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From ‘Devices' to 'Self-Aware, Bioinspired MicroSystems': What does the future hold for
Optical Sensing?
Larisa Florea, Wayne Francis, Aymen BenAzouz, Simon Coleman and Dermot Diamond
Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
Presented at
EUROPTRODE XIII CONFERENCE ON
OPTICAL CHEMICAL SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS GRAZ, Austria
March 20-23, 2016
Single Use vs. Continuous Monitoring
!"
Single Use Measurements
and Diagnostics
Continuous Monitoring &
Sensor Networks
Physical Sensors & Transducers
Chemical Sensors & Biosensors
Can we do long-term in-situ sensing with Chemical Sensors & Biosensors
Calixarene Ionophores – controlling the selectivity
Na+
O C
O
CH2H3C
Blood Analysis; Implantible Sensors
Anal. Chem., 64 (1992) 1721-1728.Ligand (and variations of) used in many clinical analysers for blood Na+ profiling
1985: Catheter Electrodes for intensive care – function for 24 hrs Dr. David Band, St Thomas’s Hospital London
1985: Catheter Electrodes for 1985: Catheter Electrodes for intensive care – function for 24 hrs intensive care – function for 24 hrs 1985: Catheter Electrodes for 1985: Catheter Electrodes for intensive care – function for 24 hrs intensive care – function for 24 hrs
In 1985, the use model for reliable in-vivo continuous monitoring with
an implantable chemical sensor was restricted to a day or two
Coupling ion complexation to Acridine Dye protonation
#"
Response to Na+ at 660 nm
Change in Electrode Function over Time
$"
Day 0: y = 28.739x + 51.806 R! = 0.99981
Day 4: y = 28.029x + 48.261 R! = 0.99705
Day 8: y = 27.076x + 40.137 R! = 0.99892
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100
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
EM
F/m
V
log a(Pb2+)
Mean (new)
Mean (4-d)
Mean (8-d)
stored in 10-9M Pb2+, pH=4 Continuous contact with river water
Conventional PVC-membrane based ISEs
See Electrochimica Acta 73 (2012) 93–97
Biofilm Formation on Sensors
•! Electrodes exposed to local river water (Tolka) •! ‘Slime test’ shows biofilm formation happens
almost immediately and grows rapidly %"
New electrode
Control of membrane interfacial exchange & binding processes
&"
Remote, autonomous chemical sensing is a tricky business!
'"
Osberstown – 3 week deployment
Biofouling of sensor surfaces is a major challenge for remote chemical sensing – both for the environment and for implantable sensors
Argo Project (accessed March 20 2016)
•! Ca. 4,000 (3918) floats: temperature and salinity •! Bio/Chem: Nitrate (64), DO (280), Bio-optics (115), pH (25) DO is by Clark Cell (Sea Bird Electronics) or Dynamic fluorescence quenching (Aanderaa)
‘calibration of the DO measurements by the SBE sensor remains an important issue for the future’, Argo report ‘Processing Argo OXYGEN data at the DAC level’, September 6, 2009, V. Thierry, D. Gilbert, T. Kobayashi
@!60K ea! See https://picasaweb.google.com/JCOMMOPS/ArgoMaps?authuser=0&feat=embedwebsite
DO is by Clark Cell (Sea Bird Electronics) or Dynamic fluorescence quenching (
https://picasaweb.google.com/JCOMMOPS/ArgoMaps?authuser=0&feat=embedwebsite
DO is by Clark Cell (Sea Bird Electronics) or Dynamic fluorescence quenching (@!@!@ 60K ea!
https://picasaweb.google.com/JCOMMOPS/ArgoMaps?authuser=0&feat=embedwebsite
pH sensing – wasn’t that solved by Nikolskii in the 1930’s?
(("
Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE $2,000,000 up for grabs! Task is to provide a way to do reliable measurements of pH in the ocean environment The winner will almost certainly be a reagent based platform, not a conventional chemical sensor
And for nutrients".
