
Air track rail, 2 meters 11202-17 1
Timer 4-4 13604-99 1
Blower 230V/50Hz 13770-97 1
Starter system for air track 11202-13 1
Precision pulley 11201-02 1
Light barrier, compact 11207-20 4
Portable Balance, OHAUS CS2000 - AC adapterincluded 48917-93 1
Stop, adjustable 11202-19 1
Barrel base PHYWE 02006-55 4
Glider f.air track 11202-02 1
Related ExperimentsRelated Experiments
Cobra4 Experiments -available 2013Cobra4 Experiments -available 2013
P2130301P2130301Newton's 2nd law / air trackNewton's 2nd law / air track
The distance travelled s plotted as a function ofthe time t.
Newton's 2nd law/ air track with Cobra3Newton's 2nd law/ air track with Cobra3
P2130311P2130311
Newton's 2nd law/ demonstration trackNewton's 2nd law/ demonstration track
P2130305P2130305
Newton's 2nd law/ demonstration track with Cobra3Newton's 2nd law/ demonstration track with Cobra3
P2130315P2130315
Newton's 2nd law/ demonstration track with Cobra4Newton's 2nd law/ demonstration track with Cobra4
P2130360P2130360
Uniformly accelerated motion on an inclined plane, s ~ tUniformly accelerated motion on an inclined plane, s ~ twith Cobra4 and demonstration trackwith Cobra4 and demonstration track
P1198860P1198860
Uniformly accelerated motion caused by an acceleratingUniformly accelerated motion caused by an acceleratingmass with Cobra4 and demonstration trackmass with Cobra4 and demonstration track
P6000360P6000360
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.2 Motion in one Dimension
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
27
Air track rail, 2 metersAir track rail, 2 meters
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
Air track rail
BenefitsBenefits
Square Aluminium profile tube adjusted and mounted with 7screws on a U-shape extrusion profilebeam.
Measuring scale on bothsides with mm division in both direc-tions, opening for pressure hose/tube.
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
Incl. 2 end holders and 4 knurled screws. Track length: 2 m Square profile: 63 x 63 mm Diameter hose connection: 40 mm
11202-1711202-17
Demonstration Track, Aluminium, 1.5Demonstration Track, Aluminium, 1.5metersmeters
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
Aluminium track for demonstration experiments with scale, level-ling with adjustable feeds, with quick lock system for accessories.
BenefitsBenefits
Usable on small desks due to free positioning of feeds.
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
Length: 1.53 m. Width of track: 105 mm. Width: 240 mm. Depth: 100 mm. Mass: 4.1 kg
11305-0011305-00
Demo advanced Physics Manual LinearDemo advanced Physics Manual LinearMotion (LMT)Motion (LMT)
Article no. 16001-02Article no. 16001-02
DescriptionDescription
Instructions for 17 experiments on linear motion.
TopicsTopics
Uniform and uniformly accelerated motion (5 experiments) Free fall (1 experiment) Newton's laws (3 experiments) Inertia and weight (2 experiments) Friction (1 experiment) Elastic and inelastic collisions (5 experiments)
Almost all experiments can be performed either with the 2 m longair track 11202-17 or with the 1.5 m long demonstration track11305-00.
For the measurements and data recording you can use an inter-face or the 4-4 Timer 13604-99.
16001-0216001-02
Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra3 - P2130511Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra3 - P2130511
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.2 Motion in one Dimension
excellence in science
28
PrinciplePrinciple
The fall times t are measured for different heights of fall h. h isrepresented as the function of t or t2, so the distance-time law ofthe free fall results as h = 1/2 g t2. Then the measured valuesare taken to determine the acceleration due to gravity g.
TasksTasks
Determination of
1. Distance time law for the free fall.2. Velocity-time law for the free fall.3. Precise measurement of the acceleration due to gravity for
the free fall.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Linear motion due to constant acceleration Laws governing falling bodies Acceleration due to gravity
Main articlesMain articles
Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150-50 1
Release unit 02502-00 1
Impact switch 02503-00 1
Tripod base PHYWE 02002-55 1
Power supply 12V / 2A 12151-99 1
Software Cobra3 Timer/Counter 14511-61 1
Support rod PHYWE, square, l = 1000 mm 02028-55 1
Right angle clamp PHYWE 02040-55 2
Related ExperimentRelated Experiment
Cobra4 ExperimentsCobra4 Experiments
P2130711P2130711Free fall Cobra3Free fall Cobra3
Height of fall as a function of falling time.
