France

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The Monarchy The Monarchy •Louis XVI (16) is Louis XVI (16) is married to Marie married to Marie Antoinette from Austria Antoinette from Austria •Louis XVI was Louis XVI was indecisive and had little indecisive and had little patience for governing.patience for governing.

•Marie Antoinette was Marie Antoinette was unpopular. unpopular. •““Madame Deficit” Madame Deficit”

French Economy in trouble French Economy in trouble

France is in debt because of the France is in debt because of the American Revolution and money spent American Revolution and money spent by the monarchy. by the monarchy.

People were paying heavy taxes that People were paying heavy taxes that made it hard to do business and make made it hard to do business and make money for the merchants, factory money for the merchants, factory owners and bankers.owners and bankers.

Estates General Estates General

Louis tried taxing the nobility to get Louis tried taxing the nobility to get money, but they forced him to call an money, but they forced him to call an Estates General meeting. Estates General meeting.

It was the first in 175 years to be held. It was the first in 175 years to be held.

Estates-GeneralEstates-General• 11stst= Church = Church

10% of the land10% of the land• 22nd =nd = nobles 2% nobles 2%

pop. Owned pop. Owned 20% of the land20% of the land

• 33rdrd= = bourgeoisie, bourgeoisie, urban lower urban lower class peasants class peasants 98% of pop. 98% of pop. Owned less than Owned less than 4% of the land4% of the land

33rdrd estate eager for change estate eager for change Meet together and each delegate get a Meet together and each delegate get a

vote-3vote-3rdrd estate has the most votes estate has the most votes

The National AssemblyThe National AssemblyJune 17, 1789 Vote passes—end of June 17, 1789 Vote passes—end of

absolute absolute monarchy monarchy

The National Assembly

The Bastille The Bastille

July 14July 14thth, a mob , a mob storms into the storms into the Bastille Bastille

Symbolic act for Symbolic act for the Revolution the Revolution

August 10August 10thth-20,000 people invade the -20,000 people invade the palace where the royal family was.palace where the royal family was.

royal guards killed royal guards killed

royal family imprisoned royal family imprisoned Great Fear-panic throughout France Great Fear-panic throughout France

Riots over prices of bread Riots over prices of bread Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

returned to Paris from Versailles returned to Paris from Versailles

Terror in France

Reforms Reforms

National Assembly National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenthe Citizen

men are born and remain free and men are born and remain free and equal in rights (liberty, property, equal in rights (liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression)security, and resistance to oppression)Equal justice, freedom of speech, and Equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion freedom of religion

National Assembly

1791 Louis XVI agreed to National 1791 Louis XVI agreed to National Assembly’s new constitution—limited Assembly’s new constitution—limited constitutional monarchy constitutional monarchy

Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly

power to create laws and to approve power to create laws and to approve reject declarations of war(king has reject declarations of war(king has

power to enforce laws)power to enforce laws)

Constitutional Monarchy

Constitution of 1791-Constitution of 1791-declared the king declared the king deposed—abolished deposed—abolished the monarchy and the monarchy and France becomes a France becomes a republicrepublic

New government=the New government=the National Convention National Convention

Sept. 21 Sept. 21 Jacobins take control.Jacobins take control.

Monarchy Abolished

Louis XVI tried Louis XVI tried for treason. He for treason. He is found guilty is found guilty and was and was sentenced to sentenced to death (January death (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette killed as well killed as well

Guillotine Guillotine

War War France continues to France continues to

fight outside forces fight outside forces such as Austria and such as Austria and Prussia along with Prussia along with Great Britain, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain Holland, and Spain

Coalition Army Coalition Army

1793-300,0001793-300,000

1794-800,0001794-800,000

Why was Louis XVI killed?Why was Louis XVI killed?

Do world leaders run the risk of being Do world leaders run the risk of being replaced in a revolution?replaced in a revolution?

How has the United States avoided How has the United States avoided violent revolution? violent revolution?

Can you give a definition of social Can you give a definition of social contract?contract?

Making the ConnectionMaking the Connection

Reign of Terror Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre-Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre-Jacobin

leader leader Republic of VirtueRepublic of Virtue

wiping out the trace of wiping out the trace of France’s past France’s past

calendarcalendar

12 months of 30 days12 months of 30 days

renamed months renamed months

no Sundays- religion was no Sundays- religion was dangerous dangerous

July 1793- Robespierre became July 1793- Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public leader of the Committee of Public Safety Safety

Meant to protect France from its Meant to protect France from its enemies enemies

Most of the enemies were usually Most of the enemies were usually fellow radials who challenged fellow radials who challenged him. him.

