French and Indian War The First World War?

Objectives: Understand the basic Geography of New France Understand the European Underpinnings of the 7Years War Understand the North American Underpinnings of the 7 Years War Understand the consequences of the conflict for the French, English, Settlers, and Native

Americans Understand the conflicts impact on colonial identity leading to the American Revolution

A Look At New France New France consisted of the land extending from Newfoundland to Lake Superior and from the

Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. The territory was then divided in five colonies, each with its own administration:

Canada Acadia Hudson Bay Newfoundland Louisiana.

A World War The French and Indian War was a colonial extension

of the ____________________ War that ravaged Europe from ______________ to ________________

While we often hear about the fighting in North America and Europe, it was the first conflict in human history to be fought around the ______________.

The war involved all major powers of Europe: ____________ and _________________ were later

drawn into the conflict, while a force from the neutral __________________________ was attacked in ______________. Causes of the Conflict

The first cause of the Seven years War dealt with the militarization in the remnants of the ___________________

Prussia: (state actions)

Austria: (state actions)

Empress: Allies with Prussia Allies with Austria

The second major cause of the conflict was the colonial rivalry between __________ and Britain in North ______________

The ________________________________ had long existed as an unclaimed buffer zone between the French and British in North America

This area was fertile, rich for farming and trading, and would later become part of the _____________________ region of the Midwest.

The primary reason for the beginning of the American theatre of the war was a dispute over the region ___________________ Opposing Sides For each State the Reasons each country wanted to control the region

France:

Britain:

Governor Dinwiddie: (State motives for conflict)

Sent troops to the _______________ of the Ohio River to protect his claim and push out the French

The conflict began in Nov. of ________________

Major George Washington: (describe his role) Early British Failure

The Earl of Loundoun was appointed ________________________________ of the British troops in America. (state his two failures)

It was under Loundoun's command that a ________________________of colonial militiamen exploded, and the British suffered some of the worst defeats of the war. The British Empire Strikes Back

The tide turned for the British in 1758, because: (State three reason’s)

Important Battles of the Conflict Battle of Mononogahela - ______________

Commander for the British:____________________________

B = ________________ troops F = ________________troops The French commence a surprise: In 3 hrs 2/3rd of British troops are dead including

Braddock. Braddock’s Mistake: (Describe his blunder) The Successful British Campaign

1758 – 1760 Strategy – (Describe Strategy) Main targets included:

1. 2. 3. 4. Louisbourg -_____________

Battle led by ________________ and _______________________

Traveled and attacked by ship. Lucky shot ignited a French _______________________ Turned into ______________________ w/the French

surrendering 3 weeks later Fort Duquesne –_______ __ The British commanded by Brigadier General ________________________,

led by ______________________ and planned by ____________________________. “I am sure that I can save the country , and that no one else can.” -William Pitt When British troops arrived at the Fort, the French had already blown it to

pieces. Battle of Quebec: _____________

French Commander: British Commander: Battle turned into a British siege by land and sea (June-Sept)

The British stopped _______________________ and _________________from entering Quebec.

____________________ French surrender to the dominance of the British military experience ______________________ captured a year later!!

Treaty of __________________ 1763

French Concessions: Impact on the Colonists

What were some of the effects of this war on the colonies-colonists? (state five)

Pontiacs Rebellion

Following the 7 Years War, British troops proceeded to occupy the various forts in the _________________ and _______________ region previously garrisoned by the French.

Before long, American Indians who had been allies of the defeated French found themselves increasingly dissatisfied with the British occupation and the new policies imposed by the victors.

After the end of the Seven Years' War, ________________________ was in charge of administering Indian policy, which was closely tied to the regulation of the fur trade.

British Treatment of the Indians: (Describe actions took that disenfranchised the American Indians): :

Why was the cutting of gifts to Native leaders negative for both the leaders and in the long rung the settlers?

Why was not allowing the Native Indians to have access to guns and powder negative (state 2 reasons)

Other Factors: (state other 2 factors discussed)

American Indians Involved

The Natives in Pontiac's Rebellion were diverse with differing backgrounds and agendas. Most came from the “________________________” of New France and spoke _________________

languages The Natives involved came from primarily three groups:

. . .

The War

The war began in ___________________ when American Indians attacked a number of British forts and Anglo-American settlements.

____________ forts were destroyed, and hundreds of white settlers were killed or captured, with many more fleeing eastwards.

Hostilities came to an end after British army expeditions beginning in the summer of 1764 led to peace negotiations over the next two years.