Free fallFree fall
P2130701P2130701
Free fall (interface version with Cobra4) - available 2013Free fall (interface version with Cobra4) - available 2013
P2130760P2130760
Free fall with air friction with Cobra4Free fall with air friction with Cobra4
P6000460P6000460
Free Fall: determination of the acceleration of earth (withFree Fall: determination of the acceleration of earth (withCobra 4 Timer-counter)Cobra 4 Timer-counter)
P6000760P6000760
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.2 Motion in one Dimension
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
29
P1199560P1199560
PrinciplePrinciple
An impulse is described as the change in momentum by a forceapplied upon a body for a small interval of time. The momentumis defined here as the product of force and time and is conservedif no friction loss occurs. This means that in a closed system ofdifferent bodies the latter can transfer or receive momentum,however the total momentum of the system remains temporallyand quantitatively constant.
Impulse and momentum with Cobra 4Impulse and momentum with Cobra 4
For more details refer to www.phywe.comFor more details refer to www.phywe.com
P1199660P1199660
PrinciplePrinciple
An impulse is a change in momentum caused by a force F in ashort amount of time. The momentum p is defined here as theproduct of force F and time t and is conserved if no friction lossoccurs and the collision is elastic. This means that in a closedsystem of different bodies the latter can transfer or receive mo-mentum, however the total momentum of the system remainstemporally and quantitatively constant and the energy is there-fore a conserved quantity.
Conservation of momentum during central elastic collision with Cobra 4Conservation of momentum during central elastic collision with Cobra 4
For more details refer to www.phywe.comFor more details refer to www.phywe.com
P6000860P6000860
PrinciplePrincipleIn this experiment, the distance-time law and the velocity-timelaw are examined in addition to Newton's second law whichgives a connection between mass, acceleration and force. A rollertrack is hereby used on which a cart is subjected to uniformly ac-celerated motion.
Newton's law with Cobra 4 and Timer/Counter sensorNewton's law with Cobra 4 and Timer/Counter sensor
For more details refer to www.phywe.comFor more details refer to www.phywe.com
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.2 Motion in one Dimension
excellence in science
30
PrinciplePrinciple
A steel ball is fired by a spring at different velocities and at differ-ent angles to the horizontal. The relationships between the range,the height of projection, the angle of inclination,and the firing ve-locity are determined.TasksTasks
1. To determine the range as a function of the angle of inclina-tion.
2. To determine the maximum height of projection as a func-tion of the angle of inclination.
3. To determine the (maximum) range as a function of the ini-tial velocity.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Trajectory parabola Motion involving uniform acceleration Ballistics
Main articlesMain articles
Ballistic Unit 11229-10 1Two-tier platform support 02076-03 1Speed measuring attachment 11229-30 1Power supply 5 VDC/2.4 A withDC-socket 2.1mm 13900-99 1Barrel base PHYWE 02006-55 1Meter scale, demo. l=1000mm 03001-00 1Recording paper, 1 roll,25 m 11221-01 1Steel ball, d = 19 mm 02502-01 2
Ballistic UnitBallistic Unit
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
For demonstrating projectile motion and for quantitative invest-igation of the laws of projection, in particular for determining therange of a projectile as a function of the projectile angle and theinitial velocity of the projectile.BenefitsBenefits
The catapult included in the extent of delivery can be used to: achieve reproducible projectile ranges up to 3 m (scatter of the
projectile ranges approx. 1%) set a continuously variable projection angle between 0 and
90- to select three projection speeds use two balls with different masses but with the same dia-
meterEquipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
with catapult and fixed storage for two balls d = 19 mm(wooden ball with iron core and steel ball 02502.01),
dimensions 60 cm38 cm
11229-1011229-10
P2131100P2131100Projectile motionProjectile motion
Maximum range as a function of the angle ofinclination for different initial velocity v0:
Curve 1 v0 = 5.3 m/sCurve 2 v0 = 4.1 m/sCurve 3 v0 = 3.1 m/s
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.3 Motion in two and three Dimensions
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
31
PrinciplePrinciple
A classic method of determining the velocity of a projectile is toshoot the projectile into a resting mass which is large comparedto the projectile's mass and hung as a pendulum. In the process,the projectile remains in the pendulum mass and oscillates withit. This is an inelastic collision in which the momentum remainsunchanged. If the pendulum's mechanical data are known, onecan infer the velocity of the pendulum's mass (including the pro-jectile's mass) at the lowest point of the pendulum's oscillationfrom the amplitude of the pendulum's oscillation. The momentumof the two masses in this phase of the oscillation must thus beequal to the impulse of the projectile before it struck the pendu-lum. If one knows the masses of the pendulum and the projectile,one can calculate the projectile's velocity. In order to be able touse this measuring principle without danger, the following set-up is used here: A steel ball is shot at the mass of a pendulumwith the aid of a spring catapult. The pendulum mass has a hol-low space in which the steel ball is held. If, additionally, two lightbarriers and a time measuring device are available, an independ-ent, direct measurement of the initial velocity of the ball can bemade.
