Framework Core - Frappier Russell

7/21/2019 Framework Core - Frappier Russell

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ADI 2010 1Lab Name File Title

Framework CoreFramework Core..........................................................................................................................................................1

**Shells ...................................................................................................................................... .... 52AC Framework Shell.................................................................................................................................................61NC Framework Shell.................................................................................................................................................71NC Framework Shell.................................................................................................................................................81NC Framework Shell.................................................................................................................................................91NC Framework Shell...............................................................................................................................................102NC Overview...........................................................................................................................................................11Coverstone: Oasis key to !"#ation...........................................................................................................................12A$%: &it#hell.............................................................................................................................................................1'A$%: &it#hell.............................................................................................................................................................1(Framework ) A2: S*anos......................................................................................................................................... ..1+Framework ) A2: ,i#ks - reen...............................................................................................................................16Framework ) A2: ,i#ks - reen...............................................................................................................................17A%: /o" #l"!e Criti "es.........................................................................................................................................18A%: a! 3oli#ymakers................................................................................................................................................19A%: /o" Create S*e#tators..........................................................................................................................................20A%: 4 3re#e!es Fairness$ ro"n!................................................................................................................... .......... ..21A$%: 5"les iolen#e................................................................................................................................................223oli#y Framework oo!............................................................................................................................................2'3oli#y Framework oo!............................................................................................................................................2(3oli#ymakin Framework oo! ) nternational aw.................................................................................................2+Fiat oo! ) 4ey to !"#ation....................................................................................................................................26A%: Fiat is ;to*ian..................................................................................................................................................... 275ole*layin oo!......................................................................................................................................................285ole*layin oo!......................................................................................................................................................295ole*layin oo!......................................................................................................................................................'0A%: 5esolve! ) Colon &eans n!ivi!"als............................................................................................................... ...'1A%:


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***Swit$h&Si'e Debate*** ............................................................................................ ............. 512NC Swit#h>Si!e tension.......................................................................................................................................+22NC A%: Swit#h>Si!e 4ills A!vo#a#y........................................................................................................................+'2NC A%: Swit#h>Si!e Ca"ses 5elativism................................................................................................................... +(

***Shi(el% Debate*** ................................................................................................................. 552NC Shively tension..............................................................................................................................................+6

***L)t Debate*** ........................................................................................................... .......... 5#2NC "t@ tension...................................................................................................................................................+8

***+o,,s Debate*** ........................................................................................................ .......... . 5-2NC o s tension................................................................................................................................................602NC A%: =eDate So#ial &ovements......................................................................................................................612NC A*oliti#al %heori@in =oes Nothin ........................................................................................................... .......622NC A*oliti#al %heori@in =oes Nothin ........................................................................................................... .......6'2NC 3oli#y =eDate Can n?l"en#e 3oli#ymakers.......................................................................................................6(2NC %heory %ra!es O??


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ADI 2010Lab Name File Title

** eneri$ 6 Answers ................................................................................................ ................. -1A2: #l"!e the State 3 C..........................................................................................................................................92A2: 4 o? *istemolo y ) No Alt................................................................................................................................9'A2: an "a e 3 Cs ) "tler......................................................................................................................................9(A2: an "a e 3 Cs ) "tler......................................................................................................................................9+A2: an "a e 4Gs >> rown..................................................................................................................................... ..96A2: an "a e 4Gs ) ,i#ks................................................................................................................................... ......97A2: an "a e 4Gs ) 5oskoski....................................................................................................................................98A2: 4 ) 3erm ) eneri# ) A2: Contra!i#tions a!....................................................................................................99A2: 4 ) 3erm ) eneri# ) Coalitions.......................................................................................................................100A%: eneri# Alt........................................................................................................................................................ 101A2: 3re!i#tions a!.................................................................................................................................................102A*o#aly*ti# ma ery oo! ) So#ial Chan e...........................................................................................................10'A*o#aly*ti# ma ery oo! ) So#ial Chan e...........................................................................................................10(A*o#aly*ti# ma ery ) Alt Fails..............................................................................................................................10+A%: Narrative................................................................................................................................................... ........ 106A2: eneri# io*ower inks...................................................................................................................................107

io*ower oo! ) =emo#ra#y..................................................................................................................................108%;5N ) %he Alt in#reases io*ower.......................................................................................................................109%;5N ) %he Alt in#reases io*ower.......................................................................................................................110%;5N ) 5eHe#tin io*ower iolen#e................................................................................................................111Alt Fails ) io*ower eneral...................................................................................................................................112Alt Fails ) io*ower is too stron ............................................................................................................................11'Alt Fails ) io*ower nevitaDle................................................................................................................................11(Alt Fails ) io*ower nevitaDle................................................................................................................................11+Alt Fails ) io*ower nevitaDle................................................................................................................................116Alt Fails ) io*ower nevitaDle................................................................................................................................117Alt Fails ) io*ower %oo Com*le .......................................................................................................................... 118

O3O< 5 I &3AC%..................................................................................................................................... .....119O3O< 5 I &3AC%.......................................................................................................................................... 120


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ADI 2010 !Lab Name File Title

***6ritiks oo'*** .................................................................................................................. 1212AC ) =eDate Can e ;se! For &ovements...........................................................................................................122State>Centri#ity a! ) A en#y................................................................................................................................ .12'State>Centri#ity ) m*a#t: iolen#e........................................................................................................... .......... ....12(State>Centri#ity ) m*a#t: !"#ation.......................................................................................................................12+State>Centri#ity ) m*a#t: A en#y................................................................................................................. ......... .126State>Centri#ity ) m*a#t: !entity...................................................................................................................... .....1275e*s Sha*e 3oli#y....................................................................................................................................................1284nowle! e is S"DHe#tive..........................................................................................................................................129Ontolo y First......................................................................................................................................................... .1'0Ontolo y First......................................................................................................................................................... .1'13re!i#taDility a!.....................................................................................................................................................1'2

imits a!...............................................................................................................................................................1''imits a!...............................................................................................................................................................1'(ink ) #l"sion..................................................................................................................................................... .1'+

A2: /o" ea! to No imits ..................................................................................................................................1'6A2: imits nevitaDle...............................................................................................................................................1'7A2: /o" ea! to m*li#it imits ...........................................................................................................................1'8A$%: Shively.............................................................................................................................................................1'93oli#y &akin a!..................................................................................................................................................1(0A2: 3oli#y>Only Fo#"s oo! ...............................................................................................................................1(1A2: 3oli#y>Only Fo#"s oo! ...............................................................................................................................1(2A2: 3oli#ymakin 4 to Solve ...............................................................................................................................1('A2:


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**Shells


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ADI 2010 /Lab Name File Title

2AC Framework ShellA. 7)r interpretation is that the a88irmati(e sho)l' be able to wei,h the a'(anta,es o8 theplan a,ainst the kritik alternati(e9 whi$h m)st be ena$te' b% the nite' States 8e'eral,o(ernment.

+. "iolation : the% 'on;t let )s wei,h the a88 an' their a88 is not ena$te' b% the S8,

C. "ote Ne,1< 4lan 8o$)s : o)r 8ramework ens)res a stable lo$)s 8or links an' the $omparison o8 alternati(es.Alternati(e 8rameworks whi$h 'o not ens)re that the plan is the startin,&point o8 the 'ebate make$on8)sion an' =)',e inter(ention ine(itable.

2< ro)n' : there are an in8inite n)mber o8 )npre'i$table 6 8rameworks9 6 links9 an' 6 impa$ts.For$in, the a88 to 'ebate in the ne, 8ramework moots the 1AC. +e$a)se the 6 $o)l' literall% beabo)t an%thin,9 their so&$alle' 8ramework 'estro%s a88 ,ro)n' be$a)se we $an ne(er pre'i$t whatwe;ll ha(e to $ompare o)r plan to. (en i8 there;s some ,ro)n' 8or )s to respon' to their ar,9 it;s

not ,oo' or pre'i$table an' losin, the 1AC p)ts )s at an inherent 'isa'(anta,e.< Topi$&spe$i8i$ e')$ation : onl% 'ebates abo)t the plan translate into e')$ation abo)t the topi$.

There wo)l' be no reason to swit$h topi$s e(er% %ear i8 not 8or plan&8o$)s 'ebate. 6 8rameworksen$o)ra,e )ltra&,eneri$s like the >state ba'; 6 that are stale an' )ne')$ational.

Fail)re to en,a,e the politi$al pro$ess t)rns the a88irmati(e into spe$tators who arepowerless to pro')$e real $han,e.?ort% -3 E*ro? o? *hiloso*hy at Stan?or!J 5i#har!J 1998J a#hievin o"r #o"ntry J 3 . 7>9 KFS

S"#hpeople 8in' pri'e in Ameri$an $iti enship impossi ble9 an'vi oro"sparti$ipation in ele$toral politi$s pointless.The% asso$iate Ameri$an patriotism withan en!orsement o?atro$ities: the im*ortation o? A?ri#an slavesJ the sla" hter o? NativeAmeri#ansJ the ra*e o? an#ient ?orestsJ an! the ietnam !is "st De#omes vivi! when one #om*ares novels like Snow Crashan! Almana# o? the =ea! with so#ialist novels o? the ?irst hal? o? the #ent"ry>Dooks like %he K"n leJ An Ameri#an %ra e!yJ an! %he ra*es o? #omm"nitarian rhetori# was at the heart o? the 3ro ressive&ovement an! the New =eal. t set the tone ?or the Ameri#an e?t !"rin the ?irst si !e#a!es o? the twentieth #ent"ry.


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ADI 2010 #Lab Name File Title

1NC Framework ShellIF T ? AD A 4LAN T ET(0 KFSAristotle notes in the 3oliti#s thatpoliti$al theor% sim"ltaneo"slypro$ee's at three levelsQ 'is$o)rse abo)t the i'eal JaDo"t the Dest *ossiDle in the real worl!Jan' aDo"te istin, politi$al s%stems.( 3"t another wayJ #om*rehensive *oliti#al theorym"st ask several !i??er ent kin!s o? "estions that are linke!J yet !istin "ishaDle. n or!er to "n!erstan! the interlo#kin set o? "estionsthat *oliti#al theory #an askJima,ine a $ontin))m stret#hin ?rom le?t to ri ht.At the en' J to the ri htJis an i'eal ?orm o?

overnmentJ a *er?e#tly wro" ht #onstr"#t *ro!"#e! Dy the ima ination.At the other en' is the *er?e#t'%stopiaJ the most *er?e#tly wret#he! system that the h"man ima ination #an *ro!"#e. Stret#hinbetween these two e tremesis an in8i nite seto8 possibilitiesJ mer in into one anotherJ that !es#riDe the lo i#al *ossiDilities #reate! Dy the #hara#teristi#s !e?inin the en! *oints.For e am*leJ a *oliti#al system !e?ine! *rimarily Dye )alit% wo)l' ha(e a *er?e#tlyine,alitarian s%stem !es#riDe!atthe other en' J an! the *ossiDle states o? Dein Detween them wo"l! vary *rimarily in the e tent to whi#h they emDo!ie! e "ality. Ani!eal !e?ine! *rimarily Dy liDerty wo"l! #reate a !i??erent set o? *ossiDilities Detween the e tremes. O? #o"rseJ(isions o8 the i'eal o?tenare inevitaDly more$omple than these sin le>val"e e am*les in!i#ateJ D"t it is also tr"e thatin or'er to ima,ine ani'eal state o8 a88airs a kin' o8 simpli 8i$ation is almost alwaysre )ire' sin#e normal states o? a??airs invariaDly *resentthemselves to h"man #ons#io"sness as #om*li#ate!J o*a "eJ an! to a si ni?i#ant e tent in!eterminate. A non>ironi# rea!in o? 3latoLs5e*"Dli# lea!s one to #on#l"!e that the #reation o? these visions o? the i!eal #hara#teri@es *oliti#al *hiloso*hy. %his is not the #ase.Any person can generate a vision of the ideal. One HoD o?politi$al philosoph% is to ask the

