Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The following is a Document showing that there is a connection to Fracking and Earthquaks. Also included in this PDF graph's showing seismic activity after Fracking was done.
Citation preview
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!"#$%&#'%(&)(*)+(,,%-./)0&12341)54%,$%3%'/)*6($)7/16#2.%3)86#3'26%&9)%&)':4)!(.#)8%4.1;)<#6=%&)
>(2&'/;)?@.#:($#)!
!
"#$%&'!()**+',!
!
!!
!
!
-.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728!!
-92':;&*2!<29)6%!
-;=:>?==!
! !
!
! ! !
-@A"(-B"!1C-A-1DE"A!5F<GCH!
-92':I&*2!<29)6%!J&$4*+&026!
!K/&$!-92':I&*2!<29)6%!&$!&'%2',2,!%)!0+.2!%/2!62$#*%$!)I!62$2+64/!
+7+&*+L*2!+%!%/2!2+6*&2$%!9)$$&L*2!,+%2!+',!')%!&'%2',2,!%)!62962$2'%!%/2!
I&'+*!)6!I)60+*!9#L*&4+%&)'M!!K/2!629)6%!&$!+'!#'2,&%2,!4)98!9629+62,!L8!
%/2!+#%/)6M!
) )
!
! ! !
!"#$%&#'%(&)(*)+(,,%-./)0&12341)54%,$%3%'/)*6($)7/16#2.%3)86#3'26%&9)%&)':4)!(.#)8%4.1;)<#6=%&)
>(2&'/;)?@.#:($#)!
!
"#$%&'!"M!()**+',!
-.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728!
5+6.28$!C'2638!E2'%26!
=??!C+$%!N)8,!5%MO!<0M!P:=Q=!
P)60+'O!-.*+/)0+!RQ?=S:?T>U!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
"#3#$%!>?==!
!
-.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728!!
-92':;&*2!<29)6%!
-;=:>?==
!
! ! !=!
52$$#6/!)-'!V+'#+68!=UO!>?==O!K/2!-.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728!W-15X!6242&72,!+!9/)'2!4+**!
I6)0!+!62$&,2'%!*&7&'3!$)#%/!)I!C*0)62!E&%8O!&'!1+67&'!E)#'%8O!-.*+/)0+O!%/+%!
629)6%2,!I22*&'3!$2726+*!2+6%/Y#+.2$!%/6)#3/)#%!%/2!'&3/%M!!K/2!629)6%&'3!*)4+*!
62$&,2'%!/+,!+*$)!)II262,!%/+%!%/262!Z+$!+'!+4%&72!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!96)[24%!
)44#66&'3!'2+6L8M!!F9)'!2\+0&'+%&)'!%/262!Z262!'2+6*8!]?!2+6%/Y#+.2$O!Z/&4/!
)44#662,!,#6&'3!%/+%!%&02M!!"I%26!+'+*8^&'3!%/2!,+%+!%/262!Z262!_Q!2+6%/Y#+.2$!*+632!
2')#3/!%)!L2!*)4+%2,O!Z/&4/!I6)0!%/2!4/+6+4%26!)I!%/2!$2&$0&4!624)6,&'3$!&',&4+%2!
%/+%!%/28!+62!L)%/!$/+**)Z!+',!#'&Y#2M!!K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!6+'32!&'!0+3'&%#,2!I6)0!
=M?!%)!>MU!B,!+',!%/2!0+[)6&%8!)I!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#662,!Z&%/&'!+L)#%!>_!/)#6$!)I!%/2!
I&6$%!2+6%/Y#+.2M!!E+62I#*!+%%2'%&)'!+',!$&3'&I&4+'%!2II)6%!Z+$!9#%!&'%)!)L%+&'&'3!%/2!
0)$%!+44#6+%2!*)4+%&)'$!9)$$&L*2!+',!3+&'&'3!+!62+$)'+L*2!2$%&0+%2!&'!%/2!266)6!&'!
*)4+%&)'$M!!K/2!'2+62$%!$2&$0&4!$%+%&)'!&$!Q]!.0!+Z+8!I6)0!Z/262!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!
)44#662,M!!;)60+*!266)6$!&'!*)4+%&)'!+62!)'!%/2!)6,26!=??:]??!0!/)6&^)'%+**8!+',!
+L)#%!%Z&42!%/+%!I)6!,29%/M!!C\+0&'+%&)'!)I!,&II262'%!72*)4&%8!0),2*$!Z)#*,!$#332$%!
%/+%!%/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'$!$/)#*,!L2!+L)#%!%Z&42!%/2!I)60+*!
#'426%+&'%&2$M!K/2!0+[)6&%8!)I!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+992+6!%)!/+72!)44#662,!Z&%/&'!+L)#%!QM]!
.0!)I!%/2!Z2**!*)4+%2,!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!)I!$)#%/26'!1+67&'!E)#'%8M!!K/2!C)*+!;&2*,!
/+$!0+'8!$%6#4%#62$O!Z/&4/!0+8!96)7&,2!4)',#&%$!I)6!I*#&,!I*)Z!+%!,29%/M!!K/2!Z2**!&$!
`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**!_:=UO!+',!+L)#%!$272'!/)#6$!+I%26!%/2!I&6$%!+',!,2292$%!/8,6+#*&4!
I6+4%#6&'3!$%+32!$%+6%2,!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!L23+'!)44#66&'3M!!D%!Z+$!9)$$&L*2!%)!0),2*!
S]a!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/&$!$2Y#2'42!#$&'3!+!$&09*2!9)62!962$$#62!,&II#$&)'!
0),2*!Z&%/!+!92602+L&*&%8!)I!+L)#%!>]?!0J!W0&**&J+64&2$XM!!b/&*2!%/&$!92602+L&*&%8!
0+8!L2!/&3/!&%!&$!*2$$!%/+'!%/)$2!629)6%2,!I)6!/&3/*8!I6+4%#62,!6)4.M!!K/2!$%6)'3!
4)662*+%&)'!&'!%&02!+',!$9+42!+$!Z2**!+$!+!62+$)'+L*2!I&%!%)!+!9/8$&4+*!0),2*!$#332$%!
%/+%!%/262!&$!+!9)$$&L&*&%8!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!&',#42,!L8!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3M!!
()Z2726O!%/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!%/2!,+%+!0+.2!&%!&09)$$&L*2!%)!$+8!Z&%/!+!/&3/!,23622!
)I!426%+&'%8!Z/2%/26!)6!')%!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!%6&33262,!L8!'+%#6+*!02+'$!)6!
L8!%/2!'2+6L8!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'M!
)0&'6(123'%(&)!
-'!V+'#+68!=U%/O!>?==O!+!62$&,2'%!*&7&'3!&'!$)#%/:42'%6+*!-.*+/)0+!W1+67&'!E)#'%8XO!
*&7&'3!$)#%/!)I!C*0)62!E&%8!4)'%+4%2,!%/2!-.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728!W-15X!%)!
629)6%!I22*&'3!$2726+*!2+6%/Y#+.2$!%/6)#3/)#%!%/2!'&3/%!Z&%/!%/2!I&6$%!)44#66&'3!+%!
+996)\&0+%2*8!Tc=?!`B!E5K!V+'M!=R%/!+',!+')%/26!*+632!)'2!+%!+L)#%!>c]?!"B!E5K!
V+'M!=U%/M!F9)'!2\+0&'+%&)'!%/262!Z262!&'!I+4%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!+62+M!!K/2!62$&,2'%!
+*$)!629)6%2,!%/+%!%/262!Z+$!+'!+4%&72!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!96)[24%!L2&'3!4)',#4%2,!
&'!+!'2+6L8!Z2**M!!C\+0&'+%&)'!)I!%/2!+7+&*+L*2!$2&$0&4!,+%+O!&'4*#,&'3!C+6%/54)92!
F5"66+8!$%+%&)'$!&'!%/2!623&)'O!Y#&4.*8!4)'I&602,!%/+%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!)44#66&'3!
&'!%/2!+62+M!!"%!%/&$!9)&'%!%/2!-15!4)'%+4%2,!%/2!<23&)'+*!B+'+326!I)6!%/2!-.*+/)0+!
E)69)6+%&)'!E)00&$$&)'O!Z/)!&',&4+%2,!%/+%!%/262!Z+$!&',22,!I6+4%#6&'3!)44#66&'3!
+%!%/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b2**!_:=UM!!!-#6!+'+*8$&$!$/)Z2,!%/+%!$/)6%*8!+I%26!/8,6+#*&4!
I6+4%#6&'3!L23+'!$0+**!2+6%/Y#+.2$!$%+6%2,!)44#66&'3O!+',!0)62!%/+'!]?!Z262!
&,2'%&I&2,O!)I!Z/&4/!_Q!Z262!*+632!2')#3/!%)!L2!*)4+%2,M!!B)$%!)I!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!
!
! ! !>!
)44#662,!Z&%/&'!+!>_:/)#6!926&),!+I%26!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'$!/+,!42+$2,M!!
K/262!/+72!L22'!9627&)#$!4+$2$!Z/262!$2&$0)*)3&$%$!/+72!$#332$%2,!+!*&'.!L2%Z22'!
/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$O!L#%!,+%+!Z+$!*&0&%2,O!$)!,6+Z&'3!+!,2I&'&%&72!
4)'4*#$&)'$!Z+$!')%!9)$$&L*2!I)6!%/2$2!4+$2$M!!K/2!I&6$%!4+$2!)44#662,!&'!V#'2=SRU!&'!
E+6%26!+',!A)72!E)#'%&2$O
!
! ! !Q!
+!I2Z!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!4)#*,!9)$$&L*8!/+72!L22'!*)4+%2,!+',!%/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!
%/2!/89)42'%6+*!*)4+%&)'$!Z)#*,!L2!Y#&%2!*+632M!
!
<4(.(9%3)54''%&9)!
K/2!C)*+!;&2*,!*&2$!+%!%/2!')6%/26'!2,32!)I!%/2!"6,0)62!N+$&'!+',!%/2!L#6&2,!
')6%/Z2$%26'!2\%2'%!)I!%/2!"6L#4.*2!B)#'%+&'$!+',!4)'%+&'$!+!/&3/*8!I)*,2,!+',!
I+#*%2,!%/6#$%!$8$%20!W5Z2$'&4.!+',!1622'O!=S]?d!(+6*%)'O!=ST_O!16+'+%/O!=SUSXM!!D'!
%/2!E+0L6&+'!%/&$!+62+!2\926&2'42,!$&3'&I&4+'%!6&I%&'3!+$$)4&+%2,!Z&%/!%/2!5)#%/26'!
-.*+/)0+!+#*+4)32'!W@2**26!2%!+*MO!=SUQXM!!!!"I%26!%/2!&'&%&+*!6&I%&'3!%/2!+62+!
2\926&2'42,!%/260+*!$#L$&,2'42!+',!$2,&02'%+%&)'!W16+'+%/O!=SUSXM!!K/2!+62+!
4)'%&'#2,!%)!$22!926&),$!)I!$#L$&,2'42!+',!$2,&02'%+%&)'!Z&%/!+!I2Z!926&),$!)I!
26)$&)'!62962$2'%2,!L8!#'4)'I)60&%&2$!W5Z2$'&.!+',!1622'O!=S]?XM!!D'!%/2!0&,:
`2''$8*7+'&+'!%/2!+62+!L23+'!%)!2\926&2'42!$&3'&I&4+'%!%6+'$962$$&)'!+$$)4&+%2,!
Z&%/!%/2!-#+4/&%+!-6)32'!W16+'+%/O!=SUSXM!!N24+#$2!)I!%/2!+62+$!4)09*2\!%24%)'&4!
/&$%)68!&%!&$!Y#&%2!*&.2*8!%/+%!%/2!'+%#62!)I!I+#*%$!/+$!4/+'32,!%/6)#3/!%&02!+',!%/+%!
')60+*!I+#*%$!+$$)4&+%2,!Z&%/!%/2!+#*+4)32'!+',!*+%26!L+$&'!+44)00),+%&)'!Z262!
