From Royalty to Independence

Standards

SS8H3 - I can analyze the role of Georgia in the American Revolution

- French and Indian War-Proclamation of 1763-Stamp Act and the Intolerable Acts-Declaration of Independence-Battle of Kettle Creek-Siege of Savannah-Important People: loyalist, patriots, Elijah Clarke, Austin Dabney, Nancy Hart, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton

Standards

SS8H4 – I can describe the impact of events that led to the ratification of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights

-Georgia Constitution of 1777-The Articles of Confederation-Constitutional Convention of 1787-Important People: Abraham Baldwin,

William Few

French and Indian War (7 Years War)

Conflict between France and England for control of Ohio River Valley (fur rich)

British won – obtained Canada and all land west of Mississippi

GA’s borders extended to St. Mary’s River, Mississippi River, and around Augusta

Proclamation of 1763

Issued by King George IIIForbade colonist from settling lands west of

Appalachian Mountains Many ignored this policy because they wanted

more land -- many were upset by this policyColonists of GA were fine with proclamation

Gave them more land and resources They were a small colony and most colonist were on

the coast

Stamp Act

Tax issued in 1765Put a direct tax on items that were commonly

used – newspapers, licenses, and legal documents

GA was the only colony to actually sell stamps“Liberty Boys” was affiliated with Sons of

Liberty and they opposed the Stamp Act

Intolerable Acts

Put in place because of the Boston Tea Party1. Port of Boston was closed2. Massachusetts colonists couldn’t hold town meetings

unless authorized by the Royal Governor3. Any British official that committed a capital crime was sent

back to England to stand trial4. Quartering Act: forced citizens of Massachusetts to house

and feed British soldiers at the citizens’ expense (in Bill of Rights and was prohibited)

12 colonies sent reps to First Continental Congress where members agreed to boycott of British goods and have military support if needed

GA was the only colony that didn’t send a rep to the First Continental Congress

Declaration of Independence

Declared colonial independence from Great Britain

Adopted on July 4th, 1776 – drafted by Thomas Jefferson

Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, & George Walton from GA signed the Declaration

Three Parts: 1. Preamble: explains natural rights & states reasons for

document 2. List of Grievances against King George 3. Actual Declaration of Independence – officially severed

ties from mother country

Elijah Clarke (1742 – 1799)

Was a Lieutenant Colonel Joined militia when fighting broke in the

colonyLed the patriots to victory at Battle of Kettle

Creek 1st colonial victory in GA during Colonists took needed weapons and horses

from the BritishClarke County was named after him

Austin Dabney (1765-1830)

Slave who fought under Elijah Clarke during Battle of Kettle Creek

Fought in place of his masterThought to be only African American in Kettle

CreekWas wounded in war, one of his fellow soldiers,

cared for him in his home Became good friends Dabney worked for him even after he gained his freedom Dabney gained freedom b/c his service in Kettle Creek Gained 50 acres, $96 a month due to wound at K.C. Dabney paid for Giles’ son to go to UGA

Nancy Hart

GA patriot Most well known for capturing and killing

several loyalist soldiers6 foot tall, fiery red-haired and crossed eyed

“war-woman” Was a spy during the Revolution and is

rumored to have fought in Kettle CreekHart County is named in her honor

Button Gwinnett (1735-1777)

Born in England, moved to GA in 1765. Bought St. Catherine’s island

In 17776 he was selected to attend Continental Congress

He strongly supported independence from England

Instrumental in passage of Georgia Constitution of 1777

Lachlan McIntosh challenged him to a dual over politics in May of 1777, and Gwinnett died.

Lyman Hall (1734-1790)

Graduated from Yale Universitybecame an ordained minister but gave this up to

practice medicineMoved to GA in 1760only GA rep in the 2nd Continental Congress in 1775He participated in debates, but did not vote b/c he did

not represent the entire stateOnce Gwinnett and Walton joined him, he voted for

independence & signed DeclarationReturned to GA and was elected Governor in 1783 and

was instrumental in founding UGAHall County named in his honor

George Walton (1749?-1804)

Most politically successful of 3 GA signersMoved to GA in 1769 from VAWas a successful lawyerAppointed as a rep to 2nd Continental Congress and

signed DeclarationIn GA militia, got captured by British. After release,

he was elected governor.1st term was short (2months), then he was Chief

Justice of Supreme Court, then he served a 2nd term as governor, and finally a superior court judge.