(Describe war in size and impact)

Both sides attempted crude forms of germ warfare, including British officers attempting to infect attacking Indians with blankets that had been exposed to _________________________.

The Aftermath

The war reflected, and contributed to, the level of animosity between colonists and American Indians. According to historian _____________________________, "Pontiac's War was unprecedented for its

awful violence, as both sides seemed intoxicated with genocidal fanaticism” Describe the Proclamation of 1763 and impact on colonists

Describe Impact of the Cost of the War

Document 1 Marquis de la Galissoniere Memoir on the French Colonies in North America (December 1750) Background: In this writing, Marquis de la Galissoniere, the colonial governor of New France addresses the fact that New France has been a financial drain on the French Empire, and may continue to be for the foreseeable future. “it cannot be denied that this Colony has been always a burthen to France, and it is probable that such will be the case for a long while”. But at the same time he argues that the colony should be sustained for several reasons

Text: Motives of honor, glory and religion forbid the abandonment of an established Colony; the surrender to themselves, or rather to a nation inimical by taste, education and religious principle, of the French who have emigrated thither at the persuasion of the Government with the expectation of its protection, and who eminently deserve it on account of their fidelity and attachment; in fine, the giving up of so salutary a work as that of the conversion of the heathen who inhabit that vast Continent. Yet we shall not insist on these motives; and how great soever may be the inconveniences set forth in the preceding article, neither will we object to them, the future and uncertain revenues both of Canada and of Louisiana, although nevertheless, these are extremely probable, since they have for basis an immense country, a numerous people, fertile lands, forests of mulberry trees, mines already discovered, etc. We shall confine ourselves to regarding Canada as a barren frontier, such as the Alps are to Piedmont, as Luxembourg would be to France, and as it, perhaps, is to the Queen of Hungary. We ask if a country can be abandoned, no matter how bad it may be, or what the amount of expense necessary to sustain it, when by its position it affords a great advantage over its neighbors. This is precisely the case of Canada: it cannot be denied that this Colony has been always a burthen to France, and it is probable that such will be the case for a long while; but it constitutes, at the same time, the strongest barrier that can be opposed to the ambition of the English. We may dispense with giving any other proofs of this than the constant efforts they have made, for more than a century, against that Colony. We will add, however, that it alone is in a position to wage war against them in all their possessions on the Continent of America; possessions which are as dear to them as they are precious in fact, whose power is daily increasing, and which, if means be not found to prevent it, will soon absorb not only all the Colonies located in the neighboring islands of the Tropic, but even all those of the Continent of America. Long experience has proved that the preservation of the major portion of the settlements in the Tropical islands is not owing so much to their intrinsic strength, as to the difficulty of conveying troops thither from Europe in sufficient numbers to subjugate or keep them, and of supporting such troops there; but if the rapid progress of the English Colonies on the Continent be not arrested, or what amounts to the same thing, if a counterpoise capable of confining them within their limits, and of forcing them to the defensive, be not formed, they will possess, in a short time, such great facilities to construct formidable armaments on the Continent of America, and will require so little time to convey a large force either to St. Domingo or to the Island of Cuba, or to our Windward islands, that it will not be possible to hope to preserve these except at an enormous expense. This will not be the case if we make a more energetic and generous effort to increase and strengthen Canada and Louisiana, than the English are making in favor of their Colonies; since the French Colonies, despite their destitute condition, have always waged war against the English of the Continent with some advantage, though the latter are, and always have been, more numerous; it is necessary to explain here the causes to which this has been owing. The first is the great number of alliances that French keep up with the Indian Nations. These people, who hardly act except from instinct, love us hitherto a little and fear us a great deal, more than they do the English; but their interest, which some among them begin to understand, is that the strength of the English and French remain nearly equal, so that through the jealousy of these two nations those tribes may live independent of, and draw presents from, both. The second reason of our superiority over the English is, the number of French Canadians who are accustomed to live in the woods like the Indians, and become thereby not only qualified to lead them to fight the English, but to wage war even against these same Indians when necessity obliges. Hence `twill be seen that this superiority of the French in America is in some sort accidental, and if they neglect to maintain it, whilst the English are making every effort to destroy it, `twill pass into the hands of the latter. There is no doubt but such an event would be followed by the entire destruction of our settlements in that part of the Globe.