62+4%&7+%2,!&'!%/2!0&,!%)!*+%2:`2''$8*7+'&+'!Z&%/!+!'2Z!$2'$2!)I!0)%&)'M!!K/2!
b+$/&%+!G+**28!I+#*%!&$!%/2!*+632$%!I+#*%!&'!%/2!+62+O!Z&%/!+!$#6I+42!%6+42!)I!
+996)\&0+%2*8!]T!.0!WK+''26O!=STRXM!!D%!&$!+!0+[)6!I+#*%!%/+%!&$!.')Z'!%)!2\%2',!
'2+6*8!=U?!.0!I6)0!%/2!-#+4/&%+!%/6#$%!$8$%20!&'!%/2!$)#%/2+$%!%)!%/2!"'+,+6.)!
L+$&'!%)!%/2!')6%/Z2$%!WK+''26O!=STRXM!!C$%&0+%2$!I)6!%/2!+0)#'%!)I!*2I%:*+%26+*!
$%6&.2:$*&9!+44)00),+%2,!)'!%/&$!I+#*%!7+68!,6+0+%&4+**8O!L#%!62+$)'+L*8!6+'32!I6)0!
T]!.0!WK+''26O!=STRX!%)!>T!.0!WB4E+$.&**O!=SSUXM!!K/2!<)L26$)'!I+#*%O!%)!$)#%/!)I!
%/2!b+$/&%+!G+**28!I+#*%O!&$!+!%/6#$%!I+#*%!Z&%/!+'!+$$)4&+%2,!)726%#6'2,!$8'4*&'2!
Z&%/!$&3'&I&4+'%!$/)6%2'&'3!W5Z2$'&4.!+',!1622'O!=S]?XM!!K/2!<2+3+'O!C)*+!+',!B&**!
E622.!I+#*%$!+$!0+992,!L8!(+6*%)'!W=ST_X!+**!$/)Z!$&3'&I&4+'%!4)09)'2'%$!)I!*2I%!
*+%26+*!$%6&.2!$*&9!W16+'+%/O!=SUSXM!!!K/2!C)*+!I&2*,!4)'%+&'$!$2726+*!I+#*%!L*)4.$!&'!
L2%Z22'!%/2$2!0+[)6!I+#*%$O!Z&%/!+**!%/2!I+#*%$!&'!%/2!$#L$#6I+42!/+7&'3!'2+6!726%&4+*!
,&9$!W(+6*%)'O!=ST_XM!!K)!%/2!$)#%/2+$%!)I!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!&$!%/2!/&3/*8!I+#*%2,!b2$%!
K&0L262,!(&**$!)I!%/2!')6%/Z2$%26'!"6L#4.*2!B)#'%+&'$!W(+6*%)'O!=ST_XM!!!!!
!
K/2!C)*+!;&2*,!Z+$!,&$4)7262,!&'!=S_R!Z&%/!+!,&$4)7268!Z2**!4)09*2%2,!%)!+!%)%+*!
,29%/!)I!=?O>Q_!I22%!WQO==S!0X!&'!%/2!L+$+*!N6)0&,2!5+',$%)'2M!!K/2!&'&%&+*!L)%%)0!
/)*2!962$$#62!Z+$!+L)#%!QU??!`5D!+',!L8!=S]?!/+,!,24*&'2,!%)!>OS??!`5D!Z&%/!$272'!
96),#4&'3!Z2**$!&'!%/2!I&2*,!W5Z2$'&4.!+',!1622'O!=S]?XM!
!
! ! !_!
!
8%9264)G)B)8#2.')$#N)*(6)':4)!(.#)8%4.1;)?@.#:($#K))O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',)$(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK))8#2.',),:(M&)#,)':%&)964/).%&4,)#64)*6($)5'(4,46)4')#.K)IGHHFJK))!(.#)*%4.1)%,)3(.(641)#),#.$(&)3(.(6)IT(/1;)GHHGJK)!
7/16#2.%3)86#3'26%&9)?N46#'%(&,)#')+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBAD))(8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'$!L23+'!)'!B)',+8!V+'#+68!=RO!>?==!+%!
+996)\&0+%2*8!T!"B!WE5KXO!=>c??!FKEM!!K/2!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)I!%/2!Z2**!
4)'$&$%2,!)I!+!I)#6:$%+32!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'!Z&%/!I6+4!&'%267+*$!)I!SOUQ?e:
=?O>U>eO!UOUS?e:UQ>TeO!ROTT>e:UO=>UeO!+',!RO???e:RO]T>eO!!Z&%/!%/2!*+$%!I6+4!$%+32!
4)09*2%2,!)'!V+'#+68!>QO!>?==M!!K/2!Z2**!Z+$!%/2'!I*#$/2,!#'%&*!;2L6#+68!TO!>?==M!!
N24+#$2!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!L23+'!+I%26!%/2!I&6$%!I6+4!$%+32!Z2!Z&**!96&0+6&*8!4)'$&,26!
%/&$!$%+32M!!K/2!I&6$%!I6+4!$%+32!/+,!+'!+726+32!6+%2!)I!&'[24%&)'!)I!UUM]!L90!+',!+'!
+726+32!&'[24%&)'!962$$#62!)I!_U]?!9$&M!!K/&$!$%+32!+*$)!&'4*#,2,!+'!+4&,!$%&0#*+%&)'M!!
K/262!Z+$!+!%)%+*!)I!>O_R]O]_]!3+**)'$!)I!I6+4!I*#&,!&'[24%2,!+',!]R]OSR_!*L$!)I!
96)92'%M!!K/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**!_:=U!&$!+!'2+6*8!726%&4+*!Z2**!*)4+%2,!+%!Q_M]]>R>!:
SRM__]U?O!2*27+%&)'!>RRM_!0O!Z&%/!+'!"`D!'#0L26!)I!?_S:>_RSRM!!K/2!I&6$%!I6+4!
)44#662,!&'!%/2!&'%267+*!L2%2Z22'!SOUQ?e!W>OSSTM>!0XO!+',!=?O>U>e!WQO=Q_M?!0X!
!
!#6':C2#@4)Y#'#)P&#./,%,)#&1)Z4':(1,)!
K/2!1+67&'!E)#'%8O!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!+'+*8^2,!#$&'3!6)#%&'2!96)42$$&'3!$%29$!L8!
%/2!-15!I)6!2+6%/Y#+.2!0)'&%)6&'3M!!K/2!9/+$2!+66&7+*$!Z262!9&4.2,!#$&'3!%/2!
&'%26+4%&72!9&4.&'3!4+9+L&*&%&2$!)I!%/2!$2&$0&4!$)I%Z+62!9+4.+32!5CD5"P!W(+7$.)7!
+',!-%%20)**26O!=SSSXM!!K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!/89)42'%26$!+',!)6&3&'!%&02$!Z262!
,2%260&'2,!#$&'3!%/2!*)4+%&)'!96)36+0!(H`-ECPKC<!WA&2'26%!2%!+*MO!=SUT!+',!
A&2'26%!+',!(+7$.)7O!=SS]XM!!K/2!-15!%89&4+*!,#6+%&)'!0+3'&%#,2!4+*4#*+%&)'$!Z262!
Garvin
Carter
Eola FaultReagan Fault
Mill Creek Fault
Roberson Fault
Washita Valley Fault
97°20'0"W
97°20'0"W
97°30'0"W
97°30'0"W
34°40'0"N 34°40'0"N
34°30'0"N 34°30'0"N
0 4 8 12 162Kilometers
!
! ! !]!
#$2,!%)!,2%260&'2!%/2!0+3'&%#,2!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!WA+Z$)'!+',!A#^+O!>??TXM!!K/2!
72*)4&%8!0),2*!#$2,!&$!%/2!$+02!0),2*!%/+%!&$!4#662'%*8!L2&'3!#$2,!L8!%/2!-15!I)6!
0)$%!623&)'$!)I!-.*+/)0+O!%/2!fB+'&%)#!B),2*g!$/)Z'!&'!K+L*2!=M!!F$&'3!%/2!
(H`-CAAD`5C!02%/),!/89)42'%26!*)4+%&)'$!+62!9))6*8!62$)*72,!L24+#$2!%/2!'2+62$%!
$%+%&)'!&$!+996)\&0+%2*8!Q]!.0!+Z+8O!9/+$2!+66&7+*$!Z262!,&II&4#*%!%)!&,2'%&I8!I)6!
%/2$2!272'%$O!+',!%/2!272'%$!+992+6!%)!/+72!L22'!$/+**)ZM!!K/2!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$!
+62!$&3'&I&4+'%!&'!%/2!6+'32!)I!$2726+*!.&*)02%26$!I)6!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+',!&',&4+%2!
%/+%!*)4+%&)'$!I)6!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!$/)#*,!L2!4)'$&,262,!$#$924%M!!K/2!I)60+*!266)6!
2$%&0+%2$!I6)0!%/2!&'&%&+*!(H`-ECPKC<!*)4+%&)'$!4+'!L2!$22'!&'!K+L*2!>M!!"$&,2!
I6)0!%/2!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$!&%!&$!7268!*&.2*8!%/+%!%/2!623&)'+*!72*)4&%8!0),2*!#$2,!&$!
')%!Y#&%2!+996)96&+%2!I)6!%/&$!+62+!)I!-.*+/)0+M!!D'!I+4%O!+!$&'3*2!72*)4&%8!0),2*!&$!
,2I&'&%2*8!')%!+996)96&+%2!+46)$$!%/2!$%6#4%#6+**8!4)09*2\!623&)'!$9+''&'3!%/2!,229!
Wh=?.0X!"6,0)62!L+$&'!%)!%/2!&002,&+%2*8!+,[+42'%!"6L#4.*2!#9*&I%M!
!
D'!+'!+%%209%!%)!&096)72!%/2!/89)42'%26!,2%260&'+%&)'$!%/2!J)#L*2:J&II262'4&'3O!
(89)JJO!%24/'&Y#2!)I!b+*,/+#$26!+',!C**$Z)6%/!W>???X!Z+$!209*)82,!%)!62*)4+%2!
%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!K/&$!+996)+4/!%+.2$!+,7+'%+32!)I!%/2!I+4%!%/+%!%/262!&$!7268!*&%%*2!
,&II262'42!&'!9/+$2!%6+72*%&02$!L2%Z22'!2+6%/Y#+.2$!%/+%!)44#6!'2+6!2+4/!)%/26M!!D%!
4+'!%/2'!#$2!+**!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!%)!I&',!%/2!42'%6)&,!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$O!Z/&*2!0)62!
2+$&*8!&,2'%&I8&'3!+',!2\4*#,&'3!L+,!9/+$2!+66&7+*!%&02$!+%!$%+%&)'$M!!-'42!%/2!
42'%6)&,!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&$!,2%260&'2,!%/2!62*+%&72!*)4+%&)'!)I!2+4/!2+6%/Y#+.2!
%)!%/2!42'%6)&,!4+'!+44#6+%2*8!L2!,2%260&'2,M!!(89)JJ!96)7&,2$!7268!3)),!
62$)*#%&)'!)I!62*+%&72!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'$O!L#%!%/2!+L$)*#%2!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'!
266)6!4+'!L2!*+6326!%/+'!%/2!I)60+*!266)6!2$%&0+%2$M!!K/2!$&'3#*+6!7+*#2!
,24)09)$&%&)'!W5GJX!02%/),!Z+$!#$2,!&'!(89)JJ!L24+#$2!%/&$!&$!+!$0+**!,+%+$2%O!
+',!%/2!5GJ!02%/),!96)7&,2$!+!L2%%26!2$%&0+%2!)I!%/2!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$!
Wb+*,/+#$26O!>??=XM!)(89)JJ!+*$)!/+$!%/2!4+9+L&*&%8!%)!#$2!Z+72I)60!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'!L2%Z22'!272'%$M!!
b+72I)60!46)$$:4)662*+%&)'$!4+'!)I%2'!,6+0+%&4+**8!&096)72!2+6%/Y#+.2!