Walton County is named in his honor

Battle of Kettle Creek

Raised morale of GA patriotsGave them much needed supplies, and set

the stage for several victories in the southTook place on February 14th, 1779GA militia led by Elijah Clarke and Thomas

Dooly, attacked a camp of 600 British Loyalist Patriots were outnumbered, but they still

brought a huge victory to the patriot causeClarke and Dabney became GA heroes in this

battle

Siege of Savannah

Savannah captured by British troops (Dec.1778) - lootings, murders, & burnings occurred

GA only Colony retaken by BritishSunbury port captured (1779)Augusta attackedGeorgia militia not effective against well-trained British

troopsGovernor Wright eventually returned from Great Britain to

govern Georgia 2 Georgia’s: Patriots held countryside; British held Augusta

and SavannahHeroes: Count Casmir Pulaski (killed lead a charge), and

Sergeant William Jasper (killed attacking a British position)

GA Constitution of 1777

Similar to Articles of ConfederationBased on the idealistic principals of the D.O.I Was not capable of meeting realistic needs of

governing a stateHad 3 branches of government – most power held by

unicameral legislative branchPower of legislative branch: could appoint members of

both judicial and executive branch, including governorGovernor had little power and was limited to a term

limit of 1 year

GA Constitution of 1777

Freedoms offered by this constitution: Freedom of press Freedom of religion Trial by jury

None of these freedoms could be ratifiedWas the states constitution for 12 years The 2nd constitution of GA (The Constitution of 1789)

was changed to model the U.S. Constitution

Articles of Confederation (AOC)

America’s first constitution Was the constitution from 1776-1789Provided Americans with a weak central governmentGoal was to give power to the peopleAOC had too many limitations that hindered the smooth

functioning of the governmentWeaknesses: a strong legislative branch and no

executive or judicial branches, each state had its own currency, all 13 states had to approve a law for it to pass, one vote per state no matter the size of the state’s population.

Articles of Confederation (AOC)

Powers of National Government under AOC: Declare War Coin Money Establish Post Offices Send and Recall Ambassadors

Powers National Government did not have under AOC: Impose taxes to fund government Could not regulate the trade of goods between the states

(states could put tariffs on each other)

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Founders realized AOC was too weak to govern country

States were fighting over land and sea rightsNational government could not raise money to

support itself, couldn’t maintain an Army or Navy or roads and canals

All 13 states had to agree on any law to pass legislation – difficult time passing laws

No separation of powers

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Important leaders such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin knew the AOC had to change

All reps from 13 states met to change AOCCreated a new constitution that is still our constitution

todayThree-Fifths Compromise came from this (slaves)Great Compromise came from this meeting – created

a bicameral legislature where each state had 2 members in the Senate but reps in the House of Reps was based on states population

GA’s role at Constitutional Convention

Two important roles1. Relentless support of slavery They wanted to include slaves in the population countThis would eventually lead to the divide of the north

and south2. Abraham Baldwin: given credit for changing his

vote to side with the “small states” in the Congressional representation debate

This decision allowed for and against the Virginia Plan and allowed for the Great Compromise.

http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/abraham_baldwin

Abraham Baldwin

Native of Connecticut and was a graduate of Theology from Yale

Served as Chaplin in U.S. Army during American Revolution Became a lawyer after the war Moved to GA in 1784, sent to Constitutional Convention in

1787 and signed the document. In 1789 he served 5 terms as a U.S. Congressman, and 2 later

terms as a U.S Senator Died in office in 1807 Most famous for his role in creation of UGA and being UGA’s

first president Many buildings on UGA’s campus were modeled after

buildings at his alma mater, Yale http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/abraham_baldwin

William Few

Was a soldier (fought in American Revolution), signer of U.S. Constitution, judge, and legislator for two states

Born in NCMoved to GA in mid 1770’sGA representative sent to Constitutional Convention

and had a successful political and private careerServed as one of the states senators, a state

representative, and a judgeMoved to NYC where he was park of NY legislature

and a bank presidentIn 1976, his remains were moved back to GA to honor

nations bicentennial

Standards

SS8H5 – I can explain significant factors that affected the development of Georgia as part of the growth of the United States between 1789 and 1840.

-UGA - Louisville-Baptist and Methodist Churches- Land Policies (headright system, land lotteries, and

the Yazoo Land Fraud) -Railroads - Trail of Tears-Dahlonega Gold Rush-Worcester vs. Georgia-Important People: Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, John Ross, Andrew Jackson,John Marshall

University of Georgia

UGA was established on January 27, 1785, when Georgia’s General Assembly approved the charter.

UGA is America’s first publically supported institute of higher learning.

