FREE RADICALS

OFTEN OXYGEN, BUT CAN BE ANYTHING

SINGLE e- IN OUTER SHELL

WILL TRY TO GIVE UP OR ACQUIRE AN e- TO STABILIZE ITSELF

HIGHLY REACTIVE

VERY UNSTABLE

FREE RADICAL ORIGINS

CIGARETTES, EXCESS ALCOHOL, HIGH FAT DIET (PUFA), DRUGS, SUN EXPOSURE, RADIATION, PESTICIDES, HEAVY METALS, EXCESS EXERCISE, PAINT, FURNITURE POLISH, CLEANING PRODUCTS, FRIED AND BARBECUED FOODS, TRAUMA, AND NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS

TISSUE INJURY-------->

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS RELEASED---->

PHAGOCYTIC MIGRATION INTO AREA OF DAMAGE--------->

FREE RADICAL FORMATION

INFLAMMATION and PAIN

EVERY PART OF THE CELL AND ALMOST EVERY MOLECULE IS SUBJECTED TO FREE RADICAL ATTACK INCLUDING DNA, PROTEINS, AND PUFA RESIDUES OF PHOSPHOLIPID CELL MEMBRANES

CELL COMPONENTS EFFECTED

CELL MEMBRANES - WHEN EICOSANOIDS (PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, AND LEUKOTRIENES) ARE FORMED- FREE RADICALS ARE FORMED

E.R.- CYTOCHROME P450 INVOLVED - GETS RID OF FOREIGN TOXINS – THERE IS LEAKAGE INTO THE CELL – FREE RADICALS

CYTOPLASM- MANY REACTIONS OCCUR AND LEAD TO FREE RADICALS - EXP.- CATACHOLAMINE DEGRADATION, MELANIN SYNTHESIS-------> FREE RADICALS. XANTHINE OXIDASE--->URIC ACID CAUSES FREE RADICALS

PEROXISOMES - CONTAIN FLAVOPROTEINS AND OXIDASES WHICH DEGRADE FATTY ACIDS - H202 IS GENERATED

LYSOSOMES - SUICIDE BAGS OF THE CELL - DESTROY FOREIGN MATERIAL – FREE RADICALS CREATED

myeloperoxidase

xanthine oxidase

hemoglobin

riboflavin

catecholamins

electron transport

system

mixed function oxidase electron

transport cytochromes P450

lipoxygenases

prostglandin synthase

NADPH oxidase

transition

metals

oxidases flavoprotein

Nucleus (DNA)

cell membrane

lipid bilayer

Fe/Cu

Cytoplasm lysosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

MITOCHONDRIA - ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS NOT 100% EFFICIENT.

OXYGEN IS REDUCED BY COMBINING 4e- AND 4p+------>2H2O

THERE IS LEAKAGE

2% IS NOT FULLY REDUCED

FREE RADICALS ARE CREATED

FENTON REACTION

02- + H202 (FE/CU)---> OH- + 02 +.OH

OH. (HYDROXYL RADICAL) IN LARGE AMOUNTS- VERY DESTRUCTIVE IN HUMANS

FE/CU INCREASES THE SPEED OF THE REACTION 1 MILLION TIMES

FE/CU MAY EXIST IN FREE STATE AND IN CELLS AFTER TRAUMA

CAUSES A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN FREE RADICALS

INFLAMMATION

TISSUE

INJURY

PHAGOCYTE RECRUITMENT ACTIVATION

KININS, HISTAMINE, PG

EICOSANOIDS, LT, IL-1

INC FREE UNSAT FA

PG, LT, THROMBAOXANE

CYCLOOXYGENASE

LIPOXYGENASE

PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES

RELEASE TO MEDIUM

IRON

ROS

SERUM

CHEMOTACTIC

FACTORS

THE ROLE OF FREE RADICALS

IN INFLAMMATION

FREE RADICALS AND PEROXIDES PRODUCED FROM INJURY, POISONING, FEVER, AND ISCHEMIA CAN EASILY OVERWHELM THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM

WHEN COUPLED WITH A POOR DIET YOU HAVE A DISASTER

IMPLICATED IN MANY DISEASES

FREE RADICALS AND AGING

FREE RADICALS---> AGING

MOST ACCEPTED THEORY OF AGING – FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING

ANIMAL STUDIES - SHORTENED LIFE SPAN WHEN EXPOSED TO FREE RADICALS

BEST THEORY WE COULD HAVE – CAN BE AFFECTED BY DIET AND LIFESTYLE

ANTIOXIDANTS

NEUTRALIZE FREE RADICALS

MORE ANTIOXIDANTS IN BODY - LONGER ONE WILL LIVE

TWO STEP STRATEGY TO AFFECT THE FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING

STEP 1 - REDUCE EXPOSURE TO FREE RADICALS CIGARETTES, ALCOHOL, FATS, DRUGS, SUN

EXPOSURE, PESTICIDES, EXERCISE, FRIED FOODS, TRAUMA, AND NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS

STEP 2 - CONSUME ADEQUATE ANTIOXIDANT FOODS AND SUPPLEMENTS –

PREVENTS FREE RADICAL FORMATION -INCREASES BODY LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANTS

ANTIOXIDANT EXAMPLES

VITAMIN C - VITAMIN E – CAROTENOIDS – FLAVONOIDS - PROTEASES/LIPASES - COENZYME Q10

ENDOGENOUS ENZYMES- GLUTATHIONE SYSTEM - SELENOENZYMES - SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) - CATALASE

<10% OF UNITED STATES POPULATION CONSUMES RECOMMENDED DAILY LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANTS

ONLY 9% CONSUME 5 SERVINGS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PER DAY

ADULT SURVEY STUDY - 12,000 PEOPLE - 17% ATE NO VEGETABLES - 41% ATE NO FRUITS – ON A GIVEN DAY

GOAL IS TO INCREASE ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN

THE BODY

INCREASE DAILY INTAKE OF FRUITS AND

VEGETABLES

HOW DO I REDUCE MY EXPOSURE ?

REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF FOOD EATEN DAILY (A Concept called Caloric Restriction)

AVOID HIGH INTAKES OF IRON AND COPPER (In order to reduce the likelihood of the Fenton Reaction)

INCREASE CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES

EAT ANTIOXIDANT RICH FOODS

REDUCE THE CAUSES OF FREE RADICALS (SUN, CHEMICALS, etc)

GLUTATHIONE

PROTECTS BODY FROM TOXIC SUBSTANCES

DIFFICULT TO ABSORB

INDIRECT SUPPLEMENTS NECESSARY

CYSTEINE - LIPOIC ACID - N-ACETYLCYSTEINE - ALL INCREASE GLUTATHIONE LEVELS

WHEY PROTEIN –

CONTAINS BOTH CYSTEINE AND GLUTATHIONE

INCREASE THE CONVERSION OF CYSTEINE TO GLUTATHIONE