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FRAGMENTED REGIONAL WORLDS: INEQUALITY AND POPULISM IN A GLOBALISING WORLD

University of Sydney 3rd—5th July 2017 Sydney, Australia

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Fragmented Regional Worlds: Inequality and Populism in a

Globalising World

2017 Australasia Conference

3rd –5th July 2017

University of Sydney Sydney, Australia

This volume has been compiled by Wanda Miczorek

I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS PAGE

ADDRESSING COMPLEXITY OF ACCOUNTABILITIES IN CONTEMPORARY GOVERNANCE. APPLICATION OF TYPOLOGY OF MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY INTO THE SETTINGS OF GREATER MANCHESTER LOCAL ENTERPRISE PARTNERSHIP

1

Ania Ankowska

CRAFT FOOD AND DRINK PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN NON-METROPOLITAN AUSTRALIA

2

Neil Argent

Nicolette Larder

PLACE LEADERSHIP AND INDUSTRY TRANSITION IN AUSTRALIA, FINLAND, GERMANY, ITALY, UNITED KINGDOM AND USA: TESTING THE VIGNETTE METHOD

2

Andrew Beer

Sarah Ayres

Terry Clower

Fabian Faller

Alessandro Sancino

LEAD THE WAY OR FIND YOUR OWN WAY OUT? LOCALLY LED RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN REGIONAL AREAS

3

Kylie Bourne

REGIONAL COSMOPOLITANISM: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PATHS TO THE SEASIDE

3

Caitlin Buckle

INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RELATIONAL CONNECTIVITY: THE IMPORTANCE OF RETAINING PUBLIC ACCESS TECHNOLOGY CENTRES IN REGIONAL/REMOTE LOCATIONS

4

Amma Buckley

WELLBEING ECONOMICS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 4

Paul Dalziel

Caroline Saunders

Joe Saunders

PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY 5

Anton Filipenko

EXPLAINING THE 2016 TRUMP VOTE IN U.S. COUNTIES 6

Stephan Goetz

Meri Davlasheridze

Yicheol Han

II

PARTNERSHIP BUILDING FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD: THE CASE OF EARTH MARKET IN ŞILE, ISTANBUL

6

Burcin Hatipoglu

REGIONAL IMPACTS OF AIRBNB 7

Laura Hodgson

DIMINISHING RETURN AND THE DYNAMICS OF THE AUSTRALIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY 7

Ren Hu

GLOBAL CITY? MIGRATION CITY? INSIGHTS FROM SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA 8

Richard Hu

LOCATION CHOICE OF FDI WITH UNEXPECTED SHOCK - CASE OF JAPANESE FDIS INTO KOREA

9

Seok-Joon Hwang

Xiaomin Li

SUPPORTING EVIDENCE-INFORMED POLICY AND PRACTICE FOR AUSTRALIAN REGIONS: A ROLE FOR DIGITAL COLLECTIONS

9

Anna Hyland

POLITICIZATION OF RICE PRICE: WHO GAIN AND WHO LOSE FROM THE POPULIST POLICIES TO INTERVENE RICE PRICE IN THAILAND?

10

Kittisak Jermsittiparsert

Thanaporn Sriyakul

CAN REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION BE SOCIALLY INCLUSIVE? THE CASE OF NORTHERN FUTURES IN GEELONG, AUSTRALIA

10

Louise Johnson

FACTORS IMPACTING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF A PUBLIC CITY BUS SERVICE: A QUANTITATIVE CASE-STUDY ANALYSIS OF KOLFE-KERANIYO SUB-CITY, ADDIS ABABA

11

Kelbesa Wakuma Kenea

Susan Kinnear

Delwar Akbar

WHAT CITY GOVERNMENT NEEDS TO PROCEED AN INNOVATIVE PLACE MAKING PROCESS

11

Jungbin Kim

THE AUCKLAND FOODBOWL: A NETWORKED FIX FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, A HEAD START IN THE RACE TO AGRIFOOD BOTTOMS, OR YET MORE SOCIALISING OF RISKSTO UNDERSCORE PRIVATE GAIN

12

Nick Lewis

POVERTY ALLEVIATION RESETTLEMENT AND SPATIO-ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING IN RURAL CHINA

13

Kevin Lo

III

SETTLING INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS IN REGIONAL AUSTRALIA: A WIN-WIN SCENARIO?

13

Emily Longstaff

CSIRO REGIONAL STRATEGIC FORESIGHT PROJECT 14

Maxine Loynd

BEYOND REGIONAL POLICIES AND PLACE-BASED DEALS, ALIGNING INCENTIVES FOR COLLABORATION RATHER THAN COMPETITION IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

15

Winston Mok

URBAN ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE: PLANNING FOR GREEN SPACE IN A SPACE CONSTCUTED WORLD

16

Melissa Nursey-Bray

DEAL OR NO DAL? REDEFINING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN, AND WITHIN, STATE ACTORS AND CORPORATIONS

16

Leonie Pearson

CONTRIBUTING TO A MORE SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM: THE POTENTIAL OF REDUCING FOOD WASTE

17

David Pearson

BORDERING PRACTICES IN GLOBAL SYDNEY: BECOMING A CITY-REGION OR A ‘METROPOLIS OF THREE CITIES’

18

Kane Pham

GOVERNANCE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: WHAT DO REGIONAL PLANNING REFORMS MEAN FOR NON-METROPOLITAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT?

18

Jessica Porter

THE RURAL RENAISSANCE AND RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENT IN CHINA: CULTURE, ECONOMY AND THE DILEMMA OF POST-RURALITY

19

Junxi Qian

INCOME INEQUALITY AND CITY SIZE: TOWARDS CAUSAL EXPLANATIONS 19

Somwrita Sarkar

Glen Searle

FROM PLURALIST TO LEADERSHIP DEMOCRACY? 20

Alan Scott

SYDNEY AS A GLOBAL/’NESTED’ CITY: EVIDENCE FROM RECENT FINANCE SECTOR CHANGES

21

Glen Searle

Thomas Sigler

Somwrita Sarkar

IV

R3: ART3 – REMAKING RURAL REGIONS: ANTIFRAGILE RESPONSES TO TEN TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

21

Anthony Sorensen

Tony Sorensen

Lee Pugalis

HEALTHY FOOD FROM VIBRANT COMMUNITIES IN HEALTHY LANDSCAPES 22

Maarten Stapper

DIVIDED CITIES, DIVIDED COUNTRY 23

Frank Stilwell

ORGANISING CITIES AND URBAN ALLIANCES 23

Amanda Tatersall

(RE)THINKING REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA AND EUROPE 23

Bruce Wilson

GLOBAL CITY CONNECTIVITY AND NATIONAL ECONOMY 24

Yongling Yao

Yongmei Lu

Yunhan Wang

Yue Dong

INNOVATION FOR THE GROWTH? THE ASSESSMENT OF THE INNOVATION 40 POLICY IN JIANGSU PROVINCE, CHINA

24

Wang Yue

Yue Wang

MODELLING THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF BETWEEN PROVINCE URBAN MIGRATION FLOWS IN CHINA: A COMPARISON OF SPATIAL INTERACTIVE AND MULTILEVEL GRAVITY MODELS

25

Nina Zhang

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CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS

ADDRESSING COMPLEXITY OF ACCOUNTABILITIES IN CONTEMPORARY GOVERNANCE. APPLICATION OF TYPOLOGY OF MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY INTO THE SETTINGS OF GREATER MANCHESTER LOCAL ENTERPRISE PARTNERSHIP Ania Ankowska, Northumbria University, Poland Charging coalitions of private and public actors with the implementation of public services has led to

a challenge of the dynamics of traditional understanding of accountability. While societies require

greater levels of accountability from governing actors, in fact understanding of the accountability

concept remains very contextual and elusive. Lack of consensus and unified operational notion with

regards to conceptualization of accountability has its negative implications from a practical point of

view.

As traditional mechanisms of accountability have become destabilized and do not account for a new

mode of blurry governance type where non-state actors play a significant role in policy making and

delivery of public services, this paper aims to fill the void of empirical understanding of accountability

in the multiple actors scenario. The focus of the paper is two-fold- it aims to modify Koppell’s (2005)

five-fold typology of dimensions of accountability and to apply it to the framework of the case study

of Greater Manchester (GM) Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP). Specifically, 3 out of 5 suggested

dimensions of accountability which are seen as most applicable out of Koppell’s model (transparency,

liability and responsibility) are taken into account together with 2 new dimensions that proved of

extreme importance are used as benchmarks for analysis.

GM LEP which the research uses as a main case study constitutes an example of preferred instrument

for driving economic growth on regional and sub-regional level in England introduced by the Coalition

government that came to power in 2010. Empirical data was drawn from 26 semi-structured, face-to-

face interviews conducted with both, private and public governance actors over the period of May to

November 2016.

Study of Greater Manchester LEP confirms Koppell’s finding that transparency is the most important

instrument and a key requirement for all the other dimensions of accountability to function.

Nevertheless, the research findings show that transparency aspect features significant limitations due

to the fast changing scenario and limited public interest which presents transparency as an ongoing

and challenging process. Data adds to the understanding of complexities of accountability by arguing

that the two-fold manifestation of liability of the LEP is manifested by risk of reputation and trust loss

in case of non-state actors and traditional, electoral premise in case of the publicly elected

representatives who sit on the LEP board. Responsibility of the governance actors is alternatively

embedded into both, formal aspects such as legal requirements and informal set of rules and norms

such as trust or common goal. Findings of the study shows that dimensions of transparency, liability

and responsibility should be complemented by two more aspects-representativeness along with

acting in self-interest. The former reveals a dichotomy of views where no homogeneity was achieved.