(!"
The (broken) promise of biosensors"..
)*+,-+,"./01/2"01,"2,30"014,,"*4"5*64"7,849:"8";179/</82"./=="/29,40"8"<,2-+,0,4"*5";=8-26+"./4,"/20*"01,">=**?904,8+"*5"8"?/8>,-<";8-,20@"""A0"/09"-;"./==">,"8">84,=7"B/9/>=,"+,+>482,"<*208/2/2C"8">/0"*5",2D7+,@"""E8/4F01/2"./4,9"./=="=,8?"54*+"01,"*01,4",2?"*5"01,";=8-26+"0*"82"/296=/2"4,9,4B*/4"/+;=820,?"/2"01,";8-,20G9"8>?*+,2@"H/01/2"9,<*2?9:"8"<1,+/<8="4,8<-*2"./==">,C/2"80"01,"-;"*5"01,"./4,III"""
IIA2?"J>7"/+;=/<8-*2K"/0"./==".*4L"5*4"7,849"4,=/8>=7"82?"4,C6=80,"C=6<*9,"014*6C1"5,,?>8<L"0*"/296=/2";6+;"
E/C1"M,<12*=*C7:"N*B@"('&O:"P(FP'"
Abbott Freestyle ‘Libre’
(P"
•! ‘Small fibre’ used to access interstitial fluid
•! Data downloaded at least once every 8 hr via 1s contactless scan (1-4 cm)
•! Waterproof to 1 metre •! Replace every 2 weeks
(#"
‘Over the past year, Apple has snapped up at least half a dozen prominent experts in biomedicine, according to LinkedIn profile changes. Much of the hiring is in sensor technology, an area Chief Executive Tim Cook singled out last year as primed "to explode." Industry insiders say the moves telegraph a vision of monitoring everything from blood-sugar levels to nutrition, beyond the fitness-oriented devices now on the market.’ "This is a very specific play in the bio-sensing space," said Malay Gandhi, chief strategy officer at Rock Health, a San Francisco venture capital firm that has backed prominent wearable-tech startups, such as Augmedix and Spire.
May 7th 2014
biomedicine, according to LinkedIn profile changes.
Much of the hiring is in sensor technology, an area Chief Executive Tim Cook singled out last year as primed "to explode."
Industry insiders say the moves telegraph a vision ofmonitoring everything from blood-sugar levels to nutrition, beyond the fitness-oriented devices now on the market.’
biomedicine, according to LinkedIn profile changes.
Much of the hiring is in sensor technology, an area Chief Executive Tim Cook singled out last year as primed "to explode."
Industry insiders say the moves telegraph a vision ofmonitoring everything from blood-sugar levels to nutrition, beyond the fitness-oriented devices now on the market.’
Much of the hiring is in sensor technology, an area Chief Executive Tim Cook singled out last year as primed "to explode."
Industry insiders say the moves telegraph a vision ofmonitoring everything from blood-sugar levels to nutrition, beyond the fitness-oriented devices now on the market.’
How will they integrate biosensing with the
iWatch"..?
HYPEwatch: Apple, iWatch & Health Monitoring
Google Contact Lens United States Patent Application 20140107445 Kind Code A1 Liu; Zenghe April 17, 2014 Microelectrodes In An Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensor Abstract An eye-mountable device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an analyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed.
($"
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/360331/scitech/technology/google-s-smart-contact-lenses-may-arrive-sooner-than-you-think
A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level, H. F. Yao, A. J. Shum, M. Cowan, I. Lahdesmaki and B. A. Parviz, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 2011, 26, 3290-3296.