)estion Is this i'eal worth p)rs)in,O +e8ore the )estion $an be p)rs)e' J howeverJthe i'eal state o8a88airs m)st be $lari8ie'Jespe$iall% with respe$t to #on#e*t"al *re#ision an!the lo,i$al relationship betweenthe proposi tions that 'es$ribe the i'eal . This *re>theoreti#alanal%sis raises the vision o? thei'eal 8rom them)n'ane to a le(el where tr"e *hiloso*hi#al analysisJ an! the #are?"l$omparison with e istin, s%stems $anpro$ee' 8r)it8)ll%. %he *ro#ess o? *re>theoreti#al analysisJ *roDaDly De#a"se it works on #lari?yin i!eas that most #a*t"re theh"man ima inationJ too o?ten looks to some like the entire enter*rise o? *oliti#al *hiloso*hy.+ ,oweverJ the val"e o? Kean>Ka# "es5o"ssea"Ls #on#e*t o? the eneral


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1NC Framework ShellAban'onin, politi$s $e'es it to the elites : $a)ses war9 sla(er%9 an' a)thoritarianism+o,,s 2k ECA5O O SJ 3F 3O % CA SC NC ) SO;%, 5N CA FO5N AJ 00J %, N= OF 3O % CSJ 2+0>1

"t it is a very !e#e*tive an! mislea!in minimalism.@hile 7akeshott 'eb)nks politi$al me$hanisms an! rational *lannin J

as either "seless or

'an,ero)s9 the a#t"ally

e istin, power str)$t)re>re*lete with its own #entrali@e! state a**arat"sJ

instit"tional hierar#hiesJ #ons#io"s !esi nsJ an! in!ee!J rational *lans>remains 8)ll% inta$t9 ins)late' 8rom the minimalist$riti )e. n other wor!sJ i!eolo ies an! *lans are *er?e#tly a##e*taDle ?or elites who *resi!e over estaDlishe! overnin systemsJ D"t no?or or!inary #iti@ens or ro"*s an io"s to #hallen e the stat"s "o. S"#h one>si!e!minimalism ,i(es $arte blan$he to eliteswho nat)rall% 'esire as m"#h s*a#e to mane"ver as *ossiDle. %he ?li ht ?rom aDstra#t *rin#i*les r"les o"t ethi#al atta#ks oninH"sti#es that may *erva!e the stat"s "o Esla(er% or imperialist warsJ ?or e am*leinso8ar as those in=)sti$es mi,ht be seen astoo !ee*lyembe''e' in the so$ial an! instit"tionalmatri o? the timeto be the tar,et o8 oppositional politi$ala$tion. I8 politi$s is re')$e' to nothin, other than a pro$ess o8 e(er%'a% m)''lin,&thro),h9 then peopleare $on'emne' to a$$ept the harsh realities o8 an e ploitati(e an' a)thoritarian s%stem9 with no #hoi#e D"t toyiel! to the !i#tates o? #onventional wis!om .S%stemati$ attempts to ameliorate oppressi(e $on'itions wo)l'J inOakeshottGs viewJt)rn into a politi$al ni,htmare . A Delie? that totalitarianism mi ht res"lts ?rom e treme attem*ts to *"t so#iety inor!er is one thin to ar "e that all *oliti#i@e! e??orts to #han e the worl! are ne#essary !oome! either to im*oten#e or totalitarianismre "ires a #om*letely !i??erent Ean! in!e?ensiDle set o? *remises. OakeshottGs minimalism *oses yet anotherJ D"t still relate!J ran e o? *roDlems:the shrinka,e o8 politi$s har'l% s),,ests that $orporate $oloni ation9 so$ial hierar$hies9 or

$entrali e' state an' militar% instit)tions will ma,i$all% 'isappear ?rom *eo*leGs lives. Far ?rom it:the p)bli$spa$e (a$ate' b% or'inar% $iti ensJ well in?orme! an! rea!y to ?i ht ?or their interestsJsimpl% ,i(es elites more room to$onsoli'ate their own power an! *rivile e. eyon! thatJthe 8ra,mentation an! #haoso8 a obbesian $i(il so$iet%Jnot too ?ar remove! ?rom the e #essive in!ivi!"alismJ so#ial =arwinism an! "rDan violen#e o? the Ameri#an lan!s#a*e$o)l' open the'oor to a mo'ern Le(iathan intent on restorin or!er an! "nity in the ?a#e o? so#ial !isinte ration. iewe! in this li htJthe #ontem*orary'ri8t towar's antipoliti$s mi,ht set the sta,e 8or a reassertion o8 politi$s in more a)thoritarianan' rea$tionar% ,)ise >or it #o"l! sim*ly en! "* rein?or#in the !ominant state>#or*orate system. n either #aseJ the state wo"l! *roDaDly De#ome what ,oDDes anti#i*ate!: the emDo!iment o? those "niversalJ #olle#tive interests that ha! vanishe! ?rom #ivil so#iety.16An! either o"t#ome wo"l! r"n #o"nter to the ?a#ile antirationalism o? OakeshottGs "rkean m"!!lin >thro" h theories.


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2NC 7(er(iew ke% ar,)ments in this 'ebate

1. Swit$h&Si'e 'ebate sol(es all o8 the a88irmati(e;s o88ense : all o8 %o)r reasons wh% %o)r

kritik is ,oo' $an be ran while %o) are ne,ati(e witho)t a blatant (iolation o8 the resol)tion2. Shi(el% : this pre$e'es all other )estions : we $annot e(en 'ebate )ntil we know the$on'itions9 s)b=e$ts9 an' limits o8 this 'ebate : %o) $an;t e(al)ate the $ontent o8 their$laims )ntil r)les ha(e been set )p

. +o,,s : we are the onl% ones with an e ternal impa$t : i8 we 8ail to en,a,e politi$s9 thenelites 8ill the (a$))m who p)sh 8orth imperialist9 oppressi(e a,en'as


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Co(erstone 7asis ke% to ')$ationDebate m)st be isolate' 8rom the p)bli$ sphere to e88e$ti(el% tea$h the skills that are$riti$al to s)$$ess in the p)bli$ sphereAlanCo(erstoneJ 5 AN% = A% %, O5 S%J1--5 J An nwar! lan#e: A 5es*onse %o &it#hellLsO"twar! A#tivist %"rnJ =5 J ;5 : htt*:$$www.w?".e!"$St"!ent>or ani@ations$!eDate$&is#Sites$=5 Arti#les$Coverstone199+China.htm

&it#hellLs ar "ment "n!erestimates the nat"re o? a#a!emi# !eDate in three ways. First9 'ebate trains st)'ents in the (er%skills re )ire' 8or na(i,ation in the p)bli$ sphere o8 the in8ormation a,e. n the *astJ *oliti#al !is#o"rse was#ontrolle! Dy those elements who #ontrolle! a##ess to in?ormation.


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A T Pit$hellPit$hell $han,e' his min'. Fiat&oriente' 'ebate is better than the a$ti(ist mo'el.

or!on Pit$hellJ !eDate #oa#h at 3ittsD"r hJ Nov 092002J htt*:$$www.n!t#e!a.#om$ar#hives$200211$01'6.html3oliti#allyI ha(e mo(e' )ite a bit sin$e 1--39 when I wrote that 'ebate instit)tions sho)l' pa% more

attention to ar,)mentati(e a,en$%J i.e. #"ltivation o? skills that ?a#ilitate translation o? #riti#al thinkin J *"Dli# s*eakin J an! resear#h a#"men into #on#rete e em*lars o? !emo#rati# em*owerment. a#k thenI washi,hl% skepti$al o8 the laborator% mo'el o8 preparator% pe'a,o,%9 where st)'ents were kept9 b%8iat9 in the pro(erbial pe'a,o,i$al b)llpen . Now I respe$t m)$h more the (al)e o8 a prote$te' spa$ewhere %o)n, people $an e periment politi$all% b% takin, ima,inar% positionsJ 'ri(in, the he)risti$pro$ess b% ar,)in, a,ainst their $on(i$tions. n ?a#tJthe inte,rit% o8 this spa$e $o)l' be $ompromise'b% a$ti(ist t)rn initiati(es 'esi,ne' to bri',e $ontest ro)n' a'(o$a$% with politi$al a$ti(ism. These'a%s I ha(e m)$h more $on8i'en$e in the importan$e an' ne$essit% o8 swit$h&si'e 'ebatin,9 an' thehe)risti$ (al)e 8or 'ebaters o8 ar,)in, a,ainst their $on(i$tions. I think 8ashionin, $ompetiti(e 'ebate$ontest ro)n's as isolate' an' politi$all% prote$te' sa8e spa$es 8or $omm)ni$ati(e e perimentationmakes sense. ,oweverJ worry that a narrow !iet o? #om*etitive #ontest ro"n! !eDatin #o"l! starvest"!ents o? o**ort"nities to e *erien#e the ri#h *oliti#al valen#e o? their !eDatin a#tivities.

D +AT S 7 LD + IS7LAT D&&ATT P4TS T7 E4AND INT7 T 4 +LICS4 ? 9 CA S LIT C7L7NIQATI7N 7F D +AT 9 C? S IN 47LITICALDISC7 ?S .AlanCo(erstoneJ 5 AN% = A% %, O5 S%J1--5 J An nwar! lan#e: A 5es*onse %o &it#hellLs O"twar! A#tivist %"rnJ=5 J ;5 : htt*:$$www.w?".e!"$St"!ent>or ani@ations$!eDate$&is#Sites$=5 Arti#les$Coverstone199+China.htm

Se#on!J &it#hellLs ar "ment "n!erestimates the risks asso#iate! with an o"twar! t"rn. In'i(i')als traine' in the art an'pra$ti$e o8 'ebate are9 in'ee'9 well s)ite' to the task o8 enterin, the politi$al worl'. At some "ns*e#i?ie! *oint in oneLs trainin J the same motivation an! ?o#"s that has #ons"me! &it#hell will also #ons"me most o? "s. At that *ointJ *oliti#ala#tion De#omes a *ro*er en!eavor . owe(er9 all o8 the members o8 the a$a'emi$ 'ebate $omm)nit% will notrea$h that point to,ether. A politi$al o)twar' t)rn threatens to $orr)pt the oasis in two wa%s. It makeso)r oasis a tar,et9 an' it threatens to politi$i e the trainin, pro$ess. As lon, as 'ebate appears to be8o$)se' inwar'l%9 politi$al elites will not 8eel threatene'. et one o8 Pit$hellBs primar% $on$erns isre$o,nition o8 o)r oasis in the politi$al worl'. In this worl' we 8a$e well traine' in8ormation mana,ers.Sensin, a threat 8rom 'ebate9 the% will be,in to in8iltrate o)r spa$e. 5ea!y ma!e in?ormation willin#rease an! !eDaters will eat it "*.Not %et able to tr)l% 'is$ern the relati(e (al)es o8 in8ormation9 %o)n,'ebaters will e(ent)all% be in8l)en$e' 'ramati$all% b% the in8iltration o8 politi$al elites. ?etainin, o)rpresent anon%mit% in politi$al li8e o88ers a better hope 8or rein(i,oratin, politi$al 'is$o)rse. As perhapsthe onl% tr)l% non&partisan spa$e in Ameri$an politi$al so$iet%9 a$a'emi$ 'ebate hol's the last realpossibilit% 8or trainin, a$ti(e politi$al parti$ipants. Nowhere else are people allowe'9 let aloneen$o)ra,e'9 to test all manner o8 politi$al i'eas. %his is the *ro#ess thro" h whi#h !eDaters learn what they Delieve an! why they Delieve it. n many ways this nat"ral evol"tion is ma!e *ossiDle Dy the isolation o? the !eDate #omm"nity. An e am*le sho"l! hel* ill"strate this i!ea.

ike many yo"n !eDatersJ learne! a reat !eal aDo"t so#ialism early on. %his was not #ramme! !own my throat. 5atherJ learne! aDo"t the iss"e in the?ree ?low o? in?ormation that is !eDate. %he intri "e o? thisJ an! other o"tmo!e! *oliti#al ar "mentsJ was in its relative "n?amiliarity. 5ea!in so#ialistliterat"re avi!lyJ was rea!y to take on the worl!. /et only ha! one si!e o? the story. was an easy mark ?or the *resent *oliti#al *owers. NeverthelessJ !e#i!e! to ?i ht City ,all. ha! re#eive! a *arkin ti#ket whi#h ?elt was "n?airly iss"e!. ;naDle to #onvin#e the *arkin !e*artment to see it my wayJ went strai ht to the to*. wrote the &ayor a letter. n this letterJ a##"se! the #ity o? e *loitation o? its #iti@ens ?or the *"r*ose o? #a*ital a##"m"lation. *resente! a stron &ar ist #riti "e o? *arkin meters in my town. %he mayorLs re*ly was sim*le an! strai ht?orwar!. ,e #alle! me a #omm"nist. ,e sai! was Dein silly an! sho"l! *ay the ti#ket. was #om*letely emDarrasse! Dy the entire e #han e. tho" ht was rea!y to start the revol"tion. n realityJ wasnLt even rea!y to s*eak to the &ayor. !i! learn ?rom the e *erien#eJ D"t !i! not learn what or!on mi ht have ho*e!. learne! to sto* rea!in"seless material an! to kee* my o*inions to mysel?.

