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FOSSILE BRENSLERKull, olje, naturgass
2
FOSSILE ENERGIKILDER IVERDEN(1000 Mtoe)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Reserver(R) R/P Årligproduksjon(P)
KullOljeNaturgass
World total final consumption (Mtoe)
1997
11%
49%18%
17%4% 1% Coal
OilGasElectricityHeatRenewables
3
World total final consumption (Mtoe)
Average annual growth rate 1997-2020
8%19%
18%27%
7%
21% CoalOilGasElectricityHeatRenewables
4
Klassifisering av kull
Kullets viktigste egenskaper
Brennstoff Steinkull BrunkullFlyktige best. vekt % 18-26 45-55Elementanalyse vekt:%:CHONS
885511-3
745,518,50,53-4
Vanninnhold vekt % 3-5 20-30Askeinnhols vekt % 3-7 3-12Råkull mid.ned.brennverdi HN kJ/kg
31400 16800
Asken i kullet kan varier meget, avhengig av kullets sammensetning. I steinkull er vanligleire framtredende.
Steinkullaske vekt % Brunkullaske vekt %Al2O3 15-21 4-9SiO2 25-45 8-18Fe2O3 5-20 -CaO 2-4 25-40MgO 0,5-1 0,5-6SO3 4-10 >50
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Van Kreveken diagram: H/C and O/C ratio fordifferent solid fuels
COAL COMPOSITION
• C + H2 + O2 + S + N2 + ash
• Proximate analysis: H2O + C(s) + volatile matter + ash (%wt)
• Ultimate analysis: C + H + O + N + S (%wt)
• H/C and O/C ratio decrease for higher rank coal:peat lignite bituminous coal anthracite
• Coal contains approx. 5-30%wt of mineral matter thatinfluences the combustion behaviour.
Main components
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COAL STRUCTURE
• Coal is a porous material.
• Pore structure is very important regarding:– chemical reactivity (How to define “reactivity”?)
– mechanical behaviour (fragmentation) of the particlesduring combustion.
• Definitions of:– Porosity?– Total pore volume?– Total and active surface area?
DEVOLATILIZATION (Coal pyrolysis)
Coal pyrolysisand
oxidation
affect•Combustion performance
•Heat release
•Flame stabilization
•Char combustion &reactivity
Relevant topics, among others, in coal pyrolysis are:
• Heat treatment temperature (T)
• Heating rate (Q)
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LIQUID FUELS - ATOMIZATION - DROPLETCOMBUSTION - SPRAYS•FUEL CHARACTERISATION
•CRUDE OIL
•REFINERY PROCESS
•OIL PRODUCTS
•ATOMIZATION
•EVAPORATION
•COMBUSTION•SINGLE DROPLETS
•SPRAYS
Raffineri
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Destillasjonstårn
REFINERY PROCESSES
•FRACTIONATED DESTILLATIONBoiling point [°C]weight %
1. 20-150 Naptha 10-202. 150-230 Petroleum, paraffins 10-153. 230-340 Light fuel oils, destillate 15-304. > 340 Heavy lubricants and fuel oils 35-60
•THERMAL CRACKING
•CATALYTIC CRACKING
•FINAL ADJUSTMENTS AND MIXING
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•CRUDE OIL
•Liquid with density between 780 - 1000 kg/m3 (15 0C) consists of 3-400different
hydrocarbons from simple methane (one carbon atom) to complex with 60 C +
Ultimate analysis:Carbon (C) 84 - 87 wt%Hydrogen (H) 11 - 14 wt%Sulfur (S) 0.06 -8.0 wt%Nitrogen (N) 0.11 - 1.7 wt%Oxygen (O) 0.01-2.0 wt%Metals (Fe, V, Ni, ..) < 0.03 wt%
North Sea oil < 0.25 wt% SMiddle East 1.5 ~ 3.0 wt% SMexico ~ 5.0 wt% S
FUEL CHARACTERISATION
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Most important hydrocarbon groups:
1. Normal alkanes (paraffins) [CnH2n+2]- single bounds C-atoms Ex: n-octane [C8H18]
2. Branching alkanes (paraffins) [CnH2n+2] Ex: iso-octane [C8H18]
3. Alkenes (olefines, di-olefines) [CnH2n]- both single and double bound C-atoms Ex: hexen [C6H12]
4. Napthenes (cykloparafiner, cykloalkaner) [CnH2n]- ring structure single bound C-atoms Ex: cyclo penthane [C5H10]
5. Aromatic- ring structure single/double bounds C-atoms Ex: benzene [C6H6]
Crude oils are based on three main groups; Alkanes, napthenes and mixtures.Increasing complexity will increase boiling point, specific gravity and viscosity
OIL PROPERTIES•Specific gravity
•normal kg/dm3 at 15 0C
•C/H - ratio•From ultimate analysis, higher->larger spec. grav., important for sootingtendency and thus thermal radiation, lower value give higher HHV.