/89)42'%6+*!*)4+%&)'!266)6$O!L8!620)7&'3!+'8!/#0+'!266)6!&'!9/+$2!+66&7+*!9&4.$M!!
K/&$!02%/),!#$2$!%/2!$&0&*+6&%&2$!&'!Z+72I)60$!L2%Z22'!272'%$!%)!0)62!+44#6+%2*8!
02+$#62!+66&7+*!%&02$O!+',!/+$!L22'!$/)Z'!%)!,6+0+%&4+**8!&096)72!*)4+%&)'$!+',!
%/2&6!+$$)4&+%2,!#'426%+&'%&2$M!!E6)$$!4)662*+%&)'!&$!$&09*8!I&',&'3!%/2!9+6%!)I!%/2!
624)6,2,!Z+72I)60O!Z/&4/!&$!0)$%!*&.2!%/2!%209*+%2!Z+72I)60!Z&',)ZM!!"!%209*+%2!
Z+72I)60!Z&',)Z!&$!+'!2\+09*2!Z+72I)60!+6)#',!2&%/26!+!`!)6!5:b+72!+66&7+*!
I6)0!+'!272'%!Z&%/&'!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!$2Y#2'42M!!E6)$$!4)662*+%&)'$!I)6!%/2$2!
2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!+%%209%2,M!!D'!)6,26!%)!+%%209%!%/2!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'!+!I2Z!)I!%/2!
*+6326!272'%$!Z262!$2*24%2,!+$!%209*+%2$!+',!Z&',)Z$!+6)#',!%/2!`!+',!5!9/+$2!
+66&7+*$!Z262!$2*24%2,M!!K/2$2!Z&',)Z$!Z/262!%/2'!6#'!+3+&'$%!%/2!4)662$9)',&'3!
%209*+%2!272'%!%)!,2%260&'2!/)Z!Z2**!%/2!,+%+!4)#*,!L2!46)$$:4)662*+%2,!Z&%/!%/2!
2'%&62!Z+72I)60!I)6!%/2!62$924%&72!2+6%/Y#+.2M!!D'!%/&$!%2$%O!%/2!5:Z+72$!4)#*,!
62+,&*8!L2!&,2'%&I&2,!#$&'3!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'O!L#%!%/2!`:Z+72!4)#*,!')%M!!K/2!`:Z+72$!
Z262!32'26+**8!4)662*+%&'3!L2%%26!Z&%/!5!)6!$#6I+42!Z+72$!&'!%/2!4),+!%/+'!Z&%/!%/2!
`!9/+$2!+66&7+*O!2\429%!I)6!%Z)!$%+%&)'$!iQ_"!+',!HQ_"M!!K/2!&'+L&*&%8!%)!46)$$:))) )
!
! ! !T!
O#-.4)A)B)[4.(3%'/)$(14.,)2,41)%&)':%,),'21/Q)#..):#=4)#)[N\[,)6#'%()(*)AKF]K))Z#&%'(2)#&1)>:4.,4#)$(14.,)#64)146%=41)*6($)Z%'3:4..)#&1)^#&1%,$#&)IAEFHJK))O6/99=#,(&)#&1)_2#..,)IAEUFJ)$(14.)M#,)14=4.(N41)*6($)':4),#$4),4%,$%3)64*6#3'%(&).%&4)#,)Z%'3:4..)#&1)^#&1%,$#&)IAEFHJK))O:4)>4&'6#.)?@.#:($#)$(14.)M#,)14=4.(N41)*6($)'6#=4.'%$4)%&=46,%(&)*(6)4#6':C2#@4,)%&)34&'6#.)?@.#:($#K)
!"#$%#&' !#()*&$'+,$&"-.&'!"#$%&'(()*%+,) -.)*%+/(,) -()*%+/(,) !"#$%&'(()*%+,) -.)*%+/(,) -()*%+/(,)
012) 3100) 4156) 017) 3132) 4178)013) 2107) 5170) 017) 3120) 4122)416) 7170) 5168) 410) 3197) 4197)6015) 2108) 5176) 017) 2165) 5173)510) 213:) 5197) 617) 2162) 5172)617) 2140) 5178) 510) 216:) 5178)814) 2194) 5188) 410) 216:) 5178):16) 9107) 3108) 710) 2140) 5178)6616) 9152) 3147) 6610) 2195) 518:)
";<=>(.;$') 8168) 3195) :10) 9160) 3166)
) ) )6610) 9152) 3147)
) ) )";<=>(.;$') 8168) 3195)
) ) ) ) ) )/&(0)-1' 2*3445&%-(671&$$%'!"#$%&'(()*%+,) -.)*%+/(,) -()*%+/(,) !"#$%&'(()*%+,) -.)*%+/(,) -()*%+/(,)
610) 7170) 5168) 0173) 3100) 4156):17) 2108) 5176) 65162) 71:2) 5137)716) 213:) 5197) 671:0) 2122) 5187)417) 2140) 5178) 46183) 9140) 3162)814) 2194) 5188) ";<=>(.;$') 8154) 3186):16) 9107) 3108)
) ) )6616) 9152) 3147)) ) )";<=>(.;$') 8168) 3195)) ) )!
! !
!
! ! !R!
O#-.4)G)`)0&%'%#.):/N(34&'46).(3#'%(&,)*6($)5!05PR)#&1)7L+?>!RO!aK))^#694)2&346'#%&'%4,)%&):/N(34&'6#.).(3#'%(&,)#64)'/N%3#.)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)M%':(2')&4#6-/),4%,$%3),'#'%(&,K))O:4)$4#&)466(6)#')#)EHb)3(&*%14&34)%&'46=#.)%&).(3#'%(&,)%,)]KD;)SKG;)AVKV)@$)*(6).(&9%'214;).#'%'214;)14N':)64,N43'%=4./K)
!! !
!
! ! !U!
4)662*+%2!+'!2+6%/Y#+.2e$!`:b+72!+66&7+*!Z&%/!%/2!%209*+%2O!2\4*#,2,!%/2!9)$$&L&*&%8!
)I!#$&'3!46)$$:4)662*+%&)'!,+%+!I)6!2+6%/Y#+.2!62*)4+%&)'$!#$&'3!(89)JJM!
!
N24+#$2!%/2!272'%$!+62!$/+**)ZO!%/2!/89)42'%6+*!,29%/$!Z262!I&\2,!%)!>M]!.0!%)!
96272'%!272'%$!%/+%!Z262!&'&%&+**8!*)4+%2,!+%!%/2!$#6I+42!I6)0!L2&'3!2\4*#,2,!
&002,&+%2*8!&'!%/2!62*)4+%&)'!96)42$$M!!D'!)6,26!%)!+,,62$$!%/2!$2'$&%&7&%8!%)!72*)4&%8!
0),2*$O!62*)4+%&)'$!Z262!4)',#4%2,!I)6!+**!72*)4&%8!0),2*$!*&$%2,!&'!K+L*2!=M!!-'*8!
%/2!72*)4&%8!0),2*!7+6&2,!L2%Z22'!(89)JJ!62*)4+%&)'$!I)6!%/2!,&II262'%!72*)4&%8!
0),2*$M!!!K/2$2!0),2*$!+**!4)662$9)',!62+$)'+L*8!Z2**!+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$!
/89)42'%26$!0)72,!Z2**!+Z+8!I6)0!%/2!&'&%&+*!>M]!.0!,29%/!&09)$2,!)'!%/2!&'9#%!
,+%+M!!"!4)09+6&$)'!)I!4*#$%26!*)4+%&)'$!&$!$/)Z'!&'!K+L*2!Q!+',!;&3#62!QM!!K/2!0),2*!
$2*24%2,!%)!62962$2'%!%/2!62$#*%$!)I!%/2!62*)4+%&)'$!&$!%/2!E/2*$2+!0),2*M!!K/&$!0),2*!
&$!4)'$&$%2'%!Z&%/!+**!%/2!)%/26$M!!D%$!4*#$%26!42'%6)&,!Z/&*2!+!*&%%*2!$/+**)Z26!%/+'!%/2!
)%/26!0),2*$!&$!42'%6+**8!*)4+%2,!+',!62%+&'2,!%/2!0)$%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!
62*)4+%&)'!96)42$$M!!K/2!02+'!>j!266)6!&$!=T_MRO!>R_MUO!QT>M_!02%26$!I)6!\!
W*)'3&%#,2XO!8!W*+%&%#,2XO!+',!^!W,29%/X!62$924%&72*8M!!K/2!I&'+*!/89)42'%26!
62*)4+%&)'$!4+'!L2!$22'!&'!K+L*2!_!+',!;&3#62!_M!!"$!02'%&)'2,!2+6*&26!%/2!
#'426%+&'%&2$!96)7&,2,!L8!(89)JJ!96)7&,2!3)),!62*+%&72!2$%&0+%2$M!!D'!)6,26!%)!
+,,62$$!Z/+%!%/2!+L$)*#%2!#'426%+&'%&2$!0&3/%!L2O!Z2!2\+0&'2,!%/2!0+\&0#0!
,&$%+'42!L2%Z22'!+**!)I!%/2!4*#$%26!42'%6)&,$!+',!%/2!E/2*$2+!0),2*!4*#$%26!42'%6)&,!
I6)0!K+L*2!QM!!K/2!362+%2$%!,&$%+'42$!&'!4*#$%26!42'%6)&,!I6)0!%/+%!)I!%/2!E/2*$2+!
42'%6)&,!+62!=T?!0!&'!*)'3&%#,2O!==]!0!&'!*+%&%#,2O!+',!>T_!0!&'!,29%/M!-#6!+L$)*#%2!
266)6!4)#*,!L2!4)'$&,262,!%/2!+,,&%&)'!)I!%/2!9627&)#$!7+*#2$!%)!%/2!62*+%&72!
*)4+%&)'$!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!K+L*2!_M!!K/2!%)%+*!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'!#'426%+&'%&2$!+62!
$/)Z'!&'!;&3#62!==LM!!"!7+*#2!I)6!%/2!G9kG$!6+%&)!)I!=MRQ!Z+$!#$2,!&'!+**!)I!%/2!
62*)4+%&)'$M!!N24+#$2!%/2!*)4+%&)'$!)I!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!62*8!)'!%/2!/&3/!Y#+*&%8!5:
b+72!9/+$2!+66&7+*$!%/&$!7+*#2!4+'!/+72!+!$&3'&I&4+'%!&09+4%!)'!%/2!62*)4+%&)'$!)I!
%/2$2!272'%$M!!"'!27+*#+%&)'!)I!%/2!+996)96&+%2!G9kG$!6+%&)!&$!Z2**!L28)',!%/2!$4)92!
)I!%/&$!Z)6.!+',!0+8!L2!27+*#+%2,!&'!%/2!I#%#62M!!K/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!$/)#*,!L2!
4)'$&,262,!+!0&'&0#0!I)6!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!62*)4+%&)'$!3&72'!)#6!+$$#09%&)'!)I!%/2!
G9kG$!6+%&)!+',!%/2!*+4.!)I!'2+6L8!$%+%&)'$M!
!))) )
!
! ! !S!
O#-.4)])`)7/N(YY)64.(3#'%(&)3.2,'46)34&'6(%1,)*(6)':4)1%**464&')=4.(3%'/)$(14.,)2,41K))O:4)&2$-46)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)':#')64$#%&41)%&)':4),(.2'%(&)%,),:(M&)%&)':4).#,')3(.2$&K))7/N(YY)4.%$%&#'4,)4#6':C2#@4,)':#')(3326)#-(=4)':4),26*#34)(6).(,4).%&@)'()&4#6-/)4#6':C2#@4,)%&)':4)3.2,'46K)
!"#$% &'()(*#$ &"+,)(*#$ -$.(/012345$),/($#0
6!78*39$:0";0<':(/=*'2$>
!"#$%&' ()*+),),- .,/*)0)0/1 0*/-)(2+ 3*00-( (/456786" ()*++3+(( .,/*)0)01- 0*),,-2) 3*02 )(
9:;<<="88&#.>'"778 ()*+),,/- .,/*)0-30+ 0*-,+,+/ 3*00( (+46#%:"7?