TasksTasks
1. Measurement of the oscillation amplitudes of the ballisticpendulum after capturing the steel ball for the three possibletension energies of the throwing device.
2. Calculation of the initial velocities of the ball from the meas-ured oscillation amplitudes and the mechanical data of thependulum is performed using the approximation formula (3).
3. Plotting of the velocity v of the steel ball as a function of themaximum deflection; (0.90) of the pendulum according toformula (3), taking into consideration the special mechanicaldata of the experiment.
4. Determination of the correction factor for the utilised pen-dulum for the conversion of the velocities determined by us-ing the approximation formula into the values obtained fromthe exact theory. Correction of the velocity values from Tasks2.5. If the supplementary devices for the direct measurementof the initial velocity are available, measure the initial velo-cities corresponding to the three tension steps of the throw-ing device by performing 10 measurements each with sub-sequent mean value calculation. Plot the measured points inthe diagram fromTask 3. Give reasons for contingent system-atic deviations from the theoretical curve.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Potential and kinetic energy Rotational energy Moment of inertia Inelastic collision Principle of conservation of momentum Angular momentum Measurement of projectile velocities
Main articlesMain articles
Ballistic Unit 11229-10 1
Speed measuring attachment 11229-30 1
Ballistic Pendulum,f.Ballist.Unit 11229-20 1
Power supply 5 VDC/2.4 A withDC-socket 2.1mm 13900-99 1
Steel ball, d = 19 mm 02502-01 2
P2131200P2131200 Ballistic pendulumBallistic pendulum
Diagram on the theory of the ballistic pendu-lum.
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.3 Motion in two and three Dimensions
excellence in science
32
PrinciplePrinciple
The volocities of two gliders, moving without friction on a demon-stration track, are measured before and after collision, for bothelastic and inelastic collision.
TasksTasks
1. Elastic collision1. Elastic collision
1. The impulses of the two gliders as well as their sum after thecollision. For comparison the mean value of the impulses ofthe first glider is entered as a horizontal line in the graph.
2. Their energies, in a manner analogous to Task 1.1
2. Inelastic collision2. Inelastic collision
1. The impulse values are plotted as in Task 1.1. The energy val-ues are plotted as in Task 1.2.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Conservation of momentum, Conservation of energy Linear motion, Velocity, Elastic loss, Elastic collision
Main articlesMain articles
Timer 4-4 13604-99 1
Starter system for demonstration track 11309-00 1
Demonstration Track, Aluminium, Length:1.5 m 11305-00 1
Cart, low friction sapphire bearings 11306-00 2
Light barrier, compact 11207-20 2
Related ExperimentsRelated Experiments
Cobra4 ExperimentsCobra4 Experiments
P2130505P2130505Laws of collision/ demonstration track with a 4-4 TimerLaws of collision/ demonstration track with a 4-4 Timer
Elastic collision: calculated energies after thecollision as functions of the mass ratio of thegliders.