•Heating Value•HHV(from calorimeter), LHV(from HHV - condensing heat), S has 27% of HHVof Carbon, Hydrogen has 2.5 times HHV of Carbon
•Viscosity•Flow ->atomisation, preheating
•USA- Saybolt( 50 0C); UK - Redwood( 37.8 0C); Other - Engler ( 20 or 50 0C)
•Kinematic visc., centistokes 1 cSt= 10 -6 m2/s, Dyn. visc. Centipoise 1000cP= 1Ns/m
•Volatile•Reid steam pressure, Flash point, Destillation curve
•Ignition properties•Engine knock; Otto engines -octane number 0-100(reduced with higher number)
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FyringsoljerFyringsolje nr.
1 2 3 4 5 6Nedre brennverdi HN (kJ/kg) 42850 42450 41200 40800 40400 40000
Spes.vekt v/15°C 0,84 0,86 0,93 0,94 0,95 0,97
Viskositet ved 100°F(38°C) i sek. Redwood IcSt
32
2,9
35
4,0
200
49
420
103
640
156
2000
490Nødv. Forv. for rotasjon.- br. (°C)
- - - 50 60 80
Nødv. Forv. for forstøvn.-Br. (°C)
- - 70 90 100 130
Flammepunkt (°C) 80 87 88 90 90 91
Kjemiske analyser oppgitt avShell (vekt %)Carbon 86,2 86,2 85,9 85,9 85,8 85,7Hydrogen 12,7 12,5 11,7 11,6 11,4 11,0Svovel 0,9 1,1 2,1 2,3 2,5 3,0Vann 0,04 0,04 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
Rest: Nitrogen, oksygen og aske
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Atomisers:Volume flow (QF) of fuel is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop (∆P)across the nozzle exit:
QF = (FN) (∆P)1/2
where: FN is the flow-number dependent of the viscosity
∆Pmin < ∆P < ∆Pmax∆Pmin - atomizing quality∆Pmax - pump capasity
for pressure atomisers:⇒ small regulation of power⇒ pressure atomisers used for on/off
The atomisation is characterised by a mean droplet size:
Sauter mean diameter (SMD)expressing the ratio of total volume to total droplet outer area.
D32 ≈ 80 - 150 µm typical for pressure atomisers
13
Askesammensetningen i olje nr. 6Vekt %
SiO2 1,7Al2O3 0,3Fe2O3 3,8CaO 1,7MgO 1,1NiO 1,9V2O5 7,9Na2O 31,8SO3 42,3
14
NATURAL GAS
•FUEL CHARACTERISATION•WET GAS(ETHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE)
•DRY GAS(METHANE->70 - 95%)
•ENERGY CONTENT - 40 MJ/Sm3
•GAS PROCESSING
•PRODUCTS
•PRODUCTION, TRADE AND CONSUMPTION
•COMBUSTION
NATURAL GASPRODUCTION, TRADE AND CONSUMPTION•MAIN PRODUCERS(1995)
•RUSSIA(555 Bill. Sm3)
•USA (538 Bill. Sm3)
•MORE THAN 50% OF TOTAL WORLD PRODUCTION
•CANADA(146 Bill. Sm3)
•NORWAY NO. 11 (31 Bill. Sm3 - 15% EUROPE )(RESERVES2800 Bill. Sm3 -2% WORLD)
•TRADE
•PIPELINES, LNG, LPG
•CONSUMPTION
•PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS(35%), HEAT IN INDUSTRY(28%),
•EL.PROD.(8%), CHP(6%), PETROCHEM.(4%), OTHERS
15
Spes. Volumv (Nm3/kg)
Nedre brennverdi(kJ/Nm3)
Våt naturgass 1,0 – 1,43 29 300 – 56 500Raff. gassMetan – i-butan 0,375 – 1,39 35 850 – 121 600
Spes. Volum og nedre brennverdi for naturgass