This, however serious it may seem, would not be our only loss; it would drag after it that of the superiority which France must claim over England. If anything can, in fact, destroy the superiority of France in Europe, it is the Naval force of the English; this alone sustained the house of Austria at the commencement of the war of the Spanish succession, as it caused France to lose, at the close of the last war, the fruit of the entire conquest of the Austrian Lower Countries. We must not flatter ourselves with being able long to sustain an expenditure equal to theirs; no other resource remains then but to attack them in their possessions; that cannot be effected by forces sent from Europe except with little hope of success, and at vast expense, whilst by fortifying ourselves in America and husbanding means in the Colonies themselves, the advantages we possess can be preserved, and even increased at a very trifling expense, in comparison with the cost of expeditions fitted out in Europe. The utility of Canada is not confined to the preservation of the French Colonies, and to rendering the English apprehensive for theirs; that Colony is not less essential for the conservation of the Spanish possessions in America, especially of Mexico. So long as that barrier is well secured; so long as the English will be unable to penetrate it; so long as efforts will be made to increase its strength, `twill serve as a rampart to Louisiana, which hitherto sustains itself only under the shadow of the forces of Canada, and by the connection of the Canadians with the Indians. Should any unforeseen revolution disturb the intimate union now existing between the two Crowns, we should even be able, by means of Louisiana, to share with the Spaniards the profit of the rich settlements they possess in America; but this event appears so distant, that it is the opinion that France, for its own interest, and in order to remove every jealousy, must not seek to extend its possessions Westward, that is to say, towards the Spaniards, but apply all its resources to strengthen itself at the East, that is, in the direction of the English. In fine, Canada, the fertility whereof is wonderful, can serve as the granary of the Tropical Colonies, which, in consequence of the men they destroy, sell their rich products very dear. It is proved that the number of Canadians who die in these Colonies that are admitted to be the most unhealthy, is much less than that of European French. All that precedes sufficiently demonstrates that it is of the utmost importance and of absolute necessity not to omit any means, nor spare any expense to secure Canada, inasmuch as that is the only way to wrest America from the ambition of the English, and as the progress of their empire in that quarter of the globe is what is most capable of contributing to their superiority in Europe. Text prepared by Garry Wiersema for From Revolution to Reconstruction - an .HTML project. Last update: 2003-3-6 time: 10:00 © 1994- 2005. All rights reserved. Department of Humanities Computing Questions What is the Origin of this document? What is the economic status of New France to France at this time? Why does Marquis de la Galissoniere feel that it is important to hold on to New France? Describe the

Social reasons (the French Colonists) Economic Reasons, and Security Reasons. Cite Support from the text.

How does the author view the English Settlement in North America? What does the author feel will happen if the French abandon New France? How will there Caribbean

processions be effected?

Document 2 Background: Robert Dinwiddie served as lieutenant governor of Virginia from 1851 to 1858, since the governors at that time were often not present, he was the de-facto head of the colony for much of the time. He wanted to limit

French expansion into the Ohio River Valley, since the land was claimed by Virginia. Also, the Ohio Company, of which Dinwiddie was a stockholder, had made preliminary surveys and some small settlements. Text: For the Honorable Robert Dinwiddie, Esquire, Governor and Commander of Virginia: You are to go out as soon as possible to the Westward of the great Mountains, and carry with you such a Number of men as You think necessary, in Order to Search out and discover the Lands upon the river Ohio, & other adjoining Branches of the Mississippi down as low as the great Falls thereof; You are particulatly [sic] to observe the Ways and Passes thro all the Mountains you cross, & take an exact account of the Soil, Quality and Product of the Land, and the Wideness and Deepness of the Rivers, & the several Falls belonging to them, together with the courses and Bearings of the Rivers & Mountains as near as you conveniently can: You are to observe what Nations of Indians inhabit there, their strength & Numbers, who they trade with, & what comodities they deal in. When you find a large quantity of good, level Land, such as you think will suit the Company, You are to Measure the Breadth of it, in three or four different places, & take the Courses of the River & Mountains on which it binds in order to judge the Quantity: You are to fix the Beginning and Bounds in such a manner that they may be easily found again by your description; the nearer the Land lies, the better, provided it be good & level, but we had rather go quite down the Mississippi than to take mean, broken Land. After finding a large body of good Level Land, you are not to stop but proceed further, as low as the Falls of the Ohio, that we may be informed of that Navigation; And You are to take an exact account of all the large Bodies of good level Land, in the same Manner as above directed that the Company may the better judge when it will be most convenient for them to take their Land. You are to note all the Bodies of Good Land as you go along, tho there is not sufficient Quantity for the Company's Grant, but You need not be so particular in the Measuration of that, as in the Larger Bodies of Land. You are to draw as good a Plan as you can of the Country You pass thro: You are to take an exact and particular Journal of all Your Proceedings, and make a true Report thereof to the Company. Questions Describe the Origin of the Document. What is the Purpose of the Document? Based on the document, what resources were desired by settlers as the expanded west?