Thus while for some respondents nature of the LEP does not allow them to be representative of the

private sector and postulating it means going into dangerous water, for others LEP represents, with

small limitations, business interests on the board. Finally, as the LEP has a unique structure which

allows for being integrated into the workings of a number of growth-related institutions such as

Manchester Growth Company or Combined Authority, and a strong legacy of cooperation both,

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between the local authorities and with businesses, therefore self-interest driven behaviour is very

limited.

Although set within the peculiarity of English settings, the paper has wider implications on

understanding of multiple accountabilities that contemporary governance actors are concerned with.

Paper offers insights into innovative approach of evaluating private-public governance arrangements

using a modified five-side typology. This allows to present practical understanding of the complex

challenges and it provides a comprehensive starting point of understanding accountability of

contemporary governance arrangements.

CRAFT FOOD AND DRINK PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN NON-METROPOLITAN AUSTRALIA Neil Argent, University of New England, Australia Nicolette Larder, University of New England, Australia A recent series of high public profile major manufacturing plant closures (e.g. Ford, GMH, Toyota), and

the threatened shutdown of Alinta steel at Whyalla, have underscored the significant pressures facing

industrial manufacturing in this country. Contemporaneous with these bad news stories, though, are

more hopeful tales of craft production, involving small-scale makers producing goods for local and/or

regional markets. Arguably, we are witnessing a renaissance of Australian food and drink

manufacturing with numbers of artisanal producers increasing dramatically over the past decade. In

these contexts, and drawing on interviews with a number of small-scale brewers, cheesemakers and

cideries in rural New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia, this paper: discusses the various pathways

to production that each enterprise has taken; explores the role of place and space in each’s locational,

marketing and overall business strategies; investigates the contributions that these small businesses

make to their local economies and communities; and elaborates on the enabling and constraining

influences of the ‘regulatory space’ that each enterprise and production type faces.

PLACE LEADERSHIP AND INDUSTRY TRANSITION IN AUSTRALIA, FINLAND, GERMANY, ITALY, UNITED KINGDOM AND USA: TESTING THE VIGNETTE METHOD Andrew Beer, UniSA Business School, Australia Sarah Ayres, University of Bristol, United Kingdom Terry Clower, George Mason University, United States Fabian Faller, University of Kiel, Germany Alessandro Sancino, The Open University, United Kingdom This paper examines the leadership of places – cities, regions, communities - in Australia, Finland,

Germany, Italy, the USA and UK and explores the capacity of vignettes to both generate new,

theoretical and empirical insights. It uses vignettes to identify the features of place leadership that

are common across the nations studied, as well as those that are distinctive to each context. The

research finds significant commonalities in place leadership with respect to the importance attached

to boundary spanning and how the nature of the challenge confronting a locality determines the

adequacy of the response.

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LEAD THE WAY OR FIND YOUR OWN WAY OUT? LOCALLY LED RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN REGIONAL AREAS Kylie Bourne, Regional Australia Institute, Australia In Australia, regional areas whose economies are driven by ‘old economies’ such as manufacturing or

coal-fired energy production have become increasingly vulnerable to shifts in the global market and

to movements towards environmental sustainability. One policy response from both the

Commonwealth and state governments is to make funds available for structural change and

adjustment initiatives in an effected area. Increasingly, these initiatives emphasise the role of the local

area in leading key and transformational aspects of the package, including identifying new or

untapped markets or engaging in forward looking skills and retraining activities. The thinking is that

locals know their area the best; that they can see they can see opportunities and innovations that

bureaucrats and planners, often relegated to capital cities, do not have the capacity to see.

This paper identifies a key concept of ‘localism’ that grounds locally led structural adjustment

packages. In the Australian context, localism has emerged not only from innovations in practice and

policy but also from social and political pressures from regional and rural populations, particularly in

response to the widening gap between ‘cities’ and ‘the bush.’ As the Australian experience with ‘locally

led’ initiatives grows, this paper looks at the ways that they can influence the way that regional

development funds are spent.

REGIONAL COSMOPOLITANISM: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PATHS TO THE SEASIDE Caitlin Buckle, University of New South Wales, Australia Regional areas are often conceptualised as stable and lacking change, in contrast to dynamic urban

spaces that are nodes in global networks. However, select rural areas retain and even grow their

population through embracing more cosmopolitan aspects, and/or marketing their rurality and

promoting consumptive landscapes. This paper follows a case of a ‘seachange’ destination the

Maroochydore area in the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Maroochydore was a sparsely populated rural

seaside town with around 70 permanent residents (Sunshine Coast Library, 2017), transformed into a

regional city suburb of almost 20,000 permanent residents in less than 100 years (ABS, 2011). The

drivers and determinants of this regional transformation were explored by looking at the agent of

change – international and domestic migration to the area.

Thirty-five migrants of various ages from outside the Sunshine Coast were asked to discuss and show

through Google Tourbuilder and Google Earth the places they have lived throughout their lives, ending

with a discussion on their decision to move to the Maroochy area. The nature of these global and

domestic migrant flows were analysed, looking in particular at the migrant’s backgrounds and how

this influences their experiences within their new location. Despite the incoming resident’s attraction

to the coastal rurality of the recent past, the area has developed, interacted and clashed with the

emerging globalised future. I will discuss how a once quiet, seaside idyll was and continues to be

transformed by migration and mobility.

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INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RELATIONAL CONNECTIVITY: THE IMPORTANCE OF RETAINING PUBLIC ACCESS TECHNOLOGY CENTRES IN REGIONAL/REMOTE LOCATIONS Amma Buckley, Curtin University, Australia Connectivity in the digital world is the linking via Information and Computer Technologies (ICT) to

shared knowledge in a network. While access to ICT has become normalised in the metropolis, the

inability to connect digitally is presenting social and economic consequences in country or regional

locations. A salient example of this is that by 2020, the main means of accessing the Australian

government social security system (Centrelink) in non-metropolitan areas will be via an online portal.

This is incongruous given that connectivity is impacted by inequalities related to income, education,

age and locational divide that polarize many societies, and are evident in countries like Australia which

has one of the highest internet user populations globally. In 2014, Australian Bureau of Statistics data

identified access barriers for a particular segment of the population; namely people residing in

particular regional and remote locations (7%), with incomes below $40,000 and aged over 60 years.

Forty per cent of this demographic (equivalent to 750,000 citizens) face a greater digital divide than

the general population. This paper explores the findings of a recent review of the network of

Community Resource Centres (CRCs) in Western Australia (WA) and highlights the importance of

sustaining public access or community-based technology centres (CTC) in regional/remote locations.

Telecentres or CRCs have been operating in regional and remote Western Australia since the mid-90s

providing shared facilities to people who do not individually afford computer technology; find it too

complicated to use; and/or experience variable mobile/broadband coverage. A research study

involving 94 WA CRCs investigated the transitioning away from their humble beginnings as computer

hubs towards knowledge networks through new partnerships, governance structures, participation

and business plans. Such changes were bought about by a substantial injection of State government

funding into the network via regional mining royalties. The study sought the perspectives of

approximately 3,000 community, business, government and non-government stakeholders through

interviews, focus groups, questionnaires and a state-wide random survey canvassing knowledge of,

usage, benefits and barriers related to CRCs. Findings revealed that stakeholders were in general

highly aware of existence and services available in their nearest facility and recognised the value of

this large network across the State. Particularly noted was how CRCs had assisted in value-adding

knowledge, training and services in support of regional and remote WA communities leading to

greater social, economic and educational development thereby reducing isolation and promoting and

supporting information, knowledge and relational connectivity.

WELLBEING ECONOMICS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Paul Dalziel, AERU, Lincoln University, New Zealand Caroline Saunders, AERU, Lincoln University, New Zealand Joe Saunders, IDEA Centre, University of Leeds, United Kingdom In November 2010, then Prime Minister David Cameron launched the United Kingdom’s National

Wellbeing Programme, saying: “From April next year, we’ll start measuring our progress as a country,

not just by how our economy is growing, but by how our lives are improving; not just by our standard

of living, but by our quality of life”. This reflected worldwide trends, following the judgement of the

Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi report that “the time is ripe for our measurement system to shift emphasis

from measuring economic production to measuring people’s well-being”.

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That same year, however, the British government also introduced ‘austerity measures’ that included

large cutbacks in social welfare and other spending. These measures were expanded in later years,

with local governments feeling a large part of the brunt. There has been a large jump in the number

of charity food banks, alongside other indicators of social distress. This leads to obvious questions: if

we measure progress as a country by how lives are improving, how can austerity policies be justified

that result in increased suffering, and what are the alternatives?

In this context, the authors are writing a book on Wellbeing Economics, to be published as part of the

Palgrave Pivot series in late 2017. It is based on an earlier book by the authors written for a New

Zealand audience. This paper explains the theoretical framework being used in the new book, with

particular reference to its chapter on wellbeing economics and local government.

PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY Anton Filipenko, National Taras Shevchenko University Of Kyiv, Ukraine The actual reality of post-modern era is significantly different from the modern era. Political,

economic, social, technological and other structures of society have gained fundamentally new

dimensions under the influence of fourth global scientific revolution as well as scientific and

technological revolution of the mid-20th century.

