Francis Fullgrabe CompleteShort

8/19/2019 Francis Fullgrabe CompleteShort

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1aSC1: Research on listeningefort: History and ,

and practice

Alexander L. FrancisSpeech, Language & Hearing Sciences

Purdue University

Christian Füllgrabe

!C "nstitute #$ Hearing !esearch%#ttingha, U'

()*th eeting #$ the Ac#ustical S#ciety #$ Aerica, Pittsburgh, PA,ay (+, -(

methods

theory


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History and Theory


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Listening Efort:A new look at an old prolem

/

0artie deands 1he ne2 c#gnitive psych#l#gy "ncreasing public a2areness


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Attention and Efort

Attenti#n is liited Structural 34b#ttlenec567 #dels

deeed inade8uate

Shi$t t# capacity #dels3res#urces7

Ass#ciati#n 2ith e9#rt:

4; voluntary attention is an

exertion of eort in activitieswhich are selected by moreenduring dispositions;6

< =aniel 'ahnean

>


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Two !or three" Types o#Capacity $odels

'ahnean 3(*?/7

%usbau & Sch2ab 3(*+?7

!@nnberg, et al. 3-(/7


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Efort, %orking $emory &Capacity

0#r5ing e#ry A bu9er #r ental 2#r5

space in 2hich in$#rati#nay be tep#rarily st#red

and anipulated 'n#2n t# be 8uite liited

$ten c#nsidered t# bethat 2hich is expended3liited res#urce7 Alth#ugh this is n#t the

#nly p#ssibility, c$. 4cr#ss<tal56 and 4dual c#de6#dels

)


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)er#ormance & CapacityAllocation

+4Eer5es


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*ss'es to consider

Lin5s bet2een attenti#n, e9#rt, capacityliitati#ns and 2#r5ing e#ry areattractive and sh#2 explanat#ry p#tential But their inter


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$ethods

(-


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+'anti#ying Efort

Sel$


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'al task methods

12# tas5s dra2 #nsae liitedres#urces Cann#t d# b#th

tas5s #ptially

!#le #$ Sec#ndary 1as5 4s#a5 up6 capacity

"ndex #$ available capacity

1as5s ust dra2 #n thesae 4p##l6 #$ res#urces r #ther etaph#r as desired

C##n tas5s e#ry l#ad

▪ "ntrinsic #r extrinsic

!#t#r pursuit

Jisual #nit#ring

(


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)sychophysiology

any physi#l#gicalresp#nses directlyrelated t# attenti#n,

e9#rt Aut#n#ic nerv#us

syste "nv#luntary, unc#nsci#us

easily accessible▪ C#paratively cheap

8uietpassive

!elated t# stress

(/


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The A'tonomic -er.o'sSystem

Hyp#thalaus Functi#ns related t#

survival Ind#crine syste

Appetite, teperature,e#ti#n, sleep, e#ry

Sypathetic Preparati#n $#r acti#n 4Fight #r Flight6

Parasypathetic !elaxati#n and repair 4!est and digest6

(>

Hypothalam'sAmygdala

Hippocamp's)ons

)it'itary


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)'pillary Response!dilation"

B#th sypathetic and parasypathetic

ne #$ the earliest easures #$ a9ectivestate Bellad#nna 3antich#linergic7

=ar2in #n e#ti#n 3=uchene7

Ass#ciated 2ith Pain, sexual ar#usal, n#velty, interest, etc.

ental activity▪ ental ultiplicati#n▪ Sh#rt ter e#ry 3digit recall7

▪ Sentential c#plexity, language translati#n

▪ Perceptual tas5 diKculty 3pitch discriinati#n7

%egative a9ect ay pr#duce c#nstricti#n 1ie c#urse is essential

(


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Some additional A-Smeas'res

Li5e pupillary resp#nse, reect ac#binati#n #$ central and end


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Central meas'res o#efort/capacity

He#dyanic 1ranscranial =#ppler 31C=7

▪ "ncreased tas5 diKculty c#rrelates2ith increased cerebral bl##d #2

$!" BL= resp#nse▪ Better l#caliati#n than 1C=

▪ Where is #re e9#rt

3res#urces#xygen7 beingc#nsuedN

!Structural iaging Mrey2hite atter v#lue

=i9usi#n 1ens#r "aging 3=1"7

(+


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Some Applications

(*


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0sing $eas'res o# Efort as*ndices o# Cogniti.e emand

-

Pupillary resp#nse t#speech


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Efort as a Clinical )rolem in*tsel#

By tapping into a consequence o hearing loss nototherwise captured by these standard audiometrictechniques, measures o listening eort and fatigue may

provide a more comprehensive evaluation o hearing

disability or each individual. < cMarrigle, et al. BSA Q2hite paperR See als#: i erger: cognitive audiology T 'raer, !@nnberg et

al.: cognitive hearing science; Pic#u, !ic5etts & H#rnsby, any#thers.

; although [oise !eduction" had no positive eect onspeech reception thresholds, it led to better

perormance on the word#memory tas$ and quic$erresponses in visual reaction times% # Sarapalis et al. 3--*7 dualtas5 study

(


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A note on Stress

A%S easures #$ e9#rt reect speciDc end


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Thanks #or Listening


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The )oster Session)rolem

Understanding speechin n#ise #r c#petingspeech is diKcult

"ncreasingly s# 2ith age,hearing l#ss

M#es bey#nd per$#rance 3intelligibility7

4" hear 2hat pe#ple say, but " d#nRt understand it.6

4" d#nRt g# t# restaurants uch any#re, itRs t## tiring.6

>


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Electrodermal Acti.ity!EA"

Ilectrical c#nductance acr#ss s5insur$ace due t# eccrine s2eat glandactivity Purely sypathetic

S5in C#nductance Level 3SCL7 1#nic

Ass#ciated 2ith alertness▪ 4U


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Electrocardiogram !EC"

Heart !ate 3Bl##d J#lue Pulse Peri#d7 =ecelerati#n: Preparati#n t# resp#nd 3anticipati#n7

▪ Pr##tes increased sensitivity t# stiulati#n

▪ SigniDes h#lding available capacity $#r #perati#ns #n expectedinput

▪ Als# ass#ciated 2ith increased ental e9#rt #r tas5 per$#rance

Accelerati#n: Mreater engageent 3per$#rance7▪ ccurs in tas5s re8uiring ental elab#rati#n, pr#ble s#lving

▪ SigniDes all#cati#n #$ pr#cessing capacity

any stiuli cause c#plex resp#nse #ver tie

Heart rate variability 3H!J7

Siple, e.g. !S #$ Successive =i9erences #$ peri#d Fre8uency dec#p#siti#n 3FF17

▪ P#tential t# distinguish c#gnitive e9#rt $r# stress 3Cacci#p# &

Sandan, (*?+7

▪ LF c#p#nents: Sypathetic

▪ HF: !espirat#ry Sinus Arrhythia

▪ Jagal cardiac c#ntr#l

)

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Francis Fullgrabe CompleteShort