=o we really want to ?or#e st"!ents into that ty*e o? sit"ationR wrote the mayor on my own. =eDaters will e *eriment with *oliti#al a#tivism on their own.%his is all *art o? the nat"ral im*"lse ?or a#tivism whi#h !eDate ins*ires. /etJ in the absen$e o8s"#h in'i(i')al moti(ation9 ano)twar' t)rn threatens to short $ir$)it the learnin, pro$ess. Debate sho)l' $apitali e on its isolation.@e $an tea$h o)r st)'ents to e amine all si'es o8 an iss)e an' rea$h in'i(i')al $on$l)sions be8ore we8or$e them into politi$al e $han,es. To premat)rel% t)rn 'ebaters o)t threatens to )n'o the positi(epotential o8 in(ol(ement in 'ebate.

A T Pit$hellD +AT AS ACTI"ISP F7?C S A 7P7 NIQIN A NDA9 C? S IN47LITICAL DISC7 ?S .


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AlanCo(erstoneJ 5 AN% = A% %, O5 S%J1--5 J An nwar! lan#e: A 5es*onse %o &it#hellLsO"twar! A#tivist %"rnJ =5 J ;5 : htt*:$$www.w?".e!"$St"!ent>or ani@ations$!eDate$&is#Sites$=5 Arti#les$Coverstone199+China.htm

&y thir!J an! ?inal rea#tion to &it#hellLs *ro*osalJ tar ets his !esire ?or mass a#tion.The 'an,er is that wewill repla$e mass $ontrol o8 the me'ia ,o(ernment elite with a mass $ontrol o8 o)r own elite. The,reatest (irt)e o8 a$a'emi$ 'ebate is its abilit% to tea$h people that the% $an an' m)st make their own

'e$isions. An o)twar' t)rn9 or,ani e' alon, the lines o8 mass a$tion9 threatens to homo,eni e thein'i(i')al members o8 the 'ebate $omm)nit%. S)$h an o)t$ome will9 at best9 politi$i e an' 8ra$t)re o)r$omm)nit%. At worst9 it will $oer$e people to parti$ipate be8ore makin, their own 'e$isions.=eDate trains *eo*le to make !e#isions Dy investi atin the s"Dtle n"an#es o? *"Dli# *oli#ies.


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Framework : A2 SpanosTheir Spanos e(i'en$e totali es the e')$ational impa$t o8 'ebate an' 'e$onte t)ali es thepoliti$s that o$$)r in 'ebatesDe(%ne -/ EKohnJ N/; ! S#hoolJ &a im"m Se#"rity: %he C"lt"re o? iolen#e in nner City S#hoolsJ *. 191

ar "e thatSpanos epistemolo,% sho)l' be $hallen,e' on two essential *oints. FirstJin re#on#e*tiali@esi'eale')$ation alon the lines o? 3a"lo FreireJSpanos $on8lates the 'ialo,i$ aspe$t o8 tea$hin, with the totalit% o8the st)'ent&tea$her relationship. Tea$her an' st)'ent J we are tol!Jsho)l' enter into a Kre$ipro$al'e$onstr)$ti(e learnin, pro$ess J one in whi#h the o**ositional tea#her De#omes a st"!ent an! the intereste! st"!ent a tea#herE199'J 202 Jthe tea$her now e perien$in, what it 8eels like to be s)b=e$te' to the 'is$iplinar% ,a e. S)$han e')$ational philosoph% has 'el)sions o8 omnipoten$e it wishes to e ten! its vali! insi hts to en#om*ass allas*e#ts o? tea#hin an! learnin J tobe$ome a totali in, (ision. To a$$ept the $on$ept that not all knowle',e isimme'iatel% ,enerate' thro),h the 'ialo,i$ relationship 'oes not J howeverJe )al an Koppressori'eolo,% or the aDsol"ti@in o? i noran#e .It simpl% represents a re$o,nition that the st)'ent nee's to beaware o? what thin s or #on#e*ts mean ?or other *eo*leo)tsi'e the #onte t o? theimme'iate 'ialo,i$ relationship . nother wor!sJ while knowle! e #onstr"#te! thro" h !ialo "e is to De val"e! as essential to the *e!a o i# *ro#essJ it is also tr"e that notall knowle! e is or sho"l! De so #on#e*t"ali@e!. Constr"#tivism is s*len!i!J D"t it has limits.


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Framework : A2 i$ks R reenFramework 'oesn;t $a)se .S. e $eptionalism : It sol(es itStannar' / E&attJ ; o? htt*www.html.

I8 it is in!ee! tr)e that 'ebate inevitaDlypro')$es other>oriente!'eliberati(e 'is$o)rse at the e pense o8

st)'ents; $on8i'en$e in their ?irst>or!er #onvi#tionsJ

this wo)l' in'ee' be a tra'e&o88 worth $riti$i in,. n all

?airnessJ ,i#ks an! reene !o not over#laim their #riti "eJ an! they take #are to a#knowle! e the im*ortant ethi#al an! #o nitive virt"eso? !eliDerative !eDatin . ethi#al #on#ernJ howeverJi$ks an' reene;s$riti )e has se(eral problems FirstJ as K.3. a#y on#e *ointe! o"tJit seems a tremen'o)s #a"sal Eor even rhetori#alstret$h to ,o 8rom K'ebatin, both si'es o8 an iss)e $reates $i(i$ responsibilit% essential to liberal'emo$ra$% to Kthis $i(i$ responsibilit% )phol's the worst 8orms o8 Ameri$an e $eptionalism. Se$on'9

i$ks an' reene 'o not make an% $omparison o8 the potentiall% ba' power o8 'ebate to an%alternati(e. %heir im*lie! alternativeJ howeverJ is a ?orm o? ?orensi# s*ee#h that *rivile es *ersonal #onvi#tion. %he i!ea thatst"!ents sho"l! De aDle to *reserve their *ersonal #onvi#tions at all #osts seems ?ar more imme!iately tyranni#alJ ?ar more imme!iately!ama in to either liDeral or *arti#i*atory !emo#ra#yJ than the rit"ali@e! re "irements that st"!ents o##asionally take the o**osite si!eo? what they Delieve.Thir' J as have s" este! an! will #ontin"e to s" estJwhile a 'ebate pro=e$t re "irin *arti#i*ants to"n!erstan! an! o?ten s*eak ?or o**osin *oints o? viewma% $arr% a ,reat 'eal o8 liberal ba,,a,e9 it is at its #oreapro=e$t more ethi$all% 'eliberati(e than instit)tionall% liberal. a??irmation o? liDeralism a ainst the#omm"nists.Now9 in the mi'st o8 the Kwar on terrorism9 wi!es*rea! restri#tions on #ivil liDertiesJ an! 3resi!ent "shGsmantra o? with "s or a ainst "sJit seems like the opposite is tr)er. Fi'elit% to the Ameri$an $a)se isper8orme' thro),h the willin, silen$e o8 its $iti ens. Dissent is )elle' an! the *"Dli# is en#o"ra e! to view the

worl! thro" h the sin "lar lens o? ?ree!om a ainst the ?or#es o? terrorism.Debatin, both si'es an' la$kin, imme'iate$on(i$tion is a si,n o8 weakness an! wa??lin in the 8a$e o8 imminent threats to national se$)rit%. %h"sJ inthe #ontem*orary #onte tJto reHe#t SS= an!promote ar,)ment onl% thro),h $on(i$tion is 8ar more $on')$i(e tos)pportin, Ameri$an e $eptionalism than 'ebatin, m)ltiple si'es is as a liDeral !emo#rati# H"sti?i#ation.
http://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.html


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Framework : A2 i$ks R reenperien$e pro(es that their e $eptionalism ar,)ment is ba$kwar'

n,lish # E ri#J &.A. 3ittJhtt*:$$ loDal!eDateDlo .Dlo s*ot.#om$2010$01$?rom>htt*www.html. KFSt is o"r *ositionJ howeverJ thatrather than a$tin, as a $)lt)ral te$hnolo,% e pan'in, Ameri$an

e $eptionalism9 swit$h&si'e 'ebatin, ori,inates 8rom a $i(i$ attit)'e that ser(es as a b)lwark a,ainst8)n'amentalism o? all stri*es.Se(eral *rominent(oi$es reshapin, the national 'ialo,)e on homelan! se#"rityha(e $ome 8rom the a#a!emi#'ebate $omm)nit% an! !raw on its animatin s*irit o? #riti#al in "iry. For e am*leJ

eor etown ;niversity law *ro?essor Neal6at%al ser(e' as lea' *lainti??Gs$o)nsel in ,am!anJ whi#h #hallen e!post&- 11 enemy #omDat !e?initions.12 %he ?o"n!ation ?or 4atyalGs winnin ar "ment in ,am!an was lai! some ?o"r years De?oreJ when he#ollaDorate! with ?ormer inter#olle iate !eDate #ham*ion a"ren#e %riDe on an in?l"ential /ale aw Ko"rnal a!!ressin a similarto*i#.1' %riDe won the National =eDate %o"rnament in 1961 while #om*etin as an "n!er ra!"ate !eDater ?or ,arvar! ;niversity. %hirtyyears laterJ 4atyal re*resente! =artmo"th Colle e at the same to"rnament an! ?inishe! thir!.The imprint o8 this 'ebatetrainin, is e(i'ent in %riDe an! 4atyalGs #ontem*oraryp)bli$ inter(entionsJ whi#h are #hara#teri@e! Dy meti#"lo"sresear#hJ so"n! ar "mentationJ an! a sta"n#h #ommitment to !emo#rati# *rin#i*les. 4atyalGs re?le#tion on his early !ays o? !eDatin at

oyola ,i h S#hool in Chi#a oGs North Shore *rovi!es a vivi! ill"stration. #ame in as a shy ?reshman with !reams o? oin tome!i#al s#hool. %hen oyolaGs !eDate team o*ene! my eyes to a !i??erent worl!: one o? ar "mentation an! *oli#y. As 4atyal re#o"ntsJthe most important preparation 8or m% $areer $ame 8rom m% e perien$es as a member o8 Lo%ola;s

