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FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRBR…
Maja ŽumerNational and University Library
and
University of Ljubljana
Slovenia
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
This presentation
Part 1:
• Stand-in for Barbara Tillett
Part 2:
• My original presentation
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
About FRBR
• What is it?
• Developments until now
• Challenges
• What is the future?/Is there a future?
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
• Approved by IFLA in 1997• Published in 1998• Conceptual model of the ‘bibliographic
universe’
• Still ‘new’?
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Not the first…
• Cutter’s Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalog (1876)
• Paris Principles (1961)
• New developments (computers, databases, new materials)
• new user needs, expectations and demands
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
User functions/tasks• using the data to FIND materials that correspond to
the user's stated search criteria• using the data retrieved to IDENTIFY an entity (e.g., to
confirm that the document described corresponds to the document sought by the user, or to distinguish between two similar documents)
• using the data to SELECT an entity that is appropriate to the user's needs (e.g., to select a text in a language the user understands, or to choose a version of a computer program that is compatible with the hardware and operating system available to the user)
• using the data in order to acquire or OBTAIN access to the entity described
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRBR as conceptual model
• Entity-relationship methodology
• Understanding the bibliographic universe
• Not cataloguing rules
• Not a data model
• Not a format
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRBR’s Entity-Relationship Model
• Entities• Relationships• Attributes
13
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRBR EntitiesGroup 1:
(products of intellectual & artistic endeavor)– Work– Expression– Manifestation– Item
14
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
is realized through
is embodied in
is exemplified byone
many
15
Group 1Conceptual/content
Physical/recordingl
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
EQUIVALENT
Cataloging Rulescut-off point
Same work New work
DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE
Parody
Revision
Translation
Criticism
Variations or versions
Editions SummaryAbstractDigest
Annotated edition
Expurgatededition
DramatizationNovelization
Freetranslation
Imitations
Evaluation
Review
Casebook
Commentary
Abridgededition
Arrangement
ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated
edition
Slightmodifications Adaptations
Change of genre
Original
Same style or thematic content
Microformreproduction
Copy
Exactreproduction
Facsimile
Reprint
Simultaneous“publication”
Same Expression New Expression
Family of Works
New Work B. TillettDec. 2001
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
• Manifestation– ID– Title– Publication date– Form/extent of carrier– Terms of availability– Mode of access– etc.
• Item– ID– Ownership– Location– etc.
Group 1 Entities’ Attributes
• Work– ID– Title– Date– etc.
• Expression– ID– Title– Form– Date– Language– etc.
18
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRBR EntitiesGroup 2:(agents related to Group 1 entities)
–Person–Corporate body
20
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Group 2
is owned by
is produced by
is realized byis created by
21
Person
Corporate Body
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRBR Entities…Subjects of works:• Group1 and Group 2 • Group3:
– Concept– Object– Event– Place
22
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
LC Control No. : 47023612 LCCN Permalink : http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612 Type of Material : Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.) Personal Name : Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Main Title : ... Hamlet, traduit par Andre Gide.Published/Created : [Paris] Gallimard [1946] Description : 2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1 -- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
LC Control No. : 47023612 LCCN Permalink : http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612 Type of Material : Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.) Personal Name : Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Main Title : ... Hamlet, traduit par Andre Gide.Published/Created : [Paris] Gallimard [1946] Description : 2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1 -- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
Work
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
LC Control No. : 47023612 LCCN Permalink : http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612 Type of Material : Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.) Personal Name : Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Main Title : ... Hamlet, traduit par Andre Gide.Published/Created : [Paris] Gallimard [1946] Description : 2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1 -- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
Expression
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
LC Control No. : 47023612 LCCN Permalink : http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612 Type of Material : Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.) Personal Name : Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Main Title : ... Hamlet, traduit par Andre Gide.Published/Created : [Paris] Gallimard [1946] Description : 2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1 -- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
Manifestation
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
LC Control No. : 47023612 LCCN Permalink : http://lccn.loc.gov/47023612 Type of Material : Book (Print, Microform, Electronic, etc.) Personal Name : Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Main Title : ... Hamlet, traduit par Andre Gide.Published/Created : [Paris] Gallimard [1946] Description : 2 p. l., 7-237, [2] p. 17 cm.
CALL NUMBER : PR2779.H3 G5Copy 1 -- Request in : Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or
Area Studies Reading Rms
Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet. French.
