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Council of the European Union Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 175 - B-1048 Bruxelles/Brussel - Belgique/België Tel. +32 (0)2 281 65 25 Follow us http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/library-blog/ - #EUCOlibrary 1/16
Council of the European Union General Secretariat
READING REFERENCES 2019
Council Library
Artificial Intelligence in the field of cybersecurity From the offensive and the defensive perspective
Council of the European Union Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 175 - B-1048 Bruxelles/Brussel - Belgique/België Tel. +32 (0)2 281 65 25 Follow us http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/library-blog/ - #EUCOlibrary 2/16
Artificial Intelligence in the field of cybersecurity, from the offensive and
the defensive perspective
The future is digital, and in today’s digital landscape offensive and defensive artificial intelligence (AI) will be a key battleground. As complex cybersecurity threats become more commonplace, AI solutions are expected to play an enhanced role in critical fields such as cyber defence, risk management, pattern recognition and malware detection.
To cope with the growing number and complexity of threats, AI technologies are being used both on the attacking and the defending side. With Since October being is the European Cyber Security month, and in view of, as well the Finnish Presidency priority on countering hybrid and cyber threats, the Council Library has compiled a reading relating to the use of artificial intelligence being used in cybersecurity.
This reading list should help you to discover the key concepts of how AI is being used to detect and contain cybersecurity threats, how AI systems can identify system vulnerabilities and rapidly respond to potential threats.
Reading list compiled by the Council Libraries Please note:
This bibliography is not exhaustive; it provides a selection of resources provided by the Council Library.
Most of the titles are hyperlinked to Eureka, the resource discovery service of the Council Library,
where you can find additional materials on the subject. Access to some resources might be limited to
registered Council Library users or to users in subscribing institutions.
The contents are the sole responsibility of their authors. Resources linked from this bibliography do not
necessarily represent the positions, policies, or opinions of the Council of the European Union or the
European Council.
Reuse of the covers is prohibited, they belong to the respective copyrightholders. Additional resources
may be added to this list by request - please contact the Council Library to suggest a title:
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BOOKS
AI in Cybersecurity Leslie F Sikos editor. 1st ed. Cham : Springer International Publishing Springer 2019 Online Access "The current variety and scope of cybersecurity threats far
exceed the capabilities of even the most skilled security
professionals. In addition, analyzing yesterday's security
incidents no longer enables experts to predict and prevent
tomorrow's attacks, which necessitates approaches that
go beyond identifying known threats. There are promising
avenues: complex behavior matching can isolate threats
based on the actions taken, while machine learning can
help detect anomalies, prevent malware infections, and
protect assets from hackers. Knowledge representation
enables automated reasoning over network data, helping
achieve cybersituational awareness."
Machine learning for computer and cyber security : principles, algorithms, and practices Brij Gupta 1982- editor. ; Quan Z. Sheng editor. Boca Raton ; London ; New York : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group , 2019 Online access "Focuses on the impact on artificial intelligence (AI) on
nuclear strategy. It explores regional perspectives and
trends related to the impact that recent advances in AI
could have nuclear weapons and doctrines, strategic
stability and nuclear risk. It assembles the views of 14
experts from the Euro-Atlantic community on why and how
machine learning and autonomy might become the focus
of an armed race among nuclear-armed states; and how
the adoption of these technologies might impact their
calculation of strategic stability and nuclear risk ".
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Hands-on artificial intelligence for cybersecurity : implement smart AI systems for preventing cyber attacks and detecting threats and network anomalies Alessandro Parisi Packt Publishing, 2019 Request via Ebook central "This cybersecurity book presents and demonstrates
popular and successful AI approaches and models that
you can adapt to detect potential attacks and protect
your corporate systems. You'll learn about the role of
machine learning and neural networks, as well as deep
learning in cybersecurity, and you'll also learn how you
can infuse AI capabilities into building smart defensive
mechanisms. As you advance, you'll be able to apply
these strategies across a variety of applications,
including spam filters, network intrusion detection, botnet
detection, and secure authentication".