Laws of collision/ demonstration track with Cobra3Laws of collision/ demonstration track with Cobra3
P2130515P2130515
Laws of collision/ air trackLaws of collision/ air track
P2130501P2130501
Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra3Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra3
P2130511P2130511
Impulse and momentum / demonstration track withImpulse and momentum / demonstration track withCobra4Cobra4
P1199560P1199560
Conservation of momentum during central elastic collisionConservation of momentum during central elastic collisionwith cobra4with cobra4
P1199660P1199660
Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra4 - available 2013Laws of collision/ air track with Cobra4 - available 2013
P2130560P2130560
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.4 Linear Momentum and Collisions
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
33
PrinciplePrinciple
If a constant torque is applied to a body that rotates without fric-tion arounda fixed axis, the changing angle of rotation increasesproportionally to thesquare of the time and the angular velocityproportional to the time.
TasksTasks
1. Measurement of the laws of angle andangular velocity ac-cording to time for auniform rotation movement.
2. Measurement of the laws of angle andangular velocity ac-cording to time for auniformly accelerated rotational move-ment.
3. Rotation angle; is proportional to the time t required for therotation.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Angular velocity Rotation Moment Torque Moment of inertia Rotational energy
Main articlesMain articles
Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150-50 1
Precision pivot bearing 02419-00 1
Inertia rod 02417-03 1
Holding device w. cable release 02417-04 1
Turntable with angle scale 02417-02 1
Light barrier, compact 11207-20 1
Tripod base PHYWE 02002-55 1
Power supply 12V / 2A 12151-99 1
Bench clamp PHYWE 02010-00 2
Softw. Cobra3 translat./rotation 14512-61 1
Related ExperimentsRelated Experiments
Cobra4 Experiment - available 2013Cobra4 Experiment - available 2013
P2131315P2131315 Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra3 with aMoment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra3 with aprecision pivot bearingprecision pivot bearing
Angle vs. square of time for one turntable.
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration and with anMoment of inertia and angular acceleration and with anair bearingair bearing
P2131301P2131301
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with aMoment of inertia and angular acceleration with aprecision pivot bearingprecision pivot bearing
P2131305P2131305
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra3Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra3and with an air bearingand with an air bearing
P2131311P2131311
Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra4Moment of inertia and angular acceleration with Cobra4
P2131360P2131360
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.5 Rotational Motion
excellence in science
34
PrinciplePrinciple
The angle of rotation and angular velocity are measured as a func-tion of time on a body which is pivoted so as to rotate withoutfriction and which is acted on by a moment. The angular acceler-ation is determined as a function of the moment.
TasksTasks
With uniformly accelerated rotary motion, the following will bedetermined:
1. the angle of rotation as a function of time,2. the angular velocity as a function of time.3. the angular acceleration as a function of time,4. the angular acceleration as a function of the lever arm.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Circular motion Angular velocity Angular acceleration Moment of inertia Newton's laws Rotation
Main articlesMain articles
Blower 230V/50Hz 13770-97 1
Air bearing 02417-01 1
Light barrier with counter 11207-30 1
Holding device w. cable release 02417-04 1
Turntable with angle scale 02417-02 1
Precision pulley 11201-02 1
Tripod base PHYWE 02002-55 1
Power supply 5 V DC/2.4 A with 4 mm plugs 11076-99 1
Light barrier with counterLight barrier with counter
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
With the function of an electronic time measuring and countingdevice.
BenefitsBenefits
4 figureluminous display, selection switch for 4 operatingmodes
RESET key BNC jack for exterior starting and/ or stopping of time meas-
urement TTL output to control peripheral devices power supply connector (4 mm jacks)
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
Fork width: 70 mm Usable barrier depth: 65 mm Sensitivity adjustable LED-Display: 4digits, 8 mm Time measurement: 0...9,999 s Counting: 0...9999 Supply voltage: 5 V DC Max. working frequency: 25 kHz External dimensions (mm): 160 x 25 x 105M6 Threaded holes in casing: 7 Stem included: 100 mm, M6 thread
11207-3011207-30
P2131500P2131500Moment and angular momentumMoment and angular momentum
Angle of rotation as a function of time withuniformly accelerated rotary motion for m =0.01 kg, r = 0.015 m.
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.5 Rotational Motion
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
35
PrinciplePrinciple
A body with variable mass moves on a circular path with ad-justable radius and variable angular velocity. The centrifugal forceof the body will be measured as a function of these parameters.