Item
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
“The FRBR revolution”
• User-oriented view of bibliographic data
• Catalogue as a database and not a replica of a card catalogue
• Re-thinking of current cataloguing theory and practice
• potential for interoperability within ALM, rights management, Semantic Web
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
The “FRBR family”
• FRBR: the original framework– All entities, focusing on Group 1
• FRAR (FRAD): Functional Requirements for Authority Records/Data– Focus on Group 2– Almost finished
• FRSAR: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records– Focus on Group3– Ongoing
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
User Tasks FRSAR (2006, 2007):Find one subject
entity or entities
Identify Select Obtain
Additional information about the subject entity
Bibliographic records or resources about this subject entity
Explore
FRBR (1998):FindIdentifySelectObtain
FRAD (2007):Find one entity or entities
Identify an entity
Contextualize, place in context,
explore relationships Justify the form of an access point
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRSAR
work themahas as subject
is subject of
has appellation
is appellation ofnomen
themahas appellation
is appellation ofnomen
Types of thema implementation-dependent
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Other developments
• Clarifications (expression entity, aggregates)
• Interpretation
• Harmonization with CIDOC CRM
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
CIDOC CRM: museum conceptual model
• “CRM” is for “Conceptual Reference Model”• Developed from 1996 on by ICOM CIDOC (International
Council of Museums – International Committee for Documentation)
• Maintained by CRM-SIG (Special Interest Group)• Accepted as ISO 21127 in September 2006• Covers any kind of data (“descriptive” or “authorities”)
created by museums in the fields of fine arts, archaeology, natural history…
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
FRBR/CRM Harmonisation• To reach a common view of cultural heritage information
(because we share users and types of materials)• To check FRBR’s internal consistency• To enable interoperability and integration (mediation
tools, Semantic Web applications…)• For FRBR’s and CIDOC CRM’s mutual benefit (to extend
the scope of both)• To open the way to future applications (semantic paths
between heterogeneous library and museum databases)
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Outcomes
• Draft of “FRBRoo” published for public comment
• Clarifications of FRBR (manifestation)• Modeling of processes• Publisher (intellectual) contribution• Clarification of concepts, definitions
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Obstacles to implementation of FRBR
• Conservative views• Legacy data• Model is perceived as ‘very abstract and
theoretical’• Open to interpretation (e.g. expression)• No data model, no cataloguing rules
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
But…
• FRBRisation experiments• Some prototypes (OCLC FictionFinder,…)
• VTLS
Some will be presented later
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Potential of FRBR
• National bibliographies
• Portals (clustering of results)
• Intellectual rights management
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Interoperability
• Within the library community– Acceptance within the community
• Development of the model• Cataloguing rules
– Real-life applications• Data model• Interface
– Legacy data• With other communities in the cultural heritage
sector• Other
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
On the frontier
• FRBRization
• How do non-librarians see the bibliographic universe?
• Development of prototypes
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
• Lack of user studies• Does FRBR really fit users?
Two possibilities:1. user studies of existing frbrized systems
(implementations may vary)2. studies of mental models
Pisanski & Žumer, ISKO 2008
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
1. There may not be a single mental model of the bibliographic universe
2. The more concrete the task, the closer people’s mental models are to FRBR; The more people think about bibliographic universe, the closer their mental models are to FRBR
3. Methodology employed works well
Pisanski & Žumer, ISKO 2008
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
What remains to be done
• Analysis of attributes
• Integration of the model(s) (FRBR, FRAD, FRSAR)
• More prototypes
• …
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
Is there a future for FRBR?
• Everybody agrees that traditional catalogues are not easy to use
• They are avoided
• Experiments show that FRBR is close to users’ mental models
• Today’s presentations (and discussions) will confirm the answer
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
A quote from my favourite book
Here is Edward Bear, coming downstairs now, bump, bump, bump, on the back of his head, behind Christopher Robin. It is, as far as he knows, the only way of coming downstairs, but sometimes he feels that there really is another way, if only he could stop bumping for a moment and think of it. And then he feels that perhaps there isn’t... (A.A. Milne, The House at Pooh Corner)
FRBR Workshop - Lisbon 9 Oct 2008
We need the change, because…
Tu deviens responsable pour toujours de ce que tu as apprivoisé.
(You become responsible, forever, for what you have tamed)
C'est véritablement utile puisque c'est joli (It is truly useful since it is beautiful)
(Antoine de Saint-Exupery 'The Little Prince')