Cybersecurity : politics, governance and conflict in cyberspace Van Puyvelde, Damien ; Brantly, Aaron Polity , 2019 Online access "Exploring the interactions of individuals, groups and
states in cyberspace, and the integrated security risks to
which these give rise, they examine cyberspace as a
complex socio-technical-economic domain that fosters
both great potential and peril".
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The impact of artificial intelligence on strategic intelligence and nuclear risk Volume I, Euro-Atlantic perspectives Vincent Boulanin ; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2019 Online access "This volume focuses on the impact on artificial
intelligence (AI) on nuclear strategy. It explores regional
perspectives and trends related to the impact that recent
advances in AI could have nuclear weapons and
doctrines, strategic stability and nuclear risk. It assembles
the views of 14 experts from the Euro-Atlantic community
on why and how machine learning and autonomy might
become the focus of an armed race among nuclear-armed
states; and how the adoption of these technologies might
impact their calculation of strategic stability and nuclear
risk at the regional level and trans-regional level".
Cyber security : power and technology Martti Lehto ; P Neittaanmäki (Pekka) Cham : Springer , 2018 Available at Council Library Main Collection (105252) "This book gathers the latest research results of scientists
from different countries who have made essential
contributions to the novel analysis of cyber security.
Addressing open problems in the cyber world, the book
consists of two parts. Part I focuses on cyber operations
as a new tool in global security policy, while Part II
focuses on new cyber security technologies when building
cyber power capabilities. The topics discussed include
strategic perspectives on cyber security and cyber
warfare, cyber security implementation, strategic
communication, trusted computing, password cracking,
systems security and network security among others."
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Towards a framework for policy development in cybersecurity security and privacy considerations in autonomous agents. Drogkaris, Prokopios ; Bourka, Athena ; European Union Agency for Network and Information Security Heraklion : ENISA, 2018 Online access "Over the last years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly
moved beyond the realms of research and academia to
enter the commercial mainstream, with innovative
autonomous agents utilizing AI and transforming how we
access and leverage information. Autonomous agents are
characterized by diversity, with applications varying from
digital assistants residing in our smartphones to
autonomous robots supporting the supply chain.. The
current study highlights a number of relevant
considerations, such as unauthorized autonomous
systems, retention and opacity of processing."
Analysis of the European R&D priorities in cybersecurity : strategic priorities in cybersecurity for a safer Europe. Di Franco, Fabio ; European Union Agency for Network and Information Security Heraklion : ENISA , 2018 Online access "Predicting the future is notoriously difficult. Nevertheless,
the main goal of this document is to identify the
cybersecurity threats to European society and to identify
priorities in research that will lead to mitigations before
those cybersecurity threats materialise. By identifying
future problem areas, Europe can take a proactive
approach in defending against anticipated threats. The
report focuses on identifying emerging challenges and on
those current challenges that are evolving into significant
risks to society".
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Artificial intelligence a European perspective. European Commission ; Joint Research Centre ; Luxembourg : Publications Office , 2018 Online access "We are only at the beginning of a rapid period of
transformation of our economy and society due to the
convergence of many digital technologies. Artificial
intelligence (AI) is central to this change and offers major
opportunities to improve our lives. The recent
developments in AI are the result of increased processing
power, improvements in algorithms and the exponential
growth in the volume and variety of digital data. Many
applications of AI have started to appear in our everyday
lives, from machine translations, to image recognition, and
music generation, and are increasingly deployed in
industry, government and commerce."
The sentient machine : the coming age of artificial intelligence Amir Husain New York : Scribner , 2017 Available at Council Library Main Collection (105660) "Artificial “machine” intelligence is playing an ever-greater
role in our society. We are already using cruise control in
our cars, automatic checkout at the drugstore, and are
unable to live without our smartphones. The discussion
around AI is polarized; people think either machines will
solve all problems for everyone, or they will lead us down
a dark, dystopian path into total human irrelevance.