'ebate team . 1( %he s"##ess o? ?ormer !eDaters like 4atyalJ %riDeJ an! others in #hallen in the !ominant !ialo "e on homelan!se#"rity *oints to the e??i#a#y o? a#a!emi# !eDate as a trainin ro"n! ?or ?"t"re a!vo#ates o? *ro ressive #han e. &oreoverJa rob)st)n'erstan'in, o8 the swit$h&si'e te$hni )e an! the #lassi#al liDeralism whi#h "n!er*ins itwo)l' help pre(entmisappropriation o8 the te$hni )e to bolster s)spe$t homelan' se$)rit% poli$ies. Forb)rie' within aninner&$it% 'ebater;s 8iles is a se$ret threat to absol)tism the re8)sal to be $lassi8ie' as Kwith )s ora,ainst )s9 the emDra#in o? intelle#t"al e *erimentation in an a e o? ortho!o yJ an! re?le ivity in the ?a#e o? ?"n!amentalism. "t Dy nowJ the irony o? o"r story sho"l! De en! *a e 22(T a**arentQthe more e??e#tively a#a!emi# !eDatin *ra#ti#e #an De ?o#"se!towar! these en!sJ the reater the *ro#livity o? CarthyGs i!eolo i#al heirs to Dran! the a#tivity as a wea*on o? mass !estr"#tion.
http://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.htmlhttp://globaldebateblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/from-httpwww.html


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AT o) $l)'e Criti )esFalse : %o) $an r)n them9 %o) =)st nee' to tie %o)r links an' alternati(es to spe$i8i$ poli$%a$tions : this $reates a better mo'el o8 e')$ation an' a wa% o8 makin, $riti$ism a$$essibleto elites

@alt ;-1 ESte*henJ 3ro?essor ) ; Chi#a oJ nternational St"!ies U"arterlyJ '+A se#on! norm is relevan#eJ a Delie? thate(en hi,hl% abstra$t lines o8 in )ir% sho)l' be ,)i'e' b% the ,oal o8sol(in, real&worl' problems. +e$a)se the (al)e o8 a ,i(en approa$h ma% not be apparentat the De innin >

ame theory is an oDvio"s e am*le>we $annot insist that a new approa$h be imme'iatel% appli$able to a s*e#i?i#resear#h *"@@le. On the wholeJ howeverJthe belie8 that s$holarship in se$)rit% a88airs sho)l' be linke' to real&worl' iss)es has pre(ente' the 8iel' 8rom 'e,eneratin, into sel8&in')l,ent intelle$t)ali in,. An! ?rom the

ol!en A e to the *resentJse$)rit% st)'ies has *roDaDlyha' morereal&worl' impa$tJ ?or oo! or illJ than most areas o?so#ial s#ien#e. FinallyJ the renaissan#e o?se$)rit% st)'ies has been ,)i'e' b% a $ommitment to 'emo$rati$'is$o)rse. 5ather than #on?inin !is#"ssion o? se#"rity iss"es to an elite ro"* o? the Dest an! Dri htestJ s#holars in the renaissan#ehave enerally wel#ome! a more ?"lly in?orme! !eDate. %o *ara*hrase Clemen#ea"Jiss)es o8 war an' pea$e are tooimportant to be le8t solel% to insi'erswith a veste! interest in the o"t#ome. %he rowth o?se$)rit% st)'ies within"niversitiesis onesi no8 broa'er parti$ipation9 alon, with in$rease' a(ailabilit% o8 in8ormation an' morea$$essible p)bli$ations 8or intereste' $iti ens.Altho" h this view is Dy no means "niversalJ the renaissan#e o?se$)rit%

st)'ies has been shape' b% the belie8 that a well&in8orme' 'ebate is the best wa% to a(oi' the 'isastersthat are likel% when national poli$% is monopoli e' b% a 8ew sel8&intereste' parties.

An'& their (ersion o8 K$riti )es is e')$ationall% 'e(astatin,9 it $reates o)t$omes whereteams $an ,o an entire %ear9 or e(en an entire $olle,e $areer witho)t learnin, an%thin,abo)t the a$t)al topi$s. 7)r (ersion 8or$es them to 'o topi$&spe$i8i$ resear$h to appl% theirar,)ments to somethin, rele(ant

This is o88ense : their 8ramework wre$ks e')$ation an' %o) sho)l'n;t belie(e an% o8 theirar,)ments relate' to the alternati(e : it i,nores empiri$al realitiesJentleson 2 E r"#eJ =ire#tor o? the %erry San?or! nstit"te o? 3"Dli# 3oli#y an! 3ro?essor o? 3"Dli# 3oli#y an! 3oliti#al S#ien#e at ="ke;niversityJ nternational Se#"rity 26.( E2002 169>18'J *roHe#tm"se

%o De s"reJ *oliti#al s#ien#e an! international relations have *ro!"#e! an! #ontin"e to *ro!"#e s#holarly work that !oes Drin im*ortant *oli#y insi hts. Still it is har! to !eny that$ontemporar% politi$al s$ien$e an! international relations as a !is#i*linep)tlimite' (al)e on poli$% rele(an$e Qtoo littleJ in my viewJan' the 'is$ipline s)88ers 8or it. 1The problem is not =)st the ,ap between theor% an' poli$% b)t its #hasmlikewi'enin, in re#ent yearsan' the limite' val"ation o?e88ortsJ in Ale an!er eor eLs *hraseJat bri',in, the ,ap. 2 %he n! 3a e 169T events o?September 11 'ri(e homethe nee' to brin, poli$% rele(an$e ba$k in to the 'is$ipline9to seek reater *ra is Detween theory an! *ra#ti#e. %his isnot to say that s#holars sho"l! take "* the a en!as o? think tanksJ Ho"rnalistsJ a#tivistsJ or ?ast ?a o*erations. %he a#a!emyLs a en!a isan! sho"l! De *rin#i*ally a more s#holarly one. "ttheor% $an be (al)e' witho)t poli$% rele(an$e bein, so)n'er(al)e'. Di$hotomi ation alon, the lines o8 we 'o theor% an' the% 'o poli$% $onsi,nsinternational relations s$holars almost e $l)si(el% to an intra'is$iplinar% 'ialo,)ean! *"r*oseJ with#onversations an! knowle! e D"il!in that while hi hly intelle#t"al are e #essively ins"lar an! !is#onne#te! ?rom the em*iri#al realitiesthat are the !is#i*lineLs raison !LVtre.This st)nts the $ontrib)tions that )ni(ersities J one o? so#ietyLs most essentialinstit"tionsJ$an make in 'ealin, with the *ro?o"n!problemsan! #hallen esso$iet% 8a$es. Italsois$o)nterpro')$ti(e to the a#a!emyLs own interests. 5esear#h an! s#holarshi* are Dettere! Dy *"shin analysis an! lo i# Deyon! H"st o??erin "* a ?ew *ara ra*hs on im*li#ations ?or *oli#y at the en! o? a ?orty>*a e arti#leJ as i? a rit"alisti# a!!en!"m. 'Tea$hin, is enhan$e' when st)'entsB interest in real worl' iss)es is en,a,e' in ways that rein?or#e thear "ment that theory really is relevantJ an! CNN is not eno" h. %here also are ains to De ma!e ?or the s#holarly #omm"nityLs stan!inas *er#eive! Dy those o"tsi!e the a#a!emi# worl!J #onstit"en#ies an! #ollea "es whose o*inions too o?ten are sel?>servin ly !eni rate!an! !e?ensively !isre ar!e!. t th"s is Doth ?or the health o? the !is#i*line an! to ?"l?ill its Droa!er so#ietal res*onsiDilities that reater *ra is is to De *"rs"e!.


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ADI 2010 1-Lab Name File Title

AT +a' 4oli$%makers

4oli$% 'ebates are $riti$al to e')$ation abo)t ,o(ernment a$tion9 whether %o) like the stateor not :& re8)sal to 'ebate spe$i8i$ poli$ies $e'es the whole 'is$)ssion to elites@alt ;-1 ESte*henJ 3ro?essor ) ; Chi#a oJ nternational St"!ies U"arterlyJ '+

A se#on! norm is relevan#eJ a Delie? thate(en hi,hl% abstra$t lines o8 in )ir% sho)l' be ,)i'e' b% the ,oal o8sol(in, real&worl' problems. +e$a)se the (al)e o8 a ,i(en approa$h ma% not be apparentat the De innin >

ame theory is an oDvio"s e am*le>we $annot insist that a new approa$h be imme'iatel% appli$able to a s*e#i?i#resear#h *"@@le. On the wholeJ howeverJthe belie8 that s$holarship in se$)rit% a88airs sho)l' be linke' to real&worl' iss)es has pre(ente' the 8iel' 8rom 'e,eneratin, into sel8&in')l,ent intelle$t)ali in,. An! ?rom the

ol!en A e to the *resentJse$)rit% st)'ies has *roDaDlyha' morereal&worl' impa$tJ ?or oo! or illJ than most areas o?so#ial s#ien#e. FinallyJ the renaissan#e o?se$)rit% st)'ies has been ,)i'e' b% a $ommitment to 'emo$rati$'is$o)rse. 5ather than #on?inin !is#"ssion o? se#"rity iss"es to an elite ro"* o? the Dest an! Dri htestJ s#holars in the renaissan#ehave enerally wel#ome! a more ?"lly in?orme! !eDate. %o *ara*hrase Clemen#ea"Jiss)es o8 war an' pea$e are tooimportant to be le8t solel% to insi'erswith a veste! interest in the o"t#ome. %he rowth o?se$)rit% st)'ies within"niversitiesis onesi no8 broa'er parti$ipation9 alon, with in$rease' a(ailabilit% o8 in8ormation an' morea$$essible p)bli$ations 8or intereste' $iti ens.Altho" h this view is Dy no means "niversalJ the renaissan#e o?se$)rit%st)'ies has been shape' b% the belie8 that a well&in8orme' 'ebate is the best wa% to a(oi' the 'isastersthat are likel% when national poli$% is monopoli e' b% a 8ew sel8&intereste' parties.

n,a,ement with state poli$% is $riti$al to in8l)en$e the ,o(ernment an' pre(ent war@alt ;-1 ESte*henJ 3ro?essor ) ; Chi#a oJ nternational St"!ies U"arterlyJ '+

A re#"rrin theme o? this essay has Deen the twin !an ers o? se*aratin the st"!y o? se#"rity a??airs ?rom the a#a!emi# worl! or o?shi?tin the ?o#"s o? a#a!emi# s#holarshi* too ?ar ?rom real>worl! iss"es.The 'an,er o8 war will be with )s ?or some time to#omeJan' states will $ontin)e to a$ )ire militar% 8or$es ?or a variety o? *"r*oses. ;nless one Delieves that i noran#e is *re?eraDle to e *ertiseJthe (al)e o8 in!e*en!ent national se#"ritys$holars sho)l' be apparent . n!ee!J history s" ests that$o)ntries that s)ppress 'ebate on national se$)rit% matters are more likel% to bl)n'er into 'isaster9be$a)se mis,)i'e' poli$ies $annot be e(al)ate' an' stoppe' in time . As in other areas o? *"Dli# *oli#yJa$a'emi$ e perts in se#"rity st"!ies$an help in several ways. n the short termJa$a'emi$s are well pla$e to e(al)ate$)rrent pro,rams J De#a"se they ?a#e less *ress"re to s"**ort o??i#ial *oli#y.The lon >terme88e$ts o8 a$a'emi$in(ol(ement ma% be e(en more si,ni8i$ant a$a'emi$ resear$h $an help states learn 8rom past mistakes an! #an *rovi!e the theoreti#al innovations that *ro!"#e Detter *oli#y #hoi#es in the ?"t"re. F"rthermoreJ their role in trainin the new

eneration o? e *erts ives a#a!emi#s an a!!itional aven"e o? in?l"en#e. Ass"min they *er?orm these tasks res*onsiDlyJa$a'emi$swill ha(e a *ositive>alDeit ra!"al>impa$t on how states 'eal with the *roDlem o?war in the 8)t)re .