TasksTasks
Determination of the centrifugal force as a function
1. of the mass,2. of the angular velocity,3. of the distance from the axis of rotation to the centre of
gravity of the car.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Centripetal force Rotary motion Angular velocity Apparent force
Main articlesMain articles
Laboratory motor, 220 V AC 11030-93 1
Gearing 30/1, for 11030.93 11029-00 1
Light barrier with counter 11207-30 1
Centrifugal force apparatus 11008-00 1
Bearing unit 02845-00 1
Power supply 5 V DC/2.4 A with 4 mm plugs 11076-99 1
Cart for measurements and experiments 11060-00 1
Related ExperimentRelated Experiment
Cobra4 ExperimentsCobra4 Experiments
P2131601P2131601 Centrifugal forceCentrifugal force
Centrifugal force as a function of the angularvelocity v.
Centrifugal force, complete set (interface version)Centrifugal force, complete set (interface version)
P2131611P2131611
Centripetal acceleration with Cobra4Centripetal acceleration with Cobra4
P6000560P6000560
Centripetal force with Cobra4Centripetal force with Cobra4
P6000660P6000660
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.5 Rotational Motion
excellence in science
36
PrinciplePrinciple
A disc, which can unroll with its axis on two cords, moves in thegravitational field. Potential energy, energy of translation and en-ergy of rotation are converted into one another and are determ-ined as a function of time.
TasksTasks
The moment of inertia of the Maxwell disc is determined. Usingthe Maxwell disc,
1. the potential energy,2. the energy of translation,3. the energy of rotation,
are determined as a function of time.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Maxwell disc Energy of translation, Energy of rotation Potential energy Moment of inertia Angular velocity, Angular acceleration Instantaneous velocity Gyroscope
Main articlesMain articles
Light barrier with counter 11207-30 1
Maxwell wheel 02425-00 1
Holding device w. cable release 02417-04 1
Power supply 5 V DC/2.4 A with 4 mm plugs 11076-99 1
Meter scale, demo. l=1000mm 03001-00 1
Capacitor 100 nF/250V, G1 39105-18 1
Maxwell wheelMaxwell wheel
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
Apparatus for conversion of potential to kinetic energy and vice-versa (translation and rotation). Two aperatures at ends of axleskeep wheel from running off its trajectory and are used, togetherwith a light barrier, to measure translation velocity.
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
Metal wheel with support rod and adjustable suspension. Wheel diameter: 130 mm, Mass of wheel: 470g. Moment of inertia: 10 kg cm. Cord length: 800 mm, Diameter
of shutter: 20 mm.
02425-0002425-00
P2131800P2131800Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell's wheelMechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell's wheel
Distance travelled by the centre of gravity of theMaxwell disk as a function of time.
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.5 Rotational Motion
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
37
PrinciplePrinciple
The momentum of inertia of the gyroscope is investigated bymeasuring the angular acceleration caused by torques of differentknown values. In this experiment, two of the axes of the gyroscopeare fixed. The relationship between the precession frequency andthe gyro-frequency of the gyroscope with 3 free axes is examinedfor torques of different values applied to the axis of rotation. Ifthe axis of rotation of the force free gyroscope is slightly displaced,a nutation is induced. The nutation frequency will be investigatedas a function of gyro frequency.
TasksTasks
1. Determination of the momentum of inertia of the gyroscopeby measurement of the angular acceleration.
2. Determination of the momentum of inertia by measurementof the gyro-frequency and precession frequency.
3. Investigation of the relationship between precession andgyro-frequency and its dependence from torque.
4. Investigation of the relationship between nutation frequencyand gyro-frequency.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Momentum of inertia, Angular momentum Torque Precession, Nutation
Main articlesMain articles
Gyroscope with 3 axes 02555-00 1
Light barrier with counter 11207-30 1
Additional gyro-disk w. c-weight 02556-00 1
Power supply 5 V DC/2.4 A with 4 mm plugs 11076-99 1
Gyroscope with 3 axesGyroscope with 3 axes
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
Demonstration and practical set for working up the gyroscopelaws.