A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose levelM. Cowan, I. Biosensors & Bioelectronics
electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an electrode and a reagent that selectively reacts with an
Kind CodeMicroelectrodesSensor AbstractAn sensormountingsensorelectrode
Kind Code A1 Liu; Zenghe April 17, 2014Microelectrodes In An Ophthalmic ElectrochemicalSensor AbstractAn eye-mountable device includes an electrochemicalsensor embedded in a polymeric material configured formounting to a surface of an of an of eye. The electrochemicalsensor includes a working electrode, a referenceelectrode and reagent that selectively reacts with
•! Contact lens use model is 24 hours; •! Leverage Google Glass*;
•! Novartis now working with Google. electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an electrode, and a reagent that selectively reacts with an , reagent selectivelyanalyte concentrationmountable
, reagent selectivelyanalyte to generate a sensor measurement related to a concentration of the analyte in a fluid to which the eye-mountable device is exposed. *Google Glass project abandoned!
(Jan 15 2015) see https://plus.google.com/+GoogleGlass/posts/9uiwXY42tvc
What is the core issue??
•! Simple, bare chem/biosensors do not function reliably EXCEPT as single shot short-term use devices – regular recalibration required (if they manage to keep functioning)
•! Sensor surfaces change as soon as they are exposed to the real world – biofouling, interferents, leaching of components".
•! Current systems work for days (after decades of research)
•! Implants must work for 10 years! Environmental Sensors are far too expensive
(%"
Direct Sensing vs. Reagent Based LOAC/ufluidics
sensor
sample
molecular interactions
signal
outside world
sample, standards
reagents
Reaction manifold
detector
waste
source
sample
blank BL BL BL
s
t
Direct Sensing LOAC Analyser
(&"
MicroTAS/Lab on a Chip/Microfluidics
('"
Microfluidics, to date, has been largely focused on the development of science and technology, and on scientific papers, rather than on the solution of problems
Editorial ‘Solving Problems’, George Whitesides, Lab Chip 10 (2010) 2317-2318
Extend Period of Use via Multiple short-use Sensors".?
•! If each sensor has a functional lifetime of 1 week".
•! And these sensors are very reproducible".
•! And they are very stable in storage (up to several years)".
!Q"
Then 50 sensors when used sequentially could provide an aggregated in-use lifetime of around 1 year
But now we need multiple valves integrated into a fluidic platform to select each sensor in turn
Sample, reagent in
Valves
Sensors
How to advance fluid handling in LOC platforms: re-invent valves (and pumps)!
•! Conventional valves cannot be easily scaled down - Located off chip: fluidic interconnects required –! Complex fabrication –! Increased dead volume –! Mixing effects
•! Based on solenoid action –! Large power demand –! Expensive
!("
Solution: soft-polymer (biomimetic) valves fully integrated into the fluidic system
0
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400 450 500 550 600 650
NM
ABS
Off (spiropyran) On (merocyanine)
Merocyanine Spiropyran -
+ UV
VIS, #
Photoswitchable Actuators
Famous Molecule".
From Prof. Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson, TCD School of Chemistry Spotted on Nickelodeon Cartoons February 2015
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) •! pNIPAAM exhibits inverse solubility upon heating •! This is referred to as the LCST (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) •! Typically this temperature lies between 30-35oC, but the exact
temperature is a function of the (macro)molecular microstructure •! Upon reaching the LCST the polymer undergoes a dramatic volume
change, as the hydrated polymer chains collapse to a globular structure, expelling the bound water in the process
pNIPAAM Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
Hydrated Polymer Chains Loss of bound water -> polymer collapse
#T
Photo-actuator polymers as microvalves in microfluidic systems
trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanoamide [P6,6,6,14]+[dca]-
Ionogel-based light-actuated valves for controlling liquid flow in micro-fluidic manifolds, Fernando Benito-Lopez, Robert Byrne, Ana Maria Raduta, Nihal Engin Vrana, Garrett McGuinness, Dermot Diamond, Lab Chip, 10 (2010) 195-201.
Optimisation of valve dimensions
First example of actuating polymer gels as reusable valves for flow control on minute time scales (> 50 repeat actuations)
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(µl/m
in)
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mul
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e vo
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e (µ
l)1.7 mm mask 1.6 mm mask
ACS applied materials & interfaces, 6 (2014) 7268-7274
!"