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AT o) Create Spe$tators1. There;s no impa$t to the spe$tator phenomenon:we are alrea'% isolate' 8rom politi$s9there;s onl% a $han$e that we $an be$ome en,a,e' thro),h 'ebates o(er spe$i8i$ poli$%. 7nl% their 8ramework be$omes ins)lar an' irrele(ant

2. 4oli$% 'ebate is ,oo' : it sol(es the spe$tator phenomenon an' in$reases both $riti$alan' poli$% e')$ationJo%ner -- EChristo*her 3ro?essor o? nternational aw in the overnment =e*artment at eor etown ;niversityJ S*rin J + SA K ntLCom* '77T

;se o? the 'ebate $an be an e88e$ti(e *e!a o i#altool 8or e')$ation in the so#ial s#ien#es.Debates9 like other role&pla%in, sim)lations9 help st)'ents )n'erstan' 'i88erent perspe$ti(es on a poli$% iss)e Dy a!o*tin a *ers*e#tive as their own. "tJ "nlike other sim"lation amesJ !eDates !o not re "ire that a st"!ent *arti#i*ate !ire#tly in or!er to reali@ethe Dene?it o? the ame. nstea! o? !evelo*in *oli#y alternatives an! e *erien#in the #onse "en#es o? !i??erent #hoi#es in a tra!itionalrole>*layin ameJ'ebates present the alternati(es an' $onse )en$es in a ?ormalJ rhetori#al ?ashion De?ore a H"! mentala"!ien#e. ,avin the #lass a"!ien#e serve as H"ry hel*s ea#hst)'ent 'e(elop a well&tho),ht&o)t opinion on the iss)eb% pro(i'in, $ontrastin, 8a$ts an! views an! enaDlin a"!ien#e memDers to *ose #hallen es to ea#h !eDatin team. %hese!eDates ask "n!er ra!"ate st"!ents to e amine the international le al im*li#ations o? vario"s ;nite! States ?orei n *oli#y a#tions. %heir#hie? tasks are to assess the aims o? the *oli#y in "estionJ !etermine their relevan#e to ;nite! States national interestsJ as#ertain whatle al *rin#i*les are involve!J an! #on#l"!e how the ;nite! States *oli#y in "estion s "ares with relevant *rin#i*les o? international law.=eDate "estions are ?orm"late! as resol"tionsJ alon the lines o?: 5esolve!: %he ;nite! States sho"l! !eny most>?avore!>nation stat"sto China on h"man ri hts ro"n!s or 5esolve!: %he ;nite! States sho"l! resort to military ?or#e to ens"re ins*e#tion o? ra Ls *ossiDle n"#learJ #hemi#al an! Diolo i#al wea*ons ?a#ilities or 5esolve!: %he ;nite! StatesL invasion o? rena!a in 198' was a law?"l"se o? ?or#e or 5esolve!: %he ;nite! States sho"l! kill Sa!!am ,"ssein.In a''ressin, both si'es o8 these le alpropositions9 the st)'ent 'ebaters m)st $ons)lt the (ast literat)re o? international lawJ es*e#ially thenearl% 100pro8essional law>s#hool>s*onsore! internationallaw =o)rnals now Dein *"Dlishe! in the ;nite! States.This literat)re8)rnishes an in$re'ibl% ri$h bo'% o8 le,al anal%sis that o?ten treats to*i#s a??e#tin ;nite! States ?orei n *oli#yJ as wellas other more esoteri# international le al s"DHe#ts. Altho" hmost o8 these =o)rnals are a##essiDle in oo! law s#hoolsJ they arelar ely)nknown to the politi$al s$ien$e $omm)nit% s*e#iali@in in international relationsJ m"#h less to the avera e"n!er ra!"ate. y assessin the role o? international law in ;nite! States ?orei n *oli#y> makin J st"!ents reali@e that ;nite! Statesa#tions !o not always meas"re "* to international le al e *e#tations that at timesJ international le al stri#t"res et #om*romise! ?or thesake o? *er#eive! national interestsJ an! that #on#e*ts an! *rin#i*les o? international lawJ like !omesti# lawJ #an De inter*rete! an!twiste! in or!er to H"sti?y ;nite! States *oli#y in vario"s international #ir#"mstan#es. n this wayJ the'ebate ?ormat,i(esst)'ents the bene8its as$ribe' to sim)lations an' other a$tion learnin, te$hni )es Jin that it makesthem De#omea$ti(el% en,a,e' with their s"DHe#tsJ an! not De mere *assive #ons"mers.?ather than spe$tators9st)'ents be$ome le,al a'(o$ates9 obser(in,9 rea$tin, to9 an' str)$t)rin, politi$al an' le,al per$eptionsto 8it the merits o8 their $ase. %he !eDate e er#ises #arry several s*e#i?i# e!"#ational oDHe#tives. FirstJst)'ents on ea#h teamm"st work to ether to re?ine a #o ent ar "ment that #om*ellin ly asserts their le al *osition on a ?orei n *oli#y iss"e #on?rontin the;nite! States. n this wayJ they,ain reaterinsi,ht into thereal&worl' le,al 'ilemmas 8a$e' b% poli$% makers.Se#on!J as they work with other memDers o? their teamJthe% reali e the $omple ities o8 a**lyin an! im*lementininternationallawJ an! the !i??i#"lty o? Dri! in the a*s Detween ;nite! States *oli#y an! international le al *rin#i*lesJ either Dyreworkin the ?ormer or #reatively reinter*retin the latter. FinallyJresear$h ?or the !eDates8or$es st)'ents to be$ome8amiliari e' with $ontemporar% iss)es on the ;nite! States ?orei n *oli#y a en!a an! the role that international law *lays in?orm"latin an! e e#"tin these *oli#ies. %he'ebate th"s be$omes an e $ellent (ehi$le 8or p)shin, st)'ents Deyon!stale ar "ments over *rin#i*lesinto thereal worl! o?poli$% anal%sisJ *oliti#al #riti "eJ an! le al !e?ense. A !eDate e er#ise is *arti#"larly s"ite! to an e amination o? ;nite! States ?orei n *oli#yJ whi#h in *oliti#al s#ien#e #o"rses is "s"ally st"!ie! ?rom atheoreti#alJ o?ten heavily real*olitik *ers*e#tive. n s"#h #o"rsesJ international le al #onsi!erations are "s"ally iven short shri?tJ i?!is#"sse! at all. As a res"ltJ st"!ents may #ome to Delieve that international law *lays no role in ;nite! States ?orei n *oli#y>makin . n?a#tJ serio"s #onsi!eration is "s"ally *ai! Dy overnment o??i#ials to international law in the ?orm"lation o? ;nite! States *oli#yJ alDeitsometimes e *ost ?a#to as a H"sti?i#ation ?or *oli#yJ rather than as a Dona ?i!e *rior #onstraint on #onsi!eration o? *oli#y o*tions. na!!itionJ lawyers are *rominent a!visers at many levels o? the ?orei n>*oli#y>makin *ro#ess. St"!ents sho"l! a**re#iate the relevan#eo? international law ?or *ast an! #"rrent ;S a#tionsJ s"#h as the invasion o? rena!a or the re?"sal o? the ;nite! States to si n the law o?the sea treaty an! lan!mines #onventionJ as well as ?or W'87T hy*otheti#al Etho" h s"DHe#t to *"Dli# !is#"ssion ;nite! States *oli#yo*tions s"#h as h"ntin !own an! arrestin war #riminals in osniaJ with!rawin ?rom the ;nite! NationsJ or assassinatin Sa!!am,"ssein.


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AT 6 4re$e'es Fairness ro)n'This is a 8alse $hoi$e & the% $an alwa%s win that the prin$iples o8 their a'(o$a$% are ,oo' inthe abstra$t we $an onl% 'ebate the merits o8 their 8ramework i8 the% 'e8en' the spe$i8i$$onse )en$es o8 politi$al implementation

I,natie88 ! E&i#haelJ esser vilsJ Carr *ro?essor o? h"man ri hts at ,arvar!J *. 20>1As ?or moral *er?e#tionismJ this wo"l! De the !o#trine that a liDeral state sho"l! never have tr"#k with !"Dio"s moral means an! sho"l!s*are its o??i#ials the ha@ar! o? havin to !e#i!e Detween lesser an! reater evils.A moral per8e$tionist position alsohol'sthat states $an spare their o??i#ials thisha ar' simpl% b% a'herin, to the)ni(ersal moral stan'ar's set o"t inh"man ri hts #onventions an! the laws o? war.There are two problems with a per8e$tionist stan$eJ leavin asi!e the

"estion o? whether it is realisti#. %he ?irst is thatarti$)latin, nonre(o$able J non!ero aDlemoral stan'ar's is relativelyeas%. The problem is 'e$i'in, how to appl% them in s*e#i?i# #ases.@hat is the line between interro,ationan' tort)re J Detween tar ete! killin an! "nlaw?"l assassinationJ Detween *reem*tion an! a ressionR ven when le al an! moral!istin#tions Detween these are #lear in the aDstra#tJabstra$tions are less than help8)l when politi$al lea'ers ha(e to$hoose between them in *ra#ti#e. F"rthermoreJ the *roDlem withper8e$tionist stan'ar's is that they$ontra'i$t ea$hother. %he same *erson who sh"!!ersJ ri htlyJ at the *ros*e#t o? tort"rin a s"s*e#t mi ht De *re*are! to kill the same s"s*e#t in a *reem*tive atta#k on a terrorist Dase. "allyJthe per8e$tionist $ommitment to the ri,ht to li8e mi,ht pre$l)'es)$h atta$ks alto,ether an' restri$t o)r response to =)'i$ial p)rs)it o8 o88en'ers thro),h pro$ess o8law. K"!i#ial res*onses to the *roDlem o? terror have their *la#eJ D"t they are no s"Dstit"te ?or military o*erations when terrorists *ossess DasesJ trainin #am*sJ an! heavy wea*ons. %o sti#k to a *er?e#tionist #ommitment to the ri ht to li?e when "n!er terrorist atta#kmi ht a#hieve moral #onsisten#y at the *ri#e o? leavin "s !e?enseless in the ?a#e o? evil!oers. Se#"rityJ moreoverJ is a h"man ri htJ an!th"s res*e#t ?or one ri ht mi ht lea! "s to Detray another


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A T ?)les "iolen$eCon(entions o8 $omm)ni$ation are not a matter o8 (iolent e $l)sion b)t rather thepre$on'itions 8or $onsens)s.&ary Diet J 3ro?essor o? 3oliti#al S#ien#e at the ;niversity o? &innesotaJ2000J 3oliti#al %heory an! 3artisan3oliti#s *. 12'>(,aDermasLs !istin#tion Detween *"re #omm"ni#ative a#tion an! strate i# a#tion raises many !i??i#"ltiesJ

not the least o? whi#h is its a!heren#e to an i!eali@e! mo!el o? #omm"ni#ation thatJ as ,aDermas himsel?a#knowle! esJ !oes not ?it a reat !eal o? every!ay so#ial intera#tion ECarthy 1991J1'2 . &a#hiavelliLs?amo"s ri*oste to those thinkers who have ima ine! re*"Dli#s an! *rin#i*alities whi#h have never Deen seenor known to e ist in reality E&a#hiavelli 19+0J +6 seems *ertinent hereJ ?or the i!eali@e! mo!el that,aDermas ima ines an! the !istin#tion that s"**orts it a**ear Dol!ly to !eny the &a#hiavellian insi ht that

how we live is so ?ar remove! ?rom how we o" ht to liveJ that he who aDan!ons what is !one ?or whato" ht to De !oneJ will rather learn to Drin aDo"t his own r"in than his *reservation E+6 . will ret"rn to thi *oint as it relates to *oliti#s later. For nowJ it is im*ortant to "n!ers#ore that ,aDermas relies "*on the#omm"ni#ative>strate i# !istin#tion to !o at least two thin s: ?irstJ to show that on the le(el o8 lin,)isti$s9$omm)ni$ati(e a$tion en=o%s an ori,inar% priorit% o(er strate,i$ an' all other mo'es o8 lin,)isti$)sa,e9 whi$h are themsel(es parasiti$ E5asm"ssen 1990J '8 or !erivative ECarthy 1991J 1'')ponthe 8ormer.12 Se#on!J on the level o? *oliti#al theoryJ ,aDermas intro!"#es the !istin#tion in or!er to limitthe e er#ise o? threats an! #oer#ion Eor strate i# a#tion Dy en"meratin a ?ormal>*ra mati# system o?!is#"rsive a##o"ntaDility Eor #omm"ni#ative a#tion that is eare! towar! h"man a reement an! m"t"ality.=es*ite its thoro" hly mo!ern a##o"termentsJ$omm)ni$a ti(e a$tion aims at somethin like the twentieth>#ent"ry !is#o"rse>e "ivalent o? the #hivalri# #o!es o? the late &i!!le A es as a normative system itarti$)lates the $on(entions o8 8air an' honorable en,a,e ment between interlo$)tors. %o De s"reJ,aDermasLs #on#e*t o? #omm"ni#ative a#tion is neither as re?ine! nor as sit"ationally emDe!!e! as were the *roto#ols that overne! honoraDle #omDat a#ross "ro*ean #"lt"ral an! territorial Do"n!aries an! DetweenChristian kni hts D"t it is nonetheless a E#ross>#"lt"ral *roto#ol ?or all that.The entire 8ramework that

abermas establishes is an attempt to limit h)man (iolen$e b% elaboratin, a $o'e o8 $omm)ni$ati(e$on')$t that is 'e si,ne' to hol' power in $he$k b% $hannelin, it into pers)asion9 or the )n8or$e'8or$e o8 the better ar,)ment E,aDermas 199'DJ 160 .X