@A7"5&B" ()*++2(1) .,/*)0(,12 0*+(+)/2 3*03,) )0!
!
!
)8%9264)])`)7/N(YY)3.2,'46)34&'6(%1).(3#'%(&,;)-.#3@)36(,,4,;)%&)64.#'%(&,:%N)'()+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBAD;),:(M&)#,)-.#3@):4"#9(&;)!(.#)8%4.1)IT(/1;)GHHGJ)%,),:(M&)%&),#.$(&K)O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',)$(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK))))
TQ
COK
Chelsea
Manitou
97°25'0"W
97°25'0"W
97°26'0"W
97°26'0"W
97°27'0"W
97°27'0"W
34°33'0"N 34°33'0"N
34°32'0"N 34°32'0"N
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.60.2Kilometers
!
! ! !=?!
)8%9264)V)`)7/N(YY)4#6':C2#@4)64.(3#'%(&,)I3(.(641)-/)14N':)%&)@%.($4'46,J)14'46$%&41)2,%&9)>:4.,4#)$(14.K))+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBAD;),:(M&)#,)-.#3@):4"#9(&;)!(.#)8%4.1)IT(/1;)GHHGJ),:(M&)36(,,B:#3:2641)#64#K)O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',)$(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK)))!
)) )
97°22'0"W
97°22'0"W
97°24'0"W
97°24'0"W
97°26'0"W
97°26'0"W
97°28'0"W
97°28'0"W
34°34'0"N 34°34'0"N
34°32'0"N 34°32'0"N
0 1 2 3 40.5Kilometers
Legend
Chelsea ModelDepth
0.77 - 1.45
1.46 - 2.12
2.13 - 2.68
2.69 - 3.64
3.65 - 5.62
!
! ! !==!
O#-.4)V)`)7/N(YY)64.(3#'%(&,)2,%&9)':4)>:4.,4#)=4.(3%'/)$(14.K))O:4)$4#&)Gc)466(6)%,)AUVKF;)GFVKD;)]UGKV)$4'46,)*(6).(&9%'214;).#'%'214;)14N':)64,N43'%=4./K
!"#$#%&' !()*$#%&'+',#-./012
344(4.!()./12
344(4.!"#./12
344(4.+',#-./12 56
78 +5 96
7: ;3< 7&
!"#$$!%!& '(&#")) )#"$ )*$#) )+"#! !$%#) )*,, , ,& ,( !$ !&#"" ,#(!"#$$($"+ '(&#")% )#!( )!$#! !(,#% $!)#" )*,, , ,& )* " $,#,) ,#$!"#$$&!$! '(&#")) !#&& ,""#, )),#+ "+"#% )*,, , ,& )* ,+ &#*) )#,!"#$$+%!) '(&#")" ,#%" ,"%#% )"*#% &&) )*,, , ,& )* $* ( ,#+!"#$$$+!+ '(&#")& )#%, ,,$#) ,+$#! ,%+#& )*,, , ,& )* $+ "(#*+ )#,!"#$$&*!$ '(&#")$ )#)$ )** )+(#$ !%!#( )*,, , ,& ), ,) )*#%% ,#%!"#$$!!&& '(&#")% )#)) )!)#( !+)#( !%*#& )*,, , ,& ), )! !)#)" ,#&!"#$!!%+) '(&#"), )#+ ,&*#% ",*#, !!(#, )*,, , ,& ), "" $,#)% ,#+!"#$$*(,+ '(&#")! )#,) ,&+ )(&#( !!"#! )*,, , ,& ), "+ !&#*% )!"#$"!$*+ '(&#"), )#+% ))*#! $&*#) ")!#! )*,, , ,& )) )& "%#"% )#)!"#$"(&$+ '(&#")! "#)( ),+#$ !$)#& +(, )*,, , ,& )) !$ $#,) )#!!"#$&!!(& '(&#"" !#+" !%%#, $*+#& ,,*! )*,, , ,& )! !& ,#"" ,#+!"#$"""+) '(&#") ,#+( ,!, )*+#" )!!#, )*,, , ,& )! "% !(#+% ,#(!"#$)&()+ '(&#")+ *#&& ),*#+ "*$#) ",&#+ )*,, , ,& )! $) )"#!% ,#"!"#$$!)!$ '(&#")& !#(% ,$(#! )%+#( $(*#+ )*,, , ,% * ," ))#,! )#+!"#$!$)& '(&#",% )#$$ ,"%#( )+*#+ )%%#" )*,, , ,% * !! !(#"" ,#&!"#$!(!,$ '(&#",) )#!+ ))*#& !$)#$ "$*#$ )*,, , ,% * !" $(#$, ,#!!"#$"+&,) '(&#") )#$, )!!#$ $**#% ++*#" )*,, , ,% * "+ "+#&+ ,!"#$$&+&% '(&#")" ,#"$ ,$) )!+#& !**#% )*,, , ,% , $ ,$#,% ,#+!"#$**%," '(&#",& ,#), ,%, )(+#% !,& )*,, , ,% , + !,#( ,#)!"#$$+," '(&#")( ,#)( ,!$#! ,%! ),$#" )*,, , ,% , !, "!#&( ,#&!"#$$$,,( '(&#"!) )#%! ,"$#% )&*#% )&$ )*,, , ,% , !& *#$& ,#&!"#$$"$&% '(&#"!$ "#+! ,+"#( )!,#! ""$#) )*,, , ,% , "* ")#)" )#)!"#$+*%!+ '(&#")% !#,, ,,)#% ,+*#( )!)#! )*,, , ,% ) ,! )*#,& )!"#$$(($& '(&#",$ ,#+, ,",#, )"!#" !*+#% )*,, , ,% ) )& !)#%+ ,#$!"#$$&+*$ '(&#")% !#), ,+)#( )$!#( "*(#$ )*,, , ,% ) "! !"#)" )!"#$$(+% '(&#")" )#), ,%!#& )!$#) )%&#, )*,, , ,% ! ,& )&#$, ,#%!"#$$"$,& '(&#")% !#*% ,,$#) ,%)#% )%"#" )*,, , ,% ! "* +#+) )#%!"#$")%, '(&#")) ,#" ,*)#+ ,%$#+ ,&&#& )*,, , ,% " , $!#!" )#"!"#$+!($! '(&#",) )#!& ,+( )&$#) !),#% )*,, , ,% " $! *#*( ,#$!"#$$),(! '(&#")! ,#)" ,!,#( )!%#% )&!#! )*,, , ,% $ $& $%#(& )#,!"#$$))%& '(&#"" )#!, (%#+ ,++#& ,(*#$ )*,, , ,% & $ "(#&( ,#)!"#$$),"" '(&#",$ ,#,) ,$&#$ ),% !**#$ )*,, , ,% & $% ")#$, ,#)!"#$$&$) '(&#")+ )#(& ,!!#% !*,#% )$(#( )*,, , ,% & $( $*#+! ,#!!"#$$!(%" '(&#")" )#"& ,)$#% )"&#+ ),$#& )*,, , ,% % )! $#)$ ,#&!"#$$!"$, '(&#"!) !#%, ,)+#$ )+$#" )(+#+ )*,, , ,% ( )) "!#%( )#!!"#$"&+*& '(&#")! ,#(! ,!!#+ )"*#+ )",#$ )*,, , ,% ( $) "!#$$ ,#$!"#$$%+%! '(&#")$ )#$% ,*&#) ,+" ,+*#( )*,, , ,% ,) !) $!#%! )!"#$)+"(& '(&#"), ,#( ,%) )&,#! !*$#+ )*,, , ,% ,) "! $&#&% ,#$!"#$$*!($ '(&#")$ !#*) ,"%#% )$,#+ )"%#( )*,, , ,% ,( "* $#!" ,#"!"#$$,"" '(&#")& $#+) )**#! )"$#$ "*,#$ )*,, , ,( " )( $$#+, )!"#$$,!$$ '(&#"), )#*( ,*&#) ,%%#( ),"#, )*,, , )) ,! % ,*#%" )#,!"#$"(&!, '(&#") ,#,) ,*+#+ ,($#) )()#$ )*,, , )) ,$ + "(#"+ )
!
!
! ! !=>!
52$$#6/)(*)!#6':C2#@4)P3'%=%'/!!
K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!+4%&7&%8!&'!$)#%/26'!1+67&'!E)#'%8!L23+'!+%!=k=Rk==!=Sc=S!
FKE!+',!%/262!Z262!_Q!2+6%/Y#+.2$!*+632!2')#3/!%)!L2!*)4+%2,!L8!=k=Sk==!_c>S!
FKEM!!-I!%/2$2!272'%$O!QS!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#662,!L8!=k=Uk==!Sc]>!FKEO!Z&%/!*+632$%!
/+7&'3!+!,#6+%&)'!0+3'&%#,2!)I!>MU!WB,X!+',!%/2!$0+**2$%!+!B,!=M?M!K/2!%&0&'3!)I!
%/2$2!272'%$!4+'!L2!$22'!&'!;&3#62$!]!+',!TM!!K/2!I&6$%!2+6%/Y#+.2!L23+'!+L)#%!=!
/)#6!+',!>?!0&'#%2$!+I%26!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'$!/+,!42+$2,M!
)K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!2\/&L&%2,!Z+72I)60$!Z&%/!+'!#'#$#+*!4/+6+4%26M!!"!4)09+6&$)'!)I!
Z+72I)60!624)6,&'3$!L2%Z22'!)'2!)I!%/2!*+6326!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!$)#%/26'!1+67&'!
E)#'%8!2+6%/Y#+.2!$2Y#2'42O!%/+%!)44#66#2,!)'!V+'#+68!=U%/O!!+',!+'!2+6%/Y#+.2!
%/+%!)44#662,!+!*&%%*2!L&%!I#6%/26!')6%/!&'!1+67&'!4)#'%8O!)'!V+'#+68!>]%/O!)I!%/2!$+02!
0+3'&%#,2!+62!$/)Z'!&'!;&3#62$!RO!U!+',!SM!!K/2!#'&Y#2!4/+6+4%26!)I!%/2$2!272'%$!
Z/&4/!0+.2!%/20!+992+6!,&II262'%!%/+'!)%/26!623&)'+**8!624)6,2,!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+62c!
• K/2!272'%$!+62!4*2+6*8!$/+**)Z!+',!32'26+%2!$&3'&I&4+'%!$#6I+42!Z+72!2'2638!
• `:Z+72$!+62c!
– 5#L,#2,!&'!+09*&%#,2!
– P)%!&09#*$&72!272'!)'!%/2!4*)$2$%!$%+%&)'$!
– 5&3'&I&4+'%!2'2638!&'!%/2!`:4),+!W6&'3&'3X!
– P2+6*8!+$!96)0&'2'%!)'!/)6&^)'%+*!+$!726%&4+*!4)09)'2'%$!
– G268!/+6,!%)!&,2'%&I8!)'!+**!L#%!%/2!'2+62$%!$2&$0&4!$%+%&)'$!
– E)#*,!')%!L2!&,2'%&I&2,!#$&'3!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'O!32'26+**8!4)662*+%&'3!
L2%%26!%)!+'!+66&7+*!$)02%&02!+I%26!%/2!5:Z+72!
• 5:Z+72$!+62c!
– 5)02Z/+%!,&II&4#*%!%)!,&$%&'3#&$/!I6)0!`:4),+!+',!L24+#$2!)I!%/2!
$&3'&I&4+'%!$#6I+42!Z+72!2'2638!
– C+$&2$%!9/+$2!%)!&,2'%&I8!)'!0)$%!$2&$0&4!$%+%&)'$!
– D,2'%&I&+L*2!#$&'3!46)$$!4)662*+%&)'!+$!Z2**!
K/2$2!4/+6+4%26&$%&4$!,2I&'&%2*8!$#332$%!%/+%!%/2!$/+**)Z!/89)42'%26!*)4+%&)'$!+62!
