From Hoverboards to Lift trucks: What you need to know

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From Hoverboards to Lift trucks: What you need to know about Lithium-ion batteries

Presented by:

EnerSys

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Presenter

Joern TinnemeyerChief Technical Officer and Senior Vice PresidentEnerSys

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Hoverboard Accidents Send 27K Kids to the Hospital in 2 Years

New research shows nearly 27,000 kids were sent to

emergency departments from 2015 though 2016

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A Lithium Solution for Forklifts?

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Growing Market Share

2014

$49BUSD

2025E

$112BUSD

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Evolution: Adoption Status

Awareness Trial

& Early

Adopters

Mass Market Saturation

Time

Ad

op

tio

n R

ate

2 ½%5%

10%15%

2018

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0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Norway Sweden France UK SouthKorea

China NewZealand

Canada Germany Japan Australia USA

ICE BEV Gap

Vehicle Energy Cost (USD per mile)

Economic Drivers

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How does it work?

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Yesterday Today

Limited Success to Date for Industrial Lithium

x Most cells produced economically

were small format

Extensive usage of large format cells

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Yesterday Today



were small format


x Limited variation available – only

consumer LCO was produced at high

volume

Advanced NMC with high energy

density

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Lithium Distribution

NMC33%

LCO 14%

LFP 38%

LMO6%

NCA9%

NMC48%

LCO16%

LFP 16%

NMO11%

NCA9%

Cathode active materials 2017:

>250,000 TonsCathode active materials 2025:

600,000 Tons

Source: Avicenne 2018

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Lithium Distribution

NMC33%

LCO 14%

LFP 38%

LMO6%

NCA9%

NMC48%

LCO16%

LFP 16%

NMO11%

NCA9%

Cathode active materials 2017:

>250,000 TonsCathode active materials 2025:

875,000 Tons

Source: Avicenne 2018

NMC70%

LCO 6%

LFP 15%

NMO 1%

NCA 8%

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Yesterday Todayx Most cells produced economically

were small format




volume


density

x 18650 cell cost was valued at 300

USD/KWh

Automotive OEMs are pushing the

battery industry to offer increasingly

lower pricing

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Effects of New Technologies

Typical LA: (30-40) Wh/Kg

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Lithium Price Evolution

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2017 2018 2019 2020 2025

En

erg

y D

en

sit

y (

Wh

/Kg

)

Year

Energy Density (Wh/Kg)

• Continuous increase in

energy density

• Technology transition from

NMC(111)->NMC(811) for

the cathode

• Anode natural carbon ->

synthetic carbon with SiOx

additive

• Solid state cells

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1 2 3 4 5

No

rma

lize

d U

nit

Co

st

Year

Unit Cost

• Same package content,

price will stay relatively

similar

• Energetic high Ni content

may require enhanced

safety cost

• Does not consider size

optimization

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0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2017 2018 2019 2020 2025

No

rma

lize

d C

os

t

En

erg

y D

en

sit

y (

Wh

/Kg

)

Year

Energy Density (Wh/Kg)

Unit Cost

Normalized KWh Cost ($/Kwh)

• Impact of changes in

cell technology alone

will cause cost ($/KWh)

to fall by 50% in the next

7 years

• Safety, production

capability and cycle life

will continue to improve

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The Price Estimate is Conservative!

“We have pricing of $145/KWh

at the cell level”- GM, Oct 23, 2015

“Our pack costs will be less

than $100/KWh by 2020”- Lei Zhang, Envision Energy, Dec 4, 2018

“We think at the cell level probably

we can do better than $100/KWh by

the end of the year”- Elon Musk, Tesla, June 1, 2018

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Yesterday Today



were small format




volume


density


USD/KWh



lower pricing

x Safety strategy primitive with limited

monitoring

Functional safety hardware topology

complying with ISO26262 coupled with

enhanced cell safety designs

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Safe Design through Layers

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Mechanical Safety System

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Internal Pressure

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Application Level Software

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FuSa Layer

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ASIL (Automotive Safety Integrity Level)Low High

A B C D

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Cell Layer

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Safety of NMC

Poor Test Good Test

LFP NMC

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Test Item Test Condition Hazard Level

Over Charge • 100% SoC, RT

• 1C charge 1h or voltage of one cell reaches 1.5 times of charged

end voltage

2

Over Discharge • 100% SoC, RT

• 1C DC 90 min, rest 60 min

2

Nail • 100% SoC, RT

• Nail Diameter: 8mm, velocity 25+/- 5m/s, through cell

4

Crush • 100% SoC, RT

• Crush head: 75mm, crush to 30% displacement or 0V or crush

force reaches 200 KN

3

Hot Box • 100% SoC, RT

• Heating from RT to 130+/- 2oC at a rate 5oC/min. Keep

temperature for 30 min

3

Short • 100% SoC, RT

• External resistance<5mΩ, hold for 10 min

2

Drop • 100% SoC, RT

• 1.5m height to concrete floor with terminals downward, 1h rest

2

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Yesterday Today



were small format




volume


density


USD/KWh



lower pricing

x Safety strategy primitive with limited

monitoring

Functional safety hardware topology

complying with ISO26262 coupled with

enhanced cell safety designs

x Low cyclic capability increases cost of

ownership and limits applications

High cyclic capability (+5000) at 75%

BoL @ 80% DoD

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Cycle Life

Test Condition: 25°C/45°C 2.8V~4.13V(0%~95%SOC),

1C/1C CycleTest Condition: 45°C, Diff. DOD 1C/1C Cycle

Cap

ac

ity R

ete

nti

on

Cap

ac

ity R

ete

nti

on

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

25°C 45°C

25/45°C 1C/1C Cycle @ 0%~95%SOC

Cycle

105%

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

75%

105%

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

90%SOC 95%SOC 100%SOC

45°C 1C/1C @ Diff. DOD wt 3000N

Cycle

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

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Recycling

LFP?

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Recycling

Raw Material

Circular Ladder Use

Cell

General

Module

Pack

General

Module

ESS

Cell Recycle

Gro

up

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For more information

Joern Tinnemeyer: [email protected]

Website: www.enersys.com

Visit ProMat Booth S612

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Documents

From Hoverboards to Lift trucks: What you need to know