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DEFINITION: a classless, moneyless, stateless society based on common ownership of the means of production.
Why were Russians ready to
revolt?
Goals of Lenin
The goal was to build a
CLASSLESS society in
which the means of
PRODUCTION were in
the hands of the Russian
people
Once the Civil War was
over, Lenin could now
focus on rebuilding the
nation… Lenin was gone for 17 years
Civil War: 3 year war 1918-1921
It was between the “Reds: Communists versus the “Whites: Tsarist imperial officers”.
Allies intervened to help the Whites. Why?
Reds appealed to nationalism and urged Russians to drive out foreigners.
Counter Revolutionaries shot the Tsar
And the Tsarina. (Whites July 1918)
Lack of unified front killed it
Lenin killed 30,000
Results of World War I + Communism
Economy nearly collapsed
Factory and mine output fallen
Peasants stopped producing because they knew it would all go to the government
10 million die in the Revolution/ 3 million from Civil war / 2 million from disease / 5 million from lack of seeds to plant for the next season= 15 million
Many people will die from the FLU! WWI 25 million
Communist Constitution, 1922
Set up an elected
legislature called the
“Supreme Soviet”
Any person over 18
could vote
All political power,
resources, and means
of production belonged
to the ‘PEOPLE’.
Communists had the
‘FINAL SAY
NEP- New Economic Policy 1921
Lenin answers the economy by coming up with the NEP
State controlled banks, foreign trade, large industries
Small businesses allowed to operate for private profit
Peasants held onto small plots of land and could SELL surplus!
Results of NEP
Compromise with Capitalism
Allowed for
– Russia’s economy to recover
– Ended armed resistance to new government
By 1928, food and industrial production was back to pre-WWI
levels
What happens to Lenin? May 13th, 1924
Lenin Gets SHOT! April 30, 1918
A lady will approach Lenin and shoot him 3 times.
Once in the arm, second in the jaw and neck, third bullet missed him.
The took him to his apartment and left the bullets in him for a slow recovery.
April 24, 1922 they removed the bullet in his neck.
He will have headaches and 3 strokes.
Life Under Lenin
Named the Communist party
from Karl Marx writings. Called
it that because of central
planning by state and when
workers seized power. (1922)
Power Struggles for Communist Leaders
Leon Trotsky
– Brilliant Marxist
Thinker
– Skillful Public
Speaker
– Architect of
Revolution
- Did not support
- Stalin.
Joseph Stalin
– Not a Scholar
– Not a Skilled Orator
– Shrewd Political
Operator
– Behind-the-Scenes
Organizer
Led the Red army during Revolution
Lenin will die of Tuberculosis and Pneumonia
Leon Trotsky
Firm Marxist who wanted support
for world-wide revolutions against
Capitalism
Wanted to spread communism
throughout Europe. Stalin wanted
to spread communism in Russia.
Will be isolated by Stalin
Exiled in 1929, to Mexico
Murdered in Mexico by a Stalinist
agent in 1940 with an ice pick to
the head.(by a friend)
Joseph Stalin, “Man of Steel”
History of prison and Siberian
exile
Not an important role in the
Revolution and Civil War
1920s, Elected General
Secretary of the Communist
Party
Lenin warned the party about
Stalin.
“comrade Stalin has concentrated
enormous power in his hands; and
I am not sure that he always knows
how to use that power with sufficient
caution.”
Belly theory: if you are hungry
you don’t care what the gov. is.
The Soviet Union under Stalin
Part II
Russia was ceaselessly beaten for her
backwardness . . . Because to beat her was
profitable and went unpunished. -Stalin-
Russia Intro:
Russians are fatalistic: that is the way it is.
Natural Russian barriers: ice, snow, mud
Religion: Orthodox Catholicism ritual based
Live, Work and Die! No Sanitation.
Gulag: 3 year life expectancy, built new roads,
Gulags, subway. (labor camp 1930-1955)
25% of govt. income comes from liquor tax!
1/3 people live on 60 Rubles a month=.30 US.
100 nationalities, 130 languages
What is the difference between Stalin and Lenin?
BOTH were Bolsheviks, looking forward to make a communist
state in Russia.
LENIN was more democratic, he didn't purge everyone.
Finally he was for NEP (temporary capitalistic) development of
Russia and then the communism.
STALIN was an opportunist, a communist to his personal
benefit. He was Rude, disgraceful and totally TOTALITARIAN.
He abolished NEP and started "socialistic" policies.
Capitalism-Socialism-Communism-Totalitarianism
Five Year Plan:
“Plan to turn Russia into a modern industrial power”
1928: Industrial Revolution of sorts
Build Heavy Industry
Improve Transportation
Increase Farm Output
All Economic Activity under Gov’t Control
Results of 5 Year Plans, hugely successful!!!
High goals, limited production of
CONSUMER GOODS!!!
Gave bonuses to those who met goals,
punished those who did not (Siberia).
1928-1939
– Large factories, hydroelectric power stations,
huge industrial complexes
– Oil, coal, steel production increased
– New Railroads
Effects on People
Overall, Russians had little to show
Standards of living remained poor, wages low
Scarce availability for consumer goods
– Large quantities but low quality
Focus on Heavy Industry- electricity generated
went up 800 percent in 10 years, and steel
production went from 4 million tons to 18 million.
Agricultural Revolution
Stalin forced peasants to give up their land to
live on state-owned farms
Collectives: Large farms owned and
operated by group of peasants
State set prices and controlled access to farm
supplies
5-10 million died
in the process of
collectivization!
Goals of Collectives- families worked with hundreds of others
Provide tractors, fertilizers, better seeds…
Teach peasants modern farm methods
Surplus grain was also sold abroad to earn $ to
invest
Govt. subsidized bread.
Resistance by the People
Peasant resisted by
– Killing farm animals
– Destroying tools
– Burning crops
Government responds
with brutal force
Russia had 25 million farms in 1928
By 1938 90% of all
people lived on
collectives
Kulaks and Labor Camps
Wealthy peasants, Kulaks,
were rounded up.
Sent to labor camps
Gov’t confiscated their
lands and cattle of peasants
Thousands died from labor
or were killed
Labor Camps in Siberia
White Hell, The Sleeping land, the Deaf Place,
The Land of Death and Chains.
1/5 of Russia is desert 60% of that is in Siberia
Effects of Collectivization
Peasants grew just enough so gov’t seized
all grain…leaving people to starve
Poor harvests and gov’t action led to famine
– 5-8 million people died as a result
Did not improve farm output
Increased Stalin’s control