Regardless of what you believe, the idea that we might
bring forth intelligent creation can be intrinsically
frightening. But what if our greatest role as humans so far
is that of creators?."
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Cyber-assurance for the internet of things Amir Husain New York : Scribner , 2017 Online access "This book discusses the cyber-assurance needs of the
Internet of Things (IoT) environment, highlighting key
information assurance (IA) IoT issues and identifying the
associated security implications. Through contributions
from cyber-assurance, IA, information security and IoT
industry practitioners and experts, the text covers
fundamental and advanced concepts necessary to grasp
current IA issues, challenges, and solutions for the IoT.
The book also discusses IA measures necessary to
detect, protect, and defend IoT information and
networks/systems to ensure their availability, integrity,
authentication, confidentially, and non-repudiation."
Künstliche Intelligenz – Wann übernehmen die Maschinen? Klaus Mainzer author. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer , 2016 Online access "Seit ihrer Entstehung ist die KI-Forschung mit großen
Visionen über die Zukunft der Menschheit verbunden.
Löst die „künstliche Intelligenz“ also den Menschen ab?
Dieses Buch ist ein Plädoyer für Technikgestaltung: KI
muss sich als Dienstleistung in der Gesellschaft
bewähren."
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SELECTED ARTICLES
3 ways AI will change the nature of cyber attacks Dixon, William ; Eagan, Nicole ; World Economic Forum June 2019 Online access
Cyberattacks are becoming ubiquitous and have been recognised as one of the most
strategically significant risks facing the world today. In recent years, we have witnessed
digital assaults against governments and the owners of critical infrastructure, large private
corporations and smaller ones, educational institutions and non-profit organizations. Not
only is no sector immune from cyberattacks, the level of sophistication of the threats they
face is continually increasing. The future of cybersecurity will be driven by a new class of
subtle and stealthy attackers that has recently emerged. Their aim is not to steal data, but
rather to manipulate or change it. There is little doubt that artificial intelligence (AI) will be
used by attackers to drive the next major upgrade in cyber weaponry and will ultimately
pioneer the malicious use of AI. AI’s fundamental ability to learn and adapt will usher in a
new era in which highly-customised and human-mimicking attacks are scalable. ’Offensive
AI’ – highly sophisticated and malicious attack code – will be able to mutate itself as it
learns about its environment, and to expertly compromise systems with minimal chance of
detection.
Toward AI security : global aspirations for a more resilient future Cussins Newman, Jessica ; Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity (CLTC)
February 2019
Online access
Toward AI security : global aspirations for a more resilient future,” introduces a new
framework for global artificial intelligence (AI) security alongisde an analysis of government
strategies from around the world, including the US, China, France, and India. The report
highlights significant divergences between government approaches to the security
implications of AI, but also identifies numerous synergies that can be leveraged to support
global coordination. The report also includes an analysis of AI strategies and policies from
ten countries, using the AI Security Map to identify areas of convergence and divergence.
This comparative exercise highlights significant policy gaps, but also opportunities for
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coordination and cooperation among all surveyed nations as they advance their respective
AI strategies. Artificial intelligence what implications for EU security and defence? Fiott, Daniel ; Lindstrom, Gustav ; European Union Institute for Security Studies Paris : EUISS , 2018 Online access
Consider a world where human decision-making and thought processes play less of a role
in the day-to-day functioning of society. Think now of the implications this would have for
the security and defence sector. Over the next few decades, it is likely that Artificial
Intelligence (AI) will not only have major implications for most areas of society such as
healthcare, communications and transport, but also for security and defence. AI can be
broadly defined as systems that display intelligent behaviour and perform cognitive tasks
by analysing their environment, taking actions and even sometimes learning from
experience. The complex attributes of the human mind are well known, but to replicate
most of these abilities in machine or algorithmic form has given policymakers and scholars
pause for thought. What is more, much of the concern generated by AI centres on whether
such intelligence may eventually lead to post-human systems that can generate decisions
and actions that were not originally pre-programmed. Accordingly, optimists argue that AI
has the potential to revolutionise the global economy for the better, whereas some
pessimists have gone as far as to forecast that AI will mark the end of modern society as
we know it.