Abraham Baldwin, was chosen by Governor Lyman Hall to draft the charter

Baldwin was president of the University from 1785 until 1801. UGA existed only on paper only until Sept. 1801 Franklin College (The 1st permanent building), did not open until 1806. For many years, UGA had only one college (the College of Arts and

Science) and struggled with financial difficulties. designated as a “land grant institution” under the Morill Act of 1872

and expanded its size and academic reputation UGA was the 1st public university chartered, University of NC actually

held classes first. Debate between the two about which one is the first state sponsored university.

Louisville (Capital from 1796-1807)

Was the 3rd state capital – in Jefferson County Named after French King Louis XVI for his support during the American

Revolution, Selected to be capital due to GA’s population center at the time – driven

by the state’s westward expansion The state’s legislators hoped that the town would also serve as a trading

center due to its location on the Ogeechee River. Once it was established, Louisville developed both socially and financially. Capital ended here in 1807 due several factors: the malaria outbreaks

that occurred in the city every year, the difficulty of using the Ogeechee River as a trade route, and most importantly, the continual Northwestern movement of Georgia’s population.

Yazoo Land Act was set on fire here

**S.A.L.M.A. which stands for Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta. -- all the state capitals

Land Policies

After American Revolution, GA gained access to land from Native Americans who sided with British

The land Georgia claimed stretched all the way to the Mississippi River.

Due to the ideas espoused by the Declaration of Independence, Georgia’s political leadership agreed.

3 ways to split up land

Headright System

The first approach was called the headright system.GA gave thousands of acres of land to soldiers who

had fought during the Revolution. Example: Austin Dabney. Also, men who did not fight in the Revolution also

received free land. Heads of households (white men over the age of 21)

could receive up 200 acres of land. Those men who had families or slaves received even more. This system ended when there were too many people and not enough land to offer.

Yazoo Act (1795)

named after a river in the present state of Mississippi. sold much of the land that would become Alabama and Mississippi to four

land companies for $500,000. GA governor, George Mathews, singed it into law they found out that the

land companies bribed members of the GA General Assembly to sell land. Almost immediately, Georgians protested the sale. The legislators chose

to continue with the arrangement. One of GA’s U.S. senators, James Jackson, was so outraged he resigned

from his seat and returned to the state. Once back, he and his political allies took control of the Georgia General

Assembly and nullified the Yazoo Act. In 1802, Georgia let go of the land to the U.S. government for 1.25

million dollars and the promise that the U.S. would hand over Indian land claims in the state and remove the Creek Indians from Georgia.

The controversy surrounding the Yazoo Act is known as the Yazoo Land Fraud.

Land Lottery System (1805-1833)

Georgia had eight land lotteries. These lotteries gave the avg. GA citizen the

opportunity to gain a large amount of land for cheap

To take part in a land lottery, a person would simply have to submit their names to the state and pay for ticket.

On the day of the lottery, name was placed in one drum and lot #’s were placed in another drum.

Participants could have their name placed in the drum more than once based on characteristics such as their age, marital status, and war service.

Cotton Gin

This helped the economy, but increased slavery Eli Whitney came up with the idea for the cotton gin Whitney moved to GA in 1793 At the time, tobacco,(one of Georgia’s most important crops) was destroying the

soil. As an alternative to tobacco the state was looking for ways to make growing

cotton profitable. Until the cotton gin, cotton was to be deseeded by hand. Took farmers one day to clean one pound of cotton a day Eli Whitney “invented” a machine that was capable of removing the seeds from

up to 50 pounds of cotton a day. This led to westward expansion as farmers began to seek out land capable of

producing the crop. Most of the cotton in the country was grown in the south Two negative effects concerning the invention of the cotton gin: 1. South was dependent on one crop. It took the devastating effects of the Boll

Weevil to diversify much of the South's agricultural production. 2. Slavery increased because the cotton gin was so effective in what it did.

Railroads

Many of Georgia’s cities and towns were created due to the railroad, including the city of Atlanta.

The first Georgia railroad was chartered in 1832. It was created in part by businessmen in Athens, who needed a better way to

transport cotton to Augusta due to poor road conditions. Georgia had the most miles of track in the Deep South. The city of Atlanta was created as a railroad hub for the Western and Atlantic

Railroad. This track ran from Chattanooga, Tennessee to a small hub called “Terminus,”

which means “end of the line.” Later, two other railroad lines combined with this point, causing the city to

grow even more. Terminus changed its name in 1843, to Marthasville, after the former governor

Wilson Lumpkin’s daughter. Its name was changed again in 1845 to Atlanta, which many claim was simply a

feminization of the name Atlantic. Due to the invention of the railroad, Atlanta became the first major American

city to be built on a location without a navigable river.

Creek Nation

Confederation of several southeastern tribes Most populous tribe in the state and had the most land Was a major trading partner with the colony Creeks intermarried with whites and whites became members of the tribe.