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4oli$% Framework oo'4oli$% in(ol(ement is ine(itable& we nee' to proa$ti(el% en,a,e in the lan,)a,e o8 poli$%makin, 8or mo(ements to be e88e$ti(ePakani 2k %hemDa>Ni onJ e#"tive =ire#tor o? %he 3ra is 3roHe#tJ Former Cali?ornia Sta??erJ Colorlines. Oaklan!: K"l '1J 2000.

ss. 2 * . 12%he ?lo"rish an! *assion with whi#h she ma!e the !istin#tion sai! everythin .4oli$% is 8or wonksJ sell>o"tpoliti$iansJ an! ivory>tower e hea!s. 7r,ani in, is what real J rassrootspeople 'o . Common as it may DeJthis 'istin$tion 'oesnBt bearo)t in the real worl' . 3oli#y is more than law. t is any written a reement E?ormal or in?ormal that s*e#i?ies how an instit"tionJ overnin Do!yJor #omm"nity will a!!ress share! *roDlems or attain share! oals. t s*ells o"t the terms an! the #onse "en#es o? these a reements an! is the #o!i?i#ation o? the Do!yLs val"es>as re*resente! Dy those *resent in the *oli#ymakin *ro#ess. iven whoLs "s"ally *resentJ mostpoli$ies re8le$t the politi$ala,en'a o8 power8)l elites. et9 poli$% $an be a 8or$e 8or $han,e>es*e#iallywhen we brin, o"r Dase an!$omm)nit% or,ani in, into the pro$ess. n essen#e9 poli$ies are the $o'i8i$ation o8 power relationshipsan!reso"r#e allo#ation.4oli$ies arether)les o? the worl! we live in.Chan,in, the worl' means $han,in, the r)les. SoJi? or ani@in is aDo"t #han in the r"les an! D"il!in *owerJ how #an or ani@in De se*arate! ?rom *oli#iesRCan we reall%s*eaktr"th to *owerJ8i,ht the ri,ht9 stop $orporate ab)ses9 or win ra$ial =)sti$e witho)t $ontestin,the r"les an! ther"lersJ the *oli#ies an! thepoli$%makersRThe answer is no>an! !o"Dle no ?or *eo*le o? #olor. %o!ayJ ra#ism s"Dtly !ominates nearlyevery as*e#t o? *oli#ymakin . From Dallot *ro*ositions to #ity ?"n!in *rioritiesJ *oli#y is in#reasin ly aDo"t the #ontrolJ !e>?"n!in J an! !is?ran#hisemento? #omm"nities o? #olor. Nearl% 100 ,)n $ontrolan! violen#e *reventionpoli$ies ha(e been ena$te' sin$e 1--1. >Pilwa)kee9 +oston9 an' 7aklan' are amon the #ities thatha(e passe' li(in, wa,e or'inan$es : lo#al laws that

"arantee hi her than minim"m wa es ?or workersJ "s"ally set as the minim"m nee!e! to kee* a ?amily o? ?o"r aDove *overty. %heseare H"st a ?ew o? the e am*les that !emonstrate how or ani@in ?orlo$al poli$% a'(o$a$% has ma'e inroa's in areaswhere positi(e national poli$% ha' been stalle' Dy #onservatives. n#reasin lyJthe lo$al poli$% arena is wherethe a#tion is an! wherea$ti(ists are 8in'in, s)$$ess . O? #o"rseJ #or*orate interests>whi#h are "s"ally the tar et o? these *oli#ies>areearin "* in !e?ense. %a#ti#s in#l"!e ?ront ro"*sJ e#onomi# *ress"reJ an! the trie! an! tr"e: #ol!J har! #ash. =es*ite these DarriersJ rassroots or ani@in#an De very e??e#tive at the smaller s#ale o? lo#al *oliti#s.At the lo$al le(el9 we ha(e ,reater a$$ess to ele$te' o88i$ials an'o88i$ialshave a reater relian#e on their #onstit"ents ?or reele#tion. For e am*leJ ettin (00 *eo*le to show "* at #ity hall in H"st aDo"t any #ity in the ;.S. is "ite im*ressive.On the other han!J (00 *eo*le at the state ho"se or the Con ress wo"l! have a less si ni?i#ant im*a#t. A!! to that the ?a#t that all (00 *eo*le at #ity hall are "s"all y #onstit"entsJ an!the im*a#t is even reater. 5e#ent tren!s in overnment "n!ers#ore the im*ortan#e o? lo#al *ol i#y. Con ress has ena#te! a series o? meas"res !evolvin si ni?i#ant *ower to st ate an!lo#al overnment. #ommonresistan#e Dy !e#isionmakers. StillJi8 itBs worth 'eman'in,9 itBs worth ha(in, inwritin >whether aslawJ re "lationJ orinternal *oli#y. From Dallot initiatives on rent #ontrol to laws re "irin worker *rote#tionsJor,ani ers are levera in their *owerinto written *oli#ies that aremakin, a real 'i88eren$e in their $omm)nities. O? #o"rseJpoli$% work is H"st one tool ino"r or ani@in arsenalJ D"t it isa tool we simpl% $anBta??or! toi,nore . &akin *oli#y work an inte ral *art o? or ani@in will re "ire a#ertain amo"nt o? retro?ittin .


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ADI 2010 2!Lab Name File Title

4oli$% Framework oo'@e ha(e a responsibilit% as s$holars to e(al)ate the poli$% 'ebate& we shape 'e$isionmakin,

'kins an' Qeh8)ssi 5 E5eview o? nternational St"!ies E200+ J'1J*. (+(>+


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4oli$%makin, Framework oo' : International Law

7)r e')$ation ar,)ments o)twei,h all o8 their $riti$al nonsense : we m)st train 8)t)repoli$%makers in r)les an' pro$e')re to pre(ent h)man e tin$tion : this $on$ern $omesprior to all attempts to $han,e worl' or'er

+eres E o"is 5eneJ 3ro?. o? nternational aw at 3"r!"eJ Ko"rnal an! Co"rierJ K"ne +

The tr)th is o8ten 'ist)rbin,. 7)r im*ressive Ameri#an(i$tories a,ainst terrorism an' ro,)e states J altho" h *ro*er an! in!is*ensaDleJare inevitaDlylimite' . %he wor!s o? the reat rish *oet /eats revealJ *ro*heti#allyJ where o"r entire *lanetis now #learly hea!in .@at$hin, (iolen$e es$alatean! e *an! in *arts o? "ro*e an! 5"ssiaJ in Northern relan!J in A?ri#aJ inSo"thwest AsiaJ in atin Ameri#aJ an! o? #o"rse in the &i!!le astJwe 'is$o(er with #ertaintythat ... the #entre #annot hol!$&ereanar$h% is loose' )pon the worl'$%he Dloo!>!imme! ti!e is loose!$an! everywhere %he Ceremony o? inno#en#e is !rowne!. 7)r response J even a?ter O*eration ra i Free!omJla$ks $on(i$tion. Stillpreten'in, that thin,s will ,et better9we Ameri#anspro$ee' !ili entlywith o)r 'a%&to&'a% a88airs9 $ontent that9 somehow9 the worst $an ne(erreall% happen. Altho" h it is tr"e that we m"st o on with o"r normal livesJ it is also tr"e that normal hasnowbe$ome a

"aint an!'el)sionar% state. as a *rimary oDHe#tive o? the #"rri#"l"m& o8 where we are hea'in,9 as a spe$ies9 an! where o"rlimite! s"rvival alternatives may yet De !is#overe!. %here areJ o? #o"rseJ many *arti#"lar ways in whi#h #olle es an! "niversities #o"l!o*erationali@e real loDal awarenessJ D"t one wayJ lon >ne le#te!J wo"l! De Dest. re?er to the st"!y o? international law. For a #o"ntrythat #eleDrates the r"le o? law at all levelsJ an! whi#h e *li#itly makes international law *art o? the law o? the ;nite! States > the

s"*reme law o? the lan! a##or!in to the Constit"tion an! #ertain S"*reme Co"rt !e#isions > this sho"l! De easy eno" h to "n!erstan!.Anar#hyJ a?ter allJ is the aDsen#e o? lawJ an! knowle! e o? international law is ne#essarily *rior to a!e "ate meas"res o? worl! or!erre?orm. e?ore international law #an De taken serio"slyJ an! De?ore the Dloo!>!imme! ti!e #an De halte!J Ameri#aLs ?"t"re lea!ersm"st at least have some in?orme! a# "aintan#e with *ertinent r"les an! *ro#e!"res. Otherwise we shall s"rely witness the Dirth o? a ?"lly"n overnaDle worl! or!erJ an "nheral!e! an! sinister arrival in whi#h only a sha!owy le ion o? rave!i ers wo"l! wiel! the ?or#e*s.


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ADI 2010 2/Lab Name File Title

Fiat oo' : 6e% to ')$ationSim)lation o8 'i88erent roles thro),h 8iat en$o)ra,es learnin, an' empowermentInnes an' +ooher ;-- EK"!ithJ =ire#tor ) nstit"te o? ;rDan an! 5e ional =evelo*ment an! 3ro?essor at ;C

erkeley an! =avi!J isitin S#holar at the nstit"teJ Ko"rnal o? the Ameri#an 3lannin Asso#iationJ


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ADI 2010 2#Lab Name File Title

AT Fiat is topiantopian poli$% proposals are (al)able e(en i8 the% are ne(er ena$te' the% still p)t

press)re on power to a$$e'e to 'eman's an' $reate a (ision 8or so$ial $han,eStreeten -- E3a"lJ =evelo*mentJ v. (2 n.2 in enta

FirstJ topian thinkin, $an be )se8)l as a ?ramework ?or analysis. K"st as *hysi#ists ass"me an atmos*heri# va#""m ?or some *"r*osesJ sopoli$% anal%sts $an ass)me a politi$al (a$))m 8rom whi$h the% $an start a8resh. %he *hysi#istsGass"m*tion *lainly wo"l! not De "se?"l ?or the !esi n o? *ara#h"tesJ D"t #an serve other *"r*oses well. SimilarlyJ when thinkin o?tomorrowGs *roDlemsJtopianism is not hel*?"l. "t ?or lon >term strate i# *"r*oses itis essential. Se#on!Jthe topian(ision ,i(es a sense o8 'ire$tionJ whi#h #an et lost in a**roa#hes that are *reo##"*ie! with the ?easiDle.In a worl' thatis re,ar'e' as these$on'&besto? all ?easiDle worl!sJe(er%thin, be$omes a ne$essar% $onstraint. All (ision islost. %hir!Je $essi(e $on$ern with the 8easible ten's to rein8or$e the stat)s )o.n ne otiationsJ it stren thens thehan! o? those o**ose! to any re?orm. ;nless the #ase ?or #han e #an De re*resente! in the same !etail as the #ase ?or no #han eJ it ten!sto De lost. Fo"rthJ it is sometimes the #ase that the #onH"n#t"re o?$ir$)mstan$es $han,es )ite s)''enl% an! that the#onstellation o? ?or#esJ "ne *e#te!lyJ t"rns o"t to De ?avo"raDle to even ra!i#al innovation.nless we are prepare' with a$are8)ll% worke' o)tJ !etaile!planJ that yester!ay$o)l' ha(e appeare' )tterl% topian9 the re8ormers willlose o)t b% 'e8a)lt. Only a ?ew years a o noDo!y wo"l! have e *e#te! the en! o? #omm"nism in Central an! astern "ro*eJ the!isa**earan#e o? the Soviet ;nionJ the "ni?i#ation o? ermanyJ the Dreak>"* o? /" oslaviaJ the marketi@ation o? ChinaJ the en! o?a*arthei! in So"th A?ri#a. An! the han!shake on the