#" 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 mm
mm
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! !"#$$"%&
! !"#$$"%&
High crosslink density
Low crosslink density
Light source
Photocontrol of Surface Features – Channel Surfaces Become ‘Active’
!%"
!"
#"
!"!"
!"
#"
Chemotactic Systems
!&"
Published on Web 11/01/2010 (speed ~x4): channels filled with KOH (pH 12.0-12.3 + surfactant; agarose gel soaked in HCl (pH 1.2) sets up the pH gradient; droplets of mineral oil or DCM containing 20-60% 2-hexyldecanoic acid + dye. Droplet speed ca. 1-10 mm/s; movement caused by convective flows arising from concentration gradient of HDA at droplet-air interface (greater concentration of DA- towards higher pH side); HDA <-> H+ + DA- Maze Solving by Chemotactic Droplets; Istvan Lagzi, Siowling Soh, Paul J. Wesson, Kevin P. Browne, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski; J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2010, 132, 1198–1199 Fuerstman, M. J.; Deschatelets, P.; Kane, R.; Schwartz, A.; Kenis, P. J. A.;Deutch, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M. Langmuir 2003, 19, 4714.
HDA H+ + DA- HDA H
HDA
Hydrophobic Mineral Oil
HDA HHDA H
HDA
HDA H+ + DAHDA H
HDA Acidic ! Basic "
In a pH gradient, DA- is preferentially transferred to the aqueous phase at the more basic side of the drop.
We can do the same with IL Droplets
!'"
Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ([P6,6,6,14][Cl]) droplets with a small amount of 1-(methylamino)anthraquinone red dye for visualization. The droplets spontaneously follow the gradient of the Cl- ion which is created using a polyacrylamide gel pad soaked in 10-2 M HCl; A small amount of NaCl crystals can also be used to drive droplet movement.
Electronic structure calculations and physicochemical experiments quantify the competitive liquid ion association and probe stabilisation effects for nitrobenzospiropyran in phosphonium-based ionic liquids, D. Thompson et al., Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2011, 13, 6156-6168.
= cationic surfactant
Self-propelled chemotactic ionic liquid droplets, W. Francis, C. Fay, L. Florea, D. Diamond, Chemical Communications, 51 (2015) 2342-2344.
Controlling Droplet Movement in Channels using Light
•! We use light to create a localised pH gradient via soluble photoacid •! This disrupts an ion pair at the droplet interface; Surfactant is expelled and
movement of the droplet occurs •! Droplets can be used for sensing and transport & release of active components
OQ"
Photo-Chemopropulsion - Light-Stimulated Movement of Microdroplets, L. Florea, K. Wagner, P. Wagner, G.G. Wallace, F. Benito-Lopez, D.L. Officer, D. Diamond, Advanced Materials, 26 (2014) 7339-7345.
Multi-Functional Bio-Inspired Fluidics! •! At present, the fluidic system’s function is to;
–! Transport reagents, samples, standards to the detector
–! Perform relatively simple (but important) tasks like cleaning, mixing
–! Switching between samples, standards, cleaning solutions
•! In the future, the fluidic system will perform much more sophisticated ‘bioinspired’ functions –! System diagnostics, leak/damage detection
–! Self-repair capability
–! Switchable behaviour (e.g. surface roughness, binding/release),
•! These functions will be inherent to the channels and integrated with circulating smart micro/nano-vehicles –! Spontaneously move under an external stimulus (e.g. chemical,
thermal gradient) to preferred locations O("
2-Photon Polymerisation
O!"