Document 3

Treaty of Paris 1763 http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/paris763.htm

The definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship between his Britannick Majesty, the Most Christian King, and the King of Spain. Concluded at Paris the 10th day of February, 1763. To which the King of Portugal acceded on the

same day. (Printed from the Copy.) VII. In order to reestablish peace on solid and durable foundations, and to remove for ever all subject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river

Using the treaty text, mark the land gained by the English at the end of the French Indian War under the 1763 Treaty of Paris

Mississippi shall be equally free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, and expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth: It is farther stipulated, that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation shall not be stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any duty whatsoever. The stipulations inserted in the IVth article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article. Document 4

Proclamation of 1763 http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/proc63.htm

And whereas it is just and reasonable, and essential to our Interest, and the Security of our Colonies, that the several Nations or Tribes of Indians with whom We are connected, and who live under our Protection, should not be molested or disturbed in the Possession of such Parts of Our Dominions and Territories as, not having been ceded to or purchased by Us, are reserved to them, or any of them, as their Hunting Grounds —We do therefore, with the Advice of our Privy Council, declare it to be our Royal Will and Pleasure, that no Governor or Commander in Chief in any of our Colonies of Quebec, East Florida, or West Florida, do presume, upon any Pretence whatever, to grant Warrants of Survey, or pass any Patents for Lands beyond the Bounds of their respective Governments, as described in their Commissions: as also that no Governor or Commander in Chief in any of our other Colonies or Plantations in America do presume for the present, and until our further Pleasure be known, to grant Warrants of Survey, or pass Patents for any Lands beyond the Heads or Sources of any of the Rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean from the West and North West, or upon any Lands whatever, which, not having been ceded to or purchased by Us as aforesaid, are reserved to the said Indians, or any of them.

And We do further declare it to be Our Royal Will and Pleasure, for the present as aforesaid, to reserve under our Sovereignty, Protection, and Dominion, for the use of the said Indians, all the Lands and Territories not included within the Limits of Our said Three new Governments, or within the Limits of the Territory granted to the Hudson's Bay Company, as also all the Lands and Territories lying to the Westward of the Sources of the Rivers which fall into the Sea from the West and North West as aforesaid.

And We do hereby strictly forbid, on Pain of our Displeasure, all our loving Subjects from making any Purchases or Settlements whatever, or taking Possession of any of the Lands above reserved, without our especial leave and Licence for that Purpose first obtained.

And We do further strictly enjoin and require all Persons whatever who have either wilfully or inadvertently seated themselves upon any Lands within the Countries above described or upon any other Lands which, not having been ceded to or purchased by Us, are still reserved to the said Indians as aforesaid, forthwith to remove themselves from such Settlements. And whereas great Frauds and Abuses have been committed in purchasing Lands of the Indians, to the great Prejudice of our Interests, and to the great Dissatisfaction of the said Indians: In order, therefore, to prevent such Irregularities for the future, and to the end that the Indians may be convinced of our Justice and determined Resolution to remove all reasonable Cause of Discontent, We do, with the Advice of our Privy Council strictly enjoin and require, that no private Person do presume to make any purchase from the said Indians of any Lands reserved to the said Indians, within those parts of our Colonies where We have thought proper to allow Settlement: but that, if at any Time any of the Said Indians should be inclined to dispose of the said Lands, the same shall be Purchased only for Us, in our Name, at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians, to be held for that Purpose by the Governor or Commander in Chief of our Colony respectively within which they shall lie: and in case they shall lie within the limits of any Proprietary Government, they shall be purchased only for the Use and in the name of such Proprietaries, conformable to such Directions and Instructions as We or they shall think proper to give for that Purpose: And we do, by the Advice of our Privy Council, declare and enjoin, that the Trade with the said Indians shall be free and open to all our Subjects whatever, provided that every Person who may incline to Trade

with the said Indians do take out a License for carrying on such Trade from the Governor or Commander in Chief of any of our Colonies respectively where such Person shall reside, and also give Security to observe such Regulations as We shall at any Time think fit, by ourselves or by our Commissaries to be appointed for this Purpose, to direct and appoint for the Benefit of the said Trade. Questions: What is the purpose of this document? According to the document how does the English Government view the Native Americans? Why does the British Government feel that this proclamation is necessary? What lands are set aside for the colonists, and which land is set aside for the Native Americans? What is the punishment for people trying to settle outside of the set boundaries? How does this limit the rights of the colonists?