0)$%!*&.2*8!')%!+'!+6%&I+4%!)I!%/2!*)4+%&)'!+*3)6&%/0!W96)36+0X!)6!72*)4&%8!0),2*M!!
"'8!)%/26!4)'4*#$&)'$!+L)#%!%/2!#'&Y#2!4/+6+4%26!)I!%/2$2!272'%$!Z)#*,!L2!
$924#*+%&72M!
!
K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#6!Z&%/&'!%/2!9)6%&)'!)I!%/2!C)*+!I&2*,O!Z/&4/!/+$!0+'8!$0+**!
I+#*%!L)#',2,!L*)4.$M!!K/2!$2&$0&4&%8!+992+6$!4)'$&$%2'%!Z&%/!+4%&7+%&)'!)'!9)6%&)'$!
)I!%/2$2!I+#*%!L)#',&'3!L*)4.$!)6!$0+**26!I+#*%$!Z&%/&'!%/2!L*)4.$M!!J#2!%)!%/2!
4/+6+4%26!)I!%/2!`:Z+72!+66&7+*$!&%!Z+$!')%!9)$$&L*2!%)!96),#42!I&6$%!0)%&)'!I)4+*!
024/+'&$0$!I)6!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!!K/2!0+[)6&%8!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#6!Z&%/&'!_!
.0!/)6&^)'%+*!,&$%+'42!I6)0!%/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**M!
!
) )
!
! ! !=Q!
)8%9264)S)`)O%$4)$#9&%'214)N.(')(*)!(.#)8%4.1)4#6':C2#@4,)*(..(M%&9):/16#2.%3)*6#3'26%&9)#')+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBADK))7/16#2.%3)*6#3'26%&9)-49#&)#')#-(2')A\AF\AA)AGdHHK)
!
! ! !=_!
)
)8%9264)U)`)7/N(YY)64.(3#'%(&,)2,%&9)':4)>:4.,4#)=4.(3%'/)$(14.Q),/$-(.,)#64)3(.(641)-/)':4)&2$-46)(*):(26,)#*'46)':4)*%6,')4#6':C2#@4)(-,46=41)%&)':4)!(.#)8%4.1K))+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBAD;),:(M&)#,)-.#3@):4"#9(&;)!(.#)8%4.1)IT(/1;)GHHGJ),:(M&)36(,,B:#3:2641)#64#K)O:%3@)9644&).%&4,)#64)*#2.',)$(1%*%41)*6($)7#6.'(&)IAEUVJK)))) !
97°22'0"W
97°22'0"W
97°24'0"W
97°24'0"W
97°26'0"W
97°26'0"W
97°28'0"W
97°28'0"W
34°34'0"N 34°34'0"N
34°32'0"N 34°32'0"N
0 1 2 3 40.5Kilometers
Legend
Chelsea ModelTime
0.0 - 3.0
3.1 - 9.3
9.4 - 17.1
17.2 - 32.9
33.0 - 115.4
!
! ! !=]!
!8%9264)F)`)>($N#6%,(&)(*)'M(),%$%.#6),%e41)4#6':4C2#@4,)643(6141)#'),'#'%(&)f]VP)%&)<#6=%&)>(2&'/K))O:4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&K)AD)(3326641)%&)':4)!&(.#)8%4.1)#&1)':4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&)GS)(3326641)*26':46)'()':4)&(6':)#')#-(2')':4),#$4)4N%34&'6#.)1%,'#&34K))O:4)M#=4*(6$,)#64)#.%9&41)(&)4#3:)4=4&',)3(664,N(&1%&9)(6%9%&)'%$4K)
Vert
ical
Radi
al
Tran
sver
seX3
4A
Jan
18 0
0:14
M2.
6, 3
7 km
Jan
25 0
8:48
Md2
.6, 3
6 km
Seco
nds
!
! ! !=T!
!8%9264)D)`)>($N#6%,(&)(*)'M(),%$%.#6),%e41)4#6':4C2#@4,)643(6141)#'),'#'%(&)f]VP)%&)<#6=%&)>(2&'/K))O:4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&K)AD)(3326641)%&)':4)!&(.#)8%4.1)#&1)':4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&)GS)(3326641)*26':46)'()':4)&(6':K))O:4)M#=4*(6$,)#64)#.%9&41)(&)4#3:)4=4&',)3(664,N(&1%&9)(6%9%&)'%$4K))
Vert
ical
Radi
al
Tran
sver
seX3
5A
Jan
18 0
0:14
Md2
.6, 4
6 km
Jan
25 0
8:48
Md2
.6, 5
7 km
Seco
nds
!
! ! !=R!
!8%9264)E)`)>($N#6%,(&)(*)+BX#=4)#66%=#.,)*(6)':4)'M()4=4&',)3($N#641)%&)8%9264,)F)#&1)DK))+BM#=4,)*(6)':4)g#&K)AD':)!(.#)8%4.1)4#6':C2#@4):#=4).(M46)*64C24&3/)#66%=#.,)':#&)':(,4)*6($)':4)4#6':C2#@4)(&)g#&K)GS':K))) )
!
! ! !=U!
Y%,32,,%(&)!
"'%/6)9)32'&4!%6&33262,!$2&$0&4&%8!/+$!623+&'2,!$4&2'%&I&4!+',!02,&+!+%%2'%&)'!
6242'%*8M!<242'%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!J+**+$:;)6%!b)6%/!+62+!W;6)/*&4/!2%!+*MO!>?==X!
+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$!'2+6!1#8O!"6.+'$+$O!/+72!,6+0+%&4+**8!6+&$2,!%/&$!&$$#2!%)!$)02!
$&3'&I&4+'42M!!E+$2$!)I!4*2+6!+'%/6)9)32'&4+**8:%6&33262,!$2&$0&4&%8!I6)0!I*#&,!
&'[24%&)'!+62!Z2**!,)4#02'%2,!Z&%/!!4)662*+%&)'$!L2%Z22'!%/2!'#0L26!)I!
2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!+'!+62+!+',!&'[24%&)'O!$924&I&4+**8!&'[24%&)'!962$$#62$O!Z&%/!
2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#66&'3!7268!4*)$2!%)!%/2!Z2**M!!C\+09*2$!)I!4*2+6*8!&',#42,!$2&$0&4&%8!
&'4*#,2!%/2!<)4.8!B)#'%+&'!"6$2'+*!W($&2/!+',!N62,2/)2I%O!=SU=XO!<+'32*8O!
E)*)6+,)!W<+*2&3/!2%!+*MO!=SR>d!<+*2&3/!2%!+*MO!=SRTXO!`+6+,)\!G+**28O!E)*)6+,)!W".2!2%!
+*MO!>??]XO!+',!%/2!@KN!J229!b2**!&'!1260+'8!WV)$%!2%!+*MO!=SS]d!N+&$4/!2%!+*MO!>??>XM!!
K/262!+62!+*$)!0+'8!2\+09*2$!I6)0!2'/+'42,!32)%/260+*!$8$%20$!Z/262!%/262!&$!+!
4*2+6!4)662*+%&)'!L2%Z22'!&'[24%&)'!+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!!C\+09*2$!)I!%/2$2!&'4*#,2O!L#%!
+62!')%!*&0&%2,!%)!;62'%)'!(&**O!P2Z!B2\&4)!W;2/*26!2%!+*MO!=SSUXO!N+$2*O!5Z&%^26*+',!
WJ2&4/0+''!+',!1&+6,&'&O!>??SXO!E))926!N+$&'O!"#$%6+*&+!WN+&$4/!2%!+*MO!>??TXO!+',!
5)#*%^O!;6+'42!W()6+*2.!2%!+*MO!>?=?XM!!;&3#62!=?!,20)'$%6+%2$!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!
,&$%6&L#%&)'!+$!+!I#'4%&)'!)I!,&$%+'42!I6)0!%/2!Z2**!I)6!+!I2Z!)I!%/2$2!4+$2$M!!D'!%/2!
4+$2$!I6)0!<+'32*8O!E)*)6+,)!+',!%/2!<)4.8!B)#'%+&'!"6$2'+*!%/2!0+[)6&%8!)I!
$2&$0&4&%8!*&2$!Z&%/&'!+!,&$%+'42!)I!_!.0!I6)0!%/2!&'[24%&)'!Z2**O!Z/&4/!&$!Y#&%2!
4)09+6+L*2!%)!Z/+%!&$!$22'!I)6!%/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**!&'!%/&$!$%#,8M!
!
K/262!+62!+*$)!*2$$!4*2+6!2\+09*2$!&'!Z/&4/!2+6%/Y#+.2$!0+8!)6!0+8!')%!/+72!L22'!
%6&33262,!L8!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!+%!+!Z2**M!!D'!%/2$2!4+$2$O!%/262!&$!')!4*2+6!4)662*+%&)'!
L2%Z22'!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+',!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!0+8!)44#6!+%!
$)02Z/+%!*+6326!,&$%+'42$!I6)0!%/2!$#$924%2,!Z2**$M!!5)02!2\+09*2$!)I!%/2$2!4+$2$!
+62!5*2298!()**)Z!-&*!;&2*,O!P2L6+$.+!W<)%/2!+',!A#&O!=SUQd!C7+'$!+',!5%229*2$O!
=SURXd!+!3+$!I&2*,O!A+4Y!;6+'42!W16+$$)!+',!b&%%*&'326O!=SS?Xd!+!,229!Z+$%2!,&$9)$+*!
Z2**!&'!')6%/2+$%26'!-/&)!WP&4/)*$)'!2%!+*MO!=SUUd!522L26!2%!+*MO!>??_Xd!;+$/&'3O!
K2\+$!WJ+7&$!2%!+*MO!=SS]Xd!%/2!b+L+$/!G+**28O!D**&')&$!WC+326!2%!+*MO!>??TXO!+',!%/2!
J;b!+&69)6%!W;6)/*&4/!2%!+*MO!>?==XM!!K/2$2!+62!')%!2\/+#$%&72!*&$%$!)I!96)9)$2,!
&',#42,!$2&$0&4&%8!+',!%/262!&$!+!*+632!$924%6#0!)I!$4&2'%&I&4!)9&'&)'$!623+6,&'3!
0+'8!)I!%/2$2!4+$2$M!!
!
!
! ! !=S!
!8%9264)AH)`)R2$-46)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)=46,4,)1%,'#&34)*(6),4.43'41)4"#$N.4,)M:464),4%,$%3%'/)%,)3.4#6./)%&12341)*6($)*.2%1)%&h43'%(&)#')14N':K))O:4)%&*(6$#'%(&)M#,):#&1)1%9%'%e41)*6($)a#.4%9:)4')#.K)IAEFGJ;)7,%4:)#&1)T6414:(4*')IAEDAJ;)#&1)T#%,3:)4')#.K)IGHHGJK))O:4)-%&),%e4)2,41)%,)HKGS)@$K)))! !
!
! ! !>?!
!8%9264)AA)`)#J)R2$-46)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)N.(''41)=46,2,)1%,'#&34)*6($)':4)+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBADK))O('#.)#&1)=46'%3#.)1%,'#&34,)M464)14'46$%&41)64.#'%=4)'()':4)34&'6#.)14N':)(*):/16#2.%3)*6#3'26%&9),'#94)AK)-J)5N#'%#.)1%,'6%-2'%(&)(*)4#6':C2#@4,)%&)64.#'%(&,:%N)'()X4..)VBAD)M%':)4,'%$#'41)#-,(.2'4).(3#'%(&)466(6),:(M&)#,)9644&)36(,,4,K))O:4)14N':)%&'46=#.)*(6)':4)*%6,')*6#3),'#94)%,),:(M&)#,)':4)36%$,(&)N(6'%(&)(*)':4)M4..K)
a)
b)Well 4-18
!
! ! !>=!
!
!
J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/!W=SSQX!)#%*&'2,!$272'!Y#2$%&)'$!%)!/2*9!+&,!&'!2\+0&'&'3!Z/2%/26!