In this context, issue about the transformation of economic forms and models of modern era which

exhaust their potential, into new alternative economic systems is at the top of the agenda. One of

these models is the solidarity economy [1; 2; 3].

In Ukrainian reality it is more accurate to use a term of national and solidarity economy in which

nationality and solidarity represent a philosophy, the spiritual content and main thrust of the

economic model. Nationality is embodied in the present economic system through people's worldview

and popular sovereignty. The modern version of solidarity is supplemented by such factors as justice,

dignity, voluntary cooperation, equality, mutual aid, personal safety and others. The economic

structure of national, solidarity economy [3; 4] is focused primarily on the needs and interests of the

wide sections of the population. The cornerstone of alternative economic model should be the

democratization and socialization of property relations in order to ensure meaningful participation in

the labor groups and minority investors managementю. Ultimately it is an organic interaction of state,

shareholder and cooperative (public) property that we talk about. The democratization and

socialization of ownership creates a real basis for decentralization of power and control, extensive

public involvement in solving their own problems, as well as civil society development. There has been

forming a new system of fiscal relations between either the center and regions, or regions and local

communities being based on the transformation of ownership.

Thus, the essence of the nationality and solidarity ideas in a new economic system is, firstly, an

emancipation of social creative energy of the grass-roots turning them closely relative to the property,

power and control issues. Secondly, a final result of each direction of economic policy should certainly

ensure human welfare improvement. Thirdly, a new economic and political philosophy must provide

every Ukrainian citizen with solid guarantees to lead modern way of life with quality education and

training, health care, high-paying job, personal safety, social protection in conditions of freedom and

democracy.

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EXPLAINING THE 2016 TRUMP VOTE IN U.S. COUNTIES Stephan Goetz, Pennsylvania State University, United States Meri Davlasheridze, Texas A&M Galveston, United States Yicheol Han, Penn State University, United States Political observers were stunned by the 2016 election outcome, which followed a campaign that was

largely unprecedented in American history. Labeled a populist, candidate Trump campaigned against

globalization and promised to reverse rising economic inequality while providing health care insurance

for all, reducing regulations and income taxes, and reining in the federal deficit. A general conclusion

after the vote was that President Trump fared especially well in rural areas, where residents

increasingly feel “left behind” their contemporaries living on the coasts.

In this paper we use county-level data to examine the extent to which basic demographic factors such

as rural residence, veteran status, race, income, age and college education determined the election

outcome, measured as the percent of the popular vote cast for Trump. In addition, we are able to test

whether a set of other variables explained the election outcome, independently of the demographic

factors. In particular, we examine to what extent campaign promises mattered, and whether voters

voted against their own interests in the election.

PARTNERSHIP BUILDING FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD: THE CASE OF EARTH MARKET IN ŞILE, ISTANBUL Burcin Hatipoglu, Bogazici University, Turkey The case study presents the cross sector partnership built between a civil society network and local

government for providing sustainable food to the residents while supporting the socio-economic

development of the local farmers and protecting traditional family farming. As an ecological and

gastronomic movement Slow Food and its activities enhance consumer’s knowledge on the journey

of food and encourage them to appreciate the value of locally produced, in season, nutritious and

healthy food products. By organizing the Earth Market, the Slow Food network aims to provide good,

clean and fair food to the consumers while providing taste education through interactions between

producers and consumers.

Turkey is a fortunate country with its rich land and natural resources and has been a producer and

exporter of wide variety of agricultural products for a very long time. However, short-sighted

governmental policies for the use of land combined with an increase in the migration of people from

rural regions to urban areas have considerably harmed family farming. Eventually the inefficient

farming practices mixed with the drop in production have caused a rise in food prices and Turkey to

become an importer of certain agricultural and animal based products. Even more the uncontrolled

use of pesticides have also affected the sector negatively resulting in a decline of food exports to

certain countries and also causing domestic consumers to become doubtful of the quality of local

production. Consumers started seeking alternative sources to their food through multiples channels.

At the same time new business models have also emerged from private sector entrepreneurs that

promise to supply food directly from local producers to the doors of the consumers.

Using the sustainability literature as a guiding framework, the outcomes of the cross sector

partnership is analysed for the case example of Earth Market in Şile, Istanbul. The five dimensions of

the model are benefits for the society, economy, health, culture and ecology. The research is based

on author’s observations and interviews conducted with stakeholders between 2015-2107. Aside from

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the benefits, the challenges of the partnership model are also identified. The results will be helpful to

researchers who wish to examine cross sector social partnership models for development of

sustainable events. The framework that is used during the analysis will lead further research in

developing the model.

REGIONAL IMPACTS OF AIRBNB Laura Hodgson, University Of South Australia, Australia The growth of the share economy including Airbnb can have a large impact regionally. Already, Airbnb

has grown rapidly in Australia and is viewed as an asset to tourism. Airbnb offers an alternative to

traditional forms of accommodation, as a form of dis-intermediation, acting as a disrupter to

traditional intermediaries. Dis-intermediation usually occurs through the use of an online platform.

This has already occurred in the tourism industry as airline and hotels launched online booking sites,

allowing travellers to by-pass the intermediary of the travel agent. Airbnb and Uber have also taken

advantage of this, disrupting the traditional intermediaries of the hotel and taxi industries, to allow

‘hosts’ or drivers to liaise directly with travellers, via their platform. Airbnb allows customers to engage

directly with the home owner or ‘host’ online, and make booking arrangements for short term rentals.

This more personal interaction is seen as a draw card for travellers desiring a local experience and

cheaper option, compared to that of a commercialised hotel. Airbnb is therefore a share economy

that can enhance or inhibit local tourism with government involvement and regulation.

South Australia for example is embracing Airbnb and other forms of share economy, clarifying in June

2016 that Airbnb hosts would not require development planning approval for short term stays (Rau

2016). Furthermore, the South Australian Government is currently working with Airbnb to encourage

new forms of disruptive start-ups (Weatherill 2016). Internationally, cities including New York and San

Francisco have opted to ban the platform. This is a decision which could be described as hasty and

result in potentially unnecessary and costly legal disputes between the platform and government, as

well as discouraging other forms of innovation within the share economy. In Australia, banning Airbnb

in some areas may reduce accommodation options for tourists to the extent that they choose to visit

elsewhere. In considering impacts of Airbnb regionally it is important to look at the social and

economic needs of each area, this may differ state to state, and in regional and urban areas. Important

considerations include; development approvals and the use of housing, taxes, tourism economy,

response to traditional tourism intermediaries or resident neighbouring Airbnb rentals.

DIMINISHING RETURN AND THE DYNAMICS OF THE AUSTRALIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY Ren Hu, University of Wollongong, Australia This essay aims to briefly describe/analyse mainly from an economic angle the dynamics of the

restructuring/deregulation of the Australian dairy industry with economic pressures especially after

2000. This essay firstly indicates the diminishing marginal return of human society as a whole

especially after 2000. This phenomenon is reflected in various notions marking/implying resource

scarcity or degraded resource base, such as peak oil, water stress, land grab and climate change. Under

this background, the global economy and politics entered the age of neoliberalism in the 1970s. Back

to Australia, an agricultural restructuring has been undertaken since the 1970s, indicating the

encroachment of neoliberal thinking and practices into the arena of agriculture. The dairy

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restructuring/deregulation is part of this process and is the focus of this study. Back to the 1950s and

60s, the Australian economy and agriculture were in the Golden Age characterised with persistent

growth and high profitability. This profit abundance made tolerable a protected farm sector

dominated by small family farms and a highly regulated national dairy market. Into the 1970s when

the Golden Age ended with the First Oil Crisis, the dairy industry was faced with milk overproduction

and declining farmers’ terms of trade right through the next four decades. Significant policy changes

happened in the 1980s and in the 2000 deregulation, with government support retreated and national

dairy market liberalised. This essay demonstrates that this trend was stimulated by the system’s

declining profitability or declining potential of making profits, and has been facilitating an increasingly

fierce competition for profits within all levels of the industry (producers, processors and retailers). The

unleashing of the capitalist spirit has been pushing industry players to sacrifice long-term insurance

(factors contributing to the resilience of the system) for short-term survival and profitability.

GLOBAL CITY? MIGRATION CITY? INSIGHTS FROM SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Richard Hu, University of Canberra, Australia This study tests and advances the global city-migration city thesis. The global city discourse has been

criticised as being economic-centric, and failing to address the important issue of immigration. An

alternative research agenda has been proposed to link global city and migration to capture a view of

globalisation from below. It argues for a strong relationship between the roster of global cities and

the influx of immigrants into those destination cities. However, it claims to be provocative, and calls

for further research in deepening their empirical connections. This study identifies one gap in the

thesis and its empirical evidence: the relationship between global city and migration is more than

being strong (and implied positive), and aggregate data at urban level is insufficient to reflect the

complexity at intra-urban local level. This study investigates their relationship at the local level in

Sydney, Australia’s leading global city and migration city. Using inter-censual data in 2001 and 2011, a

global competitiveness index and a global migration index are built to measure the local communities’

global economic capacity and migration diversity across the Greater Sydney region. Despite a strong

relationship between them at the metropolitan level, it finds no relationship at the local level.

However, it reveals a clear relationship between migration and social and economic disadvantage at

the local level, which empirically supports the social polarisation thesis in global cities. This study

concludes with a refined global city-migration city thesis. Migration is related to global city in different

senses at different levels. At a metropolitan level, migration is more related to a global city’s economic

capacity; at a local level, migration is more related to a global city’s social polarisation. This statement

finds a nuanced channel to link migration with both the economic order and the social order in global

cities.