Egenskaper for noen teknisk viktige gasserSammensetning ( vol. %) Varme
-verditetthetGasstype
≥C5 C4 C3 C2 CH4 CO H2 CO2 N2 kJ/m3n kg/m3
n
Masovnsgass - - - - - 27 1,5 12 59,5 3300 1,3204Vanngass - - - - 0,5 42 50 4 3,5 11000 0,680GeneratorgassBrunkull 25 g/m3
n - - 0,2 2 31 16 4 47 7300 1,803Steinkull 25 g/m3
n - - 0,4 3 28 15 4 50 6800 1,090Koks - - - - 0,5 28 13 5 53 6100 1,131Koksovngass - - 1 1 25 6 55 2 10 17500 0,4998Bygass - - 1 1 22 12 44 4 16 17000 0,6578Trykksattforgassning
- - - 0,4 4,6 25 42 25 1 9200 0,928
Naturagss:Emsland - - 0,5 1 90 - - 3,0 5,5 37000 0,787Rehden - - - 0,7 76 - - 15,8 7,5 28000 0,961Slochteren - 0,2 0,4 2,7 82 - - 0,7 14 35000 0,825Nordsee - - 0,2 3,5 93 - - 0,3 2,5 36000 0,744Lacq (gereinigt) - 1,6 1,5 4,4 90 - - 1,3 1,0 43000 0,787Algerien - 1,6 2,1 7,8 89 <0,2 <0,2 44000 0,795
NGL - <10 90 93200 2,122
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Sammensetning og brennverdi for masovngass ognaturgass
Masovngassfra trekull
Masovngassfra koks Naturgass
Karbonoksyd CO volumpros.Hydrogen H2 volumprosentMetan CH4 volumprosentKarbondioksyd CO2 volumpros.Nitrogen N2 volumprosentNedre brennverdi kJ/nm3
25-301,5-3,51-2,58-1255-60
3350-4600
25-300,5-40,5-310-1652-60
3560-4600
-2,090,01,02,0
35615,0
Hydrogen Supply System
AmmoniaAmmonia
Natural GasNatural Gas
MethanolMethanol
H2-Storageonshore
H2-Storageonshore
WaterElectrolysis
WaterElectrolysis
Fuel
Cel
l Sys
tem
Fuel
Cel
l Sys
tem
MHMH
CH2CH2
LH2LH2
O2fromAir
O2fromAir
Fuel Generation and Processingonshore
Fuel Generation and Processingonshore
MHMH
CH2CH2
LH2LH2
SplittingSplitting
ReformingReforming
Fuel Processingonboard
Fuel Processingonboard
Fuel storage
onboard
Fuel storage
onboard
DieselDiesel
AmmoniaAmmonia
Natural GasNatural Gas
MethanolMethanol
DieselDiesel
SplittingSplitting
ReformingReforming
DesorptionDesorption
PressurereductionPressurereduction
EvaporationEvaporation
AdsorptionAdsorption
CompressionCompression
CondensationCondensation
End-useonboardEnd-useonboard
Hydrogen
FuelTransfer
FuelTransfer
ElectricityElectricity
Primary Fuel Primary Fuel Processing Charging / Discharging H 2 storageElectricity
Direct Supply
Primary FuelStorageonshore
Primary FuelStorageonshore
17
Effekt - watt (W)Termisk wtElektrisk we
Energi - wår- kWh- TWh- PJ (1015J)
1 wår = 3,0 ⋅ 104 Btu1 wår = 3,15 ⋅ 107 Joule (J)1 wår = 8,765 kWh1 TWh = 1,14 ⋅ 108 wår = 3,6 PJ1 PJ = 3,17 ⋅ 107 wår1 tonn kull = 950 wår1 tonn olje = 1,6 ⋅ 102 wår1 BDOE = 7,1 ⋅ 104 wår (Barrels / day oil equivalent)1 m3 naturgass= 1,2 wår1 toe = 1,2 ⋅ 103 wår (tonn olje eksvivalenter)1 fat = 159 liter1 år = 8765 timer
Energiinhold i brensler:Kull (Svalbard) 30 MJ/kgOlje 42 MJ/kgGass 41 MJ/m3 (normaltrykk)Torv (20-35 % vann) 15 MJ/kgSkogvirke (15-25 % vann) 15 MJ/kg