•! Single photon absorption •! 2D patterns
Stereolithography Two-photon polymerisation
•! Two photon absorption •! 3D structures
OO"
2-Photon Polymerisation
http://www.nanoscribe.de/
Near Term Goals (5Years)
MATERIALS Physics Chemistry Biology Engineering
(photonics, electronics, fluidics, 4D materials)
Data and Information; IOT
Inside: Implants/In-vivo
Smart Stents Self-Aware Transplant
Joints 3D Tissue Platforms and
Implants Post-Operative IC (days) Medium term
Convalescence (weeks)
Smart Bandages
Outside: On-Body
Sensorised Contact Lens
Sensorised Splints/
dentures
On-Skin wearable platforms
patches/watches
Smart Textiles/Clothing
MATERIALS
Data and Information; IOT
MATERIALS
Inside: Implants/In-vivo
Smart Stents Self-Aware
Implants Post-Operative Post-Operative IC (days) IC (days)
Implants Implants Implants Implants Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term Medium term
Convalescence Convalescence (weeks) (weeks) (weeks)
MATERIALS
Data and Information; IOT Data and Information; IOT
MATERIALS MATERIALS MATERIALS
Data and Information; IOT
Smart Bandages
Outside: On-Body
SensorisedContact Lens
SensorisedSplints/
dentures
platforms patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches
Smart Textiles/Clothing
Data and Information; IOT
MATERIALS MATERIALS MATERIALS
Convalescence
MATERIALS
Convalescence
MATERIALS
patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches
MATERIALS
Smart Textiles/
patches/watches patches/watches
MATERIALS MATERIALS
patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches
MATERIALS
patches/watches patches/watches patches/watches
Smart Stents Self-Aware
Platforms and Post-Operative Post-Operative
Bandages Sensorised
Contact Lens platforms Platforms and Platforms and Platforms and
Smart Stents Transplant Joints
Bandages Bandages SensorisedSensorised
Contact Lens
Smart Stents Transplant Joints 3D Tissue 3D Tissue
Platforms and 3D Tissue 3D Tissue
Platforms and
Bandages Bandages Bandages SensorisedSensorised
Contact Lens Contact Lens Contact Lens On-Skin wearable On-Skin wearable On-Skin wearable On-Skin wearable platforms
On-Skin wearable Platforms and
On-Skin wearable Platforms and Platforms and Platforms and
Devices and Platforms Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents Smart Stents
Time of EXCITING OPPORTUNITY! •! New materials with exciting characteristics and
unsurpassed potential" •! Combine with emerging technologies and
techniques for exquisite control of 3D morphology •! And greatly improved methods for characterisation
of structure and activity •! Learn from nature – e.g. more sophisticated
circulation systems for ‘self-aware’ sensing devices!
O#"
IOT will increasingly integrate chem/bio information related to health,
environment, food/agri, security".
FET Programme – 2018-2020 and beyond •! Flagships in ‘Graphene’ and ‘The Brain’
–! Do you think these are good topics?
–! Are they producing value for money? Is it too soon to say?
–! Are flagships needed?
–! Should there be a third flagship? If so, what should the topic be? What budget should be allocated?
–! Move towards Open Science
•! FETproactive (themed) –! What themes should be the focus of future calls?
–! What proportion of the budget should be allocated?
•! FETopen –! Very popular but hugely over-subscribed: success rates around 1%
–! How can this be improved?
O$"
Are flagships needed?
What proportion of the budget should be allocated?
Are flagships needed?
•
– Should there be a third flagship? If so, what should the topic be? What budget should be allocated?
– Move towards Open Science
• FETproactive (themed) – What themes should be the focus of future calls?
Open call for input and opinions: https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/content/fet-proactive https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/content/fet-flagships
https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/blog/help-us-shape-future-horizon-2020
See www.graphene-flagship.eu
http://humanbrainproject.eu
European Sensor Systems Cluster - ESSC
Vision, Objectives, History and Roadmap Torsten Mayr – Chair WG4
Monitoring Industrial Processes
Graz University of Technology
Dermot Diamond – Chair WG1 Environmental Sensing
Dublin City University, Ireland
Information Session Europtrode Conference Tuesday 17.15
O&"
Thanks for the invite!