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LOCATION CHOICE OF FDI WITH UNEXPECTED SHOCK - CASE OF JAPANESE FDIS INTO KOREA Seok-Joon Hwang, Kyungpook National University, Korea, Republic of Xiaomin Li, Kyungpook National University, Korea, Republic of Each year catastrophic disasters have been occurred in the earth. The East Japan earthquake was the

one of notorious disasters. These disasters can affect directly a trend of Foreign Direct Investments.

Recent researches about the location choice studies of FDIs are related to the study of regional

innovation system (RIS). The FDIs must have continuing relationship with regional governments and

players to exploit intangible assets of RIS where they choose the final location. However, the

companies in the country with unexpected environmental disaster will make foreign investment

decision quickly because of anxiety. In this case, FDIs can be made in short time, which can be different

from the location choice based on the longer relationship as before.

In this research, we empirically examine the location choice of FDIs from the country with unexpected

disaster. And we try to find out whether the location choice patterns are different from those in

ordinary times. At 2012, the number of new Japanese FDIs in manufacture into Korea is suddenly

increased temporarily. We suspect that this temporary increase reflects the anxiety from the

Earthquake. To find out this, the location choice of Japanese FDIs into Korea is investigated to know

whether location patterns are changed before and after the earthquake. We collect the location data

of Japanese FDIs from 2008 to 2015. And we analyze the location decision pattern of FDIs during that

period. We separate the period into the one with 2008~2010 and the other with 2012~2015 and

compare the location choice patterns with each other. The industries are classified and look at the

industrial idiosyncrasy between them in the location choices of two separate periods. Besides we

investigate the colocation movements, too.

From this, we can identify the effect of the earthquake on the location choice pattern of new

manufacture Japanese FDIs into Korea. Those effects are different over industries. Their motivations

of location choice are related to the security acquisition for the final market or for the raw materials

acquisition. This suggests that the local government which wants to induce FDIs for its regional

economic revival need an adequate regional policy attractive to FDIs which is based on the regional

attributes which is also matched well to industrial characteristics.

SUPPORTING EVIDENCE-INFORMED POLICY AND PRACTICE FOR AUSTRALIAN REGIONS: A ROLE FOR DIGITAL COLLECTIONS Anna Hyland, RMIT University, Australia Many decision makers – in government, industry and communities – want to contribute to

sustainable, vibrant rural communities. However, it is widely acknowledged that regional policy in

Australia is fragmented and complex.

This uncertainty presents a challenge for supporting evidence-informed policy and practice for

regions. Without consensus on the aims and tools of regional development, it is difficult to establish

a framework for the role of evidence in informing decisions about Australian regions. Yet systems for

analysing, evaluating and sharing policy resources appear increasingly important in a post-truth world.

In this context, the Analysis and Policy Observatory (formerly Australian Policy Online) and RMIT

University embarked on the Regional Development Collection, funded by an Australian Research

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Council grant. The project sought to develop a curated, free, online collection of significant regional

policy resources.

This paper briefly reviews literature on evidence-informed policy making and describes some of the

barriers to implementation in the regional policy field. It describes the processes undertaken to

develop the Regional Development collection. Finally it suggests some possibilities for developing

strategic digital collections that support information sharing, analysis and debate about Australian

regions.

POLITICIZATION OF RICE PRICE: WHO GAIN AND WHO LOSE FROM THE POPULIST POLICIES TO INTERVENE RICE PRICE IN THAILAND? Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, College of Government, Rangsit University, Thanaporn Sriyakul, Faculty of Business Administration, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Thailand Several studies have agreed that Thailand’s domestic rice price is determined by the global market.

However, rice is considered a political good that is related to a large number of people, and the

government, therefore, needs to intervene in the domestic rice market in order to reduce the

influence of the global market on the domestic rice price and to create balances in the sharing of

benefits generated by rice trading among involved parties. This research aims to (1) analyze the

effectiveness of populist policies, particularly the scheme of rice mortgage and the scheme of income

guarantee for rice farmers, in mitigating the impact of the global market on the domestic rice price

and (2) analyze the politicization of rice price with regards to the sharing within the rice-trading sector,

including the exporters, the rice millers, and the farmers, of benefits and risks arising from the

fluctuation of rice price. The research utilizes time-series data of export rice prices, domestic rice

prices, and domestic paddy rice prices in two time periods, including (1) the pre-populist policy period

from January 2000 to March 2008 and (2) during the populist policies from April 2008 to April 2014,

upon which regression analyses and statistical tests are conducted. First, the results show that

adopting the populist policies is effective in mitigating the influence of the global market on the

domestic rice price by about 13.33 percent. It also mitigates the influence of the export price pass-

through to the paddy rice price by about 35.99 percent. Second, the benefit- and the risk-sharing

structures arising from the fluctuation of rice price between the exporters, the rice millers, and the

farmers are 1.8305: 0.2232: 97.9463 and 14.9140: 30.7461: 54.3399 before the adoption of the

populist policies and during the adoption of the populist policies, respectively. Moreover, different

populist policies also result in different benefit- and risk-sharing structures. The different structures

are 9.9003: 27.15753: 62.9422, 13.5071: 6.1679: 80.3250 and 5.0864: 15.0578: 79:8558 for the first

rice mortgage scheme, the income-guarantee scheme, and the second rice mortgage scheme,

respectively.

CAN REGIONAL TRANSFORMATION BE SOCIALLY INCLUSIVE? THE CASE OF NORTHERN FUTURES IN GEELONG, AUSTRALIA Louise Johnson, Deakin University, Australia Ongoing economic restructuring has produced many declining rust belt cities and regions. While

governments and communities have acted to ease the impacts, most actions have not been effective.

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Politically, the reaction to ongoing high levels of unemployment are now registering across the

Western world and drive a reconsideration of what interventions might facilitate socially inclusive

redevelopment. Geelong in Victoria, Australia is a regional city recently shaken by the closure of its

car and aluminium industries but also one successfully transitioning to a service economy. However,

a critical question is whether and how neo-liberal policy interventions and community actions have

advanced the position of those displaced and further marginalised by restructuring. This paper

critically considers a number of successful interventions, especially one overseen by the Northern

Futures community group to retrain and secure employment for some of the cities’ most marginalised,

to thereby offer guidance to other cities and regions in their quest for socially inclusive

redevelopment.

FACTORS IMPACTING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF A PUBLIC CITY BUS SERVICE: A QUANTITATIVE CASE-STUDY ANALYSIS OF KOLFE-KERANIYO SUB-CITY, ADDIS ABABA Kelbesa Wakuma Kenea, Central Queensland University, Australia Susan Kinnear, Central Queensland University, Australia Delwar Akbar, Central Queensland University, Australia Accessible public transport plays an important role in advancing the mobility and socioeconomic

wellbeing of users, with effective transport systems being able to reduce congestion and pollution

whilst maintaining fares that are reasonable for lower-income users. In Ethiopia, Anbessa city bus is

the biggest public-owned transport operator in Addis Ababa and the peripheral Oromia towns, yet it

is constrained by poor user accessibility. This study focused on identifying major factors limiting the

accessibility of the bus service in Addis Ababa through a case study of Kolfe-Keraniyo sub-city. A

quantitative research approach was taken using a home-to-home survey to analyse the travel

experience and opinions of 196 Anbessa bus users. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared testing and

logistic regression models were employed to identify the principal factors influencing accessibility.

These statistics indicated that accessibility measures were impacted by a number of variables

including road condition; adequacy of traffic planning, coordination and effectiveness of the traffic

management; and bus users’ complaints about the service. Identifying these factors should assist in

implementing future improvements through providing more effective public transport options for the

residents of Addis Ababa and its peripheral regions, as well as in other developing nations.

WHAT CITY GOVERNMENT NEEDS TO PROCEED AN INNOVATIVE PLACE MAKING PROCESS Jungbin Kim, University of Seoul, Korea, Republic of Last few decades, Seoul has been preceding quantitative oriented urban development. But in 2010,

the city of Seoul met the new turning point because of the economic crisis and the population of the

city is decreasing for the first time after the Korean War. Accordingly, the notion of ‘urban

regeneration’ has been receiving the attention in Seoul since 2010. Thus, Seoul has been introducing

an innovative attempt to make urban place especially after mayor Park won soon started his term.

Nodeul Island is also one of them which is an innovative place making process has applied.

Nodeul Island is located in the middle of Han River which is crossing the City of Seoul. There has been

series of plans for the Island. After the series of failure on the big scale and ambitious plan on the

island, the new mayor Park established a plan to change Nodeul Island through the process of

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consensus together with citizens since the previous plan had problems including the neglect on the

environment issue, excessive budget etc. After this announcement, more than 25 times of

committees, idea contest and 2 times of civic open forum and surveys of mobile poll on How to make

a good use of the island for all citizens had been done. In March 2015, Nodeul Island Competition

Committee was established. Seoul city adopted the alternative way of “competition” as a platform in

which all citizens can have an opportunity to operate Nodeul Island. This Innovative Competition

process was; it includes 3 steps of the process. The first step was to propose contents and programs

of the facility in the island and it was opened to all the citizens, the second step was to set up the

operation plan and operating organization according to the facilities and programs proposed by the

10 organizations selected in the first step, and the third step was architecture competition with the

facilities and programs according to the winner of 2nd step of the competition.