BenefitsBenefits
The following relationships can be produced:
Precession (influence of torque and rotational frequency) Nutation (influence of the speed of the disc on the nutational
frequency) Measurement of the moment of inertia of the gyroscope disc
from the angular acceleration for a known torque Investigation of the relationship between the duration of a
precession rotation and the rotational frequency of the gyro-scope disc, Investigation of the relationship between the pre-cession frequency and the turning moment exerted on thegyroscope axis for constant rotational frequency of the disc
Determination of the relationship between the rotational andnutational frequency of the gyroscope disc
Gyroscope disc with double ball bearings, balanced and freelymovable via 3 axes, which is wound up by hand with the aidof a thread
Mounted on a metal stand, Sliding counterweight for calibrat-ing the gyro disc
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
Disc diameter: 245 mm, Disc thickness: 25 mm Disc weight: approx. 1317 g, Counterweight: approx. 925 g
02555-0002555-00
P2131900P2131900 Laws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscopeLaws of gyroscopes / 3-axis gyroscope
Determination of the momentum of inertiafrom the slope of straight line tR -1 = f(tP).
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.5 Rotational Motion
excellence in science
38
PrinciplePrinciple
If the axis of rotation of the force-free gyroscope is displacedslightly, a nutation is produced. The relationship between preces-sion frequency or nutation frequency and gyro-frequency is ex-amined for different moments of inertia. Additional weights areapplied to a gyroscope mounted on gimbals, so causing a preces-sion.
TasksTasks
1. To determine the precession frequency as a function of thetorque and the angular velocity of the gyroscope.
2. To determine the nutational frequency as a function of theangular velocity and the moment of inertia.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Moment of inertia Torque Angular momentum Nutation Precession
Main articlesMain articles
Gyro,Magnus type, incl. Handb. 02550-00 1
Digital stroboscope 21809-93 1
Stopwatch, digital, 1/100 s 03071-01 1
Gyro, Magnus type, incl. Handb.Gyro, Magnus type, incl. Handb.
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
Gyro, Magnus type, universal gyro for demonstration and quantit-ative evaluation of gyro laws and their application.
BenefitsBenefits
Rich accessories to demonstrate the following topics:
symmetrical and asymmetrical elonged and flattened gyro force free, driven and captive gyro, navigational gyro compass
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
steel gyro disc with reinforced edge suspended in gimbols withbolt bearings, springs and clamps for restriction
variation of moments of inertia by supplementary steel-weights
Disk diameter: 128 mm, Storage box (mm): 355 x 380 x 385 Including manual of 124 pages.
02550-0002550-00
P2132000P2132000Laws of gyroscopes / cardanic gyroscopeLaws of gyroscopes / cardanic gyroscope
Precession frequency as a function of the gyrofrequency for different additional masses.
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.5 Rotational Motion
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
39
PrinciplePrinciple
The period of vibration of a circular disc which performs torsionalvibrations about various parallel axes, is measured. The momentof inertia of the disc is determined as a function of the perpen-dicular distance of the axis of rotation from the centre of gravity.
TasksTasks
1. Determination of the angular restoring constant of the spiralspring.
2. Determination of the moment of inertia of a circular disc as afunction of the perpendicular distance of the axis of rotationfrom the centre of gravity
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Rigid body Moment of inertia Centre of gravity Axis of rotation Torsional vibration Spring constant Angular restoring force
Main articlesMain articles
Light barrier with counter 11207-30 1
Rotation axle 02415-01 1
Disk, w. diametrical holes 02415-07 1
Tripod base PHYWE 02002-55 1
Power supply 5 V DC/2.4 A with 4 mm plugs 11076-99 1
Barrel base PHYWE 02006-55 1
Spring balance, transparent, 2 N 03065-03 1
Ruler, plastic, 200 mm 09937-01 1
Cobra4 Experiment - available 2013Cobra4 Experiment - available 2013
Light barrier with counterLight barrier with counter
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
With the function of an electronic time measuring and countingdevice.
BenefitsBenefits
4 figureluminous display, selection switch for 4 operatingmodes
RESET key; BNC jack for exterior starting and/ or stopping oftime measurement
TTL output to control peripheral devices;power supply con-nector (4 mm jacks)
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
Fork width: 70 mm, Usable barrier depth: 65 mm Sensitivity adjustable, LED-Display: 4digits, 8 mm, Time meas-
urement: 0...9,999 s, Counting: 0...9999 Supply voltage: 5 V DC, Max. working frequency: 25 kHz External dimensions (mm): 160 x 25 x 105M6, Threaded holes
in casing: 7, Stem included: 100 mm, M6 thread
11207-3011207-30
P2132801P2132801 Moment of inertia / Steiner's theoremMoment of inertia / Steiner's theorem
Moment (torque) of a spiral spring as a functionof the angle of rotation.
