Franzoi Chapter 06 Classical Conditioning

8/3/2019 Franzoi Chapter 06 Classical Conditioning

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Chapter 6: Behaviorism

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Observational Learning


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Behaviorism

Dominated Psychology in the first halfof the 20th Century.

Dealt with behavior only, not mentalprocesses.


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Classical or PavlovianConditioning

Ivan Pavlov

1849-1936

Russian physician/neurophysiologist

Nobel Prize, 1904

studied digestivesecretions


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Classical or PavlovianConditioning

Pavlovs device

for recordingsalivation


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Pavlovs Apparatus for Studying

Classical Conditioning in Dogs


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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning:Respondent Behavior

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and

automatically - triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

unlearned, naturally occurring response tothe unconditioned stimulus

salivation when food is in the mouth


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Classical Conditioning: RespondentBehavior

learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires thecapacity to elicit a response after being pairedwith another stimulus that naturally elicits thatresponse

Unconditioned response (UCR): automaticresponse to a stimulus

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): naturally andautomatically elicits a response

Conditioned response (CR): learned responseto a previously neutral stimulus

Conditioned stimulus (CS): after repeatedpairings with UCS, elicits the same response


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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning:Respondent Behavior

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

originally neutral stimulus that, after

association with an unconditioned stimulus,comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR)

learned response to a previously neutralconditioned stimulus


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Pavlovs Classic Experiment

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR(salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)


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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

UCS(passionatekiss) UCR

(sexualarousal)

CS(onionbreath)

CS(onionbreath) CR

(sexual

arousal)

UCS(passionate

Kiss) UCR(sexualarousal)


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Classical Conditioning


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Classic Conditioning Allows Animals to

Learn to Predict Events

Learning theorists once believed that thelearning in classical conditioning isunintentional and automatic (classic

behaviorism).

Most contemporary learning theorists nowbelieve classical conditioning involves quite abit ofmindfulness because, (through the

conditioning process) humans and otheranimals are learning to reliably predictupcoming events.


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Classic Conditioning Allows Animals to

Learn to Predict Events

Psychologists once believed that the key toacquiring a conditioned response was the

sheer number of CS-UCS pairings.

However, the order and timing of CS-UCSpairings is also very important because it

provides valuable information about theupcoming occurrence of the unconditionedstimulus.


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Utility: Avoiding aPredators Attack throughClassical ConditioningStep 1


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Avoiding a Predators Attack through

Classical ConditioningStep 2


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Avoiding a Predators Attack through

Classical ConditioningStep 3


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Stages in Classical (Pavlovian)Conditioning

Acquisition

the initial stage of learning, during which aresponse is established and graduallystrengthened

the phase associating a neutral stimulus withan unconditioned stimulus


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Stages in Classical (Pavlovian)Conditioning

Extinction: gradual weakening anddisappearance of the conditionedresponse

Spontaneous recovery: reappearance ofan extinguished response after a periodof nonexposure to the conditionedstimulus


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After Acquisition, Other Stimuli CanProduce the Conditioned Response

Stimulus generalization: tendency for a

conditioned response to be elicited bystimuli similar to the conditionedstimulus


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Generalization

Drops of saliva

in 30 seconds 6050403020100 Hindpaw Pelvis Shoulder Frontpaw

Thigh Trunk ForelegPart of body stimulated


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Animals Differ in What Responses Can Be

Classically Conditioned

Early learning theorists assumed that theprinciples of conditioning were similar acrossall species, but subsequent research indicates

that this assumption is incorrect. Animals often differ in what responses can

be conditioned.

In some animals, some responses can beconditioned much more readily to certainstimuli than to others.

An animals biology steers it towardcertain kinds of conditioning.


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Taste aversion study by Garcia and Koelling

Rats learned to avoid a light-noise combinationwhen it was paired with electric shock, but notwhen it was followed by X rays that made themnauseous.

In contrast, rats quickly learned to avoid flavoredwater when it was followed by X rays, but theydid not readily acquire an aversion to this samewater when it was followed by shock.

It is also adaptive that in taste aversion, strongconditioning develops despite the long delaybetween the CS (the taste) and the UCS (thenausea).


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Biological Constraints on Taste

Aversion in Rats


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Classically Conditioned Phobias

Phobias: exaggerated and irrational fears ofobjects or situations

Such intense fear reactions often develop throughclassical conditioning.

We can develop a phobia toward anything, but

some objects (snakes) or situations elicit phobicreactions more easily than others.


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Nausea Conditioning amongCancer Patients

UCS(drug)

UCR(nausea)

CS(waitingroom)

CS(waitingroom) CR

(nausea)

UCS(drug)

UCR(nausea)


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Little Alberts Fear Conditioning

UCS(loud noise)

UCR(fear)

CS(rat)

CS

(rat) CR(fear)

UCS(loud noise)

UCR(fear)

Stimulus similarto rat (such asrabbit)

Conditioned fear(generalization)


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John B. Watson: Famous Behaviorist

Conditioned Emotional Responding

Extreme Nurture (learning) position

Fear learned through stimulusgeneralization?

Emotion-evoking Advertising

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Franzoi Chapter 06 Classical Conditioning