)6!')%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!0+8!/+72!L22'!&',#42,!L8!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!+%!,29%/M!!b2!Z&**!
2\+0&'2!%/2$2!$272'!Y#2$%&)'$!&'!62*+%&)'!%)!%/2!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)I!%/2!`&4.2%!
F'&%!N!+',!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)L$2672,!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!&'!1+67&'!E)#'%8M!!"II&60+%&72!
+'$Z26$!%)!+**!$272'!Y#2$%&)'$!+44)6,&'3!%)!;6)*&4/!+',!J+7&$!W=SSQX!Z)#*,!&',&4+%2!
%/+%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+62!4*2+6*8!&',#42,M!
!
!"#$%&'()*+)),-#)%.#$#)#/#(%$)%.#)0&-$%)1('2()#3-%.4"31#$)'0)%.&$)5.3-35%#-)&()%.#)-#6&'(7!!!WFP@-bPX!1&72'!%/2!+'+*)3!624)6,&'3!/&$%)68!I)6!0)$%!)I!%/2!-.*+/)0+!12)*)3&4+*!5#6728e$!
624)6,&'3!/&$%)68!&%!&$!,&II&4#*%!%)!,2%260&'2!Z/2%/26!%/2!4/+6+4%26!&$!#'&Y#2*8!
,&II262'%!I6)0!%/+%!)I!2+6%/Y#+.2$!9627&)#$*8!)L$2672,!&'!%/2!+62+M!!K/262!/+72!L22'!
$&3'&I&4+'%!'#0L26$!)I!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)44#66&'3!&'!%/&$!+62+!&'!%/2!9+$%O!;&3#62!=M!!K/&$!
'23+%&72!62$9)'$2!L8!&%$2*I!Z)#*,!$#332$%!%/+%!/8,6):I6+4%#6&'3!+%!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!,&,!
')%!&',#42!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!!!()Z2726O!Z2!Z&**!2\+0&'2!+**!)I!%/2!46&%26&+!)#%*&'2,!
L8!J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/!W=SSQXM!!
!
!
!"#$%&'()8+))9$)%.#-#)3)5:#3-)5'--#:3%&'();#%2##()&(<#5%&'()3(=)$#&$>&5&%?7))WHC5X)K/262!&$!+!4*2+6!4)662*+%&)'!L2%Z22'!%/2!%&02!)I!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!+',!%/2!
)L$2672,!$2&$0&4&%8!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,M!!()Z2726O!$#L$2Y#2'%!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!
$%+32$!+%!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b2**!_:=U!,&,!')%!+992+6!%)!/+72!+'8!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+$$)4&+%2,!
Z&%/!%/20M!!5#L$2Y#2'%!I6+4!$%+32$!Z262!+**!$/+**)Z26!%/+'!%/2!I&6$%O!+',!)%/26Z&$2!
%/262!Z262!')!0+[)6!,&II262'42$!&'!%/2!I6+4.&'3!)926+%&)'$M!
!
!"#$%&'()@+)),-#)#A&5#(%#-$)(#3-)2#::$)B2&%.&()C)1>D7!!WHC5X!P2+6*8!+**!2+6%/Y#+.2$!+62!*)4+%2,!Z&%/&'!%/&$!,&$%+'42!+',!%/2!0+[)6&%8!)I!
2+6%/Y#+.2$!+62!4*)$26!%/+'!%/2!]!.0!$924&I&2,!L8!J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/!W=SSQXM!!K/2!]!
.0!Z+$!$2*24%2,!$)02Z/+%!+6L&%6+6&*8!L8!J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/!W=SSQX!+',!0+8!')%!L2!
4)09*2%2*8!+996)96&+%2M!!K/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!/89)42'%26$!/+72!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$!
I6)0!(89)JJO!&'4*#,&'3!)#6!#'426%+&'%8!&'!72*)4&%8!0),2*O!)I!+L)#%!Q>?!0!&'!
*)'3&%#,2!+',!_S?!0!&'!*+%&%#,2M!!K/2$2!#'426%+&'%&2$!62962$2'%!%/2!+L$)*#%2!
0&'&0#0!)I!Z/+%!Z2!$/)#*,!4)'$&,26!%/2!*)4+%&)'!266)6!%)!L2M!!F'.')Z'!2II24%$!)I!
,&II262'%!G9kG$!6+%&)$!+',!)%/26!I+4%)6$!+,,!%)!%/2!+4%#+*!266)6!&'!*)4+%&)'!L2&'3!
*+6326M!!;&3#62!==!,20)'$%6+%2$!%/2!,&$%+'42!)I!2+6%/Y#+.2$!I6)0!%/2!Z2**M!!
!
!"#$%&'()E+))F')$'>#)#3-%.4"31#$)'55"-)3%)'-)(#3-)&(<#5%&'()=#A%.$7))WHC5X)B)$%!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!,)!)44#6!'2+6!&'[24%&)'!,29%/$M!!K/2!0&'&0#0!#'426%+&'%8!
&'!I)4+*!024/+'&$0!,29%/$!$/)#*,!L2!4)'$&,262,!+996)\&0+%2*8!TQ?!0M!!K/2!I)4+*!
,29%/!&$!%/2!*2+$%!Z2**:4)'$%6+&'2,!9)6%&)'!)I!%/2!/89)42'%26!*)4+%&)'!+',!629)6%2,!
,29%/$!$/)#*,!L2!4)'$&,262,!$)02Z/+%!$#$924%!$&'42!%/262!+62!')!$%+%&)'$!Z&%/&'!+!
I2Z!.&*)02%26$!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!$2Y#2'42M!!K/2!Z+72I)60!4/+6+4%26&$%&4$!+62!
4)'$&$%2'%!Z&%/!%/2!$/+**)Z!I)4+*!,29%/$!I6)0!%/2!,)#L*2:,&II262'4&'3!62*)4+%&)'M!!!
/89)42'%6+*!,29%/$!+',!I)60+*!#'426%+&'%&2$!4+'!L2!$22'!&'!;&3#62!==LM!!!
!
! ! !>>!
!
!"#$%&'()C+))90)('%G)3-#)%.#-#)1('2()6#':'6&5)$%-"5%"-#$G)%.3%)>3?)5.3((#:)0:'2)%')$&%#$)'0)#3-%.4"31#$7))WHC5X!K/262!+62!$&3'&I&4+'%!$%6#4%#62$!Z&%/&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,M!!K/2!'2+6!726%&4+*!L*)4.!
L)#',&'3!I+#*%$!96)7&,2!+!9+%/Z+8!I)6!I*#&,!I*)Z!&'!%/2!$#L$#6I+42M!!D'!+,,&%&)'!
I+#*%$!+62!6+62*8!$&'3*2!2'%&%&2$!L#%!6+%/26!+!4)09*2\!'2%Z)6.!)I!I+#*%$!+',!I6+4%#62$!
&'462+$&'3!%/2!'#0L26!)I!$%6#4%#62$!%/+%!4)#*,!9)%2'%&+**8!4/+''2*!I*)Z!W54/)*^O!
=SS?XM!!K/2!+726+32!266)6!&'!,29%/!$/)#*,!L2!4)'$&,262,!%)!L2!+%!+!0&'&0#0!TQ?!0!
+',!$/)#*,!L2!2\924%2,!%)!L2!*+6326!$&'42!%/262!+62!')!'2+6L8!$%+%&)'$!%)!/2*9!
4)'$%6+&'!%/2!I)4+*!,29%/M!!
!
!"#$%&'()H+)),-#)5.3(6#$)&()0:"&=)A-#$$"-#)3%)2#::);'%%'>$)$"00&5&#(%)%')#(5'"-36#)$#&$>&5&%?7))WHC5X)E*2+6*8!$&'42!%/2!4+$2!4)'$&,262,!/262!&'7)*72$!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!Z/262!962$$#62!
&$!L2&'3!#$2,!%)!I6+4%#62!6)4.O!L8!,2$&3'!%/2!962$$#62$!+62!$#II&4&2'%!%)!2'4)#6+32!
$2&$0&4&%8M!!
!
!"#$%&'()I+),-#)5.3(6#$)&()0:"&=)A-#$$"-#)3%).?A'5#(%-3:):'53%&'($)$"00&5&#(%)%')#(5'"-36#)$#&$>&5&%?7))WFP@P-bPX)"!I#6%/26!2\+0&'+%&)'!)I!%/&$!Y#2$%&)'!&$!96)7&,2,!L2*)ZM!D%!&$!9)$$&L*2!%)!+99*8!+!
62+$)'+L*2!9/8$&4+*!0),2*!%/+%!$#332$%$!%/2!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!4)#*,!/+72!
&'462+$2,!962$$#62$!+%!/89)42'%6+*!*)4+%&)'$M!!b&%/!+**!%/2!96),#4%&)'!%/+%!/+$!
)44#662,!Z&%/&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!+',!)#6!#'426%+&'%8!&'!$#L$#6I+42!$%6#4%#62!&%!Z)#*,!
L2!,&II&4#*%!&I!')%!&09)$$&L*2!%)!+44#6+%2*8!0),2*!%/2!2II24%$!)I!+!962$$#62!9#*$2!+%!
/89)42'%6+*!*)4+%&)'$M!!K/&$!&$!2$924&+**8!%6#2!3&72'!%/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!2+6%/Y#+.2!
*)4+%&)'$!&'!%/&$!$%#,8M!!
!
"I%26!/+7&'3!27+*#+%2,!%/2!+L)72!46&%26&+!Z2!/+72!I&72!+II&60+%&72!62$9)'$2$!+',!
%Z)!#'426%+&'!62$9)'$2$M!!D$!%/&$!2')#3/!%)!,2%260&'2!%/+%!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z262!
%6&33262,!)6!')%l!!"%!%/&$!9)&'%!D!Z)#*,!*&.2!%)!,&624%*8!Y#)%2!J+7&$!+',!;6)*&4/!
W=SSQXM!
J,%)A-#$#(%)&%)&$)&>A'$$&;:#)%')A-#=&5%)%.#)#00#5%$)'0)&(<#5%&'()2&%.)3;$':"%#)5#-%3&(%?K))L.&$)"(5#-%3&(%?)3-&$#$);'%.);#53"$#)%.#)"(=#-:?&(6)A.?$&53:)>#5.3(&$>$)'0)#3-%.4"31#$)3-#)A''-:?)"(=#-$%''=G)3(=);#53"$#)&()(#3-:?)#/#-?)$A#5&0&5)$&%"3%&'()%.#-#)&$)&(3=#4"3%#)'-)&(5'>A:#%#)&(0'->3%&'()3;'"%)-#6&'(3:)$%-#$$#$G)0:"&=)>&6-3%&'(G).&$%'-&53:)$#&$>&5&%?G)#%5K))M:#3-:?G)3)$#-&#$)'0)$#/#()'-)%#()?#$)'-)(')4"#$%&'($)'/#-$&>A:&0&#$)>3(?)'0)%.#$#)&$$"#$KN)
K/&$!$%+%202'%!62I*24%$!%/2!&'462,&L*2!4)09*2\&%8!+',!#'426%+&'%8!I)6!0)$%!4+$2$!&'!
+$$)4&+%&'3!+'%/6)9)32'&4!4+#$2$!+',!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!!
!
K/2!9/8$&4+*!024/+'&$0O!Z/&4/!4)#*,!%6&3326!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!I6)0!%/2!/8,6+#*&4!
I6+4%#6&'3!)926+%&)'$!+%!%/2!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!Z2**O!&$!%/2!,&II#$&)'!)I!9)62:962$$#62!
&'%26+4%&'3!Z&%/!+!962:2\&$%&'3!$%6#4%#62!%)!&'&%&+%2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!)'!+!I+#*%!)6!I6+4%#62!
%/+%!/+$!+'!)6&2'%+%&)'!I+7)6+L*2!%)!I+&*#62!Z&%/&'!%/2!623&)'+*!$%62$$!I&2*,M!!B+'8!
