FRIENDSHIP“Friendship is like peeing on

yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling

that it brings.”

CANINE ESTROUS CYCLE

QUEEN – ESTROUS CYCLE

• Onset of puberty: ______________ mths

• Female cats are_____________________– Cycle controlled by the _______________

and________________________• 12-14 hours of light and 2.5kgs

– In the absence of ovulation or pregnancy, repeated estrous cycles occur every _________ days

ProestrusGnRH

Spontaneous follicular growth - Proestrus,

Estrus

FSH

FSH

Estrogen

PROESTRUS in the queen

• PROESTRUS: The period of____________________, but _____________ to mate– Physical signs of proestrus:

• Owner may notice increased affection• ______________ vulvar swelling or vaginal discharge in

cats– Hormonal signs of proestrus:

• Characterized by increasing serum __________ concentrations

– Cytologic signs of proestrus:• Epithelial cells become _______________________

– Duration of proestrus: _________________ days

ESTRUS in the queen

• ESTRUS: The period of sexual receptivity and follicle maturation– Physical signs of estrus:

• Queen allows___________________• Extreme affection (head rubbing, vocalization, crouching of

the thoracic limbs with rigid extension of the pelvic limbs,_________________, lateral deviation of the tail)

– Hormonal signs of estrus:• Peak serum concentrations of __________________

– Cytologic signs of estrus:• Maximum vaginal epithelium cornification

• Duration of estrus: 7-9 days

LORDOSIS

ESTRUS

• Cats are known to be “induced ovulators”– Ovulation of the mature follicle occurs as a result

of _____________________ of the vagina and cervix during mating

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6AzSmkoX_g&feature=fvw

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

PREGNANCY

• PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS:– _____________ (~days 21-30)

– Hormone assay

– Ultrasonography

– ________________y (~day 45)

PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS

PREGNANCY:RADIOGRAPHS

http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/whelpingphotos.htm

PREGNANCY

• GESTATION: the period of pregnancy– DOGS:__________– CATS: ___________

• THREE STAGES OF LABOR:– 1ST:___________________ contractions– 2nd:delivery of the __________________– 3rd:delivery of the _______________________

• Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered alternately

PREGNANCY

• SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION:– Nesting behavior: __________ hours before

– Inappetance

– Panting, shivering

– Drop in rectal temperature ~24-48 hours before partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone):

______________

PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent __________________ with no sign of abdominal straining– Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue

through stage I

– Cervix __________________

STAGE I

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd8Bo1qc54A&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptc6RMBiiPw&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sN0W_ePUsUc&NR=1

PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE II: _______________ of the newborn– Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above

– Passing of ________________________

– Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal contractions

• 1st fetus usually delivered within ___________________ hours

• Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvkf0VDUv6c

PREGNANCY• LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING SIGNS

– The bitch should be examined by a vet for the following reasons:

• ______________________ , but no pup is born within 2-4 hrs

• Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously, but nothing more has happened

• If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than _______________ hours

• If she has had strong, regular _______________ for more than 20-30 minutes, but no pup born

• More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth of the last puppy and more remain

• If she has been in stage II for more than ___________hours

PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE II– Interval between births

• Usually 5-120 minutes

– Partuition should never be allowed to last more than ________________ hours

PREGNANCY

• LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta– Usually follows within ___________ minutes of

each fetus– Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be

associated with vomiting and diarrhea– _____________ – greenish (red-black) postpartum

discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more

PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

PEOPLE“Everyone has a photographic

memory, it’s just that some people don’t have film.”

PREGNANCY• DYSTOCIA: __________________ birth or

the __________________________ through the birth canal without assistance – Causes:

• Abnormal fetal position or size

• Uterine _________________

• Narrowed birth canal

– Diagnosis:• Digital palpation of vagina

• Radiographs

• ultrasound

• Labor >4 hours without fetus• Green vaginal discharge – parturition•> 1hour in between births

PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA

• TREATMENT:– _______________ manipulation: a fetus lodged in

the vaginal canal can be manually dislodged.

– For uterine inertia: ________________ injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given

– _______________________________

PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR

• DAM SHOULD:– Allow nursing

– Grooming• Stimulate __________________,

______________function

• Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material

– retrieving

– Protecting

• DAM SHOULD NOT:– Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young

– Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS

• Agalactia: _______________ of milk production– Causes include;

• Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection

• Galactostasis: milk______________, which can result in mastitis

• Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary gland– Clinical signs:

• _____________, _______________________, ________________, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed glands

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS

• Treatment for mastitis:– Antibiotics

– Warm compresses

– Do not allow ______________ from affected glands

OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS:

• PYOMETRA: Literally “_____________________”– High levels of _______________________

cause several changes in the uterus:• hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial

glands of the uterus

• Decreased myometrial contractions

• Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection– Most common bacteria isolated

is_______________________

PYOMETRA• CLINICAL SIGNS:

– Vulvar discharge– Vomiting– Dehydration– ____________________________________– Azotemia

• DIAGNOSIS:– Radiology (r/o pregnancy)– Ultrasound– Bloodwork

• _____________________ , neutrophilia with a left shift

PYOMETRA

This is a potentially life-threatening condition

PYOMETRA

PYOMETRA

Preferred treatment is _________________________As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy

An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and allows drainageOf the pus