Moments of inertia of different bodies / Steiner's theoremMoments of inertia of different bodies / Steiner's theoremwith Cobra4with Cobra4
P2132860P2132860
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.5 Rotational Motion
excellence in science
40
PrinciplePrinciple
Coplanar forces (weight, spring balance) act on the moments discon either side of the pivot. In equilibrium, the moments are de-termined as a function of the magnitude and direction of theforces and of the reference point.
TasksTasks
1. Moment as a function of the distance between the origin ofthe coordinates and the point of action of the force
2. Moment as a function of the angle between the force and theposition vector to the point of action of the force
3. Moment as a function of the force.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Moments Couple Equilibrium Statics Lever Coplanar forces
Main articlesMain articles
Moments disk 02270-00 1
Tripod base PHYWE 02002-55 2
Spring Balance 1 N 03060-01 2
Barrel base PHYWE 02006-55 1
Bolt with pin 02052-00 1
Fish line, l. 100m 02090-00 1
Support rod PHYWE,square,l 400mm 02026-55 2
Right angle clamp PHYWE 02040-55 1
Bosshead, turnable 02048-04 1
Related ExperimentRelated Experiment
Moments diskMoments disk
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
Disk to investigate general equilibrium conditions of a body sub-mitted to forces and supported at its centre of gravity so that itcan rotate.
Equipment and technical dataEquipment and technical data
Metallic disk, white on both sides with a central hole for lowfriction support on rod with pin.
One side with auxiliary circles with angular scales. Disk diameter: 270 mm. Number of holes: 64. Grid constant (mm): 30 x 30.
02270-0002270-00
P2120100P2120100MomentsMoments
Moment as a function of the distance betweenthe origin of the coordinates and the point ofaction of the force.
TorqueTorque
P1253500P1253500
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.6 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
41
PrinciplePrinciple
A flat bar is supported at two points. It is bent by the action of aforce acting at its centre. The modulus of elasticity is determinedfrom the bending and the geometric data of the bar.
TasksTasks
1. Determination of the characteristic curve of the dial gauge.2. Determination the bending of flatbars as a function of the
force; at constant force: of the thickness, of the width and ofthe distance between the support points.
3. Determination the modulus of elasticity of steel, aluminiumand brass.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Young's modulus Modulus of elasticity Stress Deformation Poisson's ratio Hooke's law
Main articlesMain articles
Flat bars, set 17570-00 1
Dial gauge 10/0.01 mm 03013-00 1
Tripod base PHYWE 02002-55 2
Holder for dial gauge 03013-01 1
Knife-edge with stirrup 03015-00 1
Spring Balance 1 N 03060-01 1
Vernier caliper 03010-00 1
Bolt with knife-edge 02049-00 2
Support rod PHYWE, square, l 630mm 02027-55 1
P2120200P2120200 Modulus of elasticityModulus of elasticity
Table 1: The modulus of elasticity for differentmaterials.
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.6 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
excellence in science
42
PrinciplePrinciple
The relationship between torque and angle of rotation is determ-ined when metal bars are twisted. The hysteresis curve is recor-ded.
TasksTasks
1. Record the hysteresis curve of steel and copper rods.2. Record the stress-relaxation curve with various relaxation
times of different materials.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Mechanical hysteresis Elasticity Plasticity Relaxation Torsion modulus Plastic flow Torque Hooke's law
Main articlesMain articles
Torsion apparatus 02421-00 1
Spring Balance 1 N 03060-01 1
Spring balance 2,5 N 03060-02 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 4 mm 02421-06 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 3 mm 02421-05 1
Torsion rod, Cu, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421-08 1
Torsion rod, steel, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421-01 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421-02 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 400 mm, d = 2 mm 02421-03 1
Torsion apparatus, completeTorsion apparatus, complete
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
To investigate deformations due to torques. For demonstration ofthe combined effects of force and lever.
02421-8802421-88
P2120300P2120300Mechanical hysteresisMechanical hysteresis
Mechanical hysteresis curve for the torsion of acopper rod of 2 mm dia meter and 0.5 m long.