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?olepla%in, oo'

?ole&pla%in, ,oo' :

a. De(il;s a'(o$ate : 'ebatin, both si'es 8or$es )s to )n'erstan' the ar,)ments that o)r

opponents make : this re8ines o)r strate,ies an' impro(es a'(o$a$% : Pal$olm E;s prison'ebates pro(e this+ranham -5 E5oDertJ 3ro?essor 5hetori# at ates Colle eJ Ar "mentation an! A!vo#a#yJ Y not ?or *arti#"lar laws Ee #e*t at astate or lo#al level where they may vote !iZre#tly on re?eren!a "estionsJ whi#h are not "s"ally ?"n!amental "esZtions . %o answer this

"estionJ we say thatJi'eall%9 $iti ens are to think o8 themsel(es as i8 the% were le,islators an' askthemsel(es what stat)tesJ s"**orte! Dy what reasons satis?yin the #riterion o? re#i*ro#ityJthe% wo)l' think it mostreasonaDle toena$t.7l


29/146

ADI 2010 2-Lab Name File Title

?olepla%in, oo'

An'9 their role&$on8)sion ar,)ments are st)pi' : 'ebates 'on;t think that the% are thepresi'ent an%more than people who pla% a is an' allies think that the%;re itler : it;s a,ame an' the ar,)ment that we wo)l' ,et $on8)se' abo)t it relies on the belie8 that we are

all ama in,l% st)pi'*** ?ole&pla%in, as p)bli$ a$tors shatters apath% an' politi$al alienation9 whi$h is $riti$alto $he$k ine )alit% an' e ploitationPit$hell 26 E or!onJ =ire#tor o? =eDate an! 3ro?essor o? Comm"ni#ation ) ;. 3ittsD"r hJ Ar "mentation -A!vo#a#yJ ol. '6J No. 'J i!entities. %he *roDlems o?politi$al alienation9 apath% an'with'rawal ha(e re$ei(e' lavishtreatment as *erennialtopi$s o8 s$holarl% anal%sis Esee e. . Fishkin 1997

rossDer 1992 ,art 1998 oeD 199( . ;n?ort"natelyJ #om*arativelyless ener,% has been 'e(ote' to the 'e(elopmento8 pe'a,o,i$al strate,ies 8or $o)nterin, this alarmin, politi$al tren'. ,oweverJ some s#holars have taken "* thetask o? theori@in eman#i*atory an! #riti#al *e!a o iesJ an! ar "mentation s#holars intereste! in e *an!in the learnin *otential o?'ebate wo)l' 'o well to note their work Esee e. . A**le 199+J 1988J 1979 rit@man 1991 iro" 1997J 1988J 1987 reene1978 aren 199'J 1989 Simon 1992


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?olepla%in, oo'

?olepla%in, is ne$essar% to re8)se o)r $onstr)$tion as passi(e $lient $iti ens it;s a moree88e$ti(e 8orm o8 politi$s6)l%n%$h -#EKessi#aJ


31/146


AT ?esol(e' : Colon Peans In'i(i')als1. The $olon 'oesn;t matter:e(en )n'er their interpretation where in'i(i')als ha(e to beKresol(e'9 the resol)tion still in$l)'es the 8e'eral ,o(ernment9 meanin, that in'i(i')alsha(e to be Kresol(e' that the 8e'eral ,o(ernment sho)l' a$t

2. Their Kresol(e' an' $olon ar,)ments make no sense:the a88irmati(e has to 'e8en' theproposition that the ,o(ernment sho)l' a$t4ar$her 1 EKe??J Fmr. =eDate Coa#h at eor etown ;niversityJ FeDr"aryJhtt*:$$www.n!t#e!a.#om$ar#hives$200102$0790.html KFS

E1 3ar!on me i? t"rn to a so"r#e Desi!es ill. Ameri#an ,erita e =i#tionary:?esol(e 1. To make a 8irm 'e$ision abo)t. 2. %o !e#i!e or e *ress Dy ?ormal vote. '. %o se*arate somethin into #onstit"ent *arts See Syns at Wanaly@eW Eem*hasis in or inal (.Fin! a sol"tion to. See Syns at WSolveW Eem*hasis in ori inal +. %o !is*el: resolve a !o"Dt. > n 1. Frimness o? *"r*ose resol"tion. 2. A!etermination or !e#ision. E2The (er% nat)re o8 the wor' resol)tion makes it a )estion. Ameri#an ,erita e: A#o"rse o? a#tion !etermine! or !e#i!e! on. A ?ormal statemnt o? a !e#iionJ as Dy a le islat"re. E' %he resol"tion is oDvio"sly a "estion.Any other #on#l"sion is "tterly in#on#ievaDle. they are em*owere! Dy a #omm"nity to !o somethin . n their !eliDerationsJthe topi$ $omm)nit% attemptsto $ra8t a resol)tion whi$h $an be ANS@ ? D in either 'ire$tion. The% 8o$)s on iss)es like ,ro)n'an' 8airness be$a)se the% know the resol)tion will ser(e as the basis 8or 'ebate whi#h will De resolve! Dy!eterminin the *oli#y !esireaDlility o? that resol"tion. %hatLs not only what they !oJ D"t itLs what we 5 U; 5 them to !o. itLs the *relimanary wor!in o? a resol"tion sent to others to De answere! or !e#i!e! "*on. E( F"rther #onte t:the wor' resol(e'is )se' to emphasis the 8a$t that itBs poli$% 'ebate. ?esol(e' $omes 8rom the a'option o8 resol)tions b%le,islati(e bo'ies. A resol)tion is either a'opte' or it is not. ItBs a )estion be8ore a le,islati(e bo'%.Sho)l' this statement be a'opte' or not. E+ %he very terms La??irmativeL an! Lne ativeL s"**ort my view. One a??irms aresol"tion. A??irmative an! ne ative are the e "ivalents o? LyesL or LnoL > whi#hJ o? #o"rseJ are answers to a "estion.

The $olon is meanin,less : e(er%thin, a8ter it is what;s important@ebster;s )i'e to rammar an' @ritin, 2k Ehtt*:$$###.#ommnet.e!"$ rammar$marks$#olon.htm

;se o? a #olon De?ore a list or an e *lanation that is *re#e!e! Dy a #la"se that #an stan! Dy itsel?. %hink o? the #olon as a ateJ invitinone to o on[ I8 the intro')$tor% phrase pre$e'in, the $olon is (er% brie8 an! the $la)se 8ollowin, the$olon represents the real b)siness o8 the senten$eJ De in the #la"se a?ter the #olon with a #a*ital letter.

The $olon =)st elaborates on what the 'ebate $omm)nit% was resol(e' to 'ebaten$arta @orl' Di$tionar% # Ehtt*:$$en#arta.msn.#om$en#net$?eat"res$!i#tionary$=i#tionary5es"lts.as* Rre?i! 1861+98666

$oUlon E*l"ral #o\lons no"n =e?inition: 1. *"n#t"ation mark: the *"n#t"ation mark E:)se' to 'i(i'e 'istin$t b)t relate'senten$e $omponents s"#h as #la"ses in whi#h the se#on! elaDorates on the ?irstJ or to intro!"#e a listJ "otationJ or s*ee#h. A#olon is sometimes "se! in ;.S. D"siness letters a?ter the sal"tation. Colons are also "se! Detween n"mDers in statements o? *ro*ortionor time an! iDli#al or literary re?eren#es.

An'9 o)r interpretation is ,oo':we ha(e no e(i'en$e abo)t the stan$e o8 in'i(i')als whi$hh)rts pre'i$tabilit% an' it also shi8ts the 'ebate awa% 8rom ,o(ernment poli$%:all thee(i'en$e we ha(e rea' ar,)es that these 8e'eral poli$% 'ebates are ,oo'

An'9 o)r ,ro)n' an' e')$ation ar,)ments o)twei,h this:e(en i8 their ,rammar $laims are$orre$t9 ,rammar in 'ebate is onl% important be$a)se it allows )s to 'i(i'e )p ar,)ments8airl% an' pre'i$tabl%:the% mi,ht be ,rammati$al9 b)t the% still 'estro% 'ebate
http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htmhttp://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861598666http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861598666http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htmhttp://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861598666


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AT @or's La$k Determinate Peanin,

First9 e(en i8 wor's mean 'i88erent thin,s to 'i88erent people9 we $an still $reate some$onsens)s on the iss)es we 'is$)ss:i8 i sa% Kthe 'o, is on 8ire e(er%one )n'erstan's what imean. 7)r shi(el% e(i'en$e ar,)es that some $onsens)s is the prere )isite 8or 'ebate This

means %o) sho)l' (ote 8or )s:i8 wor's 'on;t mean an%thin,9 the% ha(en;t ma'e anar,)ment9 the% $an;t =)sti8% an% ,i(en $laim9 an' we a)tomati$all% win

An'9 e(en i8 there is no absol)te tr)th9 $onsens)s allows )s to rea$h $ommon)n'erstan'in,Fer,)son an' Pansba)s$h 2 E/aleJ 3ro? o? 5 at 5"t ersJ 5i#har!J 3ro? o? 5 at owa StateJ nternational 5elations an! the

%hir! =eDateJ e!. KarvisAltho),h there ma% be no s)$h thin, as Kabsol)te tr)th E,ollisJ 199(:2(0>2(7 Fernan!e@>ArmestoJ 1997:#ha*.6 Jthere is o?tena s)88i$ient amo)nt o8 inters"DHe#tive$onsens)s to make 8or a )se8)l $on(ersation. That$on(ersation may not lea! to *roo?s that satis?y the *hiloso*hi#al nit>*i#kersJ D"t it$an be e')$ational an! ill"minatin .


