Format of A Research Paper

7/29/2019 Format of A Research Paper

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Format of a Research

ArticleRead Chapter one of Reading Statistics

and Research Ed: 6th: Schuyler W.Huck


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Format of A Research Paper

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Literature Review4. Conceptual Framework

5. Methodology

6. Result

7. Discussion /Conclusion

8. References

Background

Statement of Purpose

Hypotheses

Participants

Measures

Procedures

Statistical Plan


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Abstract

What is the Purpose of Abstract?

Summarizes the entire research

Length is about 150 words

Abstract Contains

Statement of the purpose

Research Participants

Research Design

Summary of Important Findings


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Introduction

Introduction contains

Background of the Study

Statement of the PurposeHypotheses


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Introduction / Background

Background

Reason for Study

Connection with the Other Studies


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Introduction/Statement of the

PurposeGoal of the Research

Example

Purpose

This study attempts to broaden our understanding

of the association between these relational

outcomes and doctors interaction behaviors:

listening, explaining and perceived competence.

It helps to evaluate the research.


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Literature Review

Background of the Study

Link with the Previous Researches

Different Related theories are discussed

Provide the base for the Reserach


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Sources of Literature Review


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Some DefinitionsData

Set of Values

Variable

A measure which can have more than one value

Example

Gender, Age, Address, Height, Marks, Quantity Purchased

Hypothesis

It is a claim about the whole population

It is an empirically testable proposition

Example

Pakistani spend more on entertainment than on education


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Types of Variables Types of Variable on the Basis of Measurement Scale

Type Identification Comparison Difference

Origin

Nominal Yes

Ordinal Yes Yes

Interval Yes Yes Yes

Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes

Variable

Qualitative

Quantitative

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio


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Examples of Variables


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Introduction/Hypotheses

Presented after the Statement of the Purpose

It helps to give meaning to the results

A study without hypotheses give result butmeanings are given by the people


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Hypotheses

Descriptiv

e

Relational

Causal

Describe a Population Eitherin Terms of Mean or

Proportion

Describe a Relation between

two Variables

One Variable is Said to be

the Cause of Other Variable


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Hypotheses

Descriptiv

e

Relational

C

aus

al

Average of Marks of Stats Class is Less than

80

Result depends on Gender

Pollution is the cause of increased

illness

Majority of the Students are non-smokers

Time Given to Study & marks are Positively

related

Student Speaking Time and his

understanding are associated


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Questionnaireor Research Instrument

It provides the data for Statisticians to analyze

Hypotheses

So Hypotheses will determine what questions to include

Symbolically

Hypotheses

H1

H2H3

H4

..

Questionnaire

Q1

Q2Q3

Q4

..

Data For

H1

H2H3

H4

..


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Hypotheses To Questionnaire In one hospital patients are continuously complaining

about the service quality To study the Problem Administrator has come up with

these claims or Hypotheses

1. Patients are not satisfied with the cleaning in the hospital

2. Patients are not satisfied with the Communication of Nurses3. Females are more dissatisfied than males

4. Elderly people are more dissatisfied than younger people

Cleanin

g

Wards

Washroom

s

Noise

Communicatio

n

Listening

Speaking

Smile &

other


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Questionnaire & Code Book

Questionnaire helps you collect the data

Code book help you to feed the data into the SPSS

An Example on the basis of the hypotheses is coming


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Some Hypotheses

H1. Doctors listening behavior is positively

related to patients relationship satisfaction.

H2. Doctors listening behavior is positivelyrelated to patients confidence in the doctor.

H3. Doctors explaining behavior is positively

related to patients relationship satisfaction.H4. Doctors explaining behavior is positively

related to patients confidence in the doctor.


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Conceptual Framework:Variables & Hypotheses


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Overcoming Inability To Answer

Can the Respondent Remember?

How many gallons of soft drinks did you

consume during the last four weeks? (Incorrect)

How often do you consume soft drinks in a

typical week? (Correct)

1. ___ Less than once a week2. ___ 1 to 3 times per week

3. ___ 4 to 6 times per week

4. ___ 7 or more times per week


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Method

How the study was conducted

Participants / Sample Plan

MeasuresProcedures

Statistical Plan


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Sample

Since the study is set in the context of a doctor-

patient relationship, the population consisted of

all patients who have visited the same doctormore than three times a year in selected clinics

in the city of Mumbai in India. Specialist

doctors who require more than one visit from a

patient over a period of time were considered

ideal for the study.


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Sampling Design

A total of 340 completed questionnaires wereobtained. These 340 responses were from 188 female

and 152 male participants, most of who were aged

between 20 and 45 years. More than 55 percent of

respondents worked in the service sector. Almost all

the respondents possessed a graduate or postgraduate

level qualification. In total, 20 responses wereomitted due to incomplete information being

supplied for many questions, and consequently a

total of 320 completed questionnaires could be used

for analysis.


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Material/Research Instrument

Observation Form

Questionnaire

Experiment (Experiment Creates data whichis then either observed or interviewed)

Quality of Research Instrument

Validity

Reliablity


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Analysis Design

How the data was processed to get the result

Descriptive Analysis

Inferential AnalysisHypotheses are the key for the selection of the

Procedures. (How?)


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Result

Styles

Words

TablesGraphs

Technical and Statistical Jargons

A bit difficult to understand


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Discussion / Conclusion

Gives answer to the Statement of Purpose

Discusses why Results turnout that way

Discusses how the research findings areuseful for others

Discusses further areas for research


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References

From where the research took help

Necessary to avoid the blame of Plagiarism

Helps the reader to go into detail

Helps the Researcher to Verify whether the

research was properly done

Harvard Referencing Method will bediscussed in this course

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Format of A Research Paper