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THE LAST NOMADIC
CHALLENGES
FROM CHINGGIS KHAN TO
TIMUR
CHINGGIS KHAN
BORN AS TEMUJIN= CHINGGIS
KHAN ( UNIVERSAL RULER)
UNITED THE MONGOLS IN 1206
DIED 1226
BUILT THE LARGEST LAND
EMPIRE IN HISTORY
Mongol life
Basic social unit was the tribe- clan
Pastoral nomads, renowned
horsemen
Lifted off their animals- meat/milk
It was a hard life, only the tough
survived
Typical Mongolian Yurt/ Ger
Wagon pulled Gers made
moving easier
The Mongol War Machine
They were great horsemen and archers
Used speed and mobility-surprise attacks
Chinggis introduced severe discipline
Used spies and informers to get accurate maps
“The Devil’s Horsemen”
1207 it starts, attacks China first
Mongols develop weapons to defeat
walled cities
If you resisted- you died
If you surrendered you paid tribute
but were usually spared
Stories were spread to raise terror
After China they attacked westward
By 1227 the Mongol empire stretched
from Northern China to the Persian
Gulf
Established his capital at Karakorum
Life under the Mongols Generally they were tolerant, cared
little about your religion- just pay your taxes please…
Chinggis summoned many intellectuals to his court
Drew up a legal code intended to end tribal divisions
Could be cruel when needed
Chinggis Khan’s Tax law
“If you do not pay homage we will take your property,
If you do not have property we will take your children,
If you do not have children we will take your wife,
If you do not have a wife we will take your head.”
The Mongol Peace Like the Pax Romana, the Pax
Mongolia was a time when trade increased, cultural exchanges flourished
It was said that you could walk from one end of the empire to the other with a gold bowl on your head undisturbed as no on would dare harm you
After Chinggis His empire grew and they looked
towards Europe
This was the “Golden Horde” named after their tents…
Batu led the way, by 1240 they had all of Russia under their control
Again they demanded tribute
Moscow actually grew due to being the collection point, fostered trade
Russian under the Mongol
Yoke
The Russian peasants were made serfs and were not freed till 1865
Moscow became Russia’s capital
In 1380 they finally threw the Mongols out, but the time under Mongol rule cut Russia off culturally and politically
The Assault on Islam
In 1258 Baghdad was conquered
Many cities were destroyed by the
Mongols
In 1260 Baibars defeated the
Mongols, but much of the Islamic
world was wiped out
Kublai Khan
Mongol Rule over China
It lasted only 100 years but had
radical effects
Opened China to the rest of the world
They changed their dynasty name to
YUAN, society was also rearranged
with the top spots for Mongols and
their allies
MARCO POLO
For 17 years a Venetian trader named
Marco Polo lived at the Mongol court
He was allowed to travel freely throughout
the land
His accounts are still studied and
debated, but provide great insight into the
era.
China conquers the Mongols
Mongol women rebelled against traditional Chinese roles for women, practices like footbinding. In the end Mongol women began to lose status in China
Many different cultures were prominent in the Yuan court- Muslims, Christians etc…
Most Chinese scholars and aristocrat
refused to accept the Mongols as
anything but barbarians
Trade and cities flourished during the
time of peace, but …
Eventually the Chinese rebelled and
the Yuan were overthrown
The time spent living in China had
softened the Mongols.
Agriculture was in a shambles,
inflation was high…bad times…
After their overthrow they retreated
back to central Asia
Ju Yuanzhang, a peasant founded
the MING dynasty.
One last gasp…
The last nomadic wave followed in
the 1360’s with Timur-I Lang
(Tamerlane)
it was short lived and did not have
near the effect of the Mongols
In 1405 his kingdom fell apart
summary The Mongol invasions paved the way
for Moscow to dominate Russia, centralize power- sets up the Czars…
Ended Islamic regimes in many areas
Created a trade zone that linked much of the world
Brought effective tolerant government to much of Asia
