Four decades of windpower development:some ‘value sensitive design’ lessons

Frans A. van der LooBrussels 22 november 2013

The context

• Dutch innovation policy: Energy topsectorBio-energyEnergy efficiency buildingsEnergy efficiency industryGasSmart GridsWindpower OffshoreSolar energy

• NWO Research programme ‘Responsible innovation’Shale gasSmart gridsWindpower OffshoreGreen production, etc.

• ‘Embedding social responsibility in the design of offshore wind energy systems’

TU Delft, prof.dr. Rolf Künneke e.a. (university) TKI-Windoffshore, NWEA e.a. (industry)

Content

• Wind onshore- from niche to system-innovation (1973-2013)- technical and procedural design- the lessons

• Wind offshore- large-scale implementation 2030- impact and acceptability

• Value sensitive design- some lessons

Wind onshore: the system

1

2

3

2450 MW

stand-alone

windfarm

Wind onshore: technical design

75 kW

600 kW

7500 kW

Impact:-visual-noise-shadow

Wind onshore: procedural design

Policy phase

Label Initiative Characteristics

1

1980-1995

Stand-alone/ Starters Farmer

Project developer

Kitchen-table

Permit no problem

Ownership in backyard

‘Technical’ process

2

1995-2010

Spatial planning Regional/Local authority

Spatial plan

Regional ‘Wind-map’

Policy process (BLOW)

3

2010-now

Upscaling &Concentration

Public-Private partnership

More power, less turbines

Partner, not owner

Cooperation/Participation

Wind-banking

Wind onshore: the value drivers

• Clean&Reliable: more windpower- Political independance 1973 (Oil-boycot)- Acid rain 1980- Climate change 1990- Political independance 2008 (Russia-Ukraine)

• (Cost-)Efficiency: bigger turbines

• Social acceptance: from local to national procedures

Wind onshore: value sensitive design lessons (1)

Technology

• turbine larger + more efficient (75kW to 7500kW)

• from 2 to 3 rotorblades

• from turbine to windfarm (line/array)

• less noise

• shadow-interrupting

Wind onshore: value sensitive design lessons (2)

Procedures (institutional)

• Spatial planning

• Procedure/ initiative changes

• Stakeholders: from farmer to Province to Parliament

• Process: from ‘technical’ to political (and legal procedures)

• Grid-connection: grid-enforcement, codification, congestion-law

• Tariff: from fixed fee to APX-trade (Spot, Intra-day, Day-ahead)

Wind offshore: the system

Egmond aan Zee108 MW

EWEA 2030:150.000 MW

2012: 5.000 MW

Wind offshore: the system in context

Wind Offshore

Environment

Stakeholders Oil&Gas Shipping Fishery Military Recreation

Citizens

Politics

System&Infrastructure

Wind offshore: ‘value sensitive’ impact

Issue Impact 150 GW in 2030 Acceptability

Costs/ Benefits

Investment €450 billionEnergy bill consumrs

PoliticalCitizens

Spacing offshore

Shipping routes (adapted already)Power to Gas (P2G)Fisherie (MERMAID)

Stakeholders (vested)

Grid-integration

30% power in EuropeSupergrid?

Political (international)

Life-cycle, materials, recycling

Rare earth materials?Steel-market?Decommissioning 1000 turbines/y, 3000 rotorblades/y

Citizens

Mode of operation

Logistics: 25.000 turbines, 4 turbines every dayCSR (Corporate Social Responsibility),cables passing dunes etc.

Citizens

These issues might pose critical factors to public acceptance

Value sensitive design: some lessons

• Wind onshore development shows value sensitive design - in technology and procedures.

• From niche to system-innovation: new kind of impacts, new kind of issues, new kind of policies- not only technology

• Wind offshore implementation: anticipate the large-scale impacts- We can learn from wind onshore.- Social Impact Report? (cf. Environmental Impact Report)

• Wind offshore value sensitive design should focus on:- Costs/Benefits (public budgets + framing)- Sea-stakeholder cooperation- Grid-extension + organisation- Life-cycle management- Logistics- CSR

Thank you! Discussion?

Frans A. van der LooLOO e-Consultinfo@looeconsult

Responsible innovation programme Wind offshore TU Delft prof.dr. R. Künneker.w.kunneke@tudelft.nl