62$2+64/26$!/+72!,2$46&L2,!%/2!0&36+%&)'!)I!&',#42,!$2&$0&4&%8!L8!,2$46&L&'3!%/2!
0&36+%&)'!)I!+!962$$#62!I6)'%!%/6)#3/!%/2!,&II#$&)'!)I!9)62!962$$#62O!/8,6+#*&4!
!
! ! !>Q!
,&II#$&7&%8!WK+*Z+'&!+',!"4622O!=SU]d!P&4/)*$)'!+',!b2$$)'O!=SS?d!5/+9&6)!2%!+*MO!
=SSSd!<)%/26%!+',!5/+9&6)O!>??Qd!<)^/.)O!>?=?XM!!E)6'2%!W>???X!+63#2,!%/+%!%/2!
$/+92!)I!0&46)$2&$0&4&%8!&$!4)'%6)**2,!L8!%/2!I6+4%#62!96)42$$!+',!/8,6)024/+'&4+*!
4)#9*&'3!6+%/26!%/+'!+!/)0)32'2)#$!/8,6+#*&4!,&II#$&7&%8!%/6)#3/!+!6)4.!0+$$M!!
<#%*2,32!2%!+*M!W>??_X!,2$46&L2!%/&$!L2/+7&)6!&'!,2%+&*!I)6!+!4*)$2*8!0)'&%)62,!
/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!Z&%/&'!%/2!E+6%/+32!E)%%)'!G+**28!1+$!;&2*,O!K2\+$M!!K/28!
4*2+6*8!,20)'$%6+%2!%/2!4)'%6)*!)I!%/2!623&)'+*!$%62$$!I&2*,O!962$$#62!,&II#$&)'O!&'%26:
+4%&)'!Z&%/!2\&$%&'3!$%6#4%#62$!+',!$#332$%!%/+%!%/262!&$!+!$&3'&I&4+'%!+0)#'%!)I!
+$2&$0&4!$*&9!)44#66&'3!Z&%/&'!%/2!I6+4%#62,!7)*#02M!
D'!)6,26!%)!2\+0&'2!Z/2%/26!)6!')%!%/2!,+%+!I)6!%/&$!2+6%/Y#+.2!$2Y#2'42!Z)#*,!I&%!
+!9)62!962$$#62!,&II#$&)'!0),2*!Z2!#$2,!%/2!$&09*&I&2,!9)62!962$$#62!,&II#$&)'!
0),2*!)I!K+*Z+'&!+',!"4622!W=SU]XM!!K/&$!02%/),!,2$46&L2$!%/2!9)62!962$$#62!
,&II#$&)'!%/6)#3/!%&02!%/6)#3/!7&+!+!,&II#$&)'!4)'$%+'%!4+**2,!$2&$0&4!/8,6+#*&4!
,&II#$&7&%8M!!K/&$!/8,6+#*&4!,&II#$&7&%8!4+'!L2!62*+%2,!%)!%/2!9/8$&4+*!96)926%&2$!)I!%/2!
6)4.$!+',!I*#&,$!&'7)*72,!$#4/!+$!I*#&,!7&$4)$&%8O!6)4.!9)6)$&%8!+',!92602+L&*&%8O!+',!
%/2!4)0962$$&L&*&%8!)I!%/2!I*#&,!+',!6)4.$M!!K/262!&$!+!$&09*2!02%/),!%)!,2%260&'2!
%/2!$2&$0&4!/8,6+#*&4!,&II#$&7&%8!W!XO!
! ! !!! !
Z/262!A!&$!%/2!,&$%+'42!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2!+Z+8!I6)0!%/2!Z2**!&'!42'%&02%26$!W40X!
+',!%!&$!%/2!%&02O!&'!$24)',$O!$&'42!&'[24%&)'!L23+'M!!K+*Z+'&!+',!"4622!W=SU]X!I)#',!
%/+%!$2&$0&4!/8,6+#*&4!,&II#$&7&%8!I)6!%/2!4+$2$!%/28!2\+0&'2,!6+'32,!I6)0!]\=?Q!%)!
T\=?]!40>k$M!!;)6!)#6!4+$2!Z2!,2%260&'2,!%/2!$2&$0&4!/8,6+#*&4!,&II#$&7&%8!Z/&4/!I&%!
S]a!)I!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z+$!>MU\=?T!%)!>MT\=?T40>k$!,292',&'3!)'!Z/2%/26!%/&$!
Z+$!,2%260&'2,!I)6!%/2!%)%+*!/89)42'%6+*!,&$%+'42!I6)0!%/2!42'%26!9)&'%!)I!%/2!
&'[24%&)'!&'%267+*!)6!$&09*8!%/2!6+,&+*!,&$%+'42!I6)0!%/2!Z2**M!!K/2!/8,6+#*&4!
,&II#$&7&%8!4+'!L2!62*+%2,!%)!92602+L&*&%8!I6)0!%/2!I)**)Z&'3!62*+%&)'$/&9M!
! ! !!"!!
!
Z/262O!
! .!m!&$!%/2!92602+L&*&%8!
! µ – is the viscosity of water (10-8 bar/s) ϕ – is the porosity of fractured rock (3x10-3 for this example, and
βF = is the effective compressibility of the fluid (3x10-5 bar-1). K/&$!96)7&,2$!+!0+\&0#0!92602+L&*&%8!'22,2,!%)!,2$46&L2!%/&$!2+6%/Y#+.2!
$2Y#2'42!)I!>]]!0&**&J+64&2$!W0JXM!D'!%/&$!2\+09*2!%/2!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!2+6%/Y#+.2!
*)4+%&)'$!+62!')%!4)'$&,262,!W;&3#62!=>XM!!b/&*2!%/&$!92602+L&*&%8!0+8!$220!/&3/!I)6!
+!$/+*2!&%!&$!Z&%/&'!%/2!7+*#2$!629)6%2,!I)6!&'!$&%#!6)4.$O!2$924&+**8!I6+4%#62,!6)4.!
WN6+42O!=SU_XM!
!
!
! ! !>_!
!!8%9264)AG)`)#J)+(64)N64,,264)1%**2,%(&)$(14.)64,2.',),:(M&)*(6)'('#.)1%,'#&34)*6($)+%3@4')W&%')T)X4..)VBADK))a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
) )
!
! ! !>]!
>(&3.2,%(&,)!
J2%260&'&'3!Z/2%/26!)6!')%!2+6%/Y#+.2$!/+72!L22'!&',#42,!&'!0)$%!9)6%&)'$!)I!%/2!
$%+L*2!4)'%&'2'%!&$!96)L*20+%&4O!L24+#$2!)I!)#6!9))6!.')Z*2,32!)I!/&$%)6&4+*!
2+6%/Y#+.2$O!2+6%/Y#+.2!96)42$$2$!+',!%/2!*)'3!624#662'42!&'%267+*$!I)6!
2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!$%+L*2!4)'%&'2'%M!!D'!+,,&%&)'!#',26$%+',&'3!I*#&,!I*)Z!+',!
962$$#62!,&II#$&)'!&'!%/2!#'&Y#2!32)*)38!+',!$%6#4%#62$!)I!+'!+62+!9)$2$!62+*!+',!
$&3'&I&4+'%!4/+**2'32$M!!!K/2!$%6)'3!$9+%&+*!+',!%209)6+*!4)662*+%&)'$!%)!%/2!
/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!&'!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b2**!_:=U!426%+&'*8!$#332$%!%/+%!%/2!
2+6%/Y#+.2$!)L$2672,!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!4)#*,!/+72!9)$$&L*8!L22'!%6&33262,!L8!%/&$!
+4%&7&%8M!!5&09*8!L24+#$2!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!I&%!+!$&09*2!9)62!962$$#62!,&II#$&)'!0),2*!
,)2$!')%!&',&4+%2!%/+%!%/&$!&$!%/2!9/8$&4+*!96)42$$!%/+%!4+#$2,!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!
K/2!'#0L26!)I!/&$%)6&4+*!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!+62+!+',!#'426%+&'%&2$!&'!/89)42'%26!
*)4+%&)'$!0+.2!&%!&09)$$&L*2!%)!,2%260&'2!Z&%/!+!/&3/!,23622!)I!426%+&'%8!Z/2%/26!
)6!')%!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!&',#42,!%/2$2!2+6%/Y#+.2$M!!!
!
b/2%/26!)6!')%!%/2!2+6%/Y#+.2$!&'!%/2!C)*+!;&2*,!Z262!%6&33262,!L8!/8,6+#*&4:
I6+4%#6&'3!%/2$2!Z262!$0+**!2+6%/Y#+.2$!Z&%/!)'*8!)'2!*)4+*!62$&,2'%!/+7&'3!
629)6%2,!I22*&'3!%/20M!!b/&*2!%/2!$)4&2%+*!&09+4%!)I!#',26$%+',&'3!Z/2%/26!)6!')%!
$0+**!2+6%/Y#+.2$!0+8!/+72!L22'!4+#$2,!L8!/8,6+#*&4:I6+4%#6&'3!0+8!L2!$0+**O!&%!
4)#*,!9)%2'%&+**8!/2*9!#$!*2+6'!0)62!+L)#%!$#L$#6I+42!96)926%&2$!$#4/!+$!$%62$$2$!+%!
,29%/O!$%62'3%/!)I!I+#*%$O!I*#&,!I*)ZO!962$$#62!,&II#$&)'O!+',!*)'3!%260!I+#*%!+',!
2+6%/Y#+.2!L2/+7&)6$!)I!%/2!$%+L*2!4)'%&'2'%M!!D%!0+8!+*$)!L2!9)$$&L*2!%)!&,2'%&I8!
Z/+%!46&%26&+!0+8!+II24%!%/2!*&.2*&/)),!)I!+'%/6)9)32'&4+**8!&',#42,!2+6%/Y#+.2$!
+',!96)7&,2!)&*!+',!3+$!)926+%)6$!%/2!+L&*&%8!%)!0&'&0&^2!+'8!+,726$2!+II24%$!+$!
$#332$%2,!L8!5/+9&6)!2%!+*M!W>??RXM!
!
P3@&(M.4194$4&',)!
K/2!P5;!C+6%/$4)92!`6)[24%!+',!%/2!K6+'$9)6%+L*2!"66+8!$%+%&)'$!+',!,+%+!
+7+&*+L&*&%8!96)7&,2,!L8!D<D5!0+,2!%/&$!Z)6.!9)$$&L*2M!!D!Z)#*,!+*$)!*&.2!%)!%/+'.!
"0&2!1&L$)'O!J6M!@2''2%/!GM!A#^+O!+',!J6M!1M!<+',+*!@2**26!I)6!%/2&6!/2*9I#*!
4)002'%$!+',!$#332$%&)'$!I)6!%/&$!9+926M!!<#$$2**!5%+',L6&,32O!-15!E+6%)36+9/8O!
96)7&,2,!+!362+%!,2+*!)I!%24/'&4+*!+,7&42!+',!&'I)60+%&)'M!!D!Z)#*,!+*$)!*&.2!%)!%/+'.!
%/2!-.*+/)0+!E)69)6+%&)'!E)00&$$&)'!I)6!%/2!/2*9!&'!)L%+&'&'3!&'I)60+%&)'!+',!
&'9#%!%)!%/&$!2II)6%M!!D!Z)#*,!+*$)!*&.2!%)!%/+'.!E&0+62\!C'2638!E)M!I)6!96)7&,&'3!
#$2I#**!%24/'&4+*!&'I)60+%&)'!+L)#%!%/2!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3!)I!`&4.2%!F'&%!N!b2**!_:
=UM!
!
) )
!
! ! !>T!
a4*464&34,)!
".2O!VMO!@M!B+/626O!JM!-eE)''2**O!+',!AM!N*)4.O!>??]O!J229:D'[24%&)'!+',!E*)$2*8!
B)'&%)62,!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8!+%!`+6+,)\!G+**28O!E)*)6+,)O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!ESIGJO!9M!TT_:TUQM!