Georgians wanted Creeks to become members of plantation economy – but Creeks chose traditional lifestyle.

Creeks opposed slavery and helped runaway slaves Sided with English during the Revolution – caused a bad relationship with

Georgians Treaty of New York in 1790 - Creeks had to give up most of their land east

of the Ocmulgee river to the United States Red Stick War – Civil war between the Creeks in 1813. Was named after the

group of Creeks who wanted to fight the White settlers who were intruding on their land (those that did not want to fight were called White Sticks).

Red Stick War ended in a Creek defeat by future President Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in present day Alabama.

Following this war, the Creek lost 22 million acres of land. In 1825, under the Treaty of Indian Springs, a Creek Chief named William McIntosh signed away the remainder of Creek land in Georgia after taking a bribe. McIntosh was later killed by the Creek Indians for his actions.

Cherokee Nation

Lived in North GA mountains Trading partner with English – loyal to English though they traded with French too Sided with British during Revolution – caused conflict with Creek and they fought

Americans The hostilities continued until 1793. Once peace was established, the Cherokee made several treaties with the United States

government, including one that led to the Federal Road being built through their land. 1820s: developed a written language, a written constitution, and a newspaper. They invited Monrovian missionaries to set up schools and adopted an agricultural

system that included the use of slavery. Once gold was discovered in 1828, the push for Cherokee removal west of the

Mississippi River became greater. In 1832, the Cherokee won the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia. This decision

should have protected the tribe from removal as it maintained that the Cherokee were an independent nation and were not subject to Georgia law.

Treaty of New Echota – 1835 group of Cherokee signed this without permission from the Cherokee government. Andrew Jackson also signed the treaty and Congress approved it. In 1838, most of the Cherokee were forcefully removed from the state and suffered on the Trail of Tears to Oklahoma.

Alexander McGillivray (1750-1793)

Creek Chief who was of dual linage. His mother was a Creek Indian and his father was a Scottish trader

(Scottish Highlanders) named Lachlan McGillivray. Traditional English education and, due to his mother’s ancestry, was

also a leader in Creek society. During the American Revolution, Alexander’s father remained loyal to

the crown and, as most Creeks, Alexander fought for England as well. He signed a treaty with Spain in 1784, which kept Georgia’s land

ambitions at bay. He signed the Treaty of New York which created a treaty of

friendship between the United States and the Creek Nation. The treaty also let go of Creek land to the U.S, in return the U.S promised to honor the boundaries of the Creeks’ remaining lands.

After the treaty, McGillivray continued in his role at the Creeks’ national leader until his death near Pensacola, Florida in 1793.

Sequoyah (1770 – 1840)

Was the nickname of George Gist and meant “little lame one” in Cherokee.

Sequoyah created the Cherokee Syllabary, the first written language for a Native American tribe.

Cherokee mother and white father. Father was a soldier in army during the Revolution

rejected white society and never learned English. Impressed with the way that Whites could communicate

over long distances and in 1821, created the Syllabary. After its creation, Sequoyah traveled throughout the entire

Cherokee Nation, including Georgia, to teach and promote the use of the new written language. Within one generation of its development, it was used by nearly all Cherokees.

William McIntosh (1778 – 1825)

Creek chief with a Scottish father and Creek mother. McIntosh was also first cousins with Georgia’s governor George

Troop He sided with the U.S often, even during the Red Stick War. Wanted to changed traditional Creek lifestyle by promoting the move

to agriculture and slaveholding. owner of two plantations. Second Treaty of Indian Springs (1825). McIntosh, along with six

other Creek chiefs, agreed to sell the remainder of Creek land in Georgia, without the tribe’s consent, for $200,000.

McIntosh received extra cash for his personal lands in the treaty. (He was bribed.)

Executed for taking this by fellow Creeks On April 30, 1825, 200 Creek warriors carried out McIntosh’s

execution at his home by shooting and stabbing him repeatedly.

John Ross (1790 – 1866)

Principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. born in Alabama, family later moved to Georgia. Of mixed heritage. Spoke English and practiced many European customs. successful business - selling goods to the U.S. Government in Chattanooga, TN. He used the

profits he earned to buy a plantation and create a ferry business. Became principal chief in 1827. Same time white GA’s were trying to remove the Cherokee When gold was discovered in Dahlonega in 1828, it all but assured that the Cherokee would

eventually be displaced. Ross had faith in the U.S. Government would protect the most “civilized” tribe in the

Southeast. Indian Removal Act (1830) it still appeared that the Cherokee would be able to stay in

Georgia when the Supreme Court ruled in their favor in Worcester vs. Georgia. Ross continued to fight removal until 1838, when he negotiated a deal with the U.S. Gov’t to

pay for his moving expenses. Ross’s wife died on Trail of Tears Continued to serve as principal chief of the Cherokee in OK. During the Civil War, Ross initially sided with the Confederacy, but soon supported the

Union. This caused a split between the Cherokee in O.K. with Ross remaining chief of those Cherokee who supported the U.S . After the war, Ross became chief of the reunited tribe and remained in this position until his death.

