Friday, January 4Need binder and paper!

Why am I here?A look at Nazi

Concentration Camps

To reduce resistance, the Nazis began their absolute control gradually from isolation, impoverization, ghettoization to death so from 1933 to 1941 more than 2,000 anti-Jewish laws or edicts were passed and brutally enforced in Nazi Germany.

Jews were barred from schools and professions, deprived of citizenship and forbidden contact with Germans.

Finally, they were stripped of all property, ghettoized, and forbidden to emigrate.

The severity of anti-Jewish laws varied in the occupied areas.

Kristallnacht-“The Night of Broken Glass”

The first major attack on the Jewish population of Germany and Austria was Kristallnacht, on November 9-10, 1938. Both the SS and general population participated in burning hundreds of synagogues (churches), shops, and houses. 30,000 Jews were arrested and deported. Strong protests from the West had no effect on Nazi policy.

These men are burning the bodies of the gassed Jews.

The Final Solution-Do I Have To Go To Camp?

THE FINAL SOLUTION: Nazi plan to totally exterminate the Jews of Europe. Between 1941 and 1945, about six million Jews were murdered throughout Europe; killed either near their homes by firing squads or transported to concentration camps where they were worked to death, or where they were gassed and burned in the crematoria.

Map

What does SS mean?

(Schutzstaffel) Protection squad: Hitler’s bodyguard, Nazi party police, and later, the most "racially pure" elite guard of the Third Reich.

SS Officers were also responsible for the structure and organization of extermination camps and the mass killings, which took place there.

Who is Mr. Kapo?

KAPO: Term used in the Nazi concentration camps for a prisoner chosen by the SS to head a work gang made up of other prisoners. Often chosen from the criminal element, the Kapos were treated better and, more often than not, brutalized other prisoners.

Who is the Gestapo?Gestapo-The secret state police in Nazi Germany organized to control political opposition to Hitler and his plan for the “Final Solution” of the Jewish question. They were in charge of herding Jews to ghettos then tocattle cars.

(Sound Clip from Microsoft Word)

Dachau

Dachau, first of the concentration camps, was set up on March 22, 1933, near Munich. ARBEIT MACHT FREI (WORKS MAKES YOU FREE) appeared at the entrance to many of the concentration camps. Propaganda aided in lowering hysteria and herding tens of thousands into camps.

Dachau

Dachau’s first inmates were political prisoners but the number of Jews rose steadily to about 1/3 of the total. Although no mass murder program existed there, tens of thousands died through starvation, disease, torture or in cruel medical experiments. Dachau was liberated in 1945.

Dachau

In 1933-34, this was the view of the moat and barbwire secured concentration camp in Dachau, Germany, in Upper Bavaria. The buildings are the barracks where the inmates slept.

Dachau Memorial

Aushcwitz-jagged line is the railroad

Auschwitz

Location: Oswiecim, Poland

Established: May 26th1940

Liberation: January 27th, 1945, by the Soviet Army.

Estimated number of victims: 2.1 to 2.5 million (This estimated number of death is considered by historians as a strict minimum. The real number of death is unknown but probably much higher, maybe 4 millions)

Auschwitz

Auschwitz

Aushcwitz

The bodies were taken to the crematorium after they had been gassed.

But I don’t want a shower!GAS CHAMBER: Method used by the Nazis for mass murder. The first recorded use of gas was in 1939. It was later used in death camps where the gas chambers were disguised as showers. In Treblinka 2,500 people could be put to death within an hour. The main killing center was Auschwitz.

Bukenwald

One of the largest concentration camps in Germany was Bukenwald. From July 1937 to March 1945, 238,980 prisoners from 30 countries passed through Buckenwald. 43,045 of these, were killed, died from brutal conditions, or didn't survive forced evacuations. On April 11, 1945, the underground took control. 21,000 inmates, were liberated.

Bukenwald

Cremation was proven by the Germans as the most efficient way to dispose of human bodies. Ovens, especially designed by German engineers for mass cremation of human corpses, were installed throughout the Nazi concentration camps.

Why can’t I leave?

The prisoners had little choice in their daily actions. The SS dictated the day's course of events, down to the smallest detail. Violations of orders in the camp were severely punished - by flogging, solitary confinement, withholding food rations, and so forth.

I want to go home.

Jewish resistance was active in every European country that was exposed to the Nazi threat. Despite extremely harsh circumstances, partisan units and resistance groups were found in the ghettos, extermination camps and concentration camps. Their goals were to fight the Nazis, eliminate collaborators and rescue fellow Jews.

Why did the Jews allow this fate?Why did the Jews allow this fate?

1.peaceful religion-suffering for God.2.No organized country therefore no

military no weapons3.Hitler’s propaganda-prisoners sent home

post cards stating that conditions were favorable-decent food-safe from war front.

Holocaust

• HOLOCAUST – originally a religious rite in which an offering was entirely consumed by fire.

• In current usage – Holocaust refers to any widespread human disaster.

• Today – Holocaust means the almost complete destruction of European Jews by Nazi Germany.

(Guralnik,© 1969, p.357)

Genocide

• Genocide-the planned attempt to exterminate or completion of exterminating an entire racial, religious, political or ethnic group.

Who Is Anne Frank?Frank (fràngk, frängk),

Anne (1929-1945)• German Jewish teenager

who fled from Nazi Germany to Amsterdam, Netherlands with her family (1933) and kept a diary during her years in hiding (1942-1944).

• She and her family were captured (August 1944) and sent to concentration camps.

• Anne died of typhus in the camp at Bergen-Belsen.

• Her diary was published in 1947.

Historical timelineHistorical timeline(Everyone is in the secret annex)

June 12, 1929 Anne Frank born in Frankfurt, GermanySummer 1933 Franks move to Netherlands because of Hitler’s election and tensions with JewsJune 12, 1942 Anne receives diary for 13th birthdayJuly 5, 1942 Margot receives call-up notice to report for deportation to labor camp

July 6, 1942 Frank family goes into hiding

July 13, 1942 The van Pels family joins Franks in hidingNovember 16, 1942 Fritz Pfeffer joins group in the annex

( Rol, ©1993)

Historical timelineHistorical timeline(After the Betrayal)

August 4, 1944 Residents of secret annex are betrayed and arrested

September 3, 1944 The eight prisoners are transported in sealed cattle car on last transport to ever leave Westerbork forAuschwitz death camp

January 6, 1945 Edith Frank dies in Auschwitz-Birkenau

January 27, 1945 Otto Frank is liberated from Auschwitz by Russian army and eventually makes his way back to Amsterdam

February—March 1945 Anne and Margot die at Bergen-Belsen, a Nazi concentration camp, within days of each other

April 1945 Bergen-Belsen camp is liberated

Summer 1947 Anne’s diary is published

(Rol, © 1993)

ANNE FRANK

( Frank, Culver Pictures, Inc., ©1947 Diary Photo. Rol, ©1993)

Anne

Anne’s sister, Margot