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.6 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
43
PrinciplePrinciple
The validity of Hooke's Law is proven using various helical springswith different spring constants. In comparison, the behaviour of astretched rubber band is examined, for which there is no propor-tionality between acting force and resulting extension.
TasksTasks
1. Calibration of the system (movement sensor and forcesensor).
2. Measurement of the tensile force as a function of the pathfor three different helical springs and a rubber band.
3. Determination of the spring constant and evaluation of ahysteresis curve.
4. Verification of Hooke's law.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Spring constant Limit of elasticity Extension and compression
Main articlesMain articles
Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150-50 1
Newton sensor 12110-01 1
Movement sensor with cable 12004-10 1
Measuring module Newton 12110-00 1
Power supply 12V / 2A 12151-99 1
Barrel base PHYWE 02006-55 1
Bench clamp PHYWE 02010-00 1
Plate holder 02062-00 1
Stand tube 02060-00 1
Software Cobra3-Force/ Tesla 14515-61 1
Cobra4 Experiment - available 2013Cobra4 Experiment - available 2013
P2130111P2130111 Hooke's law with Cobra3Hooke's law with Cobra3
Characteristic elongation curve for a helicalspring with D = 20 N/m.
Hooke's law with Cobra4Hooke's law with Cobra4
P2130160P2130160
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.6 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
excellence in science
44
PrinciplePrinciple
Various bodies perform torsional vibrations about axes throughtheir centres of gravity. The vibration period is measured and themoment of inertia determined from this.
TasksTasks
The following will be determined:
1. The angular restoring moment of the spiral spring.2. The moment of inertia a) of a disc, two cylinder, a sphere and
a bar, b) of two point masses, as a function of the perpen-dicular distance to the axis of rotation. The centre of gravitylies in the axis of rotation.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Rigid body, Moment of inertia, Angular restoring moment Axis of rotation, Torsional vibration, Spring constant Moment of inertia of a sphere, a disc, a cylinder, a long bar
and 2 point masses
Main articlesMain articles
Light barrier with counter 11207-30 1
Rotation axle 02415-01 1
Sphere 02415-02 1
Rod with movable masses 02415-06 1
Hollow cylinder 02415-04 1
Disk 02415-03 1
Solid cylinder 02415-05 1
Tripod base PHYWE 02002-55 1
Power supply 5 V DC/2.4 A with 4 mm plugs 11076-99 1
Spring balance 2,5 N 03060-02 1
Related ExperimentRelated Experiment
P2133100P2133100Moments of inertia and torsional vibrationsMoments of inertia and torsional vibrations
Moment of inertia of two equal masses, of0.214 kg each, as a function of the distancebetween them.
Moment of inertia / Steiner's theoremMoment of inertia / Steiner's theorem
P2132801P2132801
2 Mechanics2 Mechanics2.6 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG www.phywe.comwww.phywe.com
45
PrinciplePrinciple
Two small lead spheres are positioned on a beam, which is freelysuspended on a thin metal wire. At the beginning the large leadspheres are positioned symmetrically opposite to the small spheresin that way that the attractive forces are eliminated. There after,the large spheres are swung so that they are close to the smallspheres. As a consequence of the gravitational attracting force thebeam with the small spheres now moves in a new equilibrium po-sition, where the attractive forces are equivalent to the force ofthe torsion of the wire. The gravitational constant can be determ-ined from the new equilibrium position.
TasksTasks
1. Calibration of an angular detector.2. Determination of the oscillation time of a free and damped
oscillating torsion pendulum.3. Determination of the gravitational constant.
What you can learn aboutWhat you can learn about
Law of gravitation Free, damped, forced and torsional oscillations Moment of inertia of spheres and rods Steiner's theorem Shear modulus
Main articlesMain articles
Cavendish balance/computerized 02540-00 1
Circular level, d = 36 mm 02123-00 1
Cobra4 ExperimentsCobra4 Experiments
Cavendish balance / computerizedCavendish balance / computerized
Function and ApplicationsFunction and Applications
For the demonstration of the mass attraction of two bodies andfor the determination of the gravitational constant.
BenefitsBenefits
Complete and compact system with control unit, only a re-cording system (e.g. aninterface-system ) or a multimeter is tobe used to get 2%
Accurate results in a single lab period Short oscillation periods of 2-4 mi