1st Period Quiz

1. What did Sequoyah create?2. What Native American group was in the Red

Stick War?3. Define the headright system.4. Who created the Cotton Gin?5. Who led the Battle of Kettle Creek?

Bonus: Name the capitals of Georgia in order.

2nd Period Quiz

1. Who created the Syllabary?2. Who was the 1st president of UGA?3. Who created the Cotton Gin?4. Define Headright System.5. What Native American group was in the Red

Stick War?

Bonus: Who was the only slave in the Battle of Kettle Creek?

3rd period Quiz

1. Who created the cotton gin?2. Who created the Syllabary?3. Who led the battle of Kettle Creek?4. Which Indian group was in the Red Stick

War?5. Who was the 1st president of UGA?

Bonus: List the Capitals of Georgia in order.

4th Period Quiz

1. What did Sequoyah create?2. Who was the only slave in the Battle of

Kettle Creek?3. Define the headright system.4. Who created the cotton gin?5. Which Indian Group was in the Red Stick

War?

Bonus: List the capitals of Georgia in order.

Dahlonega Gold Rush

Legend: 1828 Benjamin Parks kicked a rock while deer hunting. Rock was a gold nugget. This led to Americas first gold rush in Dahlonega

Whether legend is true or false, gold was discovered in 1828 while gold miners wanted Cherokee land for mining and settled w/o permission

Land lottery in the region in 1832 even though Cherokees still lived on the land

In 1838, Cherokees were removed – began Trail of TearsGold was plentiful for 2 decades, but became few and

far between after thatGold rush ended when 1st nugget was found in California

Worester vs. GA (1832)

land mark court case that should’ve protected the Cherokee from removal Supreme Court decided the Cherokee Nation was sovereign and were

subject to their own laws Andrew Jackson went against the court case and removed the Cherokees Missionaries, including Samuel Worcester, who were living among and

supporting the Cherokee were arrested (several times) for living amongst the tribe without Georgia’s permission.

The state prosecuted the missionaries - sentenced them to 4 years of hard labor in a Milledgeville prison.

Cherokee Nation hired lawyers to represent the missionaries to appeal their sentencing.

Supreme Court ruled in their favor and Chief Justice John Marshall sentenced legislators of Georgia for their actions.

President Jackson’s unwillingness to enforce the court’s decision, GA kept the missionaries in prison

All Cherokees were eventually sent out of the state

Andrew Jackson and John Marshall

Had opposite views Marshall was for missionaries and Cherokee Indian nations were “distinct, independent political communities retaining

their original natural rights.” Jackson said should be moved to Indian Territory. Cherokees would have killed Jackson had they know how he would have

treated the Indians when he become President Research says Jackson wanted to remove Native Americans because they

sided with British during wars against U.S Others have said it was Jackson’s way of pacifying the Southern states after

his threat to invade South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis. Some say Jackson was racist against Native Americans Regardless, Jackson did not meet his Constitutional requirements as

President because he did not enforce the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester vs. GA

When asked about his choice, Jackson is often quoted as saying “John Marshall has made the decision, now let him enforce it.”

Trail of Tears

1838 after court cases, petitions, treaties, President Martin Van Buren ordered the U.S. Army to forcefully remove the Cherokee from Georgia.

General Winfield Scott the army rounded up as many Cherokee as they could find and put them in temporary stockades.

Once they found as many Cherokees as they could, they began the march to O.K. ,

“Trail of Tears” due to the fact that the under supplied Cherokee lost over 4,000 people to disease and exposure.

Methodist and Baptist Churches

founder of the Methodist church, John Wesley, Second Great Awakening (1790-1830) – when GA’s citizens began

to identify themselves with the Methodist religion During the same time period, the Baptist Church also dramatically

increased its numbers as well. By the 1830’s, these denominations became the largest in the state.

Both religions were popular among working class, small towns, and slaves

Both the Baptists and Methodists used revivals and camp meetings to help increase their membership.

Camp meetings were all day affairs where towns people could gather and worship, but also socialize with friends and family after weeks of laboring on their farms.

The Methodist church also incorporated the use of circuit riders, ministers who would ride from small town to small town and preach.