Malware in the future? Forecasting of analyst detection of cyber events Bakdash, Jonathan Z ; Hutchinson, Steve ; Zaroukian, Erin G ; Marusich, Laura R ; Thirumuruganathan, Saravanan ; Sample, Charmaine ; Hoffman, Blaine ; Das, Gautam Journal of Cybersecurity, 2018, Vol. 4(1) Online access
Cyberattacks endanger physical, economic, social, and political security. There have been
extensive efforts in government, academia, and industry to anticipate, forecast, and
mitigate such cyberattacks. A common approach is time-series forecasting of cyberattacks
based on data from network telescopes, honeypots, and automated intrusion
detection/prevention systems. This research has uncovered key insights such as
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systematicity in cyberattacks. Here, we propose an alternate perspective of this problem
by performing forecasting of attacks that are “analyst-detected” and “-verified” occurrences
of malware. We call these instances of malware cyber event data. Specifically, our dataset
was analyst-detected incidents from a large operational Computer Security Service
Provider (CSSP) for the US Department of Defense, which rarely relies only on automated
systems. Our data set consists of weekly counts of cyber events over approximately 7
years. The advanced information provided by a forecast may help with threat awareness
by providing a probable value and range for future cyber events one week ahead, similar
to a weather forecast. Enhanced threat awareness may improve cybersecurity by helping
to optimize human and technical capabilities for cyber defense.
The EU and artificial intelligence: A human-centred perspective Carriço, Gonçalo ;
European View, April 2018, Vol.17(1), pp.29-36
Online access
This article analyses the potential benefits and drawbacks of artificial intelligence (AI). It
argues that the EU should become a leading force in AI development. As a goal that
captures the public imagination and mobilises a variety of actors, the EU should develop
mission-based innovations that focus on using this technological leadership to solve the
most pressing societal problems of our time whilst avoiding potential dangers and risks.
This leadership could be achieved either by adapting the EU’s available instruments to
focus on AI development or by designing new ones. Be it seeking a visionary future for AI
or addressing concerns about it, progress should always be driven with the human-centred
perspective in mind, that is, one that seeks to augment human intelligence and capacity,
and not to supersede it.
Faut-il craindre l’intelligence artificielle? analyse approfondie. ; Bentley, Peter J ; Brundage, Miles ; Häggström, Olle ; Metzinger, Thomas ; ; European
Parliament ; Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services ;
Brussels : European Parliament, 2018
Online access
L’intelligence artificielle (IA) fait depuis plusieurs années une percée remarquable. Une série de
programmes visant à tirer le potentiel maximal de la dernière génération de processeurs permet
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d’obtenir des résultats spectaculaires. L’une des applications les plus remarquables de l’IA est la
reconnaissance vocale: alors que les premières versions étaient peu fiables et commettaient de
nombreuses erreurs, ces logiciels sont désormais capables de répondre correctement à des
demandes très diverses émanant des utilisateurs dans les situations les plus variées. Le domaine
de la reconnaissance d’images enregistre aujourd’hui aussi des progrès notables grâce
notamment à des programmes capables de reconnaître des visages – et même des chats – sur
des vidéos en ligne qui ont été adaptés afin de commander les voitures autonomes qui pulluleront
dans nos rues au cours des années à venir. À l’heure actuelle, il est impossible d’imaginer l’avenir
en Europe sans une IA avancée, qui aura une incidence sur un nombre toujours plus important
d’aspects de notre vie, du travail à la médecine, en passant par l’éducation et les relations
interpersonnelles.