This new way of competition was to choose an operator who has the operating plan, so the

responsible space usage could be accomplished. Thus, planning and operation-oriented competition

was preceded and its goal was to choose an operator who was self-sufficient and sustainable, not a

passive operator who receives government subsidies. However, in order to accomplish this, it needs

the change of administration in accordance to the new way of competition. If there isn’t any change

of administration that can bring life to this new principle, it will be difficult to carry out the initiative

object of the new way of the competition.

From this point of view, the analysis of the series of processes after the Nodeul island competition is

summarized in terms of the conflict between the new ideal place making process and the

administrative system. First, this process is aiming to find the responsible operator for the island and

make them to participate to the whole process of the development. But within the existing ordinance,

there’s no supportive clause to allow for the selected operator through the competition to make

contract before the construction of the building. Existing governance also wan’t ready to dare trying

a new process with new methods. Second, it was the matter of operating period. Another purpose of

this competition was to find a self-sufficient and sustainable operator in terms of moneywise not only

relies on the subsidy from the government. But there should be a prerequisite to accomplish this

purpose. It is the time. There should be a reasonable time frame for the operator to be sustainable

with their own investment. But within the existing ordinance and governance the operator can only

make 3 years of contract including the preparation period of one year.

Introducing innovative methods for developing city space causes many conflicts and difficulties. In a

case of Nodeul Island, there were also unintended difficulties and conflicts with existing administrative

systems as the innovative method was introduced. But the potential and clear thing is that we need a

new method to generate urban place and it needs corporation between local governance and the

administrative system. The case of Nodeul Island will show the progress of this change and will play a

critical role for the future development in the city of Seoul in the new coming era.

THE AUCKLAND FOODBOWL: A NETWORKED FIX FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, A HEAD START IN THE RACE TO AGRIFOOD BOTTOMS, OR YET MORE SOCIALISING OF RISKSTO UNDERSCORE PRIVATE GAIN Nick Lewis, University of Auckland, New Zealand Auckland’s FoodBowl provides regional food ‘start-ups’ access to high-tech manufacturing machinery,

food testing processes and product development expertise. It aims to prepare them to enter fast-

moving consumer foods markets, and is one of five hubs in a national, government funded Food

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Innovation Network (NZFIN). In this paper, I argue that NZFIN represents a new model of regional

development in New Zealand. This model turns to techno-science and innovation to add value to fast

moving food products, and targets the enterprise rather than the sector or the region as an object and

subject of development. It also registers and underpins an agri-food policy shift from production to

processing. Behind this shift lie New Zealand’s enduring reliance on agrifood exports and its decades-

long struggle to identify opportunities to add value to its food products. Arguably, however, the shift

will resolve little and take New Zealand into another race to the bottom, albeit one that has more

possibilities for making short term wins that unprocessed commodities. The paper describes the

emergent model for which the FoodBowl has become a poster child, the development rationalities

that underpin it, the new subjects of agrifood development that it invokes and fosters, the changing

geography of New Zealand agrifood in which it is entangled, and the implications it holds for agrifood

futures in NZ. I ask whether this innovation model offers a plausible alternative to radical change as

a platform for economic transformation and a decisive shift from commodities to value-added exports

in New Zealand agri-food economy.

POVERTY ALLEVIATION RESETTLEMENT AND SPATIO-ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING IN RURAL CHINA Kevin Lo, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Poverty alleviation resettlement (PAR) is one of China’s key poverty reduction initiatives. Through this

state-led resettlement programme, the government aims to improve the living standards and access

to infrastructure and services of the rural poor. This paper examines PAR from the perspective of

spatial restructuring through a household survey conducted in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. A total

of 30 resettlement sites were examined. The results show that PAR has two spatial forms: long-

distance resettlement, which resettles people to cities or towns, and short-distance resettlement,

which resettles people within the administrative boundaries of their village or to a nearby village.

Furthermore, the type of spatial restructuring is an important factor shaping the outcome of

resettlement. While long-distance resettlement outperforms short-distance resettlement in terms of

gains in income, the advantage is offset by higher post-resettlement expenses. Furthermore, long-

distance resettlers face a greater challenge in securing non-agricultural employment. Consequently,

the level of satisfaction is lower among long-distance resettlers. Significant challenges remain to be

addressed for both types of resettlement, including establishing two-way communication between

villagers and the government about resettlement plans and providing better financial support for the

resettlers, safeguards for the livelihoods of non-movers, and post-resettlement support programmes

to help resettlers adjust to their new environments.

SETTLING INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS IN REGIONAL AUSTRALIA: A WIN-WIN SCENARIO? Emily Longstaff, Regional Australia Institute, Australia Contrary to the popular belief that international migrants take Australian jobs away from Australians,

by filling many of these positions and settling in regional areas, international migrants are helping to

create new jobs. By settling in regional communities, international migrants are also helping to provide

stability to the local population and services as well as bringing more diverse and younger residents

to these communities. Moreover, they play a crucial role in community building, participating in sport

and other community groups and volunteering. For regions to access international migrants and make

the most of these many advantages, we need a policy environment that facilitates and encourages

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regional settlement. In drawing on the RAI’s talking point, The Missing Migrants, this paper outlines

examples of successful regional settlement of international migrants to further open the discussion

for how to encourage more communities to get involved in this space. The paper also highlights the

importance of local government leadership and a grass-roots approach to tackling the perennial

regional issues of population decline and long-term economic stability. What the paper demonstrates

is that big change often starts out small. By learning from the experiences, successes and challenges

of a few regional communities, we can be better informed about how to develop national policies that

seek to grow and enrich our regional communities through international migration. Indeed,

international migration presents an opportunity, rather than a burden, for regional areas. It is a

platform through which communities can provide their own solutions to the challenges of population

loss and a slowing local economy. It is also a platform through which communities can move beyond

the myths of regional population dynamics and focus on the genuine opportunities for positive

change.

CSIRO REGIONAL STRATEGIC FORESIGHT PROJECT Maxine Loynd, Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Australia The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development recently collaborated with the CSIRO on

a Strategic Foresight project for regional Australia. The project developed a framework for

understanding the inter-generational trends to develop potential future scenarios for regional

Australia. These scenarios are enabling consideration of what it will be like to live, work and invest in

regional Australia in 30 years. The scenarios are being used by the Department to inform regional

development policy and investment decisions. The involvement of both subject matter experts and

regional thought leaders was key to the project’s success.

A wide range of regional development stakeholders from academia, the community, industry and

across all levels of government was consulted during the course of the project. The far-reaching scope

of engagement with the project indicates the relevance of this work for many spheres beyond regional

development policy. This includes infrastructure investment, employment, education, health and

private investment.

The scenarios were informed by the following five megatrends: connectivity improvements in both

physical and telecommunications infrastructure; the growing significance of the Asia-Pacific region;

population growth and economic activity being drawn away by larger centres and high amenity areas

from smaller towns; value generation through knowledge, innovation and new services in the

economy; and the environment as a source of both risk and livelihood to regional communities and

businesses. These megatrends were identified through analysis of issues related to social, economic,

institutional, environmental and technological change.

Most regional policy encompasses cross-cutting issues such as health, education, communications and

immigration. Accordingly, the final report will be used to influence a range of policy development not

only in the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, but also more broadly across

policy areas which have a regional dimension. These include industry, education, health and

immigration. The report is also of key relevance to industry and business and they consider future

investment and development opportunities in regional Australia.

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BEYOND REGIONAL POLICIES AND PLACE-BASED DEALS, ALIGNING INCENTIVES FOR COLLABORATION RATHER THAN COMPETITION IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Winston Mok, University of Sydney, Australia In one of the most decentralized economies in the world, inter-regional competition has been central

to China’s political economy. A key driver behind such rivalry has been China’s tournament style cadre

measurement system. While such yardstick competition facilitated China’s economic transition and

provided significant impetus to China’s economic growth, it also resulted in serious social and

economic ills such as over-capacities, high local debts and environmental degradation.

Thus, inter-regional competition must be tampered with inter-regional coordination. Among the

leading economic regions of China, Greater Beijing is least coordinated in its economic development.

Greater Beijing’s urban system is much less integrated and coherent than its more successful peers

down south. Compared to Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, Greater Beijing is not only less

developed, but more unequal in its development among its constituent parts.

More than industry policies, China has been using regional policies– place-based preferential policies

– for almost five decades as the key development instrument. Economic and high-tech development

zones have been key platforms of growth in China. At the early stages of economic reforms, such

regional policies were to accelerate economic growth even at the expense of widening regional

disparity. More recently, targeted regional policies for inland and northern regions aim to close the

gaps of unequal regional development. Free trade zones and other experimental zones have been set

up lately to test policy innovations and to position China for the next phase of growth.

For more than a decade, the central government has been trying to make Tianjin – as part of Greater

Beijing – a third growth pole after Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta. With strong push from

the top, Tianjin indeed achieved high growth. But much duplication and wastages remain with

uncoordinated development. Under the shadow of affluent Beijing are far poorer pockets in Hebei.

Hence, inter-regional catch-up was only achieved with worsening intra-regional disparity. In this

context, the central government is stepping in to coordinate the development of Greater Beijing.

Much of such “coordination” has come in the form of top-down directives, including regional

infrastructure development, directed industrial relocation and spread of education and health care

resources. The most common place-based deals are cost sharing – among vertical layers

and neighbours – of inter-jurisdictional transport infrastructure. Other place-based deals, often on an

ad-hoc basis, have been put in place to mitigate conflicts of interests among jurisdictions.