33/146

ADI 2010Lab Name File Title

AT @or's La$k Determinate Peanin,

Their ar,)ment $reates an intelle$t)al $limate 8or holo$a)st 'enial : the e88e$t o8 their$riti )e is to bl)r the lines o8 histor% an' mask atro$it%

e ham -- E rvin J in &ission an! the StateJ e!. ;lri#h van !er ,ay!enJ 2000J htt*:$$www."#al ary.#a$]he ham$#o"rses$Co"rses>2006$5els>''9$ 5 N $;lri#h>revise!.htmKFS

=eDorahLipsta't warns historiansabo)t the 'an,ers o8 a!o*tin ?ashionaDletheories like 'e$onstr)$tion witho"tsoli!ly ro"n!in their work in an a##"rate re*resentation o? so"r#e materials 199(T. She makes a *assionate *lea ?or histori#ala##"ra#y while !emonstratin the real !an ers that o##"r when *eo*le !istort the ?a#ts.The te$hni )es )se' b% olo$a)st'eniers J who "se history to *ro*a ate their viewsJare not isolate' to ro "e historians.The basi$ ar,)ments )se' b%the 'eniers are not as abs)r' as most 'e$ent people9 who instin$ti(el% re=e$t s)$h $laims9 think . n ?a#tJthe% are in#reasin ly$ommon in pop)lar s$holarship. As i*sta!t *oints o"t t is im*ortant to "n!erstan! that the !eniers!o not work in a va#""m. i*sta!t 198(:17T.?ather9 holo$a)st 'enial $an be tra$e' to an intelle$t)al $limatethat has ma'e its mark in the s$holarl% worl' !"rin the *ast two !e#a!es. %he !eniers are *lyin their tra!e at a timewhen history seems to De "* ?or raDs an! atta#ks on the !eniersJ D"t the res"lts o? their work are the same:the bl)rrin, o8 bo)n'aries between8a$t an' 8i$tion an' between perse$)te' an' perse$)tor i*sta!t 199(:21+T. F"rther i*sta!t #orre#tly oDserves thatI8 olo$a)st 'enial has 'emonstrate' an%thin,9 it is the 8ra,ilit% o8 memoryJtr)th J reasonJ an! history. She is

ri ht. As s#holars it is o"r !"ty to !e?en! history Dase! "*on the a##"rate an! the oDHe#tivity o? s#holarshi*. No !o"Dtsome peoplewill bristle at the s),,estion that we o),ht to stri(e 8or ob=e$ti(it%. S)$h $riti$s re,ar' the 'is$o(er% o8bias as somethin, totall% new witho"t reali@in that the hermene"ti#s o? s"s*i#ion e iste! lon De?ore Fo"#a"lt or =eri!!a

S*en#er 187(T ,istory an! the !e#onstr"#tion o? A?rikaner !eolo y i#en#ioan! Kames Co#hranJ Hoine! the ?ray. "tJ these latter writers were not traine! historians. 5ather they were theolo ians who "se! historyas a tool in the as a Dasis ?or e##lesial renewal an! to "n!erstan! the #hara#ter o? the #h"r#h in So"th A?ri#a an! i!enti?y its so#ial?"n#tion illa> i#en#iio 1988:1T.


34/146


***Interpretation Debate***


35/146


2NC Interpretation tensionIF T ? AD A 4LAN T ET nonsense *ost"re while ere#tin #lear stan!ar!s Dy whi#hi!enti?y an! e #omm"ni#ate the enemy that is within. reen *oliti#s ?rom its in#e*tionJ howeverJ has #hallen e! the o??i#ial!om o? a!van#in!"strial so#iety Dy invokin the #"lt"ral i!iom o? the #arnivales "e. Altho" h tem*te! Dy visions o? tra i# heroismJ as we saw in #ha*ter

reen *oliti#s has also #eleDrate! the irreveren#e o? the #omi#J o? a worl! t"rne! "*si!e !own to #rown the ?ool. n a #onte t o? *oliti#altheaterJ instr"mentalism is o?ten atten"ate!J at least momentarily !is*la#e! Dy a Hoy o? *er?orman#e. %he #omi# !imension o? *oliti#al a#t#an also De more than e*iso!i#. %he ima e o? the illi*"tians tyin "* the iant s" ests well the stren th an! ?le iDility o? a !e#entere!#onstit"tive *oliti#s. n a ?"n#tional #onte tJ reen *oliti#s o??ers its own te#hnolo y o? ?oolish ness in res*onse to the !ys?"n#tions o?in!"strialismJ even to the *oint o? e #ee!in the #om?ortaDle limits o? a so>#alle! res*onsiDle ?oolishness. ,i hli htin the #omi#Jtheseten'en$ies within reen *oliti#s De in tos),,est an intrinsi$ (al)e to politi$s. %o the e tent that this val"e is re#o ni@e!J politi$s isinimi#al to a"thoritarianism an! o??ers a *oison *ill to the totalitarian *ro*ensities o? an in!"striali@e!mass so#iety.To (al)e politi$al a$tion ?or its own sakeJ in other wor!sJ at least has the si,ni8i$ant e trinsi$ (al)e o8'e8en'in, a,ainst the antipoliti$al in$linations o8 mo'ernit%. "t what is the intrinsi# val"e o? *oliti#sR Aren!t wo"l!lo#ate this val"e in the virt"osity o? *oliti#al a#tionJ *arti#"larly as !is*laye! in !eDate. Altho" hpoliti$al 'ebate s"rely hase trinsi$ (al)eJ this !oes not e ha"st its val"e.Debate is a lan,)a,e ,ame that9 to be pla%e' well9 $annot simpl% beinstr)mentali e' 8or the ser(i$es it $an ren'er b)t m)st also be pla%e' 8or its own sake. Any ame *resse! intothe servi#e o? e ternal oals ten!s to lose its *lay?"l "ality it #eases to De ?"n. t was in re?le#tin on the so#ial movements o? the 1960Aren!t *ro#laime! the !is#overy thatpoliti$al a$tion was 8)n. It was 8)n e(en tho),h it spran, 8rom moralp)rposes an' e(en tho),h politi$al 'ebate also enhan$e' the rationalit% o8 opinion 8ormation. Aren!tGsa??irmation o? the a**arently ?rivolo"s val"e o? ?"n shar*ly #ontrasts with her earlier #eleDration o? loryJ even o? *"Dli# ha**iness. %hea??irmation nonetheless s" ests a *arti#"lar *romise o? *oliti#sJ a *romise es*e#ially #ontaine! in the #omi# !imension o? reen *oliti#s.


43/146


2NC AT Lan,)a,e is Fl)i'the% $laim lan,)a,e is 8l)i'

1. Shi(el% pre$e'es this : i8 lan,)a,e is in'ee' 8l)i'9 we m)st both $ome to a prior

a,reement on its meetin, be8ore a 8air 'ebate $an take pla$e2. @e a,ree : o)r ar,)ment is not that all lan,)a,e has an ob=e$ti(e meanin, : we ar,)ethat lan,)a,e is s)b=e$ti(e an' that we sho)l' ar,)e abo)t whi$h 'e8initions are best 8orthis $onte t


44/146

ADI 2010 !!Lab Name File Title

***Fairness Debate***


45/146

ADI 2010 !5Lab Name File Title

2NC Fairness tensionten' o)r 8airness $laim : we are makin, a 8ew 'istin$t ar,)ments here : i8 the a88

'oesn;t ha(e to 'e8en' a poli$% a$tion the% $an 'e8en' an a$tion that isA. Non&8alsi8iable : the% $an r)n a88irmati(es that ha(e no proo8 an' means we $annot

ha(e ar,)ments a,ainst them+. npre'i$able : the% $an r)n somethin, we ha(e ne(er hear' o89 the resol)tion sti$ksthem to the s$ope o8 a pre&'etermine' stasis 8or 'ebate : impa$te' b% Shi(el%C. Totali in, : the a88 $an sa% that rape is ba' an' we ha(e no ar,)ments a,ainst itD. 4ersonal Claims : the% $an tell a stor%9 re$o)nt a 'ream9 or an% n)mber o8 thin,s thatonl% ha(e happene' to them9 an' we $annot be rea'% 8or them

Fairness is impa$te' b% the Shi(el% e(i'en$e : establishment o8 8air limits an' r)les o8 thes)b=e$t o8 'ebate are a pre$)rsor to 'ebate

T)rns the a88 : their mo(ement is more s)$$ess8)l in a worl' o8 8airness be$a)se all peopleha(e e )al opport)nities to a$$ess its bene8its


46/146

ADI 2010 !/Lab Name File Title

2NC AT Na is @ante' FairnessThis ar,)ment is abs)r'

1. I;m s)re the Jews wante' 8airness tooV

2. @e aren;t Na isV

. The Na is 'i' a lot o8 thin,s9 =)st be$a)se the Na is wore pants an' so 'i' we 'oesn;tmean we are Na is


47/146

ADI 2010 !#Lab Name File Title

2NC AT o)r Con$eption o8 Fairness is +a'the% sa% o)r $on$eption o8 8airness is ba' &

1. Shi(el% pre$l)'es this ar,)ment : we a,ree to a $on$eption o8 8airness prior to the ro)n'

b% sele$tin, the resol)tion : this $on$ept o8 8airness is a,ree' on as a point o8 stasis : it isnot arbitraril% $on$ei(e' o8 b% )s

2. o)r $on$eption o8 8airness is worse : it ar,)es that people $an 'o whate(er the% wantan' i,nore r)les : that =)sti8ies en'less (iolen$e an' the worst e $esses o8 h)mans


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ADI 2010 !3Lab Name File Title

2NC AT ')$ation 4re$e'es FairnessThe% sa% e')$ation pre$e'es 8airness :

1. @e a$$ess a better internal to e')$ation :

A. +e$a)se 8airness is ke% to $lash9 whi$h means better e')$ation abo)t both si'es o8 an%iss)e+. +e$a)se learnin, abo)t the implementation o8 the plan is ke% to )n'erstan'in,,o(ernmental pro$e')reC. +e$a)se resol)tional e')$ation means we learn new thin,s e(er% %ear

2. Fairness pre$e'es e')$ationA. ')$ation is ine(itable9 i8 we sit aro)n' an' 'ebate 8or an ho)r9 we will learn somethin, : it;s a )estion o8 balan$e' ar,)ments+. The best e')$ation is resear$h : i8 we resear$h 8or the topi$ an' $an;t )se it be$a)se %o)r)n a kritik a889 then we 'on;t learn how to implement o)r in8ormation an' anal% ein8ormation

. ')$ation is ine(itable : it;s a )estion o8 poli$% (s. kritikal e')$ation


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ADI 2010 !-Lab Name File Title

2NC AT Fairness is Arbitrar%The% sa% 8airness is arbitrar%

1. Shi(el% pre$l)'es this ar,)ment : we a,ree to a $on$eption o8 8airness prior to the ro)n'

b% sele$tin, the resol)tion : this $on$ept o8 8airness is a,ree' on as a point o8 stasis : it isnot arbitraril% $on$ei(e' o8 b% )s

2. An'9 the a88irmati(e is more arbitrar% : the% r)n ar,)ments that are not e(entan,entiall% relate' to the resol)tion :


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2NC AT Fairness is topianThe% sa% we $an ne(er ha(e 8air 'ebates

1. This isn;t tr)e : sti$kin, to a prior point o8 stasis allows 8or pre'i$table ar,)ments that

$an be met with $lash2. (en i8 8airness i8 impossible9 we sho)l' stri(e towar's it : 8airness is a )estion o8'e,ree9 e(en i8 we are not 100W 8air9 bein, more 8air is a ,oo' thin,


51/146


***Swit$h&Si'e Debate***


52/146


2NC Swit$h&Si'e tensionThree 'istin$t ar,)ments on the Swit$h Si'e 'ebate

1. Spen'in, both a88 an' ne, ro)n's theori in, abo)t the 8ail)re o8 the I? s%stem is a waste

: onl% $onsi'erin, both si'es o8 an iss)e allows 8or tr)e e')$ation abo)t it2. "otin, a88irmati(e is not ke% : %o) $an (ote ne,ati(e to en'orse their pro=e$t : in 8a$t9their 8o$)s on the ballot is 8lawe' : the% still 8o$)s on winnin,9 whi$h means their pro=e$t isnot tr)l% re(ol)tionar% :

. The% $an r)n their kritik when the% are ne,ati(e while still preser(in, 8airness b% bein,topi$al

No o88ense : e(en tho),h 'ebate mi,ht be 8lawe'9 swit$h&si'e $he$ks all o88enseP)ir - E=e*artment o? Comm"ni#ations at eor e &asonJ StarJ A =e?ense o? the thi#s o? Contem*orary =eDateJ 3hiloso*hy an!5hetori# 26E( J ale A#a!emi# KFS

Contemporar% 'ebateJeven in the conte t of a vigorous defense, 'oes ha(e its 'rawba$ks . It tends to overemphasi elogic and tactics and to downplay personal feelings/ it is by nature competitive, and therefore susceptible to competitiveimpulses and techniques %such as rapid speaking and a multiplicity of arguments*/ and it can desensiti e debaters to realhuman problems and needs through continual labeling and discussion of abstract issues on paper. These problems,however, are more than mat$he' b% the #on#e*t"al8le ibilit%J em*athyJ an! ?amiliarity with si ni?i#ant iss"esp

Documents

Framework Core - Frappier Russell