How the enlightenment ends A. Kissinger, Henry
The Atlantic, June 2018
Online access
Philosophically, intellectually—in every way—human society is unprepared for the rise of artificial
intelligence. Artificial intelligence will in time bring extraordinary benefits to medical science, clean-
energy provision, environmental issues, and many other areas. But precisely because AI makes
judgments regarding an evolving, as-yet-undetermined future, uncertainty and ambiguity are
inherent in its results. There are three areas of special concern : AI may achieve unintended
results; in achieving intended goals AI may change human thought processes and human values;
AI may reach intended goals, but be unable to explain the rationale for its conclusions
The promise and peril of military applications of artificial intelligence Horowitz, Michael C. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 23, 2018
Online access
The promise of AI—including its ability to improve the speed and accuracy of everything from
logistics and battlefield planning to human decision making—is driving militaries around the world
to accelerate research and development. Artificial intelligence (AI) is having a moment in the
national security space. While the public may still equate the notion of artificial intelligence in the
military context with the humanoid robots of the Terminator franchise, there has been a significant
growth in discussions about the national security consequences of artificial intelligence. These
discussions span academia, business, and governments, from Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom’s
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concern about the existential risk to humanity posed by artificial intelligence to Tesla founder Elon
Musk’s concern that artificial intelligence could trigger World War III to Vladimir Putin’s statement
that leadership in AI will be essential to global power in the 21st century.
The age of artificial intelligence : towards a European strategy for human-centric machines European Political Strategy Centre
Issue 29, March 27, 2018
Online access
Deployed wisely, AI holds the promise of addressing some of the world’s most intractable
challenges. But the significance of its positive impact is mirrored by its likely destabilising effects
on some aspects of economic and social life. Our paper explores the opportunities and ethical
challenges that come with AI and focuses on how Europe can sharpen its competitive edge vis-à-
vis other leading economies, such as the United States and China.
Beyond the buzzword: big data and national security decision-making Van Puyvelde, Damien ; Coulthart, Stephen ; Hossain, M. Shahriar
International Affairs, 2017, Vol. 93(6), pp.1397-1416
Online access
This article explores the role big data plays in the national security decision-making process. The
global surveillance disclosures initiated by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden have
increased public and academic discussions about big data and national security. Yet, efforts to
summarize and import insights from the vast and interdisciplinary literature on data analytics have
remained rare in the field of security studies. To fill this gap, we explain the core characteristics of
big data, provide an overview of the techniques and methods of data analytics, and explore how
big data can support the core national security process of intelligence. Big data is not only defined
by the volume of data but also by their velocity, variety and issues of veracity. Scientists have
developed a number of techniques to extract information from big data and support national
security practices. We find that data analytics tools contribute to and influence all the core
intelligence functions in the contemporary US national security apparatus. However, these tools
cannot replace the central role of humans and their ability to contextualize security threats. The
fundamental value of big data lies in humans' ability to understand its power and mitigate its limits.
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Cybersecurity and cyber defence: national level strategic approach Galinec, Darko ; Možnik, Darko ; Guberina, Boris
Automatika, 03 July 2017, Vol.58(3), pp.273-286
Online access
Cybersecurity encompasses a broad range of practices, tools and concepts related closely to
those of information and operational technology (OT) security. Cybersecurity is distinctive in its
inclusion of the offensive use of information technology to attack adversaries. Use of the term
"cybersecurity" as a key challenge and a synonym for information security or IT security confuses
customers and security practitioners, and obscures critical differences between these disciplines.
Recommendation for security leaders is that they should use the term "cybersecurity" to designate
only security practices related to the defensive actions involving or relying upon information
technology and/or OT environments and systems. Within this paper, we are aiming to explain
"cybersecurity" and describe the relationships among cybersecurity, information security, OT
security, IT security, and other related disciplines and practices, e.g. cyber defence, related to their
implementation aligned with the planned or existing cybersecurity strategy at the national level. In
the case study given example of The National Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Croatia
and Action plan is presented and elaborated. The Strategy's primary objective is to recognize
organizational problems in its implementation and broaden the understanding of the importance of
this issue in the society.