However, the crux of the matter is the inter-jurisdictional rivalry inherent in yardstick competition

among cadres. Thus, like the successful experience of Pearl River Delta, coordinated development in

Greater Beijing cannot be truly achieved without revamping cadre measurement. By changing the

rules of play, a game may be reoriented from competitive to collaborative – resulting in better Pareto

payoffs. The paper argues that group measures must supplement individual performance outcomes –

such as the current all-important municipal GDP growth – to align the incentives of local cadres with

coordinated regional development.

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URBAN ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE: PLANNING FOR GREEN SPACE IN A SPACE CONSTCUTED WORLD Melissa Nursey-Bray, University of Adelaide, Australia Australians have a vexed relationship with trees. They are frequently constructed as treacherous,

untrustworthy and frightening objects in the landscape, with the potential to cause death. Battles over

tress typify one of the most contested ideological landscapes in the nation’s history. In Australian

cities, another dimension has emerged, where planning conflicts (often focussed on 'the tree') are

galvanised around discourses about occupational health and safety and environmental sustainability.

Based on empirical research, this paper explores how this relationship is defining green space planning

in Australian cities.I provide reflections on what this means for social sustainability, adaptive climate

governance and urban planning. I conclude with a call to find new ways to re-engage the community

and challenge local democracy on environmental issues at local scale.

DEAL OR NO DAL? REDEFINING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN, AND WITHIN, STATE ACTORS AND CORPORATIONS Leonie Pearson, The Regional Australia Institute, Australia Andrew Carter, The Regional Australia Institute, Australia Kim Houghton, The Regional Australia Institute, Australia City Deals is a policy whose time has come in Australian regional economic development. The paper

argues that the interdependent challenges of regional city economies and local solutions are ripe

grounds for City Deal implementation. But, it is a policy that calls for enormous circumspection. What’s

new about City Deals is its collaborative focus on shared accountability, and responsibility in negations

for a long term transparent local growth solution. Empirical evidence is used to establish the economic

need for locally bespoke regional economic development policy for the 31 regional cities spread

around Australia. The analysis highlights the need for regional cities to addresses common weaknesses

by nurturing new industry specialisation, better enabling local business growth, stimulating workforce

attractiveness and building on existing lifestyle and affordability advantages. These regional city

economic weaknesses are enhancing the divide between regional and metropolitan city economic

performance. However, a one size fits all policy will not deliver the local solutions needed to fix on the

ground weaknesses; does Gladstone need the same concerted effort on specialisation as Hobart? In

delivering locally bespoke policy, state actors need to redefine their relationships within and with

other actors (e.g. civil society, not-for-profit and corporations). This relationship redefinition to deliver

long term local solutions, sits squarely in a collaborative policy context such as that being trialled

through federal governments; Regional Jobs and Investment Packages and City Deals. However,

collaborative policy requires a rethink of many actors’ roles, power, structures, political will and

capacity. Initial insights from discussion with regional city policy leaders and review of UK experiences

identifies the importance of redefining relationships between actors, not just changing policy

guidelines. This paper explores the needed ‘rules’ and relationships for actors to establish bespoke

collaborative policy for regional city economic growth – are all the players ready to Deal?

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CONTRIBUTING TO A MORE SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM: THE POTENTIAL OF REDUCING FOOD WASTE David Pearson, OzHarvest, Australia Emerging threats to global food security are resulting in transformations across the entire food supply

chain, from production to consumption. This paper contributes to discussion on how to orient

government policy and action by organisations and individuals towards human diets that are more

environmentally sustainable.

Recent research undertaken by the author and funded through an Australian Research Council

Discovery Grant has identified 12 areas where management interventions are able to promote

healthier human diets that come from more environmentally a sustainable food system. Four of these

relate to the food product: adjusting consumption of meat to recommended amount; adjusting

consumption of dairy products to recommended amount; consuming ‘junk food’ in moderation and

only for enjoyment; and hydrating from tap water supplies to reduce purchases of bottled water. Five

relate to where food product is from: selecting seasonal and field grown fresh fruits and vegetables;

selecting food options produced with respect to the environment (eg. organic food); selecting food

options with minimal packaging being only that required to avoid product damage; selection of the

most locally sourced food products to minimise transport; and eating fish from sustainable sources.

The final three relate to food provisioning behaviour: reducing energy use in food purchases and

cooking; avoiding eating above individual kilojoule requirements; and reducing avoidable food waste.

Unfortunately research consistently indicates that environmental sustainability is relatively

unimportant to most consumers most of the time when they are purchasing food products. The vast

majority of food purchases are dominated by combinations of taste, price and convenience.

However, there are opportunities to achieve environmental benefits as a consequence of, rather than

a reason consumers are motivated for, a particular purchase. In terms of the 12 areas previously

mentioned, priority areas for nudging consumers to change, based on high environmental impact and

likelihood of consumers changing their behaviour, are reduction of ‘junk food’ consumption and

minimization of avoidable food waste.

In relation to reduction of ‘junk food’ consumption consumers are motivated improving their own

health rather than being more environmentally sustainable. Further, ‘junk food’ is under ongoing

scrutiny due to its contribution to obesity and associated negative health consequences.

Food waste is those parts of plants and animals harvested for human consumption but not eaten. In

developed countries such as Australia it is estimated that over half of total amount of food wasted

occurs at the retail and consumer end of the supply chain. It has been reported that the financial cost

in terms of economic loss associated with food waste is the main motivator, where as the social cost

when the food does not go to those who suffer from food insecurity and malnutrition is also important

to some. The environmental impact in terms of embedded resources potentially lost is not a big

motivator for either retailer or consumers.

Consideration of food waste has emerged as a priority as evidenced by its inclusion in the recently

released United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which seek to halve food waste by 2030 and

the Australian Government’s Food Waste Summit planned for November 2017.

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BORDERING PRACTICES IN GLOBAL SYDNEY: BECOMING A CITY-REGION OR A ‘METROPOLIS OF THREE CITIES’ Kane Pham, University of Technology Sydney, Australia The growth of cities leads to the becoming of city-regions. Recent strategies for the construction of

the Sydney Global City Region and has suggested a geographical shift of its centre westwards with the

current city becoming an eastern node in this reconstruction of metropolitan Sydney. This paper

utilises recent perspectives from the field of border studies that scrutinises the liminal state of

borders, offering new theoretical approaches to understanding the formation of sub-regions, their

relationships and implications for a greater ‘Sydney Global City Region’.

As the spatial boundary of the city-region grows, interior relations of this formation are repositioned

as new borders are formed. Sydney is facing restructuring to become a ‘metropolis of three cities.’

This introduces both opportunities and complexities in the governing and strategy towards the future

shape and importance of the existing ‘Sydney Global City’. Formation of these city-regions also makes

visible the latent interjurisdictional politics that frame the planning and governance of these extended

urban environments.

Through a relational analysis of successive strategic planning documents from 2010-2016, this paper

firstly finds the growth of cities requires new theoretical perspectives to ‘see’ the changing dynamics

within the city-region. Secondly, the paper examines the bordering practices between sub-regions

that guide the strategic shift to reimagine greater Sydney as a metropolis of three cities. These growth

strategies displace the focus on community development at a local level further prioritising economic

driven development that are manufactured through bordering practices redefining the city-region.

GOVERNANCE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: WHAT DO REGIONAL PLANNING REFORMS MEAN FOR NON-METROPOLITAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT? Jessica Porter, University Of South Australia, Australia Housing affordability is of continuing concern for Australia; and is no longer an issue that is exclusive

to metropolitan Australia. Housing supply and land use planning are often regarded (perhaps

incorrectly) as one of the key drivers of housing affordability. In response to this concern, many

Australian State Governments have reformed their land use planning systems by introducing

inclusionary zoning policy to address housing affordability.

Governance theory will be utilised to explore the current governance structure and relationship

between State and non-metropolitan Local Government in South Australia, with a focus on

inclusionary zoning creation and implementation. This paper will consider the introduction of regional

planning reforms, highlighted in the South Australian Planning Reforms, as the State looks to

implement regional governance models.

Whilst there is a growing body of research that considers governance and its role in land use planning,

to date, there has been an absence of research focusing on governance structure relationships

between Australian State Government and non-metropolitan Local Government, regarding

inclusionary zoning policy creation and implementation. The work contributes to a growing body of

research on governance structures and relationships between Australian State and non-metropolitan

Local Government, in relation to inclusionary zoning policy.