N+&$4/O!5MO!BM!N)/'/)IIO!AM!E26+''+O!HM!K#O!+',!(M`M!(+6[2$O!>??>O!`6)L&'3!%/2!E6#$%!%)!
S:.0!J29%/c!;*#&,:D'[24%&)'!C\926&02'%$!+',!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8!+%!%/2!@KN!
5#926,229!J229!J6&**&'3!()*2O!1260+'8O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-MO!EGIUJO!9M!>QTS:>QU?M!
N+&$4/O!5MO!<M!b2&,*26O!<M!G)6)$O!JM!b8L)6'O!+',!AM!,2!16++IO!>??TO!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8!
,#6&'3!%/2!5%&0#*+%&)'!)I!+!12)%/260+*!(;<!<2$27&)6!&'!%/2!E))926!N+$&'O!
"#$%6+*&+O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!EUIUJO!9M!>>_>:>>]TM!N)8,O!JMKMO!>??>O!B+9!)I!-.*+/)0+!-&*!+',!1+$!;&2*,$O!-.+/)0+!12)*)3&4&+*!5#6728!
<Z]UM!N6+42O!bM;MO!=SU_O!`2602+L&*&%8!)I!E68$%+**&'2!<)4.$c!P2Z!D'!5&%#!B2+$#6202'%$O!QK)
R#'A.?$K)S#$KO!DEITUJO!9M!_Q>R:_QQ?M!J+7&$O!5MJM!+',!EM!;6)/*&4/O!=SSQO!J&,!W)6!b&**X!;*#&,!D'[24%&)'!E+#$2!C+6%/Y#+.2$l!m
E6&%26&+!I)6!+!<+%&)'+*!"$$2$$02'%G)P#&$>':K)S#$K)T#%%KO!UVI]BVJO!9M!>?R:>>_M!J+7&$O!5MJMO!`M"M!P8II2'23326O!+',!EM!;6)/*&4/O!=SS]O!K/2!S!"96&*!=SSQ!C+6%/Y#+.2!&'!
5)#%/:E2'%6+*!K2\+$c!b+$!D%!D',#42,!L8!;*#&,!b&%/,6+Z+*lO!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!DSIUJO!9M!=UUU:=US]M!
C+326O!@MEMO!1MAM!`+7*&$O!+',!BMbM!(+0L#6326O!>??TO!C7&,2'42!)I!`)$$&L*2!D',#42,!
52&$0&4&%8!&'!%/2!b+L+$/!G+**28!52&$0&4!n)'2!I6)0!D096)72,!
B&46)2+6%/Y#+.2!A)4+%&)'$O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!EUISJO!9M!=R=U:=R>UM!C7+'$O!JM1M!+',!JMbM!5%229*2$O!=SURO!B&46)2+6%/Y#+.2$!'2+6!%/2!5*2298!()**)Z!-&*!
;&2*,O!5)#%/Z2$%26'!P2L6+$.+O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!FFIAJO!9M!=Q>:=_?M!;2/*26O!BMO!AM!()#$2O!bM5M!`/&**&9$O!+',!<M!`)%%26O!=SSUO!!"!02%/),!%)!+**)Z!%209)6+*!
7+6&+%&)'!)I!72*)4&%8!&'!%6+72*:%&02!%)0)36+9/8!#$&'3!0&46)2+6%/Y#+.2$!
&',#42,!,#6&'3!/8,6+#*&4!I6+4%#6&'3O!L#5%'('A.?$&5$O!GDEO!9M!=US:>?=M!;6)/*&4/O!EMO!EM!(+8Z+6,O!NM!5%#09O!+',!CM!`)%%26O!>?==O!K/2!J+**+$:;)6%!b)6%/!
C+6%/Y#+.2!52Y#2'42c!-4%)L26!>??U!%/6)#3/!B+8!>??SO!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>#-KO!AHAIAJO!9M!Q>R:Q_?M!
J2&4/0+''O!PM!+',!JM!1&+6,&'&O!>??SO!C+6%/Y#+.2$!D',#42,!L8!%/2!5%&0#*+%&)'!)I!+'!
C'/+'42,!12)%/260+*!58$%20!L2*)Z!N+$2*O!5Z&%^26*+',O!P#&$>':K)S#$K)T#%%KO!DHISJO!9M!RU_:RSUM!
16+'+%/O!VMbMO!=SUSO!5%6#4%#6+*!C7)*#%&)'!)I!%/2!"6,0)62!N+$&'O!-.*+/)0+c!
`6)362$$&72!J2I)60+%&)'!&'!%/2!;)62*+',!)I!%/2!-#&4/&%+!E)**&$&)'O!L#5%'(&5$O!DISJO!9M!=?=]:=?QTM!
16+$$)O!VM!<M!+',!1M!b&%%*&'326!W=SS?XM!K2'!H2+6$!)I!52&$0&4!B)'&%)6&'3!-726!+!1+$!
;&2*,O!N#**M!52&$0)*M!5)4M!"026M!DHW>Xc!_]?:_RQM!(+6*%)'O!NM(MO!=ST_O!K24%)'&4!;6+02Z)6.!)I!C)*+!+',!5)#%/2+$%!())726!-&*!;&2*,$!
+',!b2$%!K&0L262,!(&**$!"62+O!1+67&'!+',!B#66+8!E)#'%&2$O!-.*+/)0+O!Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 48(9), p 1555-1567.!
(+7$.)7O!VM!+',!AM!-%%20)**26O!=SSSO!52&$"'!C+6%/Y#+.2!"'+*8$&$!5)I%Z+62O!P#&$K)S#$K)T#%%KO!FHM!
!
! ! !>R!
()6+*2.O!VMO!nM!V24/#0%+*)7+O!AM!J)6L+%/O!+',!VM!5&*2'8O!>?=?O!5)#642!024/+'&$0$!)I!
0&46):2+6%/Y#+.2$!&',#42,!&'!+!I*#&,!&'[24%&)'!2\926&02'%!+%!%/2!(J<!$&%2!
5)#*%^:$)#$:;)62%$!W"*$+42X!&'!>??Q!+',!%/2&6!%209)6+*!+',!$9+%&+*!
7+6&+%&)'$O!R#'A.?$K)QK)9(%KO!ADAO!9M!=]_R:=]T]M!($&2/O!`M"M!+',!VMJM!N62,2/)2I%O!=SU=O!"!<2$27)&6!"'+*8$&$!)I!%/2!J2'726!
C+6%/Y#+.2$c!"!E+$2!)I!D',#42,!52&$0&4&%8O!QK)R#'A.?$K)S#$MO!DUITGJ;)9M!S?Q:S>?M!
Jost, M.L., T. BuBelberg, O. Jost, H.P. Harjes,1995, Source Parameters of Injection-Induced Microearthquakes at 9 km Depth at the KTB Deep Drilling Site, Germany, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 88(3), p. 815-822.
Keller, G.R., E.G. Lidiak, W.J. Hinze, and L.W. Braile, 1983, The Role of Rifting in the Tectonic Development of the Midcontinent, U.S.A., Tectonophysics, 94, p. 391-412.
A+Z$)'O!VMCM!V6M!+',!@MGM!A#^+O!>??TO!-.*+/)0+!C+6%/Y#+.2$!>??]O!U1:3.'>3)R#':'6?)V'%#$O![K)UU;)R(K)]O!;+**!>??TM!
A&2'26%O!NM!<M!CMO!CM!N263O!+',!AMPM!;6+^26O!=SUTO!(89)42'%26c!"'!2+6%/Y#+.2!*)4+%&)'!
02%/),!#$&'3!42'%262,O!$4+*2,O!+',!+,+9%&72*8!*2+$%!$Y#+62$O!O"::K)P#&$>':K)P'5K),>KO!FUO!9M!RR=mRUQM!!
A&2'26%O!NM!<M!CM!+',!VM!(+7$.)7O!=SS]O!"!4)09#%26!96)36+0!I)6!*)4+%&'3!2+6%/Y#+.2$!
L)%/!*)4+**8!+',!!3*)L+**8O!P#&$>':K)S#$K)T#%%KO!UUO!9M!>TmQTM!McCaskill, J.G. Jr., 1998, Multiple Stratigraphic Indicators of Major Strike-Slip
Movement Along the Eola Fault, Subsurface, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, Shale Shaker, p. 119-133.
Mitchell, B.J. and M. Landisman, 1970, Interpretation of a Crustal Section across Oklahoma, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bul., 81(9), p. 2647-2656.
Nicholson, C., E. Roeloffs, and R.L. Wesson, 1988, The Northeastern Ohio Earthquake of 31 January 1986: Was It Induced?, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 78(1), p. 188-217.
Nicholson, C. and R.L. Wesson, 1990, Earthquake Hazard Associated With Deep Well Injection – A Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull, 1951, pp. 74.
Northcutt, R.A. and J.A., Campbell, 1995, Geologic provinces of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Geological Survey OF5-95.
Raleigh, C.B., J.H. Healy, and J.D. Bredehoeft, 1972, Faulting and Crustal Stress at Rangely, Colorado, Am. Geophys. Union Geophys. Monograph, 16, p. 275-284.
Raleigh, C.B., J.H. Healy, and J.D. Bredehoeft, 1976, An Experiment in Earthquake Control at Rangely, Colorado, Science, 191, p. 1230-1237.
Rothe, G.H. and C.Y. Lui, 1983, Possibility of Induced Seismicity in the Vicinity of the Sleepy Hollow Oil Field, Southwestern Nebraska, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 73(5), p. 1357-1367.
Rothert, E. and S.A. Shapiro, 2003, Microseismic monitoring of borehole fluid injections: Data modeling and inversion for hydraulic properties of rocks, Geophysics, 68(2), p. 685-689.
Rozhko, A.Y., 2010, Role of seepage forces on seismicity triggering, J. Geophys. Res., 115, doi:10.1029/2009JB007182.
!
! ! !>U!
Rutledge, J.T., W.S. Phillips, and M.J. Mayerhofer, 2004, Faulting Induced bye Forced Fluid Injection and Fluid Flow Forced by Faulting: An Interpretation of Hydraulic-Fracture Microseismicity, Carthage Cotton Valley Gas Field, Texas, Bull Seismol. Soc. Amer., 94(5), p. 1817-1830.
Scholz, C.H., 1990, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge University Press, pp. 439.
Seeber, L., J.G. Armbruster, and W.Y. Kim, 2004, A Fluid-Injection Earthquake Sequence in Ashtabula, Ohio: Implications for Seismogenesis in Stable Continental Regions, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 94(1), p. 76-87.
Shapiro, S.A., P. Audigane, and J.J. Royer, 1999, Large-scale in situ permeability tensor of rocks from induced microseismicity, Geophys. J. Int., 137, p. 207-213.
Shapiro, S.A., C. Dinske, and J. Kummerow, 2007, Probability of a given-magnitude earthquake induced by a fluid injection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.
Stoeser, D.B., G.N. Green, L.C. Morath, W.D. Heran, A.B. Wilson, D/W. Moore, and B.S. Van Gosen, 2007, Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States: Central States: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana, U.S. Geol. Survey Open File Report, OF 2005-1351.
Swesnik, R.M. and T.H. Green, 1950, Geology of Eola Area, Garvin County, Oklahoma, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 34(11), p 2176-2199.
Talwani, P. and S. Acree, Pore Pressure Diffusion and the Mechanism of Resevior-Induced Seismicity, Pageoph, 122, p. 947-965.
Tanner, J.H. III, 1967, Wrench fault movements along Washita Valley fault, Arbuckle Mountain area, Oklahoma, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 51(1), p. 126-134.
Tryggvason, E., and B.R. Qualls, 1967, Seismic refraction measurements of crustal structure in Oklahoma, J. Geoph. Res., 72(14), 3738-3740.
Waldhauser, F. and W.L. Ellsworth, 2000, A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the northern Hayward fault, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 1353-1368.
Waldhauser, F., 2001, hypoDD: A Program to Compute Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations, U.S. Geol. Survey Open File Report, OF 01-113.
!