The military and the machine. Stanley-Lockman, Zoe ; European Union Institute for Security Studies
Paris : ISS , 2016
Online access
Artificial intelligence and autonomous systems are already disruptive technologies in civilian
sectors, and the same is likely to happen when they become more prevalent in the military realm.
This Alert focuses on the non-lethal applications of artificial intelligence and autonomous systems,
and how they might impact military capabilities and alter command structures down the road.
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ARTICLES AVAILABLE VIA THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION LEARNING CENTRE The Council Libraries cooperate with the Learning Centres of the European Commission.
You can either borrow directly from the Commission Learning Centre in Brussels or you can create a resource sharing request to the Council Library via Eureka. The books can be delivered to your office.
Artificial intelligence and policy: quo vadis? Lauterbach, Anastassia Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 13 May 2019, Vol.21(3), pp.238-263 Request via Eureka From the Commission
This paper aims to inform policymakers about key artificial intelligence (AI) technologies,
risks and trends in national AI strategies. It suggests a framework of social governance to
ensure emergence of safe and beneficial AI. Policymakers still need to develop an
informed, scientifically grounded and forward-looking view on what societies and
businesses might expect from AI. AI is progressing at a very fast rate, changing industries,
businesses and approaches how companies learn, generate business insights, design
products and communicate with their employees and customers. It has a big societal
impact, as – if not designed with care – it can scale human bias, increase cybersecurity
risk and lead to negative shifts in employment. Like no other invention, it can tighten
control by the few over the many, spread false information and propaganda and therewith
shape the perception of people, communities and enterprises.
Cybersecurity and its discontents : artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and digital misinformation Wilner, Alex S
International Journal, June 2018, Vol.73(2), pp.308-316
Request it via Eureka From the Commission
The future of cybersecurity is in flux. Artificial intelligence challenges existing notions of security,
human rights, and governance. Digital misinformation campaigns leverage fabrications and
mistruths for political and geostrategic gain. And the Internet of Things—a digital landscape in
which billions of wireless objects from smart fridges to smart cars are tethered together—provides
new means to distribute and conduct cyberattacks. As technological developments alter the way
we think about cybersecurity, they will likewise broaden the way governments and societies will
have to learn to respond. This policy brief discusses the emerging landscape of cybersecurity in
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Canada and abroad, with the intent of informing public debate and discourse on emerging cyber
challenges and opportunities.
A novel security information and event management system for enhancing cyber security in a hydroelectric dam Di Sarno, Cesario ; Garofalo, Alessia ; Matteucci, Ilaria ; Vallini, Marco International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, June 2016, Vol.13, pp.39-51 Request via Eureka from the European Commission
Security information and event management (SIEM) systems are increasingly used to cope with
the security challenges involved in critical infrastructure protection. However, these systems have
several limitations. This paper describes an enhanced security information and event management
system that (i) resolves conflicts between security policies; (ii) discovers unauthorized network
data paths and appropriately reconfigures network devices; and (iii) provides an intrusion- and
fault-tolerant storage system that ensures the integrity and non-forgeability of stored events. The
performance of the enhanced system is demonstrated using a case study involving a hydroelectric
dam. The case study considers an attack model that affects portions of the information technology
infrastructure of the hydroelectric dam and demonstrates that the security information and event
management system is successfully able to detect and respond to attacks.
This selection of resources was compiled by the Library of the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union for information only. The contents are the sole responsibility of their authors. Books linked from this review do not represent the positions, policies, or opinions of the Council of the European Union or the European Council. Reuse of the covers is prohibited, they belong to the respective copyright holders.