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THE RURAL RENAISSANCE AND RECONSTRUCTION MOVEMENT IN CHINA: CULTURE, ECONOMY AND THE DILEMMA OF POST-RURALITY Junxi Qian, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong While existing literatures on China’s urbanisation and urban-rural transition have examined

extensively the urban-rural duality and the decline of the countryside in China, relatively limited work

has been done to analyse the ways in which grassroots actors, corporate interests, and the state re-

define the countryside as an object of active intervention, and, in particular, a dormant resource for

cultural flourishment and economic accumulation. During the past five years or so, China has

witnessed the emergence and popularisation of culture-led rural renaissance and reconstruction

initiatives. Above all, these initiatives mobilise exogenous capital to advance various activities,

including, primarily, the re-invention of rural villages into minshuku-style tourist destinations, art-

based rural regeneration, and the use of rurality as a context of architectural experimentation. In

general, these variegated projects aim at the re-activation of rural cultures and communities through

both profit-driven and non-profit-driven agendas. While rural renaissance and reconstruction can be

criticised for reducing rurality into an idealised, essentialised object to be gazed by urban consumers

alienated by urban modernity, it is in fact underscored by complex, ambiguous aspirations and

sensibilities. Three rationales can be teased out from this fraught, nebulous terrain: (1) the

revitalisation and empowerment of rural communities by enlisting rural people into alternative

economic activities and organisations; (2) the realisation of untapped economic potentials of rural

authenticity, compelling to urban consumers dwelling in nostalgia; (3) the articulation of authentic

Chineseness and national identity vis-à-vis the triumphant strides of global modernity. This paper

follows a cultural economic geography approach to unpack such a wealth of positionalities and

subjectivities. Engaging with the thesis of post-rurality, this paper concurs that rurality is not an

enclosed entity, but enmeshed in broader spatial-temporal assemblages of power relations, political

economies, and cultural aspirations. However, when applied to the Chinese context, the post-rural

perspective needs to be complemented by the sensitivity to widening urban-rural disparities, rural

disempowerment, and continued urban hegemony, all inherent in China’s urban-rural relation, which

are the distinctive structuring and constitutive factors in the ongoing production of rurality in China.

INCOME INEQUALITY AND CITY SIZE: TOWARDS CAUSAL EXPLANATIONS Somwrita Sarkar, The University of Sydney, Australia Glen Searle, The University of Sydney, Australia Principles of economic agglomeration, from the time of Marshall, propose that cities exist because

they can accelerate wealth creation and prosperity. It has also been empirically shown that larger

cities are wealthier: as city sizes (populations) increase, there is a disproportionate growth of total

income, thus showing positive returns to scale. While questions of aggregate wealth generation and

their relationship to city growth and prosperity are important, what is not often discussed is the

distribution of this extra wealth. When large cities become disproportionately rich, does everyone

gain? Or do some sections of economic agents gain more than others? Our recent work focussed on

how distribution of income in Australian cities scales against city size. The analysis, carried out over

101 Significant Urban Areas (SUAs) of Australia, showed that income growth is proportional or slightly

less than proportional in the lower or middle income categories, whereas it is disproportionately

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higher for the highest income categories. Thus, we found that larger cities are wealthier, but they are

also more unequal. In this paper, we begin to discuss some of the causal explanations behind this

empirically observed phenomenon: why do large, global cities apparently generate more inequality?

Focussing on Australia, we contrast Sydney’s industrial sector and occupational distributions and

global city role against the other cities of Australia. In particular, we shed light on the agglomeration

of financial, technical (fin-tech) and professional services in cities and their geographic distribution

across the urban landscape. We then explore the related effects that could cascade into secondary

employment generation, housing markets, and other related services, via a preferential attachment

framework. This work presents a preliminary set of hypotheses to test and explain the observed

connection between city size and economic inequality. Given that discussions on inequality are at the

forefront in an increasingly urbanising world, exploring this connection between city size and

economic inequality is critical and fundamental.

FROM PLURALIST TO LEADERSHIP DEMOCRACY? Alan Scott, University of New England, NSW, Australia Colin Crouch’s short book Postdemocracy, published in 2004, put that term firmly on the map, not just

in academic debates but also among a wider politically engaged public, particularly in continental

Europe. It is clear, however, that Crouch was not himself entirely happy with the term. He was fully

aware that it defined a putative political development not in its own terms, but in terms of what it

was not; of that which preceded it. The intervening period has perhaps made it clearer what form

contemporary regimes substantively take. The dominant metaphor in Crouch’s work was literally

graphic: the parabola in which postdemocracy was said to resemble, but not be identical to,

predemocracy. In a way that confirms this parabolic image, this paper argues that many of the

concerns of the conference – the re-emergence of economic nationalism, spatial differences (in voting

patterns), the rise of populist movements, etc. – can be understood in terms familiar from early

political science and political sociology; notably ‘leadership democracy’. This concept was given its

perhaps earliest expression in Max Weber’s essay on the Reichspräsident, and was later taken up by

elite theorists (democratic or otherwise). The notion of leadership democracy went hand-in-hand with

a view of democracy as essentially acclamatory, and of the mass is as irrational; as unable to ‘think

beyond the day after tomorrow’ and capable of only ‘negative politics’. This paper will revisit this

earlier debate in a contemporary context by contrasting pluralist regimes with leadership democracy.

For Raymond Aron, pluralism is characterized by (i) respect for the spirit – not merely the letter – of

the law; (ii) self-restraint (from seeking to destroy the political opponent); (iii) a mix of competition

and compromise. It is precisely these principles that contemporary politics appears to be abandoning

– from the circumvention of parliament (Brexit) to calls for democratic political opponents to be locked

up (the US presidential campaign) or disciplined (the recent case of the trade union UNITE in the UK).

Such politics also increasingly appeals to, mobilizes, and instrumentalizes local, regional, and national

identities, and thus exacerbates spatial and social divisions between the urban and the rural/ex-urban;

metropolitan centres and more marginalized (often deindustrialized) cities; between regions; and

between internationally mobile populations (e.g. ‘Eurostars’) and those whose life chances remain

territorially bound.

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SYDNEY AS A GLOBAL/’NESTED’ CITY: EVIDENCE FROM RECENT FINANCE SECTOR CHANGES Glen Searle, University of Queensland, Australia Thomas Sigler, University of Queensland, Australia Somwrita Sarkar, University of Sydney, Australia This paper investigates recent changes in the size and structure of Sydney’s finance sector, a central

dimension of the city’s evolving role as a global city. It analyses changes since 2000 in key components

of the finance sector: foreign exchange transactions, equity trading, funds management, and

insurance. The analysis is set within, and tests, the theoretical perspective of the nested city

hypothesis that global forces have not de-territorialised the economy of cities such as Sydney and

caused them to converge. In order to enable this, the paper compares Sydney’s performance in the

selected finance sector industries with changes in the global financial system since 2000, and with

changes in those industries in other global cities. The extent to which individual finance industries are

demonstrating differentiated globalisation tendencies is explored by analysing data for listed ASX

finance companies, comparing the extent of global branch plant presence in 2000 and 2016. The paper

argues that evidence supporting the nested city hypothesis in regard to the finance sector is apparent,

resulting from Australia’s distinctive economic dependence on the resources sector and its high

growth rate, its compulsory superannuation system, and its lack of accumulated knowledge in sectors

such as insurance, inter alia.

R3: ART3 – REMAKING RURAL REGIONS: ANTIFRAGILE RESPONSES TO TEN TRANSFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES Anthony Sorensen, University Of New England, Australia Tony Sorensen, University of New England, Australia Lee Pugalis, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia The arrival of the 4th Industrial Revolution (or Second Machine Age) could, according to some

estimates, change economy and society ten times faster than the lapsed time since the arrival of the

first industrial revolution in the 18th century. We canvass a range of transformative technologies

emerging and assess their potential impact on Australia’s ruralities, noting that they will (a) likely

blend, fuse and integrate in complex and often unpredictable ways and that (b) Australia’s immense

rural diversity could lead to highly variable impacts from place to place, both within and between

regions. We will focus our attention on the coping mechanisms that unique combinations of

government, economy and society might require to navigate these uncharted waters. Drawing on

Nassim Taleb’s analysis of business antifragility and especially the process of optionality, a process by

which businesses chart their perceived options in respect of many different management aspects, we

will sketch-out ideas about how rural society might cope with an age of accelerating complexity and

uncertainty. Remaking rural regions may benefit from an intricately networked and whole-of-place

approach involving all tiers of government, businesses, and civil society jointly pursuing Taleb’s

strategy of optionality. This will call for new forms of place-based leadership to engender the

production of highly adaptable rural development strategies. We conclude with some reflection on

potential research agendas generated by our analysis.

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HEALTHY FOOD FROM VIBRANT COMMUNITIES IN HEALTHY LANDSCAPES Maarten Stapper, Biologic AgFood, Australia Current modes of food provisioning have developed from cheap oil through industrialisation of food

production and processing, and the increasing food miles of globalised markets. They have led to

decreasing health of people, declining nutritional content of food, degrading soils, depleting water

resources, water and air pollution, diminishing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, and are

exacerbating global warming. The costs of these factors are not reflected in the price of food, but

many are borne by the producer and ultimately the tax payer.

Science, institutions and governments keep following this dominant path of food provisioning which

is supported by multinational corporations. They only tinker at the edges and treat symptoms with

band-aids rather than tackling the cause of problems in these complex systems. Consumer demand

for ethical & ecological food, chemical-free and local, however, is driving changes in food provisioning.

Globally there is an ever-increasing organic food demand, and patronage of community supported

agriculture and urban farming, connecting rural with urban, local production with consumption. These

bottom-up preferences have to be reconciled with top-down policies to support healthier and more

sustainable food systems for our fragmented City-Regional, consumer oriented societies.

Food sovereignty can be achieved with a transformation in food production from industrial to local

agroecological, which minimises use of synthetic fertilizers and chemicals. Such production systems

produce healthy food from regenerated healthy soils. It restores the water cycle, mineral cycle and

biodiversity of landscapes while minimising water and air pollution. Associated soil carbon

sequestration, reduction in emissions and increased soil water retention will slow global warming.

Agroecological farming has been endorsed by United Nation agencies as the way to feed the world,

without requiring GMO technology. Strengths are the greater use of local resources, knowledge and

skills with linkages in regional communities. Farmers are provided with agroecological management

tools for a profitable, successful transition to heathy, nutrient dense food production in biodiverse

landscapes. In the process of ‘learning by doing’, they learn to see and experience the living soil-plant-

animal systems on their farm.