Thousands of people sent to their Thousands of people sent to their death (about 4,000)death (about 4,000)

about 85% were peasants or about 85% were peasants or urban class urban class

July 1794-July 1794-

Robespierre arrested Robespierre arrested and executed-July and executed-July 2828

Shift in public Shift in public opinion—too much opinion—too much terror terror

Skyrocketing prices Skyrocketing prices for bread, salt still for bread, salt still existexist

New Government New Government 1795—31795—3rdrd new government put into new government put into

place place

Power in the hands of upper middle Power in the hands of upper middle class and had two-house legislation class and had two-house legislation (Bicameral) (Bicameral)

Executive bodyExecutive body Five men (The Directory) Five men (The Directory)

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte

Born in Corsica 1769 Born in Corsica 1769 9 years old when he went 9 years old when he went

to military school to military school 1785-a lieutenant in old 1785-a lieutenant in old

government’s militarygovernment’s military Post Revolution he joined Post Revolution he joined

the new Government the new Government Military hero as head of the Military hero as head of the

French army French army

Coup d’état Coup d’état Coup d’état: “blow to Coup d’état: “blow to

the state” and a the state” and a sudden seizure of sudden seizure of power power

Directory dissolved Directory dissolved

Napoleon becomes Napoleon becomes dictator dictator

The good things about The good things about the Age of Napoleonthe Age of Napoleon

1799-18151799-1815 Established peaceEstablished peace Developed a plebiscite: vote on Developed a plebiscite: vote on

new Constitution new Constitution Restored orderRestored order

Restoring OrderRestoring Order1.1.Economic: national bankEconomic: national bank

2.2.Social: promotion for merit not Social: promotion for merit not family & nobility allowed to returnfamily & nobility allowed to return

3.3.Religion: RCC official religion but Religion: RCC official religion but everyone worship as they pleasedeveryone worship as they pleased

4.4.Legal: Napoleonic CodeLegal: Napoleonic Code

Napoleonic Code:Napoleonic Code:

1.1. Equality under the lawEquality under the law

2.2. Censored newspapersCensored newspapers

3.3. Woman could not hold propertyWoman could not hold property

4.4. Restored slavery in the Restored slavery in the CaribbeanCaribbean

5.5. None of the codes applied to None of the codes applied to NapoleonNapoleon

Making the ConnectionMaking the Connection

What would you give up in What would you give up in exchange for order? exchange for order?

Napoleon Heads Off to Conquer the Napoleon Heads Off to Conquer the WorldWorld

““napoleon complex”napoleon complex”

Time LineTime Line 1799: came to power as 1799: came to power as

dictatordictator 1803: Louisiana 1803: Louisiana

PurchasePurchase 1804: self proclaimed 1804: self proclaimed

Emperor of FranceEmperor of France 1805: Battle of Trafalgar1805: Battle of Trafalgar 1808: Most of Europe 1808: Most of Europe

under his controlunder his control 1815-1821: attempts to 1815-1821: attempts to

take over Russia and take over Russia and thus Asiathus Asia

1821: dies1821: dies

The French Empire The French Empire

Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, In 1803, Napoleon sold Napoleon sold the Louisiana the Louisiana Purchase to Purchase to the United the United States for $15 States for $15 million. million.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

The Battle of Trafalgar, The Battle of Trafalgar, 18051805 Napoleon wants a Napoleon wants a

European empire European empire Napoleon’s only major loss Napoleon’s only major loss Admiral Horatio Nelson—Admiral Horatio Nelson—

British British Napoleon decided not to Napoleon decided not to

invade Great Britaininvade Great Britain

The Continental SystemThe Continental System In 1806, a In 1806, a

blockade was set blockade was set up to prevent up to prevent trade from Great trade from Great Britain to Europe. Britain to Europe.

Britain responded Britain responded with its own with its own blockade.blockade. Caused War of Caused War of

1812 against the 1812 against the United States United States

SpainSpainKing of Spain= King of Spain= Napoleon’s brother Napoleon’s brother JosephJosephSpanish used Spanish used Guerilla tactics. Guerilla tactics. Peninsular War Peninsular War Nationalism had Nationalism had people fighting people fighting against Napoleon. against Napoleon.

RussiaRussia Napoleon invaded Russia Napoleon invaded Russia

in June 1812.in June 1812. Czar (tzar, tsar) Alexander Czar (tzar, tsar) Alexander

I refused to stop selling I refused to stop selling grain to Britaingrain to Britain

Scorched earth policyScorched earth policy

Napoleon's Rule Comes to an Napoleon's Rule Comes to an EndEnd

Napoleon faces a coalition army outside Napoleon faces a coalition army outside Leipzig and is defeated.Leipzig and is defeated.

Coalition: Great Britain, Prussia Coalition: Great Britain, Prussia (Germany), Russia, Austria, Sweden(Germany), Russia, Austria, Sweden

1814 exiled to the island of Elba1814 exiled to the island of Elba 100 days100 days 06-18-1815 Waterloo06-18-1815 Waterloo Exiled to St. HelenaExiled to St. Helena Died 1821 @ age 52Died 1821 @ age 52

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna November 1814 to November 1814 to

June 1815. June 1815. Heads of European Heads of European

governments came governments came together for together for security and security and stability for Europestability for Europe

Klemens von Klemens von Metternich of Metternich of Austria Austria

Balance of power Balance of power