Successful transition requires governments at all levels to create regionally enabling environments for

production, trading and consumption of local food by communities and small business. Education of

students, consumers and producers in preventative health of self, plants, animals and Earth is critical.

Producers and consumers need to (re)develop and use the capacity to be biosensitive, becoming less

mechanistic, to trust nature and be in tune with, sensitive to, and respectful of the processes of life.

Changes in science and appropriate policies are needed to create enabling environments for transition

towards sustainable urban food provisioning. This to meet the increasing consumer demand for

ethical & ecological food, and prevention of continuing soil degradation and ecosystem collapse.

Science must develop a unified methodology to study holistically agroecosystems. Governments,

producers and consumers have to connect with scientists to solve problems encountered in local

practice. Local solutions for global healing!

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DIVIDED CITIES, DIVIDED COUNTRY Frank Stilwell, The University of Sydney, Australia This paper presents an overview of the principal dimensions of spatial inequality in Australia. It

emphasises their long-established character and some recent developments. It considers causes,

consequences and potential remedial policies. The emphasis is on the politically embedded character

of the inequalities and the processes of circular and cumulative causation that perpetuate and

intensify the resulting patters of advantage and disadvantage. This is not a paper showcasing new

research: rather, it is a reflective overview of the long-standing urban and regional challenges.

ORGANISING CITIES AND URBAN ALLIANCES Amanda Tatersall, The University of Sydney, Australia If cities are the site for a majority of the world’s population, then they might also be the site from

which democracy can be strengthened and social crises can be challenged. This paper examines urban

alliances, one of a variety of strategies that citizens from across the world are using to rebuild

relationships between civil society and pursue common ground in the hope of building a better world.

It presents a predominantly theoretical approach, identifying a set of key conceptual tools that can

help us understand how urban alliances differ and when they are likely to be powerful in different

contexts. The paper introduces the spatial dialectic “coordination and autonomy” to understand how

alliances differ in both their breadth (the extent of organisations they involve) and depth (their

capacity to traverse scale). It also explores the more familiar tension between “mobilizing” and

“organising” to understand how alliances vary according to how they engage and sustain the

involvement of people in organisations. The paper draws out these concepts using examples from a

research project that is mapping urban alliances from across the world. The goal is to identify

conceptual tools that can help us better understand when urban alliances are likely to successfully

transform cities.

(RE)THINKING REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA AND EUROPE Bruce Wilson, European union Centre at RMIT, Australia Over the past 20 years, there has been steady growth of interest in regional innovation systems, from

both academic researchers and from policy makers. Amongst other developments, this interest has

culminated in the decision by the European Union (EU) to make Smart Specialisation Strategies, or the

implementation of ‘RIS3’, regional innovation smart specialisation, a central feature of its Regional

Policy (and for access to the Cohesion Funds) for the 2014-2020 financial period. Now, all European

Union regions are engaging with a defined process to develop strategies to build or enhance

innovation systems which will in turn be supported by EU investment.

Australian experience with regional innovation is much more erratic, and it is difficult to identify a

coherent, let alone systemic, pattern. Most attention is given to national innovation policies, and

interest in innovation in the regions is either focused on specific firms, or on occasional examples of

clusters, rather than exploring innovation eco-systems and how they can be promoted.

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While the National Innovation and Science Agenda (NISA) might lead to some positive developments,

it is unlikely to offer much to those Australian city-regions in which citizens are struggling with

economic transformation. The EU’s Smart Specialisation approach is designed to enable all city-

regions, including the poorest in Europe, to understand their key strengths in the developing

‘knowledge economy’, and build a regional innovation system that can enhance the global

competitiveness of the regional economy.

Can this approach contribute to lessening the fragmentation of initiatives to address Australia’s

economic ‘patchwork’ map of city-regions? This paper will review the Australian experience over the

past 25 years, and will consider the potential opportunities which might derive from a more systematic

policy framework. It will examine opportunities for Australian experience to contribute to European

thinking about smart specialisation, especially where particular European firms have investments in

both European and Australian regions.

GLOBAL CITY CONNECTIVITY AND NATIONAL ECONOMY Yongling Yao, Renmin University of China, China Yongmei Lu, Texas State University, China Yunhan Wang, Renmin University of China, China Yue Dong, Renmin University of China, China Most studies on global cities adopt a ‘zero-sum’ concept of spatial scale by emphasizing the fact that

there is a declining power of the territorial state whereas the global scale enlarges, the state scale

diminishes. This paper examines the relationship between a global city’s connectivity and its national

economy by following the definition of city interlock connectivity suggested by Taylor. By using data

from a total of 61 international corporations in 35 global cities, the study sets up a nonlinear model to

illustrate the relations between the national economy and the first cities interlock connectivity. The

results revealed that both GDP size and GDP per capita impact the city connectivity through a cubic

function, which helps explain empirically that a global city’s role as a command-and-control center

reflects the development of the country’s national economy. The findings show that the power of the

territorial state is still evident on the second nature of cities. This proof clarifies the conclusions that

the world is getting ‘flatter’ because horizontal urban hierarchy is getting clear; the world is not getting

‘flatter’ because the power of command center of the city is mainly from the power of their

hinterlands. It is the vertical relations between cities and their territories support the global cities

connecting with others during globalization.

INNOVATION FOR THE GROWTH? THE ASSESSMENT OF THE INNOVATION 40 POLICY IN JIANGSU PROVINCE, CHINA Yue Wang, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limonology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China In October 2015 China’s 18th Party Congress convened to decide the country’s 13th Five Year Plan

(2016-2020). It placed technological innovation as a strategic priority in supporting the country’s

efforts to enhance economic productivity and national strength. In May 2016 the State Council

(Cabinet Office) published the Innovation Driven Development Strategy, setting out the blueprint for

a development model based on economic, social and environmental sustainability.

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Against this backdrop, many local governments have made their strategic plans in order to promote

and increase the innovation activities. In August 2016, Jiangsu Province implemented a so-called “40

innovation policy”, aiming to transform its massive manufacturing activities into more innovation-

driven activities. This paper seeks to illustrate how the policies have been implemented and adopted

across different institutions and areas within this particular province. Ten group interviews covering

over 100 interviewees have been conducted in this research. The interviewees ranged from the

governmental officers, academic scholars, leaders in enterprises to technology people. It then tries to

demonstrate the incentive effects of the”40 innovation policy” since it has been issued. Finally, this

paper explains and justifies how the challenges can be addressed in order to assess the implications

of the policies. The suggestions in terms of further actions in order to enhance the effects of the “40

innovation policy” will also be provided.

MODELLING THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF BETWEEN PROVINCE URBAN MIGRATION FLOWS IN CHINA: A COMPARISON OF SPATIAL INTERACTIVE AND MULTILEVEL GRAVITY MODELS Nina Zhang, University of Bristol, United Kingdom In migration studies, little has been written about how migration flows are not independent events,

whilst urban-urban migration has been on the rise in China but received little academic attention.

Existing models do treat migration flows as independent, and there is a need for new approaches to

examine the interdependence of migration flows. In order to address this, this paper develops a

multilevel gravity model of migration using China’s 2010 census data to explore the interdependence

of between province urban migration flows, and also compares our multilevel gravity model with the

spatial interactive model. The results show that both models are indeed effective and well-tailored to

examine flow data, evidencing that segment populations and incomes of the urban area are

remarkably responsive to the mobilisation of the urban population across provinces while the adverse

effect of distance holds significant. Most importantly, our multilevel gravity model finds evidence for

significant flow dependences, namely the origin, the destination and the flow-pair effects: the

destination effects are evidently bigger and span remarkably wider than the origin effects, and that

bilateral flow pairs are highly correlated. Particularly, the high and significant flow-pair correlation

empirically evidences the existence of the reciprocal bonding between flow pairs for the first time,

which not only signifies how Ravenstein’s law of migration has stood the test of time but also provides

a reformed theoretical framework for the gravity model of migration. In this regard, this paper

contributes to migration studies by offering not only a rigorous empirical investigation of China’s

interprovincial urban-urban migration but also an improved theoretical framework of the gravity

model that could be adopted to study migration flows of other regions around the globe.

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Index:

Akbar, 11 Ankowska, 1 Argent, 2 Ayres, 2 Beer, 2 Bourne, 3 Buckle, 3 Buckley, 4 Carter, 16 Clower, 2 Dalziel, 4 Davlasheridze, 6 Dong, 24 Faller, 2 Filipenko, 5 Goetz, 6 Han, 6 Hatipoglu, 6 Hodgson, 7 Houghton, 16 Hu, 7, 8 Hwang, 9 Hyland, 9 Jermsittiparsert, 10 Johnson, 10 Kenea, 11 Kim, 11 Kinnear, 11 Larder, 2

Lewis, 12 Li, 9 Lo, 13 Longstaff, 13 Loynd, 14 Lu, 24 Mok, 15 Nursey-Bray, 16 Pearson, 16, 17 Pham, 18 Porter, 18 Pugalis, 21 Qian, 19 Sancino, 2 Sarkar, 19, 21 Saunders, 4 Scott, 20 Searle, 19, 21 Sigler, 21 Sorensen, 21 Sriyakul, 10 Stapper, 22 Stilwell, 23 Tatersall, 23 Wang, 24 Wilson, 23 Yao, 24 Zhang, 25